Debilitating tendon injuries may soon be a thing of the past now that researchers have discovered the existence of tendon stem cells for the first time.

The buildup of scar tissue makes recovery from torn rotator cuffs, jumpers knee, and other tendon injuries a painful, challenging process, often leading to secondary tendon ruptures.

New research led by Carnegies Chen-Ming Fan and published in Nature Cell Biology reveals the existence of tendon stem cells that could potentially be harnessed to improve tendon healing and even to avoid surgery.

Tendons are connective tissue that tether our muscles to our bones, Fan explained. They improve our stability and facilitate the transfer of force that allows us to move. But they are also particularly susceptible to injury and damage.

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Unfortunately, once tendons are injured, they rarely fully recover, which can result in limited mobility and require long-term pain management or even surgery. The culprit is fibrous scars, which disrupt the tissue structure of the tendon.

Working with Carnegies Tyler Harvey and Sara Flamenco, Fan revealed all of the cell types present in the Patellar tendon, found below the kneecap, including previously undefined tendon stem cells.

Because tendon injuries rarely heal completely, it was thought that tendon stem cells might not exist, said lead author Harvey. Many searched for them to no avail, but our work defined them for the first time.

Stem cells are blank cells associated with nearly every type of tissue, which have not fully differentiated into a specific functionality. They can also self-renew, creating a pool from which newly differentiated cell types can form to support a specific tissues function. For example, muscle stem cells can differentiate into muscle cells. But until now, stem cells for the tendon were unknown.

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Surprisingly, the teams research showed that both fibrous scar tissue cells and tendon stem cells originate in the same spacethe protective cells that surround a tendon. Whats more, these tendon stem cells are part of a competitive system with precursors of fibrous scars, which explains why tendon healing is such a challenge.

The team demonstrated that both tendon stem cells and scar tissue precursor cells are stimulated into action by a protein called platelet-derived growth factor-A. When tendon stem cells are altered so that they dont respond to this growth factor, then only scar tissue and no new tendon cells form after an injury.

Tendon stem cells exist, but they must outcompete the scar tissue precursors in order to prevent the formation of difficult, fibrous scars, Fan explained. Finding a therapeutic way to block the scar-forming cells and enhance the tendon stem cells could be a game-changer when it comes to treating tendon injuries.

When asked how his team would be continuing their work, Dr. Fan told Good News Network: As to the next stage of our research, we are tackling two areas. First, we want to find out the fundamental differences between tendon stem cells versus fibrotic scar cells, so we can find ways to enhance the former and eliminate the latter and make healing tendon scar-less.Second, we want to be able to grow tendon stem cells for transplantation, so we can speed up the healing process after tendon injuries.

Reprinted from the Carnegie Institution for Science

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Discovery of 'Tendon Stem Cells' Could Revolutionize How We Recover From Injuries - Good News Network

How many of the thousands of newly discovered molecules finally become drugs which effectively cure patients? Unfortunately, only a very low percentage (recently quantified around 12%). Why do so many candidate drugs fail before entering the market, although they show promising results at a research level? A recent paper indicates a lack of specific drug efficacy as the primary cause of trial failure in late phase development, failures that can be reduced by a more efficient screening of candidate drugs in early phases.

However, current 2D in vitro strategies, mostly based on cell lines cultured on 2D rigid substrates, represent the cheapest and easiest drug screening tool, but with major drawbacks as low-precision and un-natural environments. In vivo experimentation provides higher systemic physiological relevance, although associated to high running costs, increasing ethical issues and limited analytical depth. Moreover, animal models have been increasingly questioned about their power to faithfully reproduce human biological mechanisms.

Thus, alternative models better predicting the outcomes of new molecules in patients are desperately needed. Recently, innovative techniques such as microfluidics and tissue engineering have been emerging, aiming at reproducing the complex architecture and function of native human tissues. So-called organs-on-a-chip or microphysiological systems have recently been defined as microfabricated cell culture devices designed to model the functional units of human organs in vitro, thus representing an ideal platform for improving the predictability of drugs and biological therapies efficacy and safety in humans.

Our group believes that microphysiological systems hold the key to next generation health solutions. Following our 10+ years experience and specialisation in this area, we have emerged in the development of microphysiological systems in the musculoskeletal field, for platforms to study physio-pathological mechanisms and to perform reliable screening and testing of drugs for diagnostic and therapeutic aims.

