‘Walking Dead,’ ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Score in 7-Day TV Ratings – Hollywood Reporter

Five shows that have been on for a decade or more make the top 20 in delayed-viewing rankings for Nov. 11-17.

Some of the longest-running series in primetime are still drawing in sizable audiences.

Five shows that are in at least their 10th season landed in the top 20 for seven-day, adults 18-49 ratings gains in the week of Nov. 11. ABC's Grey's Anatomy (season 16) tops the list, tying for the third-largest bump of 0.96 points (with FX's nine-year-old American Horror Story).

AMC's The Walking Dead (season 10) is tied for eighth; NBC's Law & Order: SVU (season 21) ranks 10th; CBS' Survivor (season 39, in its 20th year on the air) is tied for 17th; and CBS' NCIS (season 17) is tied for 20th. ABC's Modern Family (season 11) also usually ranks in the top 20 but was pre-empted for the CMA Awards.

NCIS, SVU and Grey's Anatomy also placed in the top 20 for total-viewer gains for the week, while Survivor and The Walking Dead are in the top 30.

NBC's This Is Us (+1.48 points in adults 18-49) and ABC's The Good Doctor (+4.78 million viewers) once again had the week's biggest total gains.

Below are the top 20 shows (including ties) in seven-day ratings gains among adults 18-49 and total viewers for Nov. 11-17.

Adults 18-49

Total Viewers

Source: Nielsen

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'Walking Dead,' 'Grey's Anatomy' Score in 7-Day TV Ratings - Hollywood Reporter

‘Grey’s Anatomy’: Fans Are Begging to See This Minor Character Upgraded to a Series Regular – Showbiz Cheat Sheet

Greys Anatomy has its fair share of characters. Some might say there are too many storylines to keep track of easily. However, diehard fans know every detail about each of the many attendings, interns, nurses, receptionists, and even the bar owner.

The fall finale of season 16 brought in another minor character who fans cant stop raving over. They loved this persons sarcasm so much, they are asking for more. Lets take a look.

During the fall finale of Greys Anatomy, Catherine Fox (Debbie Allen) goes looking for Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) over at Pac North Hospital. When she walks in, she is greeted by a receptionist, Zander Perez (Zaiver Sinnett).

She demands to see Richard, but Zander starts asking her simple questions, such as if Richard should be expecting her. Catherine gets up on her high horse and begins telling him exactly who she is, but the guy shoots her down with the best sarcastic undertone we have seen in a long time.

Catherine was being super snotty to the guy at PacNorth, wrote one fan on Reddit. What kind of a person walks into a place of business and says, YOU! Where is ______? And then she just got even more cringeworthy with her Do you know who I am? speech. Shut it, Catherine. Xander Perez deserves the highest of fives.

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I am not surprised easily. Im an extremely hard worker. Extremely ambitious. So, when good things happen to me, it is typically something I have mulled over for months. Its not a surprise because Ive studied it. Practiced it. Earned it. But, I did a thing that surprised even me. I did a thing I NEVER in a million years would have predicted. I acted and appeared in an episode of Greys Anatomy. My favorite television show since I was fourteen. The show that inspired me to become a writer. The show Ive called home physically for two seasons, but emotionally for sixteen. Im SO grateful. Grateful to @kristavernoff for taking a chance on me. Grateful to @mmvernon and @thekileydonovan for being ICONS and each playing a role in making this a reality. Im grateful to @therealdebbieallen, @therealjamespickens, @iamjasmineguy, and @therealkmckidd for going out of their way to make me comfortable on set. Im grateful to the entire writing staff and crew. And of course, Im grateful to all of my bbs. Yall make me feel like the luckiest. But yall, I am ESPECIALLY grateful to @andyreaser for being fearless and steadfast in making this character happen (and making sure I played him). Youre so good to me and I appreciate you SO much. What a magical ride. @greysabc #greysanatomy

A post shared by Zaiver Sinnett (@zsinnett) on Nov 21, 2019 at 6:22pm PST

Catherine proceeded to tell Zander that she owns countless hospitals, so he should know who she is. Do you own THIS ONE? THANK YOU, Zander Perez, added another fan. Im all for taking Catherine Fox down about five pegs.

