Cell Biology

Introduction to cells | Basic Biology

All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This introduction to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.

There is a massive variety of different types of cells but they all have some common characteristics. Almost every different type of cell contains genetic material, a membrane and cytoplasm. Cells also have many other features such as organelles and ribosomes that perform specific functions.

Many different organisms on the tree of life contain only one cell and are known as single-celled or unicellular organisms. Their single cell performs all the necessary functions to keep the organism alive. All species of bacteria and archaea are single-celled organisms. On the other hand, large organisms like humans are made from many trillions of cells that work together to keep the organism alive.

The most basic categorisation of Earthsorganisms is determined by different types of cells. All cells can be divided into one of two classifications: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are found in organisms from the domain Eukaryota which includes animals, plants, fungi and protists.

This introduction to cells will take you through the basic structure of cells, the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and you will learn aboutorganelles.

Every cell is different but there is a basic structure that is common to all cells. A cell is essentially genetic material in a gel-like substance surrounded by a membrane.

The genetic material of cells is found as molecules called DNA. The DNA of a cell holds all the information that a cell needs to keep itself alive. A DNA molecule contains a code that can be translated by a cell and tells it how to perform different tasks. A gene is a specific segment of a DNA molecule and each gene tells a cell how to perform one specific task.

The gel-like substance that the genetic material is found in is called the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm fills a cell and gives it its shape. The cytoplasm also allows for different materials to move around the cell. All cells have other structures in their cytoplasm that help the cell stay alive.

The cytoplasm of all cells is surrounded by a membrane called the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the outside world and keeps the contents of the cell together. The plasma membrane provides a barrier thatsubstances have to pass through before they can enter or exita cell.

The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotic cells do not haveeither a nucleus or organelles. The word prokaryotic can be translated to mean before nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells have both a nucleus and a range ofdifferent organelles. The nucleus is a structure found in eukaryotic cellsthat contains the cells DNA. Organelles are cellular factories that perform important functions such as building different molecules of life, removing wastes and breaking down sugars.

Having organelles makes eukaryotic cells much more efficient at completing important cellular functions. Because they are more efficient, eukaryotic cells can grow much larger than prokaryotic cells.

For a cellular structure to be considered an organelle it must be surrounded by a membrane just as the nucleus is. Prokaryotic cells contain various structures that help with certain functions, such as ribosomes, but these structures are not encapsulated by membranes and are therefore not considered organelles.

Eukaryotic cells have evolved into multicellular organisms. By specializing into different types of cells, they are able to perform functions even more efficiently and are able to keep large, multicellular organisms alive.

Organelles are a common feature of eukaryotic cells. A wide range of different organelles has evolved over millions of years to perform various roles within cells. Some are widespread across most of the Eukaryota domain. Others are less common and only found in one or two groups of eukaryotes.

Important organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are involved in the process of cellular respiration where sugar is broken down and converted into cellular energy.

Chloroplasts are found in the cells of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Inside chloroplasts are where plant cells are able to use energy from the sun to create sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that are attached to the membrane of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved with many important tasks such as producing proteins and breaking down fats and carbohydrates.

For more information on cells check out these pages on our website:Cells | Eukaryotic cells | Prokaryotic cells | Animal cells | Plant cells

Last edited: 9 September 2018

Enter your details to get access to our FREE 6-week introduction to biology email course.

Learn about animals, plants, evolution, the tree of life, ecology, cells, genetics, fields of biology and more.

Success! A confirmation email has been sent to the email address that you just provided. Check your emails and make sure you click the link to get started on our 6-week course.

Link:
Introduction to cells | Basic Biology

Human Behavior

Primate Behavior | The Smithsonian Institution’s Human …

Humans are part of the biological group known as primates. We sure are an unusual species of primate, though!

Primates include lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes a group of species that is well known for being social, smart, and very adept at using their hands. They are also very vocal and communicative with the members of their social group. And they move around in a wide variety of ways, including sometimes on two legs.

Remind you of anyone?

We invite you to enjoy the most unusual primate of all!

Some non-human primates occasionally walk upright on two legs. So how are humans different? Watch this video to find out. NOTE: This video is silent.