In particular, these systems are used for currently uncurable bone diseases such as bone tumours and metastases, but also for pathological conditions of muscle tissue such as fibrosis, disabling pathologies (such as osteoarthritis), as well as ageing and metabolic diseases of the musculoskeletal system. This is achieved by reproducing human tissue districts focusing on high-fidelity biomimicking models through human multi-cellular and architecturally accurate models (i.e. whole joint model including all parts as bone, cartilage, synovium, vascular, immune in a single model).

The first example of a microfluidic, vascularised, human bone model for the study of bone metastatic invasion has been published on Biomaterials in 2014 and highlighted in The Economist journal. With this work, in collaboration with prof R Kamm from MIT, we were able to monitor the invasion of breast cancer cells in a bone-like matrix and the formation of micro-metastases in real time. In a subsequent work, we reproduced organotypic metastases from breast cancer, comparing engineered bone-like and muscle-like environments, and demonstrating the secretion of molecules in the muscle environment able to counteract tumour invasion.

To better mimic the metastatic process, blood and immune cells were also included in our recent models, demonstrating that the presence of blood cells (particularly platelet) increase metastatisation and that a drug used as antiaggregant clinical therapy can also decrease cancer invasion.

Microfluidic multi-tissue models have been also designed to investigate diseases affecting the joints, such as osteoarthritis.

A multichannel device, including the tissues of the native joint, as a cartilage compartment, separated from a compartment embedding synovial fibroblasts by a channel containing synovial fluid has been developed. The device mimicked the inflammatory processes at the basis of osteoarthritis and is being exploited to evaluate potential biological therapies, such as the injection of stem cells in the joint.

Microfluidics is a powerful technology however it comes with its own drawbacks too as the microenvironment into a microfluidic chip is not properly 3D, being able to host tissues with a thickness of just few cells (between 10 and 15), and thus also a scarce availability of biological material which makes it difficult to apply standard analytical techniques.

To overcome these limitations, in our lab we are exploiting both Micro- and Bio- fabrication techniques to generate miniaturised multicellular microphysiological systems, bigger and more user friendly than microfluidic ones which allow you to more accurately reproduce the 3D microarchitecture of native musculoskeletal tissues.

In 2016 we generated a mm-scale construct, embedding osteoblasts, osteoclasts, vascular cells and calcium nanoparticles, to recreate the mineral part of the bone. This represented the first example of a bone-remodelling microscale model able to reproduce the balanced deposition and resorption of minerals by bone cells, recently further improved with the addition of macrophages. To test the potential of the device as a drug screening platform, we added breast cancer cells in the bone-like matrix and effects of different drugs have recently been tested. The model showed a significantly better reproduction of cancer cell resistance to drugs as compared to standard in vitro models.

Beside bone, also a hierarchical microscale model of skeletal muscle has been described with multiple human muscle fibres engineered in a 3D gel. Here we showed for the first time the formation of the typical fibroblast layer surrounding each fibre intertwined with a microvascular network. Fibroblasts isolated from dystrophic patients and inserted in our model naturally exerted the traditional onset of fibrosis characteristics as compared to standard models requiring external induction for such behaviour.

To summarise, microphysiological systems represent the leading approach to achieve more reliable preclinical testing platforms for the quantification of drug efficacy, as compared to standard 2D models. However, further challenges lie ahead for their widespread use. In basic and translational research towards clinical application, a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms is mandatory.

Thus, faithful reproduction of complex native-like microenvironments should be achieved, including appropriate physical stimuli, whereby the exploitation of advanced microfabrication techniques can be of help towards this goal. Biofabrication of functional units of human tissues and organs is fundamental also for pharma companies, along with relevant automation and ease of use, to achieve more reliable readouts of novel drugs and highly predictive tests for biological therapies.

Depending on its final application, the complexity level of 3D in vitro models should be tailored to sufficiently improve relevance but without unnecessary additions and increasing costs. Anyhow, considering the multiple issues involved in the development of microphysiological systems, multidisciplinary expertise and knowhow in biological and bioengineering fields are mandatory, and fostering of translational researchers training will be needed to guarantee the emergence of such next generation systems.