Viewers cannot stop sounding off about the attitude he gives right back to Catherine. They are begging to see more of him this season.

The actor who plays the receptionist, Sinnett, has never played an actor on Greys Anatomy before. He has been part of the production crew for Greys Anatomy for two years, but a diehard fan for all 16 seasons. His official title is executive assistant to Andy Reaser and Meg Marinis who are writers on the show.

Sinnett is a writer, actor, and crew member. He recently wrote a short, titled One For the Road, along with Shange Zhang.

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I meant to post this yesterday, but by the time I got home I was TIREDt. So, here it is. Yesterday marked the anniversary of two important moments for me. Three years ago, I moved to Los Angeles. And two years ago, I stepped foot into the Greys Anatomy writers room for the first time. And here is a photo of me, holding my new name tag with my new title on this show that Ive loved so dearly for so long. And Im proud. I feel like the luckiest bb in all the land. But Ive come to realize that luck had minimal to do with this. Yes, we all get lucky and sometimes our various privileges work in our favor, but this? This wasnt luck. This was hard work. This was elementary school when my dad told me I needed to write my version of Power Rangers. This was middle school when I created my first television show. Episode synopsis after episode synopsis (497 and counting). Bugging my best friend to death to listen to my plot twists. LOL This was also in high school when my Mom bought me every season of television under the sun and I spent countless hours being inspired and learning. And when my Memaw bought me Final Draft and the Screenwriters Bible to start making these dreams a reality. This was freshman year of college when other teenagers were out drinking, I was in my dorm room writing my first pilot. This was college when any time I heard a whisper someone at my university was interested in screenwriting or was from L.A., Id pounced on them for information. This was applying to a graduate program at a film school Id been dreaming of since I was fourteen. And getting in. And hopping on my first plane and moving to Los Angeles away from everything Id ever known. This was networking my ass off and landing on my favorite show as my first industry job. This was risk. And hope. And fear. And ambition. If you want something, work hard for it. If you dream of something, believe in it. And once you begin to get a taste, remember that luck didnt get you there. Working your ass off and being unapologetic about your pursuit and ambition did. xoxo, Z

A post shared by Zaiver Sinnett (@zsinnett) on Aug 17, 2019 at 12:51pm PDT

The writer never expected to be an actor on the show, but he was thrilled that it happened.

I did a thing that surprised even me, Sinnett wrote on Instagram. I did a thing I NEVER in a million years would have predicted. I acted and appeared in an episode of Greys Anatomy. My favorite television show since I was fourteen. The show that inspired me to become a writer. The show Ive called home physically for two seasons, but emotionally for sixteen.

Fans of Greys Anatomy continue to comment about how much they loved the new Pac-North receptionist, so we would like to see Zander back again.

I want that guy to be shown more often, one Redditor wrote. We can really, really hope! He has the humor we all need.

In one quick scene, Zander has become my favorite, added another fan.

Zander Perez better be promoted to a regular, agreed yet another happy viewer.

As of the writing of this article, Sinnett is not listed on any further episodes of Greys Anatomy, but that does not mean he will not appear again. Showrunner, Krista Vernoff has been giving fans what they want all season, so we wouldnt be surprised if we get to see the sassy receptionist again.

You can catch new episodes of Greys Anatomy when it returns from break on Jan. 23, 2020.

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‘Anatomy of an AI System’ by Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler Wins 2019 Beazley Design of the Year – Dexigner

'Anatomy of an AI System,' an infographic map and research project by Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler, has been named the overall winner of the 2019 Beazley Design of the Year. The project explores the social and environmental impact of owning a voice assistant device - including the amount of human labour, data and resources that are required during the lifespan of just one device.

