Biochemistry | IntechOpen

Open access peer-reviewed Edited Volume

Over the recent years, biochemistry has become responsible for explaining living processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in biochemical research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of proteins, enzymes, cellular mechanisms and chemical compounds used in relevant approaches. The book deals with basic issues and some of...

Over the recent years, biochemistry has become responsible for explaining living processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in biochemical research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of proteins, enzymes, cellular mechanisms and chemical compounds used in relevant approaches. The book deals with basic issues and some of the recent developments in biochemistry. Particular emphasis is devoted to both theoretical and experimental aspect of modern biochemistry. The primary target audience for the book includes students, researchers, biologists, chemists, chemical engineers and professionals who are interested in biochemistry, molecular biology and associated areas. The book is written by international scientists with expertise in protein biochemistry, enzymology, molecular biology and genetics many of which are active in biochemical and biomedical research. We hope that the book will enhance the knowledge of scientists in the complexities of some biochemical approaches; it will stimulate both professionals and students to dedicate part of their future research in understanding relevant mechanisms and applications of biochemistry.

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The calculation process of the FP behavior inside the reactor building.

Figure 1 shows the process of release of FPs from fuel to cladding, cladding to coolant and then to the containment. In this work, a 1000-MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) has been considered with the design specification as shown in Table 1. The PWR system along with the containment system is shown in Figure 2. We have developed a real-time kinetic model to simulate the FP behavior inside the containment. The analytical model is a set of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The FP activity inside the reactor containment building and on the surfaces and walls of the containment is governed by the following sets of ODEs [8, 32, 33].

dmv,itdt=imv,itut,iSVmv,itFVmv,itRres,ircVmv,itLrVmv,it+riSVms,it+PitE1

where

=HiIodine3hEa2dotherFPsE2

dmstdt=tmvtrmstE3

where i indicates the isotope, whereas V and S indicate the volumetric and surface activities of ith isotope. The puff release of FP is mv (t)=fxfffpfcAc/V g.m3. The values of various parameters used in these simulations are listed in Table 2.

Design parameters of typical 1000MW reactor [34, 35].

A schematic diagram of a typical PWR system with the containment spray system.

Important parameters used for simulation [36].

Numerical data for spray removal term ([36, 38]).

The last term in Eq. (1) is the source of FP from the reactor pressure vessel. The kinetic source is modeled as [37].

Pt=1fxAcfffpfcKVewxtE4

K=wxwx/Twxwx/TE5

The (1fx) exp.(wxt) is the airborne FP activity released along with the coolant with mixing rate wx. Where K is the normalization constant and expressed as follows. The overall radioactive mass inventory, including kinetic and static parts, is depicted in Eq. (6).

Ac=fxAc+1fxAcB0TewxtdtE6

The removal of iodine and aerosols from the containment with the spray system can be expressed as depicted in Eqs. (7) and (8), where mri and mra are the removal rates of iodine and aerosols, respectively.

dmrI,itdt=PitHiFVmv,itE7

dmra,itdt=Pit3hFEa2dVmv,itE8

where

i=1e6KGtd/dH+KGKLE9

and

KG=DLd2.0+0.60Re0.5Sc0.33E10

KL=22DL3dE11

DL=7.4108xMlTl0.6E12

The values of these parameters in Eqs. (9)(12) are listed in Table 3.

Several steps are involved in the simulation of FP behavior inside the reactor building starting from the generation of FP in fuel along with the fuel burn-up. Leakage of FP into the coolant and then from the coolant to containment along with the leakage of coolant. The computational steps are listed in Figure 3. A two-stage methodology has been adopted: (1) evaluation of activity in the core just before the accident and (2) kinetic quantification of airborne activity under confined conditions. The core activity has been evaluated at for one complete fuel cycle to get maximum core activity. The behavior of airborne FP activity has been quantified for loss of the coolant accident (LOCA) under NUREG-1465 [8] and regulatory guide 1.183 [32] assumptions. The developed model uses subroutine functions containing coupled ODEs and RungeKutta (RK) method. The ODEs (Eqs. (1)(12)) are implemented in MATLAB. The system of ODEs (Eqs. (1), (3), (7), (8)) is coupled and solved numerically using the RungeKutta (RK) method in this program.

Flow chart of incontinent FP source term estimation.