Lastly, the huge amount of heterogenous data originating from such complex models need to be analysed with systems biology techniques, based on machine learning algorithms and similarly advanced techniques gathered from big data management. Fuelling research in these fields can help the research community in achieving better models of human organs, thus leading to drugs more effectively impacting patient care.

Matteo MorettiHead Regenerative Medicine Technologies LabUnit di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleLugano (CH)+41(0)918117076Matteo.moretti@eoc.chhttps://www.eoc.ch/

Originally posted here:
Microphysiological systems: advancing drug and biological therapies discovery - SciTech Europa

Studies now report that babies are able to see more in the womb than what we originally thought. According to Science Daily, a study done by the researchers at the University of California -Berkeley has concluded that babies in the fetus can see more images early that previously reported. The researchers note this is a significant and detrimental phenomenon to their development.

The University of California, Berkeley, scientists have found evidence that these regular cells are actually talking to one another. The cells are part of an interconnected network that gives the retina a lot more light sensitivity than once thought. This enhanced light sensitivity enhances the influence of light on behavior and brain development in ways that aren't totally understood yet.

RELATED:15 Bizarre Facts About What Babies Can See In The Womb

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39 . Son petit coin dans notre chambre est presque prt . Les dernires semaines n'ont pas t faciles... 36 semaines, je me suis rendue l'hpital pour avoir une version, puisque mademoiselle E. avait toujours la tte en haut. Elle a t tourne manuellement par une gyncologue, mais cette manipulation pouvais me faire accoucher prmaturment... a s'est trs bien pass, ce n'est pas agrable, c'est sur, mais bb E. Est en parfaite sant et la tte en bas depuis... Mais tout le stress accumul est tomb d'un coup et la fatigue du dernier trimestre s'en est aussi ml. Mais l, tout va bien . J'ai plus que hte d'accoucher, de vivre cette exprience chez moi, accompagne par d'extraordinaires sages-femmes, mon mari, mon bb qui deviendra grand frre, ainsi que ma maman et ma belle-maman. Bb E. sera accueillie dans ce monde dans l'amour et la joie . . . #39weekspregnant #39semaines #babybump #love #amour #tiredbuthappy #babygirl #bebefille #babyE #momsclubqc

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In developing baby fetuses eyes there is roughly 3% of ganglion cells and those cells send messages through the optic nerve into the brain. Those developing cells are sensitive to light and so far researchers have found about six different subtypes that communicate with various places in the brain. The developing baby sight isn't the only thing that is evolving but theperihabenula, which regulates mood, and the amygdala also deals with emotions.

The study examined how this occurs in mice and monkeys and the evidence suggests that these ganglion cells talk to one another through the electrical connections named gap junctions which implies more complexity in immature rodent and primate eyes than previously recorded.

These cells are called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and were discovered approximately 10 years ago.Marla Feller, a UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology has been studying the developing retina for almost 20 years. She and her mentor,Carla Shatz of Stanford University played a major rolein showing that the spontaneous electrical activity in the eye during development in the fetus or better known as retinal waves are critical for developing the correct brain networks that process images later on post-delivery.

"Given the variety of these ganglion cells and that they project to many different parts of the brain, it makes me wonder whether they play a role in how the retina connects up to the brain," said Feller, who also is the author of a paper that appeared in the journal Current Biology. "Maybe not for visual circuits, but for non-vision behaviours. Not only the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythms, but possibly explaining problems like light-induced migraines, or why light therapy works for depression."

The researchers also found evidence that supports that the eyes and brain signals tune itself in such a way that it could adapt to the intensity of light. Feller believes this probably has an important role in development.

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Babies Inside The Womb Can See Much More Than Initially Thought - BabyGaga

CINCINNATI, Nov. 27, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Stem cell therapy helps hearts recover from a heart attack, although not for the biological reasons originally proposed two decades ago that today are the basis of ongoing clinical trials. This is the conclusion of a Nov. 27 studyin Nature that shows an entirely different way that heart stem cells help the injured heart not by replacing damaged or dead heart cells as initially proposed.

The study reports that injecting living or even dead heart stem cells into the injured hearts of mice triggers an acute inflammatory process, which in turn generates a wound healing-like response to enhance the mechanical properties of the injured area.

Mediated by macrophage cells of the immune system, the secondary healing process provided a modest benefit to heart function after heart attack, according to Jeffery Molkentin, PhD,principal investigator, director of Molecular Cardiovascular Microbiologya Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centerand a professor of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI).