Some non-human primates occasionally use tools. So how are humans different? Watch this video to find out. NOTE: This video is silent.

Most non-human primates live in social groups. So how are humans different? Watch this video to find out. NOTE: This video is silent.

Some non-human primates can communicate using symbols. So how are humans different? Watch this video to find out. NOTE: This video has sound.

More:
Primate Behavior | The Smithsonian Institution's Human ...

Human Behavior

HBSE Course of Study – Human Behavior in the Social …

Integrated with the other core curriculum areas of policy and research as well as the practice methods, Human Behavior and Social Environment (HBSE) uniquely focuses on reading and understanding a broad range of intersecting theories drawn from the fields of social work, sociology, psychology, and psychoanalysis. The overall objective of HBSE is to promote a discourse that enhances our ability, as social workers, to make conceptual linkages between multiple explanatory formulations of the person-environment configuration, all while paying specific attention to both social diversity and human development.

HBSE consists of three required and sequential courses, plus a range of electives. The first two HBSE linked, consecutive courses are SSW 711 (HBSE 1) followed by SSW 712 (HBSE 2). The third required course, SSW 713 (HBSE 3) looks at the history, theory, diagnosis and assessment of human psychopathology, broadly defined, and is offered in two concentrations: child and adolescent (CAA), and adult and older adult (AOA). Students select their concentration.

The HBSE electives include the Seminar in Psychodynamic Theory (SSW 715), Theories of Addiction (SSW 770), AIDS and Chronic Illness (SSW 796.62), Human Sexuality, Multi-Cultural Social Work, and many more.

For information and research resources, please click on the designated tab.

Original post:
HBSE Course of Study - Human Behavior in the Social ...

Human Behavior

What Are the Factors That Affect Human Behavior …

Factors that affect human behavior include attitude, perception, genetics, culture, social norms and ethics of a society, religious inclination, coercion and influence by authority. Human behavior is defined as the range of actions and behaviors exhibited by humans at certain stages of development. A society generally expects individuals to have good behavior and shuns wicked tendencies.

Human behavior can either be premeditated by an individual or happen as a result of pressure, coercion and nudges. For example, teenagers and youth are influenced to act, dress, speak and think in certain ways by their role models. In addition, their mentors and peers can positively or negatively affect their behavior. These actions are also dependent on the capabilities and limitations of a person. For example, a person who is physically disabled may not have the predisposition to engage in competitive sports like able-bodied people.

For people to interact safely with others and with the world, they must have the right attitudes and perceptions towards certain phenomena. Another factor that affects human behavior is past experiences. A child may not know the difference between right and wrong, but as he grows up, he learns the effects of his actions and behavior through experience.

Negative aspects that affect human behavior are illogical reasoning, poor memory, lack of attention and poor judgment.

Go here to see the original:
What Are the Factors That Affect Human Behavior ...

Immunology

Home – IMMUNOLOGY 2020

Six single-column sponsorships are available directly outside of the scientific sessions, and four double-column sponsorships are available in the area of Registration and the Exhibit Hall Entrance. Each sponsorship includes full wrap of the column(s) with your branding and artwork.