The RK numerical provides efficient time-domain solution, yielding static as well as dynamic values of FPAs corresponding to about 84 different dominant FPs. The computational cycle starts with the initialization of the variables with t=0. In the time loop, the values of FPAs inside the containment building are calculated using RK scheme for each next time step. The program allows performing these calculations for spray system operation.

The above equations can be implemented in MATLAB. The flow chart of the MATLAB program is shown in Figure 4. In the first step, the physical constant and parameters are defined, and the time array and droplet size are determined by the user.

function PWR_Fission_Product

% MATLAB Program for In-containment Fission product program by Khurram Mehboob

% Date : 08-07-2017

%================================================%

clear; clc; clear all;

%================================================

Global Hi Lr V S vd dec r Rr neu EI h Klcm Kgcm d Ea fr H y00 Q y t I Ac D Core_I

Cont_A QQ f x fc B wx YY Sorc wx1

tn = input('Enter end time = tn = '); h = input('Enter stepsize = h = '): t = (0:h:tn); % time array

for d1=100: 100: 1000; % particle diameter (microns)

%=======Control Variables====================

d = d1*1e-4; % particle diameter (cm)

k=d1/100; % Droplet control Factors for printing

fx = 0.20; % activity immediately available in the containment air

fc = 0.35; % core damage fraction.

H =10000; % partition coefficient for iodine

Rr = 4.719; % Recirculation flow rate

Lr = 14.15; % leakage rate

wx = 0.01; % mixing rate

Flow diagram of computer program.

In the second step, the fixed variables are loaded from an input text file. The input text file contains the output data from the ORIGEN2.2 code that contains data for 84 different FPs.

load 'input.txt'

%=======Fixed variables==============

V = input2(1,1); % free volume of the containment

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Biochemistry | IntechOpen

Biochemistry is the science in which chemistry is applied to the study of living organisms and the atoms and molecules which comprise living organisms. Take a closer look at what biochemistry is and why the science is important.

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions. Most people consider biochemistry to be synonymous with molecular biology.

The principal types of biological moleculesor biomolecules are:

Many of these molecules are complex molecules called polymers, which are made up of monomer subunits. Biochemical molecules are based on carbon.

Many biochemists work in chemistry labs. Some biochemists may focus on modeling, which would lead them to work with computers. Some biochemists work in the field, studying a biochemical system in an organism. Biochemists typically are associated with other scientists and engineers. Some biochemists are associated with universities and they may teach in addition to conducting research. Usually, their research allows them to have a normal work schedule, based in one location, with a good salary and benefits.

Biochemistry is closely related to other biological sciences that deal with molecules. There is considerable overlap between these disciplines:

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What Is Biochemistry? - Introduction and Overview

Cornelius H. Wedel (18601910)

Cornelius Heinrich Wedel was born in South Russia. In 1874, he migrated with his family to what is now Goessel, Kan. From 1876-80, Wedel taught school in that community. In 1881, he answered the call to do mission work in Darlington, Okla. However, he left that work the following year due to eye troubles.

Wedel attended McKendry College, Lebanon, Ill., and Bloomfield (N.J.) Theological Seminary. In 1890, he took a position at the Halstead (Kan.) School, teaching there for three years. He continued his studies at Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pa., earning his M.A. degree.

When Bethel College opened in 1893, Wedel became the first president as well as the professor of Bible, a position he held until his death in 1910.1

President of Bethel College 191011 and 192124

John Walter Kliewer, born in a German Mennonite community in Russian Poland, migrated to Kansas with his family in 1874. He went to high school in Newton and then continued his education at Halstead (Kan.) Seminary. After teaching a few years, he attended Bethel College and Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill., from which he received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1901.

Bethel College called him to become president in 1911. He resigned the post in 1920, but he was asked again, in 1925, to assume the presidency and served until 1932. In 1925, both Garrett Biblical Institute and Bluffton (Ohio) College gave him honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees. Kliewer presided over Bethel at a transitional time in the colleges history.2

John Ellsworth Hartzler grew up in Cass County, Mo. He received a B.A. from Goshen (Ind.) College, a B.D. from Union Theological Seminary, New York, an M.A. from the University of Chicago, a law degree from Hamilton College of Law, and a Ph.D. from Hartford (Conn.) Theological Seminary.

Before coming to Bethel College, Hartzler served as pastor of Prairie Street Mennonite Church, Elkhart, Ind., and dean and president of Goshen College. He became a professor of Bible at Bethel in 1918 and served as president from 1920-21. When the Witmarsum Theological Seminary opened in 1921 at Bluffton (Ohio) College, Hartzler took the position of president.