"The innate immune response acutely altered cellular activity around the injured area of the heart so that it healed with a more optimized scar and improved contractile properties," Molkentin said. "The implications of our study are very straight forward and present important new evidence about an unsettled debate in the field of cardiovascular medicine."

The new paper builds on a 2014 study publishedby the same research team, also in Nature. As in that earlier study, the current paper shows that injecting c-kit positive heart stem cells into damaged hearts as a strategy to regenerate cardiomyocytes doesn't work. The findings prompted Molkentin and his colleagues to conclude that there is a need to "re-evaluate the current planned cell therapy based clinical trials to ask how this therapy might really work."

An Unexpected Discovery

The study worked with two types of heart stem cells currently used in the clinical trialsbone marrow mononuclear cells and cardiac progenitor cells. As the researchers went through the process of testing and re-verifying their data under different conditions, they were surprised to discover that in addition to the two types of stem cells, injecting dead cells or even an inert chemical called zymosan also provided benefit to the heart by optimizing the healing process. Zymosan is a substance designed to induce an innate immune response

Researchers reported that stem cells or zymosan therapies tested in this study altered immune cell responses that significantly decreased the formation of extra cellular matrix connective tissue in the injury areas, while also improving the mechanical properties of the scar itself. The authors concluded: "injected hearts produced a significantly greater change in passive force over increasing stretch, a profile that was more like uninjured hearts."

Molkentin and his colleagues also found that stem cells and other therapeutic substances like zymosan have to be injected directly into the hearts surrounding the area of infarction injury. This is in contrast to most past human clinical trials that for patient safety reasons simply injected stem cells into the circulatory system.

"Most of the current trials were also incorrectly designed because they infuse cells into the vasculature," Molkentin explained. "Our results show that the injected material has to go directly into the heart tissue flanking the infarct region. This is where the healing is occurring and where the macrophages can work their magic."

The researchers also noted an interesting finding involving zymosan, a chemical compound that binds with select pattern recognition receptors to cause an acute innate immune response. Using zymosan to treat injured hearts in mice resulted in a slightly greater and longer-lasting benefit on injured tissues than injecting stem cells or dead cell debris.

Looking to the Future

Molkentin said he and other collaborating scientists will follow up the findings by looking for ways to leverage the healing properties of the stem cells and compounds they tested.

For example, considering how heart stem cells, cell debris and zymosan all triggered an acute innate immune response involving macrophages in the current paper, Molkentin explained they will test a theory that harnesses the selective healing properties of macrophages. This includes polarizing or biologically queuing macrophages to only have healing-like properties.

Further testing of this, he said, could therapeutically be very important for developing future treatment strategies.

The study's first author was Ronald Vagnozzi, PhD, a fellow and investigator in the Molkentin laboratory. Key collaboration also came from scientists in the Cincinnati Children's Heart Institute, the University of Cincinnati Department Of Pediatrics and the Center for Systems Biology (Department of Imaging) and the Cardiovascular Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston.

Funding support for the study came in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 HL132391) and an NIH Research Service Award via the National Heart Blood and Lung Institute (F32 HL128083), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and a Career Development Award from the American Heart Association (19CDA34670044). Flow cytometric data were acquired using equipment maintained by the Research Flow Cytometry Core in the Division of Rheumatology at Cincinnati Children's.

Post Embargo Study Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1802-2

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SOURCE Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

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Stem Cell Therapy Helps Broken Hearts Heal in Unexpected Way - BioSpace

Our scientists and many biomedical researchers across the world use small molecules called chemical probes to understand the complex interplay between proteins in cells.

These molecules are designed to bind to a target in a cell, most commonly a protein, and alter or inhibit its function. They can be used as investigational tools or prototype drugs, and ultimately help to discover new treatments for a range of diseases, including cancer.

But the use of poor-quality compounds as chemical probes, often based on out-of-date information, is widespread among the global biomedical research community. It has frequently compromised the robustness of research findings and led to incorrect conclusions.

Scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research have for some time been working to help researchers choose their chemical probes more wisely.

In 2015, we were co-founders of the Chemical Probes Portal (described in a Nature Chemical Biology article), an open-access online resource which provides expert reviews of chemical probes for use in biomedical research and drug discovery.