Qualifies for Premier Sponsorship Level if over $3,000

Read more:
Home - IMMUNOLOGY 2020

Embryology

Life Begins at Fertilization with the Embryo’s Conception

Life Begins at Fertilization with the Embryo's ConceptionLife Begins at FertilizationThe following references illustrate the fact that a new human embryo,the starting point for a human life, comes into existence with theformation of the one-celled zygote:"Development of the embryo begins at Stage 1 when a sperm fertilizes an oocyte and together they form a zygote."[England, Marjorie A. Life Before Birth. 2nd ed. England: Mosby-Wolfe, 1996, p.31]"Human development begins after the union of male and female gametes or germ cells during a process known as fertilization (conception)."Fertilization is a sequence of events that begins with the contact of a sperm (spermatozoon) with a secondary oocyte (ovum) and ends with the fusion of their pronuclei(the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum) and the mingling of theirchromosomes to form a new cell. This fertilized ovum, known as a zygote, is a large diploid cell that is the beginning, or primordium, of a human being."[Moore, Keith L. Essentials of Human Embryology. Toronto: B.C. Decker Inc, 1988, p.2]"Embryo: the developing organism from the time of fertilization untilsignificant differentiation has occurred, when the organism becomesknown as a fetus."[Cloning Human Beings. Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Rockville, MD: GPO, 1997, Appendix-2.]"Embryo: An organism in the earliest stage of development; in a man,from the time of conception to the end of the second month in theuterus."[Dox, Ida G. et al. The Harper Collins Illustrated Medical Dictionary. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993, p. 146]"Embryo:The early developing fertilized egg that is growing into anotherindividual of the species. In man the term 'embryo' is usuallyrestricted to the period of development from fertilization until theend of the eighth week of pregnancy."[Walters, William and Singer, Peter (eds.). Test-Tube Babies. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 160]"The development of a human being begins with fertilization, a process by which two highly specialized cells, the spermatozoon from the male and the oocyte from the female, unite to give rise to a new organism, the zygote."[Langman, Jan. Medical Embryology. 3rd edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1975, p. 3]"Embryo: The developing individual between the union of the germ cellsand the completion of the organs which characterize its body when itbecomes a separate organism.... At the moment the sperm cell of thehuman male meets the ovum of the female and the union results in afertilized ovum (zygote), a new life has begun.... The term embryocovers the several stages of early development from conception to theninth or tenth week of life."[Considine, Douglas (ed.). Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. 5th edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1976, p. 943]"I would say that among most scientists, the word 'embryo' includes the time from after fertilization..."[Dr. John Eppig, Senior Staff Scientist, Jackson Laboratory (BarHarbor, Maine) and Member of the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel --Panel Transcript, February 2, 1994, p. 31]"The development of a human begins with fertilization, a process by which the spermatozoon from the male and the oocyte from the female unite to give rise to a new organism, the zygote."[Sadler, T.W. Langman's Medical Embryology. 7th edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1995, p. 3]"The question came up of what is an embryo, when does an embryo exist,when does it occur. I think, as you know, that in development, life isa continuum.... But I think one of the useful definitions that has comeout, especially from Germany, has been the stage at which these twonuclei [from sperm and egg] come together and the membranes between thetwo break down."[Jonathan Van Blerkom of University of Colorado, expert witness onhuman embryology before the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel -- PanelTranscript, February 2, 1994, p. 63]"Zygote. This cell, formed by the union of an ovum and a sperm (Gr. zyg tos, yoked together), represents the beginning of a human being. The common expression 'fertilized ovum' refers to the zygote."[Moore, Keith L. and Persaud, T.V.N. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 4th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1993, p. 1]"The chromosomes of the oocyte and sperm are...respectively enclosed within female and male pronuclei. These pronuclei fuse with each other to produce the single, diploid, 2N nucleus of the fertilized zygote. This moment of zygote formation may be taken as the beginning or zero time point of embryonic development."[Larsen, William J. Human Embryology. 2nd edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997, p. 17]"Although life is a continuous process, fertilization is a criticallandmark because, under ordinary circumstances, a new, geneticallydistinct human organism is thereby formed.... The combination of 23chromosomes present in each pronucleus results in 46 chromosomes in thezygote. Thus the diploid number is restored and the embryonic genome is formed. The embryo now exists as a genetic unity."[O'Rahilly, Ronan and Mller, Fabiola. Human Embryology & Teratology.2nd edition. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1996, pp. 8, 29. This textbook lists"pre-embryo" among "discarded and replaced terms" in modern embryology,describing it as "ill-defined and inaccurate" (p. 12}]"Almost all higher animals start their lives from a single cell, thefertilized ovum (zygote)... The time of fertilization represents thestarting point in the life history, or ontogeny, of the individual."[Carlson, Bruce M. Patten's Foundations of Embryology. 6th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996, p. 3]"[A]nimal biologists use the term embryoto describe the single cell stage, the two-cell stage, and allsubsequent stages up until a time when recognizable humanlike limbs andfacial features begin to appear between six to eight weeks afterfertilization...."[A] number of specialists working in the field of human reproduction have suggested that we stop using the word embryoto describe the developing entity that exists for the first two weeksafter fertilization. In its place, they proposed the term pre-embryo...."I'll let you in on a secret. The term pre-embryo has been embracedwholeheartedly by IVF practitioners for reasons that are political, notscientific. The new term is used to provide the illusion that there issomething profoundly different between what we nonmedical biologistsstill call a six-day-old embryo and what we and everyone else call asixteen-day-old embryo."Theterm pre-embryo is useful in the political arena -- where decisions aremade about whether to allow early embryo (now called pre-embryo)experimentation -- as well as in the confines of a doctor's office,where it can be used to allay moral concerns that might be expressed byIVF patients. 'Don't worry,' a doctor might say, 'it's only pre-embryosthat we're manipulating or freezing. They won't turn into real humanembryos until after we've put them back into your body.'"[Silver, Lee M. Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. New York: Avon Books, 1997, p. 39]