Taking the Amazon Echo as an example, the project includes a visual diagram illustrating the global impact of an AI device across its lifetime. It investigates the three main parts required to build and operate a voice assistant - from the environmental effects of extracting rare earth metals and the wide disparity in workers' income, to the data that these devices can gather without the users' knowledge.

Some of the key information highlighted by designers includes the disparity in wages between a CEO from the industry, earning up to $275 million US dollars a day to a child miner, who would need to work approximately 700,000 years to earn the same amount. The project questions whether the convenience provided by these devices is worth their social and environmental consequences.

Other winners include MUJI and Sensible 4's 'self-driving' bus for all weather conditions, Korean-influenced sportswear by Jin Won Choi in collaboration with Adidas and CATCH, a low cost HIV detector. MySleeve, an add-on to make crutches more comfortable, received the 'People's Choice' award.

Name: adidas Originals by Ji Won ChoiDesigners: Ji Won Choi in collaboration with adidas

Name: Maya Somaiya LibraryDesigners: Sameep Padora and Associates

Name: Anatomy of an AI SystemDesigners: Kate Crawford of AI Now Institute and Vladan Joler

Name: Amorepacific architectural brandingDesigners: Sascha Lobe at Pentagram with L2M3

Name: CATCH: The HIV DetectorDesigners: Hans Ramzan

Name: GACHA Self-driving Shuttle BusDesigners: MUJI and Sensible 4

Name: MySleeveDesigners: Marie Van den Broeck

The six category winners along with the 70 other nominations are on display at the Design Museum through February 9, 2020.

Photos: Courtesy of Design Museum

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'Anatomy of an AI System' by Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler Wins 2019 Beazley Design of the Year - Dexigner

Baby Yoda, ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ and More TVLine Readers Give Thanks – TVLine

As the holiday season gets underway, we know there are more important things to be thankful for than good television but lets celebrate the TV anyway, shall we?

Earlier this month, we asked you to send us your gratitude for the past year of television, from the unexpected show renewals to the spot-on casting choices. In the attached gallery, weve narrowed down your (many!) submissions to 20 of your favorite developments from the last 11 months.

This year, TVLine readers gave thanks for particularly strong seasons of their favorite shows (likeAmerican Horror Story, Gotham andHawaii Five-0), as well as the new leases on life granted to One Day at a Time andWynonna Earp.

Youre also feeling the love for TVs pint-sized performers, such as the kiddos on mixed-ish andYoung Sheldon, whileThe Good Places Kirby Howell-Baptiste andA Million Little Things Jason Ritter were among the small-screen thespians to get special shout-outs.

The TVLine staff, meanwhile, has also given thanks for this years best television, and you can find our gratitude here. (We see were not the only ones obsessed with Baby Yoda!)

Flip through the attached gallery or click here for direct access to see the submissions weve highlighted this year, then hit the comments with your own gratitude!

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Grey’s Anatomy: Why did Kate Walsh really leave Grey’s Anatomy? – Express

Walsh explained that she left Greys Anatomy in order to lead its spin-off series, Private Practice.

She would continue playing the character of Dr Montgomery after she left Seattle Grace to set up in Oceanside Wellness Centre, California.

Upon hearing the news of a spin-off, Walsh said: I was shocked and excited and mostly just totally blown away.

Then I was nervous, like, Wait, really? Why me? But mostly I was just thrilled because it totally felt like the right thing.

I was so flattered and honoured that they would think of my character to take off for greener pastures.

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Who Plays McWidow on ‘Grey’s Anatomy’? He Could Be a New Love Interest – Distractify

Who Plays McWidow on 'Grey's Anatomy'? He Could Be a New Love InterestAcceptBrowsers may block some cookies by default. Click accept to allow advertising partners to use cookies and serve more relevant ads. Visit our privacy policy page for more information.Source: ABCBy Chrissy Bobic

1 day ago

Meredith and DeLucas relationship on Grey's Anatomy is barely cold and already, the show has set her up for a new boyfriend. But it probably couldn't have been executed better if there was another actor who plays McWidow on Grey's Anatomy and even if Meredith doesn't hook up with him, he definitely adds something extra to the table.

