‘Never Rarely Sometimes Always’ | Anatomy of a Scene – The New York Times

April 6, 2020 medical

Hi. My name is Eliza Hittman. And I am the writer and director of Never Rarely Sometimes Always. I want to spend a few minutes talking with you about your relationships, O.K.? Because they can affect your health. Did you know that? The scene that youre watching an excerpt from is the pivotal scene of the entire film. The main character her name is Autumn. The actors name is Sidney Flanigan has finally reached Planned Parenthood in Brooklyn. And she is going through her intake questionnaire with a counselor before she has an abortion. The scene is shot actually at Margaret Sanger, which is a Planned Parenthood on Bleecker Street. And that level of authenticity was really important for me in shooting the film. And the actress, Sidney Flanigan, is doing the scene not with another actor, but with an actual counselor named Kelly Chapman who I met doing research for the film. Always. Why are you asking me this? I want to make sure that youre safe. The shooting style of the scene was very simple, intentionally so. I didnt want to do anything stagy to get in the way of the intimacy of the questions that are being asked. Your partner has hit you, slapped you, or physically hurt you. Never, rarely, sometimes, always. So we went for a very stripped down, minimal approach. We used two cameras. One is frontal on Sidney, and one is actually 3/4 profile. And those two cameras were pushed very, very, very close to her. Because we wanted to trap her a little bit to intensify the emotions of the scene. Its just a couple more questions, all right? I spent a lot of time rehearsing the scene, because it was so important. And on the day that we shot, I took Sidney aside. Because, sometimes, when you work on an independent film set, its a little like being on a construction site. And I wanted to quarantine her away from all of the commotion. And I found a private office for her to sit in. And she sat for several hours. And I remember, I came in, and she said, Im ready, lets do it. And the scene that is in the film, its actually the first take. Then after she did it, she said it was cathartic, and she couldnt do it again. - Has anyone forced you into a sexual act ever in your lifetime? Yes or no.

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'Never Rarely Sometimes Always' | Anatomy of a Scene - The New York Times

Anatomy

The blame game: Covid-19 and the anatomy of a fake news story – Post Magazine

April 6, 2020 medical

The blame game: Covid-19 and the anatomy of a fake news story Post Magazine

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The blame game: Covid-19 and the anatomy of a fake news story - Post Magazine

Anatomy

Avengers Anatomy: 5 Weirdest Things About Thor’s Body, Explained – CBR – Comic Book Resources

April 6, 2020 medical

Marvel is known for its attempts to quantify its characters and make them as scientific as possible, but how does that work with a magical being like Thor? As a fantastical god who hurls lightning and tosses mountains, Thor is far from having a typical person's anatomy. But the minute details of how his biology works aren't just awesome, they're downright mythical.

The first thing to understand about Thor's anatomy is that, despite appearances, it's truly nothing like a typical human's. While Thor has worn the form of a Dr. Donald Blake, his true form is that of an Asgardian. Marvel guidebooks make it very clear that all Asgardians are far above humans when it comes to their physicality, with denser flesh and bones and multi-ton strength. On top of that, Thor is one of the strongest Asgardians of all.

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Either due to his special heritage as the son of Odin or just through his own lifetime of adventures and training, Thor has managed to become several orders of magnitude stronger than other Asgardians. Whereas most Asgardians can lift or press 25-30 tons, Thorcan lift 100+, and his shattering of mountains and threatening of planets with his blows indicates that there may be no upper limit to how strong an Asgardian can grow.

It would seem that Thor is just as hardy on the inside as the outside, as his magical nature grants him immunity to almost all forms of disease or virus. Hehaseven walked through European villages suffering from the Black Death, seeing villagers sick at their bedside without becoming infected with the plague. But this does not mean that no disease has ever managed to hurt Thor.

When Ragnarok once threatened the Nine Realms, Thor came under the influence of a magical disease that blew through his body's defenses. He noted that he had never been sick before, and he grew increasingly weak over time. Even then, Thor managed to recover, and this might just be one of his most underrated abilities in his repertoire considering the times that Thor was moonlighting as a doctor.