View original post here:
Life Begins at Fertilization with the Embryo's Conception

Neuroscience

Research | Neuroscience

One of the neuroscience degree programs major goals is providing undergraduate students and masters students with research experience and practical training in neuroscience through faculty-mentored research. Temple Universitys neuroscience faculty utilize state-of-the-art equipment and cutting-edge techniques to study fundamental brain processes and functions at various levels and to discover how this knowledge could be applied to treating various neuropathologies.

The program consists of more than 35 faculty members from different departments and colleges who provide mentorship to undergraduate and graduate students. The research is funded by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health and Industry, and many private research foundations.

Neuroscience majors are encouraged to gain first-hand experience with research through independent study. Students will carry out supervised neuroscience research by observing and participating in ongoing research in a laboratory environment.

The program requires the student to spend 3-4 hours per credit per week of a 14-week semester in the lab - 1 credit equals 3-4 hours per week, 2 credits equal 6-8 hours, 3 credits 912 hours, etc. Students may take a total of eight independent study credits and no more than four per semester. Independent study programs are offered in the fall, spring and both summer semesters. Any students who have a double major have the opportunity to complete two separate independent studies.

Independent study is available in the laboratories of neuroscience faculty members at Temple. Independent study is very popular and students should start the process of finding a lab well in advance.

In most cases, students start a year in advance. Once a lab has been identified as an area of interest, the student must contact that research faculty member to see about openings, requirements, start dates, etc. Each laboratory program is unique and has different academic requirements. Some students will be required to complete a final paper, some students will be responsible for a literature search and all students are encouraged to submit a poster for the spring or fall poster session.

For additional support, contact the Student Services Specialist at Neuro@temple.edu.

In order to register for Independent Study, you will need to complete a Special Course Approval form. This form can be found in the Neuroscience Coordinators office in room 618 Weiss Hall.

Students must complete all information on the form and have the research mentor sign the form. The form should then be returned to the Neuroscience Coordinators office in room 618 Weiss Hall. Once you are registered, you will notice that Dr. Parikh is the instructor. Dr. Parikh is responsible for the administration of the course. You will go to you laboratory and work with your mentor according to your agreement. At the end of the semester, your mentor will be contacted for a grade.

For any questions, please reach out to Rebecca Brotschul.

Students are required to work on a masters project for both semesters in the second year. Those students who are motivated to join doctoral programs or are interested in research positions will have the opportunity to work independently on a neuroscientific investigation under the supervision of a faculty member that maintains an active neuroscience research program. The purpose of the project will be to not only train students in specific neuroscientific techniques, but also to train students to develop scientific and analytical approach towards a problem, formulate clear research questions, conduct experiment, and analyze/interpret data.

Continued here:
Research | Neuroscience

Neuroscience

Neurosciences – Lewis Katz School of Medicine – Home Page

The Neuroscience cluster is an educational working group, supporting PhD, MD/PhD, and MS educational/research programs within Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple Universitys Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program. This cluster provides thematic courses, research opportunities, and educational activities related to neuroscience, bringing together faculty members from basic science and clinical departments, as well as research centersCenter of Substance Abuse, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, and Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center.