Right now, Meredith could go either way when it comes to DeLuca. He seems to think they are on a break and she thinks she was dumped. If Ross and Rachel have taught us anything, not being on the same page when it comes to relationship breaks can result in disaster. But if McWidow is here to stay, fans will just have to get used to him.

Although the characters name is technically Dr. Cormac Hayes, it's safe to say that he will forever be known as McWidow to Greys Anatomy fans. In real life, the actor who plays him, Richard Flood, is just as charming in his other roles. And in case you were wondering about that cheeky Irish accent it is definitely legit since he is from Dublin, Ireland.

In real life, Richard is a lot softer than his Greys counterpart seems to be and his Instagram is full of romantic selfies with his wife, actress Gabriella Pession, with whom he has one child. Fans might remember Richard most recently from his Season 9 role on Showtime's Shameless, but if he is going to be Merediths love interest, he might have a more permanent home on Greys Anatomy for the foreseeable future.

Although Richard might seem like he has been making the Hollywood rounds for decades, its only in recent years that his star really began to rise. His most notable credits include the TV documentary Killing Kennedy and the series Crossing Lines and Red Rock. As someone who has only been steadily working in TV since 2010, however, its not all that surprising if some Greys Anatomy fans don't recognize Richard from one of his other roles right away.

Outside of acting, Richard seems to value time with family more than anything. He regularly posts photos of his son like any proud parent is guilty of on social media and has praised his own father as well. So when hes not taking on a new television role, it's safe to say that Richard is likely content doing anything with his family.

During the Nov. 21 Greys Anatomy episode, Meredith found herself butting heads with the new doctor at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. As it later turned out, he was sent to the hospital by Cristina as a new surgeon and, apparently, an effort to give Meredith someone else to swoon after.

But from what little he has said so far about his own life, McWidow lost his wife in a similar way that Meredith lost Derek years ago. Like Meredith, McWidow blames irresponsible doctors for the death of his spouse and it could be the thing to bring them together. That is, if Meredith and DeLuca really are over.

If Meredith is right and she and DeLuca are donezo, then theres a good chance she and McWidow will get together before Season 16 is over. According to DeLuca, they are just on a break, but if they can't move past his insecurities in their relationship, Meredith might have to seek comfort in the more capable arms of a tall Irish surgeon her BFF sent her way.

Watch Greys Anatomy on Thursdays at 8 p.m. ET on ABC.

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‘Grey’s Anatomy’s New Time Slot Will Bring the Show Back to Its Steamier, Sexier Roots – Showbiz Cheat Sheet

In true Shondaland fashion,Greys Anatomysfall finaleended with a catastrophethat has viewers on the edge of their seats waiting for the return. The series will return in January 2020 with a new time slot.

Showrunner, Krista Vernoff, is excited that the show will now have the opportunity to get back to itssexier roots. Lets take a look at why it moved and what it might look like on Greys Anatomy. Warning: Season 16 Spoilers.

When ABCs critically acclaimed series, Greys Anatomy, returns for its 16th midseason premiere in January, it will be at 9 p.m. instead of 8 p.m. However, fans who are dying to know what happens afterthat car crashed into Joes barwill have to tune into Station 19 at 8 p.m. first.

Station 19 is the second spin-off to Greys Anatomy and is coming into its third season. The first spin-off was Private Practice, which ran for six seasons and garnished critical acclaim.

The firefighters from Seattle Fire Station 19 will arrive on the scene of the crash to work on rescuing those trapped inside the underground bar. Then, when 9 p.m. hits, the rescue will continue on Greys Anatomy. Characters from both shows will appear throughout the two-hour-long season premiere.