To be listed on the Chemical Probes Portal, a chemical probe needs to be peer-reviewed by a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, made up of experts from the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and chemical biology communities.

Users of the portal can now sort through close to 200 high-quality chemical probes, and select the most suitable for their needs, quickly and efficiently.

Although the expert-review approach is valuable and the portal is widely used, a limitation is its far-from-complete coverage of the full range of proteins in human cells.

More recently, our researchers have also launched a highly innovative web resource called Probe Minerthat provides a very complementary approach to selecting chemical probes.

Jointly conceived by Dr Albert Antolin, Professor Bissan Al-Lazikani, Professor Ian Collinsand Professor Paul Workmanfrom the ICR, Probe Miner uses data science and statistical analysis to sort through hundreds of thousands of actual or potential chemical probes.

It ranks their suitability for use against a large number of human proteins based on quantitative statistical assessment according to critical criteria or fitness factors that were defined previously by ICR scientists.

Probe Miner uses data about probes and proteins from canSAR, a knowledgebase also created by researchers at the ICR, which brings together and stores data across biology, chemistry, pharmacology, structural biology, cellular networks, clinical annotations and more.

Looking at the interactions between the chemical probes and the target protein of interest, Probe Miner scores each probe for six fitness factors including their potency, selectivity, cell activity and other features and ranks their suitability for use to study target proteins.

This is quite an undertaking: within canSAR, there are 355,305 potential chemical probes and 2,220 possible human protein targets. But Probe Miners computational methodology can quickly and efficiently produce a quantitative, data-driven assessment of each chemical probe against a given target, and accurately suggest the best probes for use in the laboratory.

Since its conception in 2017, Probe Miner has had more than 4,000 users including researchers from biotech companies such as BenevolentAI, pharmaceutical companies such as GSK and Novartis, and academic institutions such as the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, and the University of Oxford.

At the ICR, we are leading in innovative cancer informatics. From mapping the paths of cancer evolution, to the design and discovery of novel drugs, to the precision tailoring of radiation therapy. Informatics research at the ICR spans bioinformatics and computational biology, biostatistics, mathematical biology, in-silico medicinal chemistry, digital pathology and computational physics.

Read more

The creators of Probe Miner are now looking at how to advance and further improve the scope and usability of the site. As well as presentational changes, the team is looking to increase the amount of data accessible to Probe Miner.

ICR scientists have recently called for more integration between Probe Miner and other resources developed to help researchers use chemical probes more wisely, including the Chemical Probes Portal. The two approaches are highly complementary.

With better integration between online resources, the potential for more effective probe selection will be greater than ever before.

As Dr Albert Antolin, Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellow in the Division of Cancer Therapeuticsand the Department of Data Science, explains:

We are bringing together the data and methodology that facilitates objective assessment and selection of chemical probes for scientists who are not experts in chemical biology.

This way we will hopefully address some of the problems around data robustness that we are currently facing in biomedical research, and facilitate the translation of biological discoveries into new drugs for patients.

Original post:
Science Talk - Enhancing the selection and use of chemical probes in cancer research using innovative data science - The Institute of Cancer Research

DUBLIN, Nov. 28, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Genome Editing Services Market-Focus on CRISPR 2019-2030" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

This report features an extensive study of the current landscape of CRISPR-based genome editing service providers. The study presents an in-depth analysis, highlighting the capabilities of various stakeholders engaged in this domain, across different geographical regions.

Currently, there is an evident increase in demand for complex biological therapies (including regenerative medicine products), which has created an urgent need for robust genome editing techniques. The biopharmaceutical pipeline includes close to 500 gene therapies, several of which are being developed based on the CRISPR technology.

Recently, in July 2019, a first in vivo clinical trial for a CRISPR-based therapy was initiated. However, successful gene manipulation efforts involve complex experimental protocols and advanced molecular biology centered infrastructure. Therefore, many biopharmaceutical researchers and developers have demonstrated a preference to outsource such operations to capable contract service providers.

Consequently, the genome editing contract services market was established and has grown to become an indispensable segment of the modern healthcare industry, offering a range of services, such as gRNA design and construction, cell line development (involving gene knockout, gene knockin, tagging and others) and transgenic animal model generation (such as knockout mice). Additionally, there are several players focused on developing advanced technology platforms that are intended to improve/augment existing gene editing tools, especially the CRISPR-based genome editing processes.