RELATED:MCU: 5 Times Chris Hemsworth's Thor Was Comic Accurate (& 5 Times He Wasn't)

As scientific as Marvel can get about Thor's biology, at the end of the day, magic is magic, and that grants Thor anincredible level of durability, even to esoteric forms of damage. Being the God of Thunder naturally grants him a resistance to electricity, but even conventional forms of thermal damage, like ice and fire, show little effect on the golden-haired Avenger.

Even weirder forms of attacks, like reality-warping or telepathic assault, have been shown to struggle immenselyagainst Thor's natural magical resistances. In an early adventure when a being called the Space Phantom was teleporting Avengers to Limbo and assuming their powers, the Space Phantom tried the trick on Thor and the teleportation beam bounced off and sent the Space Phantom to Limbo instead! There's just no telling what Thorisresistant to.

RELATED:10 Comic Characters Not From Marvel Or DC Who Would Be Worthy Of Mjolnir

On top of the all-around physical and magical superiority that Thor demonstrates,even his sensory input greatly exceeds the average human. Whole new colors and sounds are available to the senses of the God of Thunder, and there's a magical sixth sense that can't even be described. In the Ultimate Universe, Thor was able to sense when others were wielding lightning powers, and his status as a god allowed him to hear the prayers of people around the world.

By the miraculous circumstance that Thor is able to be injured, his body tends to regenerate at a superhuman degree and to a superhuman extent.Throughout his long life, Thor has had his teeth and eyes removed, his flesh seared off, and even been impaled. And yet, he always bounces back, fully regenerating if granted enough time.

Of course, that's not to say that he's never been dealt lasting damage. Most famously, Thor's arm was ripped off and eventually replaced with the arm of the Destroyer armor, andmovie audiences know his MCU incarnation lost an eye. Rocket was luckily able toprovideThor a bionic replacement, but given just how hardy his comic book counterpart is, don't be surprised if the original grows right back when the character next appears on the big screen.

KEEP READING:X-Men Anatomy: The 5 Weirdest Things About Cyclops' Body, Explained

Avengers Endgame: How Captain Marvel Brushed Off Thanos' Infinity Headbutt

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Avengers Anatomy: 5 Weirdest Things About Thor's Body, Explained - CBR - Comic Book Resources

Anatomy

NZIER survey sheds light on anatomy of the business confidence collapse – Stuff.co.nz

April 6, 2020 medical

123RF

NZIER survey shows businesses weren't calm before the storm finally hit.

Business confidence was crashingin the lead up to New Zealand's coronavirus lockdown, according to the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research'squarterly survey of business opinion.

The index showed a net 67 per cent of firms were expecting economic conditions in the year ahead to deteriorate.

The surveyclosed on March 20, six days before the lockdown, but five days after the Government had ordered all travellers to New Zealand to self-isolate on arrival.

However, the majority of responses were received earlier, during the seven days ending on March 11.

READ MORE:*Air NZ lays off pilots* The stats that show lockdown may be working* Business confidence sinks but ANZ warns the worst may be yet to come

A net 11 per centreported weaker demand in their own business in the March quarter, anda net 13 per cent were also expecting that in the three months to the end of June.

NZIER saidwhileactivity held up reasonably well in the weeks leading up to the lockdown, businesses were looking to pare back operations in anticipation of weaker demand ahead.

An extrapolation of the pattern of responsessuggestedthat almost 70 per cent of businesses would probablyhave reported a deterioration in demand towards the end of March, NZIER said.

"Unsurprisingly, services sector firms reported a weakening in their own trading activity as the weeks progressed.

"In contrast, manufacturers and builders saw an improvement in demand over the weeks leading up to the lockdown."