Ever since Station 19 premiered,Vernoff told Deadline, in the writers room, we always thought the better progression was from firefighters to the hospital. She continued, I didnt think it was going to happen, but I was thrilled ABC had made the decision. I literally cheered when they let me know that. Its really exciting and opens up the storytelling.

The flagship series initially aired at 9 p.m., so Vernoff is very excited that it will be able to return to its roots. There are very different guidelines for shows that air before 9 p.m. The earlier slots are considered family programming, so they are limited in what they show.

There are different rules for a 9 p.m. show than there are for an 8 p.m. show, Vernoff commented, and we hope to take advantage of those rules.

Greys was definitely allowed to be a sexier show when it was on at 9 oclock. So we are excited by the change back to our original [Thursday] time slot, she added.

The watershed begins at 9 p.m. and material unsuitable for children should not, in general, be shown before 9 p.m. or after 5.30 a.m.,according to Ofcom. Unsuitable material can include everything from sexual content to violence, graphic or distressing imagery, and swearing.

Therefore, we are about to see a move towards more sex scenes that involve more than kissing. There may be more nudity and graphic death scenes, as well.

Greys Anatomy initially aired at 10 p.m. on Sunday nights for its first season. Subsequent seasons were at the coveted 9 p.m. Thursday night slot through the tenth season.

During those early ten seasons, Greys Anatomy was known for an abundance of steamy sex scenes. The season 16 fall finale included a few make-out sessions, but everyone was fully dressed. In the early days of the show, it was not uncommon for the show to open with two people naked in bed together.

The Izzie (Catherine Heigl) and Alex (Just Chambers), take off your pants, sex scene is one of thetop ten steamiest ever. By the end of the scene, they have taken off almost all of their clothing and are having sex in an on-call room.

Then there was the time that Meredith (Ellen Pompeo) and McDreamy (Patrick Dempsey) had sex in a medical exam room. We watch as Derek gently takes off Merediths stockings. There is an endless amount of skin, rubbing, and kissing.

It looks like Greys Anatomy is about to get back to its sexy roots, and Vernoff isnt the only one excited about it. We cant wait to see what she has in store when the show returns to ABC on Jan. 23, 2020.

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With suction cups and lots of luck, scientists measure blue whale’s heart rate – KFGO News

Wednesday, November 27, 2019 7:07 p.m. CST

By Will Dunham

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Using a bright orange electrocardiogram machine attached with suction cups to the body of a blue whale, scientists for the first time have measured the heart rate of the world's largest creature and came away with insight about the renowned behemoth's physiology.

The blue whale, which can reach up to 100 feet (30 meters) long and weigh 200 tons, lowers its heart rate to as little as two beats per minute as it lunges under the ocean surface for food, researchers said on Monday. The maximum heart rate they recorded was 37 beats per minute after the air-breathing marine mammal returned to the surface from a foraging dive.

"The blue whale is the largest animal of all-time and has long fascinated biologists," said Stanford University marine biologist Jeremy Goldbogen, who led the study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"In particular, new measures of vital rates and physiological rates help us understand how animals work at the upper extreme of body mass," Goldbogen added. "What is life like and what is the pace of life at such a large scale?"

Generally speaking, the larger the animal, the lower the heart rate, minimizing the amount of work the heart does while distributing blood around the body. The normal human resting heart rate ranges from about 60 to 100 beats per minute and tops out at about 200 during athletic exertion. The smallest mammals, shrews, have heart rates upwards of a thousand beats per minute.

The researchers created a tag device, encased in an orange plastic shell, that contained an electrocardiogram machine to monitor a whale's heart rhythm swimming in the open ocean. The device had four suction cups to enable them to attach it to the whale non-invasively.

The researchers obtained nine hours of data from an adult male whale about 72 feet (22 meters) long encountered in Monterey Bay off California's coast.

