The sewer is the last stop for Bozeman, Montanas waste, but lately, its the first one for Blake Wiedenhefts work. An associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Montana State University, Wiedenheft has joined other virologists, epidemiologists and immunologists as a member of the universitys COVID-19 task force.
Back in March, a colleague mentioned testing wastewater for evidence of COVID-19 in human waste. The next day, Wiedenheft drove down to Bozemans wastewater treatment plant to see if he could grab a sample. Given how few cases there were in the area at the time, and that 6 million gallons of water flow through the plant daily, he wasnt sure if the virus would be detectable. But Wiedenheft immediately found evidence of it and it kept appearing in the four samples he analyzed over the next 10 days. Wiedenheft worked with local officials to continue regular testing as Bozeman became one of the first cities in the world to look to sewage for answers. Now, cities across the Western United States are sampling wastewater for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential early warning system for outbreaks. Scientists estimate that up to45% of people infected with the virus show no symptoms. Given that asymptomatic people are less likely to get tested, many cases may go undetected. With many areas experiencing substantial delays in swab test results, daily wastewater testing can give scientists an idea of community infection nearly immediately, Wiedenheft said.
City of Bozeman Wastewater Pre-treatment Coordinator Mark DeWald, left, and Water Reclamation Facility Lab Foreman Josh French, right, separate the housing unit of an autosampler to collect a wastewater sample jug from a Montana State University sewage line collection site.
The autosampler looks like two mini fridges stacked vertically. The top compartment houses a tube and pump, which hoovers up half-cup samples and deposits them into a plastic jug in the cool bottom compartment. Every 24 hours, a sample from this jug is taken to Wiedenhefts lab for testing. Wiedenhefts lab employs the same methods used to analyze COVID-19 nose swab tests: Researchers take RNA whether floating in a liter of wastewater or smeared on a swab and perform a procedure that amplifies the genetic signature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. That allows researchers to identify the virus.
The challenge of analyzing wastewater, as opposed to a swab, is that RNA samples are such a tiny part of the overall jug of wastewater. Imagine youve got a jar full of jelly beans, and youre dipping into the jar to see if you can find a red jelly bean, said Wiedenheft. If your jar is small, its more likely youre going to scoop up that red jelly bean, but if your jar is big, its less likely, and youre going to have to collect more of the sample to find it. The virus is like the red jelly bean; to get an accurate glimpse into how much virus is in a citys water, scientists have to make sure the samples they collect are representative of its overall water flow. That means taking more frequent samples at peak times in the mornings, when people are starting their routines, or in the evenings, when they are doing chores as well as less frequent samples when the water flow is lower, as it is very early in the morning. Bozemans autosampler collects around three dozen samples daily.
Blake Wiedenheft, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Montana State University and a member of the universitys COVID-19 task force. Wiedenheft has been working with the City of Bozeman Water Reclamation Facility to monitor the virus.
The upshot of Wiedenhefts lab analyses whether samples are virus positive or negative are posted on the countys public health website. In the 26 samples taken between June and mid-August, the coronavirus was detected every time.
French said they are now experimenting with sampling from specific areas of town, like the hospital and Montana States campus. Engineers have identified their main sewer flow lines and placed mobile samplers just beneath manhole covers, where they collect samples one day a week. As the school year kicks off, MSUs data could track viral spread on campus, while the hospital data could help scientists better understand how their results map on to community spread. We know how much viral protein (Wiedenheft) is detecting in his lab, but how many individuals is that reflective of? asked French.
Researchers have yet to arrive at a definitive answer. Converting wastewater data into an estimate of positive cases requires a key metric scientists are still learning about: how much virus a sick person sheds. That depends on the stage of illness the person is in, as well as how severe the illness is. Because those variables are hard to nail down, Wiedenheft has intentionally avoided reporting such estimates. We dont feel confident enough to make that translation, he said.
But in some cities, officials have released estimates using wastewater data to indicate how many community members are infected. For instance, analyses by Biobot, a wastewater testing startup, estimated that levels of SARS-CoV-2 found in Moscow, Idahos sewage corresponded to 1,800 cases. At the time of the estimate, Latah County, where Moscow is located, had only 46 known cases. (Biobot declined to be interviewed, and its hired communications firm did not answer questions about how the company calculates case estimates. A recent study published by Biobots co-founders and colleagues reported that assumptions about individuals viral load can massively affect these estimates. According to their calculations, assuming infected people have a low viral load leads to an estimate that 5% of the population is infected, whereas assuming a high viral load will lower that estimate to 0.1%.)
It was somewhat reassuring to have another backstop indicator of what was happening.
So far, many local officials have looked to wastewater analyses more as a way to corroborate their knowledge about community viral spread than as a way to estimate case numbers. We wont know how many people in the community have COVID-19 from the methodology, but this data will tell us if trends are going up or down, says Nicole Rowan, clean water program manager at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, which has launched a state-wide wastewater testing effort.
Matt Kelley, health officer at the Gallatin City-County Health Department, said that when his county went through a period of few cases in May, the sewage data gave additional confirmation that spread had slowed. It was somewhat reassuring to have another backstop indicator of what was happening, he said and when positive COVID-19 swab tests rose again, so did levels of SARS-CoV-2 in the water. Kelley said that once cases fall again, it will be helpful to track wastewater as an indicator of undetected community spread. If were not seeing tests in the traditional medical testing, and also not seeing them in the wastewater, thats a validating factor for us.
Ardem Nemudryi, a postdoctoral researcher at Montana State University, uses a bottle top filter to separate SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA from a waste water sample.
As more areas launch wastewater tracking programs, Wiedenheft said theres still one thing needed: a central repository for this data, which could provide a bigger-picture view of viral spread. Over the last few months, Montana has developed several monitoring sites, and some states, like California, Colorado and Wyoming, created their own networks. Its difficult just to compile a list of cities conducting testing, since some key data is private; Biobot said it is working with 400 facilities, but declined to provide additional information, including how many cities that corresponds to. Wiedenheft points to Johns Hopkins popular coronavirus tracker as an example of a well-organized health surveillance tool. It would be nice to have a wastewater surveillance website that does the same thing, where you could look at a geographic map and look at whats happening, he said.
Stay up to date on the West with our free newsletter
Thank you for signing up for our Newsletter.
In mid-August, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Department of Health and Human Services announced plans for a National Wastewater Surveillance System, a portal to which health departments can submit their wastewater data. After the federal governments changes to a portal tracking hospital data lead to widespread reporting delays and data inconsistencies, its unclear how the database will fare and whether this new initiative provides funding to areas conducting testing. Wiedenhefts funding goes through August, and hes unsure where the money will come from after that. If wastewater sampling is important and I think it is, since theres plenty of evidence to suggest its really the only real-time indicator in the community then it seems important to have funding to support this ongoing effort, he said. Thats imperative to be able to manage a pandemic.
Note: The section of this story on assumptions about how viral loads impact estimates of community spread has been updated to reflect that assuming a low viral load would mean 5% of the population hasSARS-CoV-2 and that a high viral load could mean as little as 0.1% are infected.
Jane C. Hu is a contributing editor for High Country News and an independent journalist who writes about science, technology and the outdoors. She lives in Seattle. Email her at [emailprotected]or submit a letter to the editor.
Read more:
What sewage can tell us about the spread of COVID-19 - High Country News