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NZIER survey sheds light on anatomy of the business confidence collapse - Stuff.co.nz

Anatomy

The TVLine-Up: What’s Leaving, New and Returning the Week of April 5 – TVLine

April 6, 2020 medical

Will Jackson Avery Leave ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ for ‘Station 19? – Showbiz Cheat Sheet

April 6, 2020 medical

[Spoiler alert: Station 19 Season 3, Episode 11.] After the April 2 episode of Station 19 Season 3, Shondaland fans wondered whether Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) will leave Greys Anatomy for the spinoff series. The Grey Sloan Memorial plastic surgeon visited his old co-worker and friend, Ben Warren (Jason George). But a quick tour seemed to spark a fire within Jackson one audiences have seen before in Ben. So will Jackson jump ship from Greys Anatomy to Station 19? Fans certainly think its possible.

In the Station 19 Season 3 episode titled No Days Off, Ben shows off his latest toy, which is basically an impressive O.R. on wheels. First, Ben brings in Grey Sloans trauma attending, Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). But when Owen starts to doubt its capabilities, Ben crosses Owens name off of a list, which also includes Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington), Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary), and Teddy Altman (Kim Raver).

Later, Teddy comes in and shes excited about the potential. Then Ben reveals the reason for the list. I need someone to run it with me to be my partner, he says. However, Teddy turns down the offer. She is running cardio and doesnt exactly miss trauma, especially now with her newborn daughter.

Finally, Ben gets Jackson. Ultimately, the last man standing from the Plastics Posse is just as impressed as Teddy. I know traumas not usually your thing usually, Ben says. But Ive seen you in the pit, right? In a crisis, you get calmer. Thats what I need in a partner.

Then Ben gets called in to help Andy Herrera (Jaina Lee Ortiz) and takes Jackson along with him. The pair save a cook from ICE, bringing him in for a burn. And although the case isnt medically exciting, Jackson feels good about their work. We saved his life, his family. So its a pretty damn good day to be a doctor, Jackson says.

But now theres a big disaster to take care of. Ben is called in for a five-alarm fire. They need everyone and the tour is over. Jackson is hesitant about going back to Grey Sloan. However, it seems Ben picks up on this. He asks Jackson to come.

There will be injuries. You know, full-thickness burns, compartment syndome. Someone may even need an escharotomy, Ben says.Then Jackson replies, Yeah, you had me at fire.

Once Jackson and Ben arrive on the scene, we learn what a five-alarm fire means every firefighter in the city gets called in. This includes Jacksons ex-girlfriend, Victoria Hughes (Barrett Doss). And when the former flames spot each other at the scene, Jacksons excitement about the job diminishes.

Following No Days Off on April 2, fans wondered whether Jackson will leave Greys Anatomy for Station 19. With Ben in need of a partner and Jacksons hesitation to head back to Grey Sloan, everyones curiosity is piqued.

So theyre really setting it up for Jackson to leave #GreysAnatomy and go to #Station19? a fan wrote on Twitter.

Is Jackson Avery going to be a regular on #Station19 next season? #GreysAnatomy, another fan tweeted.

But all the surprise aside, it seems Station 19 and Greys Anatomy fans have mixed feelings about Jacksons potential departure from the flagship series.

If they make Jackson Bens permanent partner and keep Jesse on #Station19 I will scream, a fan wrote, later explaining they dont want to see a Jackson, Vic, and Dean Miller (Okieriete Onaodowan) love triangle.

Meanwhile, another viewer expressed their excitement about the new partnership between Ben and Jackson. Im here for the jackson and ben teamup!! the fan wrote.

In the Greys Anatomy Season 16 episode titled Sing It Again, Jackson returned from the five-alarm fire to support his mom, Catherine Fox (Debbie Allen), and Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.). Fans didnt even see Jackson in action before he came back to Grey Sloan Memorial.

So for now, Greys Anatomy and Station 19 viewers will just have to wait and see what showrunner Krista Vernoff plans next. But we just hope everyone gets to witness Jacksons character develop on both shows. And who knows? Maybe hell even make a certain trauma surgeon proud, too.