"First we have to find a blue whale, which can be very difficult because these animals range across vast swaths of the open ocean. By combining many years of field experience and some luck, we position a small, rigid-hulled, inflatable boat on the whale's left side," Goldbogen said.

"We then have to deploy the tag using a six-meter (20-foot) long carbon-fiber pole. As the whale surfaces to breathe, we tag the whale in a location that we think is closest to the heart: just behind the whale's left flipper," Goldbogen added.

Baleen whales such as blue whales, despite their immense size, feed on tiny prey. As filter-feeders, they take huge amounts of water into their mouths and strain out prey including shrimp-like krill and other zooplankton using baleen plates made of keratin, the same material found in fingernails.

During feeding dives, the whale exhibited extremely low heart rates, typically of four to eight beats per minute and as low as two. After surfacing to breathe following foraging dives, the whale had heart rates of 25 to 37 beats per minute.

SOURCE: https://bit.ly/35C5TJW PNAS, online November 25, 2019.

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Zero ZnO: why we need to replace zinc oxide in tackling post-weaning diarrhoea – The Pig Site

Primarily during the first two weeks after weaning, they are likely to suffer from post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). PWD is a major problem for pig producers worldwide: it leads to severe dehydration, stunted growth and mortality rates of up to 20-30 percent. Treatment and additional labour costs further squeeze farm profitability.

Since the early 1990s zinc oxide (ZnO) has been used to control post-weaning diarrhoea and promote growth in piglets, mainly at pharmacological dosages of 2500 to 3000ppm. Its mode of action is still not entirely understood; effects on immune or metabolic processes, altered microbiota, or post-absorptive metabolism are likely to play a role. What is clear is that the use of ZnO in European pig production has strongly increased since the EU banned the use antibiotic growth promoters such as colistin in 2006 to curb the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Pigs have a marked physiological need for zinc, and modern diets include zinc supplementation to meet the animals requirements. However, its still a heavy metal: too much zinc is toxic for the animal, hence its physiology ensures that excessive zinc intake is excreted. The bioavailability and absorption of zinc from zinc oxide is particularly low, so that most of the zinc given to piglets in this way accumulates in their manure and from there contaminates soils and groundwater.

The significant environmental concerns caused by zinc pollution are the primary reason that the European Medicines Agency (EMA) concluded in 2017 that the benefits of preventing diarrhoea in pigs did not outweigh ZnOs risks. By June 2022 all EU member states will have to withdraw marketing authorisations for veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide.

In its decision the EMAs Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use also points out the risk that the use of zinc oxide might promote the development of antimicrobial resistance. High doses of zinc supplementation have been shown to increase the proportion of multi-drug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella, two of the most important pathogens in pig production.

What is more, studies show that excessive zinc can accumulate in the liver, the pancreas and blood serum, and that it permanently reduces the lactobacilli population of the gut flora. With what consequences for performance in the fattening phase? Hence, there are plenty of reasons why getting rid of zinc oxide is a good thing but, of course, only if effective replacement strategies to control PWD and boost piglet performance are in place.

The search for ZnO alternatives takes us right back to the start, piglets challenged gastrointestinal tract. Post-weaning diarrhoea is a consequence of intestinal dysbiosis, which in turn is induced by the dietary, social and environmental changes during weaning. PWD control thus starts with managing these stressors, which includes ensuring sufficient colostrum intake, gradual feed changes, and meticulous nursery hygiene. Critically, the weaning diet needs to optimally support gut health. Intelligent feed additive solutions are able to

A synergistic combination of phytomolecules, medium-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, and tannins achieves these objectives in a reliable and cost-effective manner. Thanks to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and digestive properties these natural ingredients stabilise piglets intestinal flora, boost their feed intake and sets them up for strong and sustainable health and growth performance.

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The Circadian Rhythm and the Immune System – News-Medical.net

What is circadian rhythm?