Neuroscience is an extremely broad field encompassing the mechanisms involved in central and peripheral nervous system development, neuronal function, injury, and repair. These mechanisms contribute to memory, emotion, sensory (including pain), motor, and cognitive functions. The Neuroscience cluster offers exposure to a number of areas of basic neuroscience research and education with the goal of translating basic research advances into treatments for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Indeed, the breadth and depth of the faculty members encourages an interdisciplinary approach to neuroscience education that will prepare our graduate students with an understanding of neurodegenerative disease processes, neural injury, and promote the development of effective therapeutics and modalities for repair.

The Neuroscience cluster curriculum includes a weekly student seminar, research-focused journal clubs, and a series of cluster-based electives that provide a strong foundation in basic neuroscience, neuropharmacology, and translational neuroscience research. The goal of this curriculum, integrated with the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, is to prepare a new cadre of scientists and physicians with interdisciplinary neuroscience training and support trainees' contributions to the development of effective treatments for neurological disorders.

*Indicates Fox Chase Cancer Center faculty

Go here to see the original:
Neurosciences - Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Home Page

Human Behavior

Category:Human behavior – Wikimedia Commons

comportamiento humano (es); Tingkah laku manusia (ms); human behaviour (en-gb); insan davran (tr); (ur); mnskligt beteende (sv); comportament uman (oc); (zh-hant); (zh-cn); mnschlichs Verhalte (gsw); (ko); - (kk); homa konduto (eo); (mk); ljudsko ponaanje (bs); (bn); comportement humain (fr); (zh-my); hnh vi con ngi (vi); cilvka uzvedba (lv); (sr); human behavior (sco); mnschlecht Behuelen (lb); menneskeleg tferd (nn); menneskelig atferd (nb); insan davran (az); (kn); human behaviour (en); (ar); (yue); emberi viselkeds (hu); giza portaera (eu); comportament hum (ca); (ba); ymddygiad dynol (cy); (be); (fa); (zh); menneskelig adfrd (da); (ka); (ja); (he); (sa); (hi); (te); ihmisen toiminta (fi); comportamento umano (it); menselijk gedrag (nl); (el); inimkitumine (et); sjellje njerzore (sq); (zh-mo); (zh-sg); (be-tarask); e nyn (yo); cumpurtamentu umanu (scn); ljudsko ponaanje (sr-el); lidsk chovn (cs); (th); (ne); mogaus elgesys (lt); (tg); Ugali ng tao (tl); ludzkie zachowanie (pl); (uk); perilaku manusia (id); Shughuli za binadamu (sw); (ru); (zh-tw); menschliches Verhalten (de); (sr-ec); comportament uman (ro); (zh-hk); comportamento humano (gl); comportamento humano (pt); (zh-hans); iompar daonna (ga) conjunto de actos exhibidos por el ser humano y determinado por el entorno en que se vive (es); (bn); varits de comportements manifests par les humains (fr); conjunt de comportaments que mostren els humans (ca); e nyn (yo); amrywiaeth o bob cam corfforol ac emosiwn gweladwy sy'n gysylltiedig phobl (cy); grupi i do veprimi fizik dhe emocional i vzhguar i lidhur me njerzit (sq); (ne); l'insiemi d cumpurtamenti ca si riscntrunu nt cristiani (scn); Homo Sapiens (ru); rentang tingkah laku yang dilakukan oleh manusia (id); gama zachowa eksponowanych przez czowieka (pl); (he); insanlarla laqlndiriln hr nv fiziki v gz arpan emosiya ardcll (az); (sa); (hi); (kn); conxunto de actos exhibidos polo ser humano e determinado pola contorna en que se vive (gl); array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with humans (en); insieme dei comportamenti esibiti dagli esseri umani (it); Aktivitten und krperliche Reaktionen zwischen Menschen (de); insanlarla ilikilendirilen her trl fiziksel ve gzlemlenebilir duygu dizisi (tr) Conducta humana, Comportamientos humanos (es); (bn); (th); comportamento (it); perilaku, kelakuan manusia, tingkah laku (id); czowiecze zachowanie (pl); (uk); davran nv (az); (ru); w nyn, e, w, e wn nyn, w wn nyn (yo); giza jokabidea (eu); ihmisten toiminta (fi); iompar (ga); behavior, human behavior, behaviour (en); tferd (nn); davran tr (tr)

This category has the following 93 subcategories, out of 93 total.

See the article here:
Category:Human behavior - Wikimedia Commons