Read more: Is Station 19 Season 4 Renewed or Canceled? Shondaland Fans Can Rest Easy Now

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Will Jackson Avery Leave 'Grey's Anatomy' for 'Station 19? - Showbiz Cheat Sheet

Anatomy

Grey’s Anatomy: Why Alex And Aren’t Real Friends | ScreenRant – Screen Rant

April 6, 2020 medical

Grey's Anatomy has seen a lot of characters come and go, and, as a result, some amazing friendships have been struck up on the way. When Alex Karev first appeared in the pilot episode back in 2005, the character was written in late to give the show a bit of an edge, as Alex was a total jerk.

RELATED: Grey's Anatomy: The D&D Moral Alignments Of The Main Characters

Over time, though, Alex gradually began to mellow and became the man everyone knew he was inside. A major factor in Alex's growth was Arizona Robbins, head of Pediatric surgery, who taught Alex to be a better person and a brilliant surgeon. However,there are many reasons why these two aren't really friends.

When Alex and Arizona first met, Arizona was the new attending assigned to a young boy's case after the previous doctor died. Arizona insisted on putting the child on the transplant list as soon as possible, and she was surprised that nobody had done that already, given the state of the boy's intestines and liver.

Both Alex and Miranda Bailey didn't like Arizona's new approach, and they complained about her behind her back.Alex was bugged by Arizona's perkiness, even when they had to harvest a dying child's organs to save their own patient.

When Arizona made her Grey's Anatomy debut in season five, she and Callie Torres were immediately attracted to each other. After a slow start, they embarked on a relationship with each other, going on to become an extremely popular fan-favorite couple.

However, in the season nine finale, Arizona cheated on Callie, who was understandably devastated and angry, refusing to forgive Arizona. Arizona planned an elaborate apology, but Alex told her to just say sorry, shaming her. While Arizona's actions were questionable, you just don't shame a friend like that.

In one of season 14's funniest episodes, the majority of the surgical staff at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital were rendered useless after Arizona was accidentally given homemade cookies laced with weed from a grateful patient. Arizonahad already handed the cookies around before she realized.

RELATED: Grey's Anatomy: 15 Famous Cameos You Might Have Missed

One of the recipients of the weed cookies was Alex, who started acting high, forcing Amelia Shepherd and Owen Hunt to bring him home with them. While this was a great episode, Alex (and the other doctors) could have gotten into serious trouble all because of Arizona's mistake.

To be clear, neither Alex nor Callie cheated on Arizona, as this all took place in a flashback. In season six, the doctors attended a series of lectures given by attendings and senior members of staff, including Callie. Callie was struggling with nerves, and so Alex and Arizona encouraged her from the audience.

After a shaky start, Callie soon found her groove, and her chosen case was actually quite interesting. After encountering difficulties, Alex and Callie managed to save their patient, which led to them celebrating by having sex. Arizona didn't know about this, and so she was understandably a bit cross.

When Alex appeared in early seasons, he was a misogynistic, arrogant, hot-headed ass. Thankfully, though, he soon grew up to become a likable and trustworthy colleague. However, things soon got awkward.

In season 13, Arizona was then living with Andrew DeLuca, and they had built up quite a sweet friendship despite Arizona being DeLuca's boss. Unfortunately, due to a fatal misunderstanding, Alex saw DeLuca with Jo Wilson and severely beat him up. DeLuca had to undergo multiple surgeries, and Alex was arrested. It shouldn't have to be said, but beating up your friend's flatmate is a no go where friendship is concerned.

In season 8, Alex and all the other fifth-year residents became involved in a mad scramble in a bid to find a fellowship for next year. Alex was struggling slightly, as his project where he brought children to the hospital for surgery was over a year ago. Just when he was about to give up, he got an offer from Johns Hopkins.

They were incredibly impressed by his performance at his board exams and made him a once in a lifetime offer. Naturally, Alex considered all his options before choosing to accept the offer. However, this meant betraying Arizona who had taught him everything he knew and who was expecting him to stay with her.