In 1936, he joined the faculty at Hartford Theological Seminary, serving there for 11 years.3

Edmund G. Kaufman grew up near Moundridge, Kan. He earned an A.B. from Bethel College, an A.M. from Witmarsum Seminary, Bluffton, Ohio, a B.D. from Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill., and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.

From 1917-25, Kaufman served as a missionary in China, working as superintendent of the Mennonite Mission School in Kai Chow.

Kaufman became president of Bethel College in 1932 in the middle of the economic depression. During his tenure, he led financial drives, a building program and helped revise the curriculum. In 1938, the college became accredited through the North Central Association. Before he left office in 1952, Kaufman saw the development of the Mennonite Library and Archives and the acquisition of the Kauffman Museum.

His commanding presence on campus was expressed in chapel services, in his required senior course in Basic Christian Convictions, and in his rigorous attention to the details of college activities.4

David C. Wedel, originally from Goessel, Kan., was a student at the Bethel Academy in the mid-1920s and graduated from Bethel College in 1933. From 1936-46, he pastored First Mennonite Church in Halstead, Kan.

Upon the invitation of President E.G. Kaufman, Wedel served one year as acting dean of Bethel while the current dean was on sabbatical. After that, he went on to get his doctorate in Christian education from Iliff School of Theology, Denver. In 1952, he took over the presidency of Bethel College, serving in that capacity until 1959.5

Joseph Winfield Fretz graduated from Bluffton (Ohio) College. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Divinity at Chicago Theological Seminary and then M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from the University of Chicago.

Fretz taught sociology at Bethel College from 194263, serving as Bethels interim president from 195960. He left Bethel in 1963 to become the founding president of Conrad Grebel College at the University of Waterloo, Ontario. After serving in that position for 10 years, Fretz stepped down to teach sociology at the Conrad Grebel, which he continued until he retired in 1979. Upon retiring, he moved to North Newton.6

Vernon Neufeld was born in Shafter, Calif., and raised on the family farm. After high school, he spent several years on the farm before deciding to pursue a college education. Neufeld graduated from Bethel College in 1949 with a B.A. in music. He continued his studies at Mennonite Biblical Seminary in Chicago, receiving a divinity degree in 1954. In 1955, he moved to New Jersey so that he could carry on his studies at Princeton Theological Seminary, earning a masters and doctoral degrees, in 1957 and 1960.

Neufeld began teaching in the Bethel College Department of Bible and Religion in 1959, and after teaching only one year, he accepted the position of president, serving from 196066. During his presidency, the Fine Arts Center was planned and constructed. Also, he played a significant role in the beginning stages of the Associated Colleges of Central Kansas (ACCK).

Following his tenure, Neufeld returned to California to work as executive director for Mennonite Mental Health Services. He later retired and moved to Bakersfield.7

Orville L. Voth was born in Rosthern, Saskatchewan. He grew up a campus kid, since his father, John Voth, was on the Bethel faculty and taught Bible and industrial arts from 192546. Voth graduated from Newton High School but was forced to take a break from his studies at Bethel College when he was drafted into Civilian Public Service in 1943. He served in Fort Collins, Colo., and Kalamazoo, Mich.

After graduating from Bethel in 1948, Voth continued his education at Oklahoma State University, earning an M.S. in chemistry with a minor in physiology. He then went on to earn his Ph.D. in biochemistry with minors in bacteriology and organic chemistry from Pennsylvania State University.

Voth began his teaching career at Kansas Wesleyan University in Salina. He served as interim academic dean at Bethel College and then as president from 196771 before returning to Kansas Wesleyan as vice president of academic affairs. He ended his career as director of independent study at the University of Kansas.8

President of Bethel College 197191

President of Bethel College from 1991-95, Zehr was born near Foosland, Illinois. He married Betty L. Birky in 1951 and they were the parents of four children: Terry, Randy, Brent and Rhonda.

Zehr was a longtime professor and head of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Illinois. He also served in a number of leadership roles with the Illinois Heart Association.

Zehrs undergraduate degree was from Eureka (Illinois) College and his graduate degrees, including the Ph.D., from Indiana University Medical Center. He did post-doctoral work at the Mayo Clinic and in Seattle before starting his career at the University of Illinois.