The term circadian rhythm was coined to describe the oscillations in body functions observed in humans during 24 hours. The function of the circadian rhythm is to act as a regulator of cells and coordinate the internal physiological and behavioral processes in humans.

Image Credit: BlurryMe / Shutterstock.com

It is argued that the autonomous rhythms must align with the earths daily rotation to regulate sleep/wake cycles in humans in line with light changes within the environment. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm is central to human evolution, allowing us to adapt and anticipate environmental changes such as temperature, radiation, and the availability of food.

Dysfunction in circadian rhythms can cause a range of issues such as disturbances in sleep/wake cycles and mood disorders.

The function of the circadian rhythm has been well researched, with contemporary work analyzing the relationship between the immune system and the circadian rhythm.

Researchers from Switzerland have recently published a review investigating the link between the circadian rhythm and the development of illnesses such as allergies and cardiovascular difficulties such as heart attacks.

The paper, containing mainly mice studies, found there to be a relationship between the immune system and the circadian rhythm. Specifically, the studies found that adaptive immune responses - whereby specialized immune cells are synthesized to fight invading pathogens are regulated by the circadian clock.

Based on the research, it is suggested that the bodys response to cues, for example, hormones and light, affects sleep patterns and metabolic processes, amongst other biological activities. The researchers found the circadian rhythm to be implicated in heart attacks, atherosclerotic plaques, infections and toxins, and allergies.

The researchers found that heart attacks occur more commonly and severely in the morning, in comparison to at night. In animal studies, mice were found to have higher levels of blood monocytes during the daytime. Experiments showed that mice had more monocytes and larger infarctions during the night than during the day.

The immune system produces cells that help to protect against plaques that build up in the arteries. Research has found that the extent to which these cells are effective in upholding this aim is dependent on the circadian rhythms of CCR2 a chemokine protein. CCR2 is typically involved in the function of the immune system and inflammatory processes.

Mice studies have found the protein to follow a daily rhythm. Specifically, it is suggested to be highest in the morning. Based on its implications on immune cells, it has been found to monitor white blood cells involved in atherosclerosis.

Mice appear to be differently able to respond to parasite infections depending on the time of day they are exposed. Mice responded to parasite infections with Trichuris muris more quickly when exposed in the morning compared to the evening.

Animal studies have found that responses to toxins may be greater in the afternoon. Mice infected with a bacterial toxin that triggers pulmonary inflammation respond differently depending on the time of exposure. If exposed in the afternoon, a larger number of monocytes were drawn into the peritoneal cavity, liver, and spleen resulting in a greater ability to fight the bacteria, compared to other periods of the day.

Allergy symptoms tend to be worst between midnight and early morning. Mast cell and eosinophil expression appear to vary based on circadian rhythms in mice.

Researchers have found that the severity of sepsis infections may be worse during the evening compared to the morning. Cell adhesion expression and neutrophil infiltration response to lipopolysaccharide septic shock were found to be higher in the evening. This worsening parallels with an increased risk of mortality during that time.

This relationship between the immune system and circadian rhythm aligns with similar ones found between other bodily systems. For example, within the cardiovascular system, research has reported that in the morning compared to the night time individuals have: a higher heart rate, higher blood pressure, vasoconstriction, and a reduction in parasympathetic tone and thrombolytic activity, .

Reddy, S., & Sharma, S. (2018). Physiology, Circadian Rhythm. Stat Pearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519507/

Scheiermann, C., Kunisaki, Y., & Frenette, P. S. (2014). Circadian control of the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology. DOI: 10.1038/nri3386

Farhud, D., & Aryan, Z. (2018). Circadian Rhythm, Lifestyle and Health: A Narrative Review. Iranian Journal of Public Health. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6123576/

Thosar, S. S., Butler, M. P., & Shea, S. A. (2018). Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease.

Pick, R., He, W., Chen, C. S., & Scheiermann, C. (2019). Time-of-Day-Dependent Trafficking and Function of Leukocyte subsets. Trends in Immunology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.03.010

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