Arizona and Callie's relationship was great while it lasted, but, sadly, in season 11, the two surgeons went their separate ways. Fortunately, they still remained civil towards each other and even considered them to be friends. However, when Callie announced she was moving to New York, that all went out the window.

RELATED: Grey's Anatomy: 10 Things To Expect By Season 16's Finale

Callie assumed she would be taking Sofia with her, much to Arizona's horror. The couple then initiated a savage custody battle that didn't exactly paint either woman in a good light. However, Arizona needed her friends to vouch for her, and, when she asked Alex, he refused, stating he couldn't choose sides.

When Arizona found out that Alex was leaving her for Johns Hopkins, it's safe to say that she was not at all happy. In all fairness to Alex, Arizona's bad mood was not only due to his perceived betrayal; earlier that day, Arizona's late brother's childhood friend told her that he was dying.

Unable to cope with the fact that she would soon lose another part of her brother, Arizona was already on edge. When Alex told her about his decision, she snapped and took his place on the plane, as well as removing Alex from all pediatric surgeries. If it weren't for Alex, Arizona would still have her leg.

For the most part, watching Arizona's and Alex's friendship blossom over the course of ten seasons was a joy to behold. Alex learned how to be sensitive, not just with his young patients, but their parents, as well, and Arizona got a brilliant new peds surgeon.

This all went swimmingly until the dreaded plane crash occurred. If anything, the aftermath was even more brutal than the crash itself. The injured were transferred to Seattle Grace, but Arizona's infection in her leg threatened to kill her. Therefore Alex had to cut off her leg, potentially jeopardizing their friendship.

Alex and Arizona did have an amazing relationship on Grey's Anatomy, despite all their ups and downs. However, the main reason why they are not truly friends is because their relationship consists of a mentor/mentee situation.

They've never really hung out together outside of work properly, and they don't really discuss their personal lives with each other. They like each other and respect the hell out of each other, but it's mainly professional between the two. Despite this, both Arizona and Alex have had a massive impact on each other's lives, and they will always be important to one another.

NEXT: Grey's Anatomy: 5 Characters Who Have Grown A Lot (& 5 Who Haven't)

NextTwo And A Half Men: 5 Of Charlie's Girlfriends We'd Love To Date (& 5 We Wouldn't)

Ben Pettitt is a recent English graduate of the University of Nottingham. He loves to write, read and watch Netflix. This is one of the reasons why he decided to come and display his knowledge of pop culture as a writer for Screen Rant.

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Anatomy

VIDEO: Watch the Trailer For the Season 16 Finale of GREY’S ANATOMY – Broadway World

April 6, 2020 medical

The season 16 finale of Grey's Anatomy airs Thursday, April 9th, on ABC.

A new trailer for the episode has been released. In the trailer, Link tries to convince Amelia to take it easy during the final stage of her pregnancy. Hayes asks Meredith a surprising question, and Owen makes a shocking discovery.

Check out the trailer below!

Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending doctors, as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships.

Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series; she is also one of the executive producers, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg.

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VIDEO: Watch the Trailer For the Season 16 Finale of GREY'S ANATOMY - Broadway World

Anatomy

Will Season 17 Be The Last For Greys Anatomy? Release Date, Cast, and Expected Story Plot – BingePost

April 6, 2020 medical

What occurred to Lana Lang (Kristin Kreuk) after Smallville ended? The 2019-2020 Arrowverse crossover occasion, Disaster on Infinite Earths, featured cameo appearances from Clark Kent (Tom Welling) and Lois Lane (Erica Durance) that explored what the characters have been as much as, and it was even mentioned that Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum) grew to become the President. Nonetheless, there was no point out of Lana Lang, who was one of many major characters on Smallville for a number of years.

Lana, who initially lived subsequent door to Clark, was his major love curiosity for the primary seven seasons of Smallville. For the primary six seasons, Clark and Lana had an on-and-off relationship and a will they, will not they dynamic that was difficult by Clarks reluctance to inform her the reality about his Kryptonian heritage. After Clark lastly advised her his secret within the Smallville season 6 finale, Lana grew to become an ally to Clark in season 7, however left the collection after being kidnapped off-screen by Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman). Lana returned for 5 episodes in season Eight on a mission to amass tremendous powers. After getting what she wished and by the way, having her physique infused with Kryptonite, she was not in a position to come close to Clark with out hurting him. After a tearful farewell, Lana left Smallville and by no means returned.