According to Zehrs daughter, Rhonda Gibson, Zehr was involved in some of the ground-breaking work on angiotensin, a hormone that causes a rise in blood pressure and is a target for many blood-pressure medications.

Zehr retired from Illinois in 1991 and he and Betty moved to North Newton, where he assumed the presidency of Bethel College. These were rewarding years for the Zehrs, involving traveling and entertaining on behalf of the college, and building many friendships across the country.

Keith Sprunger wrote of Zehr inBethel College of Kansas 1887-2012: Active in Illinois Mennonite Conference [of the Mennonite Church] activities, and son of a Mennonite pastor [Rev. Harold Zehr], he brought to Bethel his lifelong history of dedication to the Christian faith from the Anabaptist perspective. Accepting the Bethel presidency meant taking a huge financial hit, but he saw it as a worthwhile service to the church.

Sprunger went on to note that Zehr had to rebuild the administrative staff, with several positions falling vacant at the time of or soon after Harold Schultzs resignation in 1991 after six terms (20 years) as president.

Zehr hired Wynn Goering as academic dean and George Rogers as dean of students, first as interim, then as permanent, appointments.

Zehr was the first president to make Bethel a non-smoking campus, and he established the Mexico internship program in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Although the latter did not continue, Bethel groups continue to go to Cuernavaca for short-term cross-cultural experiences.

Zehrs move to Bethel came late in his career, in his 60s, Sprunger wrote. In light of his age, he always considered [himself] a transitional president. Ever the incorrigible optimist, even in difficult times, he could always see opportunities.

Rhonda Gibson noted that in addition to his family and education, her fathers great loves included the Mennonite church and music.

Zehr served the local and larger Mennonite Church in many ways, particularly when it came to music. As someone gifted with a voice for singing, he was a regular song leader for the churches he attended, most recently First Mennonite Church of Champaign-Urbana, where he was a member at the time of his death in 2018 at the age of 88.

John and Betty Zehr sang in many duets and quartets in their younger years and were often heard singing around the house as their children grew up.

President of Bethel College 1995-2002

President of Bethel College 200205

Interim President of Bethel College 200506, 200910 and 2017-18

President of Bethel College, 200609

Barry C. Bartel grew up in La Junta, Colo. He graduated summa cum laude from Bethel College in 1984 with majors in mathematics (computer science emphasis), peace studies and Bible and religion.

Bartel and his wife, Brenda, served under Mennonite Central Committee for three years in Haiti and five years in Bolivia. He graduated from Willamette University College of Law, Salem, Ore., and worked as an attorney in Denver before becoming president of Bethel College. He is now practicing law in the Denver area.

President of Bethel College, 2010-17

Perry D. Whiteserved as the 14th President. Prior to his arrival in central Kansas, he served as Vice President of Advancement and Admissions at Silver Lake College in Manitowoc, WI and as Vice President for Advancement at Monmouth College.

Before his move into College Administration, Perry served six years as the Director of Choral Activities and Music Department Chair at Monmouth College in Monmouth, IL. His previous teaching experience includes: serving as Director of Choral Activities at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas; Director of Choral Activities at Iowa Central Community College in Ft. Dodge; and Director of Vocal Activities at Winnetonka High School in Kansas City, Missouri.

Perry holds a bachelor of arts degree in vocal music education from Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. In 1988 he received his master of music degree in choral conducting from the University of Missouri at Kansas City and received a doctor of musical arts degree in choral conducting from the University of Oklahoma in 1998.

White now serves aschief executive officer of Harmony Foundation International, based in Nashville, Tennessee.

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Presidents | Bethel College

Biochemistry is the science that examines the function and structure of the molecules important to living organisms. It bridges the disciplines of chemistry and biology, using theories and protocols of each to better understand the world in and around us.

The Biochemistry major at Chatham University is designed for students who are planning graduate work in biochemistry or molecular biology, who wish to seek jobs in biotechnology, or who are applying to medical, dental or veterinary schools. The biochemistry curriculum is ideal for students who are planning graduate work in biochemistry or molecular biology, or seeking jobs in biotechnology.

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Biochemistry | Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA

Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. In food science, biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products. In agriculture, biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structureactivity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.

Biochemistry spills over into pharmacology, physiology, microbiology, toxicology, and clinical chemistry. In these areas, a biochemist may investigate the mechanism of a drug action; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.

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Biological/Biochemistry - American Chemical Society