Given the rising interest in personalized medicine, a number of strategic investors are presently willing to back genetic engineering focused initiatives. Prevalent trends indicate that the market for CRISPR-based genome editing services is likely to grow at a significant pace in the foreseen future.

Report Scope

One of the key objectives of the report was to evaluate the current opportunity and the future potential of CRISPR-based genome editing services market. We have provided an informed estimate of the likely evolution of the market in the short to mid-term and long term, for the period 2019-2030.

In addition, we have segmented the future opportunity across [A] type of services offered (gRNA construction, cell line engineering and animal model generation), [B] type of cell line used (mammalian, microbial, insect and others) and [C] different geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and rest of the world).

To account for the uncertainties associated with the CRISPR-based genome editing services market and to add robustness to our model, we have provided three forecast scenarios, portraying the conservative, base and optimistic tracks of the market's evolution.

The research, analysis and insights presented in this report are backed by a deep understanding of key insights generated from both secondary and primary research. All actual figures have been sourced and analyzed from publicly available information forums and primary research discussions. Financial figures mentioned in this report are in USD, unless otherwise specified.

Key Topics Covered

1. PREFACE1.1. Scope of the Report1.2. Research Methodology1.3. Chapter Outlines

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3. INTRODUCTION3.1. Context and Background3.2. Overview of Genome Editing3.3. History of Genome Editing3.4. Applications of Genome Editing3.5. Genome Editing Techniques3.5.1. Mutagenesis3.5.2 Conventional Homologous Recombination3.5.3 Single Stranded Oligo DNA Nucleotides Homologous Recombination3.5.4. Homing Endonuclease Systems (Adeno Associated Virus System)3.5.5. Protein-based Nuclease Systems3.5.5.1. Meganucleases3.5.5.2. Zinc Finger Nucleases3.5.5.3. Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases3.5.6. DNA Guided Systems3.5.6.1. Peptide Nucleic Acids3.5.6.2. Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides3.5.6.3. Structure Guided Endonucleases3.5.7. RNA Guided Systems3.5.7.1. CRISPR-Cas93.5.7.2. Targetrons3.6. CRISPR-based Genome Editing3.6.1. Role of CRISPR-Cas in Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria3.6.2. Key CRISPR-Cas Systems3.6.3. Components of CRISPR-Cas System3.6.4. Protocol for CRISPR-based Genome Editing3.7. Applications of CRISPR3.7.1. Development of Therapeutic Interventions3.7.2. Augmentation of Artificial Fertilization Techniques3.7.3. Development of Genetically Modified Organisms3.7.4. Production of Biofuels3.7.5. Other Bioengineering Applications3.8. Key Challenges and Future Perspectives

4. CRISPR-BASED GENOME EDITING SERVICE PROVIDERS: CURRENT MARKET LANDSCAPE4.1. Chapter Overview4.2. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Service Providers: Overall Market Landscape4.2.3. Analysis by Type of Service Offering4.2.4. Analysis by Type of gRNA Format4.2.5. Analysis by Type of Endonuclease4.2.6. Analysis by Type of Cas9 Format4.2.7. Analysis by Type of Cell Line Engineering Offering4.2.8. Analysis by Type of Animal Model Generation Offering4.2.9. Analysis by Availability of CRISPR Libraries4.2.10. Analysis by Year of Establishment4.2.11. Analysis by Company Size4.2.12. Analysis by Geographical Location4.2.13. Logo Landscape: Distribution by Company Size and Location of Headquarters

5. COMPANY COMPETITIVENESS ANALYSIS5.1. Chapter Overview5.2. Methodology5.3. Assumptions and Key Parameters5.4. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Service Providers: Competitive Landscape5.4.1. Small-sized Companies5.4.2. Mid-sized Companies5.4.3. Large Companies

6. COMPANY PROFILES6.1. Chapter Overview6.2. Applied StemCell6.2.1. Company Overview6.2.2. Service Portfolio6.2.3. Recent Developments and Future Outlook6.3. BioCat6.4. Biotools6.5. Charles River Laboratories6.6. Cobo Scientific6.7. Creative Biogene6.8. Cyagen Biosciences6.9. GeneCopoeia6.10. Horizon Discovery6.11. NemaMetrix6.12. Synbio Technologies6.13. Thermo Fisher Scientific