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Associated:How Smallville Improved Supermans Origin Story

When Lana mentioned goodbye to Clark in Smallville season 8, she made it clear that she wished to make use of her new powers for good. Whereas what Lana really did after being pressured to depart Clark was by no means talked about on the present itself, the Smallville season 11 comedian featured just a few appearances from Lana Lang. In a quick scene, Lana is proven in Africa watching Clark operating alongside Bart Allen in secret. Clark by no means notices her presence. In a later story arc, the Every day Planet sends Lois to Africa to report on an unidentified vigilante who has been dubbed Angel of the Plateau. Because it seems, the Angel of the Plateau is Lana, who has apparently embraced Clarks crimson and blue shade scheme.

Lois discovers that Lana has grow to be a guardian of kinds to a bunch of orphaned youngsters. Whereas there, Lois finds a scrapbook that exhibits shes been maintaining with Clarks actions as Superman. Later, Lois and Lana get caught in a battle with basic Superman villain, Metallo. After Metallo absorbs the Kryptonite from Lanas physique, shes left powerless. Nonetheless, the 2 defeat Metallo and half methods, with Lana planning on staying in Africa to guard the youngsters. Regardless of her new state of affairs, Lana begins working for Smallvilles Justice League remotely, underneath the title Valkyrie and supplies data to Watchtower from Africa.

So despite the fact that Lana not has the powers she left Smallville with, shes nonetheless making an attempt to comply with Clarks instance by serving to folks. As for why Lana opted not to return to Smallville despite the fact that she could be round Clark once more for the primary time in years, the reason may very well be just like the one she gave Clark for leaving within the first place. In season 8, she thought it might be too painful for her to be round him in the event that they could not be collectively, and although Kryptonite not stands of their approach, Clarks relationship with Lois does. It isnt clear if Lana was ever in a position to transfer on from Clark (although the scrapbook and the scene of her watching him operating trace that she hasnt), but it surely is clear that Lana even with out powers was in a position to proceed following Clarks instance by doing what she might to assist folks in want.

Extra: Smallville: Why Margot Kidders Character Was Actually Killed Off Display

The Matrix: Why The Twins In Reloaded Were So Controversial

Nicholas Raymond is a workers options author for Display Rant. He has a level in journalism from the College of Montevallo. Hes the creator of the psychological thriller and time journey novel, A Man Towards the World. Nicholas love for telling tales is impressed by his love for movie noir, westerns, superhero films, basic movies, international cinema, and wuxia. He additionally has pursuits in historic historical past. His favourite actors are Tyrone Energy, Charlton Heston, and Eleanor Parker. His favourite movie is Casablanca, and his favourite director is Alfred Hitchcock. He could be reached by e mail at [emailprotected] and on Twitter at @cnraymond91.

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Will Season 17 Be The Last For Greys Anatomy? Release Date, Cast, and Expected Story Plot - BingePost

Cell Biology

Meet Betty Hay, the scientist who saw how cells grow and limbs regenerate – Massive Science

April 6, 2020 medical

Limbs regenerate, embryos grow, and cancers invade.

In each of these processes, cells change dramatically. Betty Hay studied fascinating biological phenomena, relentlessly asking questions with her students and colleagues to understand how cellsbehaved. By the end of her life, she had made enormous research contributions in developmental biology, on top ofcommitting herself to mentoring the next generation of scientists and advocating for more representation of women in science.

She made significant contributions towards understanding cell and developmental biology

Betty Hay began as an undergraduate at Smith College in 1944. She lovedher first biology course and started working for Meryl Rose, a professor at Smith who studied limb regeneration in frogs. I was self-motivated and very attracted to science, she saidin an interview in 2004, Meryl at that time was working on regeneration and by the end of my first year at Smith I was also studying regeneration.