7. PATENT ANALYSIS7.1. Chapter Overview7.2. Scope and Methodology7.3. CRISPR-based Genome Editing: Patent Analysis7.3.1. Analysis by Application Year and Publication Year7.3.2. Analysis by Geography7.3.3. Analysis by CPC Symbols7.3.4. Emerging Focus Areas7.3.5. Leading Players: Analysis by Number of Patents7.4. CRISPR-based Genome Editing: Patent Benchmarking Analysis7.4.1. Analysis by Patent Characteristics7.5. Patent Valuation Analysis

8. ACADEMIC GRANT ANALYSIS8.1. Chapter Overview8.2. Scope and Methodology8.3. Grants Awarded by the National Institutes of Health for CRISPR-based8.3.1. Year-wise Trend of Grant Award8.3.2. Analysis by Amount Awarded8.3.3. Analysis by Administering Institutes8.3.4. Analysis by Support Period8.3.5. Analysis by Funding Mechanism8.3.6. Analysis by Type of Grant Application8.3.7. Analysis by Grant Activity8.3.8. Analysis by Recipient Organization8.3.9. Regional Distribution of Grant Recipient Organization8.3.10. Prominent Project Leaders: Analysis by Number of Grants8.3.11. Emerging Focus Areas8.3.12. Grant Attractiveness Analysis

9. CASE STUDY: ADVANCED CRISPR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES/SYSTEMS AND TOOLS9.1. Chapter Overview9.2. CRISPR-based Technology Providers9.2.1. Analysis by Year of Establishment and Company Size9.2.2. Analysis by Geographical Location and Company Expertise9.2.3. Analysis by Focus Area9.2.4. Key Technology Providers: Company Snapshots9.2.4.1. APSIS Therapeutics9.2.4.2. Beam Therapeutics9.2.4.3. CRISPR Therapeutics9.2.4.4. Editas Medicine9.2.4.5. Intellia Therapeutics9.2.4.6. Jenthera Therapeutics9.2.4.7. KSQ Therapeutics9.2.4.8. Locus Biosciences9.2.4.9. Refuge Biotechnologies9.2.4.10. Repare Therapeutics9.2.4.11. SNIPR BIOME9.2.5. Key Technology Providers: Summary of Venture Capital Investments9.3. List of CRISPR Kit Providers9.4. List of CRISPR Design Tool Providers

10. POTENTIAL STRATEGIC PARTNERS10.1. Chapter Overview10.2. Scope and Methodology10.3. Potential Strategic Partners for Genome Editing Service Providers10.3.1. Key Industry Partners10.3.1.1. Most Likely Partners10.3.1.2. Likely Partners10.3.1.3. Less Likely Partners10.3.2. Key Non-Industry/Academic Partners10.3.2.1. Most Likely Partners10.3.2.2. Likely Partners10.3.2.3. Less Likely Partners

11. MARKET FORECAST11.1. Chapter Overview11.2. Forecast Methodology and Key Assumptions11.3. Overall CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market, 2019-203011.4. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market: Distribution by Regions, 2019-203011.4.1. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market in North America, 2019-203011.4.2. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market in Europe, 2019-203011.4.3. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market in Asia Pacific, 2019-203011.4.4. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market in Rest of the World, 2019-203011.5. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market: Distribution by Type of Services, 2019-203011.5.1. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for gRNA Construction, 2019-203011.5.2. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for Cell Line Engineering, 2019-203011.5.3. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for Animal Model Generation, 2019-203011.6. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market: Distribution by Type of Cell Line, 2019-203011.6.1. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for Mammalian Cell Lines, 2019-203011.6.2. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for Microbial Cell Lines, 2019-203011.6.3. CRISPR-based Genome Editing Services Market for Other Cell Lines, 2019-2030

12. SWOT ANALYSIS12.1. Chapter Overview12.2. SWOT Analysis12.2.1. Strengths12.2.2. Weaknesses12.2.3. Opportunities12.2.4. Threats12.2.5. Concluding Remarks

13. EXECUTIVE INSIGHTS

14. APPENDIX 1: TABULATED DATA

15. APPENDIX 2: LIST OF COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Companies Mentioned

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Genome Editing Services, World Markets to 2030: Focus on CRISPR - The Most Popular Genome Manipulation Technology Tool - P&T Community