Hay regarded Rose as a significant scientific mentor in her life and followed his advice to apply for medical school instead of graduate school. She ended up attending Johns Hopkins School of Medicine for her medical degree while continuing her research on limb regeneration over the summers with Rose at Woods Holes Marine Biological Laboratory. She stayed at Johns Hopkins after to teach Anatomy and became an Assistant Professor in 1956.

The year after, she moved her studiesto Cornell Universitys Medical College as an Assistant Professor to learn how to use the powerful microscopes located there. Her goal was to use transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a method of taking high-resolution images, toseehow salamanders could regenerate an amputated limb. Nothing couldve kept me from going into TEM, she said later.

With her student, Don Fischman, they concluded that upon amputation, cells with specialized roles,known as differentiated cells and thought to be unchangeable, were able to de-differentiate and become unspecialized stem cells again. These cells without an assigned role could then have the freedom to adopt whatever new roles they required to regenerate a perfectly new limb.

Already making leaps in figuring out an explanation for the process of limb regeneration, Hay turned her attention from salamanders to bird eyes when she moved to Harvard University. She studied the outermost layer of cells on the cornea, known as the cornea epithelium. With the help of a postdoctoral scholar in her lab, Jib Dobson, and a faculty colleague, Jean-Paul Revel, they isolated, grew, and took pictures of cornea epithelium cells and demonstrated the epithelial cells could produce collagen.

Collagen is the main type of protein that weaves together to form the extracellular matrix, a connective tissue (the matrix) found outside of cells (extracellular). The collagen in the extracellular matrix provide structure, acting as a foundation for connective tissues and organs such as skin, tendons, and ligaments. Other scientists in the field were skeptical of the conclusion. They thought that one dedicated cell produced collagen, and nothing else.They dismissed the idea that cells in the cornea could somehow do the same. Despite their doubt, Hay, along with postdoctoral scholar Steve Meier, continued their studies. In 1974, they further showed that not only could epithelial cells produce collagen and extracellular matrix in different organ systems, but that the matrix could also tell other cells what type of cell to become.

She was a committed educator and mentor

Kathy Svoboda and Marion Gordon, two colleagues of hers, wrote about Betty Hay and described her not only as a superb cell and developmental biologist, but also as an educator and beloved mentor.

Limb regeneration in salamanders

Russell et al BMC Biology 2017

She was dedicated to teaching and influenced the careers of many junior and early-career scientists. In addition to working with and training her students to produce successful research and results, others mentioned how she would take the time to introduce students in her department to more established and prominent scientists in the field of cell biology. These actions reflected her belief that every student was worthy of being heard and introduced.

She held influential positions and advocated for more representation of women in science

At the time of her graduation from Johns Hopkins in 1952, she was one of only four women in her graduating class of 74 people. Afterwards, she experienced frequent moves for her career, going from Baltimore, to New York, to Boston. Despite how difficult it felt moving alone and leaving her personal relationships behind every time, she felt it was necessary for her career. In her mind, she strongly believed her research always came first, fueled by her intense desire to find answers, using the scientific approach.

She went on to serve as president for multiple professional societies, such as the American Association of Anatomists, the American Society for Cell Biology, and the Society for Developmental Biology, demonstrating her commitment to leadership and service. In two of these societies, she was the first woman to ever hold the position.

In 1975, she became the first female chair of what is now the Department of Cell Biology at Harvard University and held that position for 18 years. Even with these impressive milestones, she acknowledged one of her biggest obstacles to be achieving acceptance in the male professional world.

In 2004 and nearing retirement, Betty Hay would go on to say, I am very glad to see in my lifetime the emergence of significantly more career women in science, in an interview with editor-in-chief Fiona Watt for the Journal of Cell Science, this so enriches the intellectual power being applied to the field of cell biology.

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Meet Betty Hay, the scientist who saw how cells grow and limbs regenerate - Massive Science