Our investment impulses are driven by the knowledge that, one day, we will be dead.This article is taken from our FREE daily investment email Money Morning.

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This year, I published my first book. Its called The Sceptical Investor, and its about contrarian investing or, as Ive slightly cheekily rebranded it, sceptical investing.

My publisher, Harriman House, is offering a cracking deal on the book right now. You can get 40% off by ordering it here, and entering the code SCEPTIC40 at the check-out.

If youre not convinced by that fantastic value investment, let me share an extract with you in todays Money Morning its from Chapter 5, entitled You vs the crowd.

As with any complex system, you cant model the human mind perfectly. Were a morass of conflicting, shifting desires affected by changes in both our internal environment (our own biochemistry) and our interactions with our external environment (other people, the weather, whats on the telly).

But we dont need to go into complicated models of individual minds to get a good idea of how crowds work. There are just two key impulses to wrap your head around.

Theyre commonly described as greed and fear. But Im not so keen on those labels both have very negative connotations. I prefer to say we have an expansionary impulse and a contractionary one.

When you are in an expansionary mood, your focus is on growing your wealth, grabbing a bigger piece of the cake, empire-building. When you are in contractionary mode, you want to hunker down, build walls, protect what is yours.

These two impulses are in turn driven by one simple fact: the knowledge that, one day, you will be dead.

When evolutionary psychologists and behavioural economists talk about what drives our herding instincts, they often hark back to the days when we were dwelling in Stone Age tribes out on the African savannah, at constant risk of being picked off by lions, dying of dehydration, or nibbling on some poisonous vegetation.

The idea is that we are programmed to run with the crowd because its safer. But theres more to it than a simple evolutionary hangover. You really dont have to go back to the Stone Age to find unforgiving death lurking around every corner.

Vaccines and antibiotics only became widely available to most people (in developed countries at that) in the middle of the last century.

In 1924, four years before the discovery of penicillin, the 16-year-old son of one of the most powerful men in the world US president Calvin Coolidge died of septicaemia that resulted from a blister that developed on his toe while he was playing tennis in ill-fitting shoes.

Even today, and even in the most advanced societies, life is unpredictable and full of potentially lethal threats. And while all animals have a fight or flight instinct when faced with life- threatening situations, only humans (as far as we can tell) have a sufficiently evolved brain to bless us with an ever-present awareness of the inevitability of our own extinction.

This fear may not always be at the forefront of our minds, but its never far away.

What does any fundamentally rational being crave in such an environment? Its not happiness or contentment (although these may be desirable side effects).

Its security and certainty.

I want to keep myself and my loved ones safe, and I also want to know that after I am gone, the things that I value will persist (it doesnt matter that Ill be gone at that point what matters is how I feel about that now, while Im alive).

To do that, I need to be able to do two things. I need to get out there and explore and master my environment in order to take advantage of opportunities that could make my life better and my situation more secure (the expansionary impulse).

But I also need to be highly alert to danger and ready to raise my defences in response to threats to that security (the contractionary impulse).

So how do we navigate an uncertain world? How do we impose order on the chaos around us? Its simple. We look for elements that appear to be predictable we seek patterns.

We look for cause-and-effect rules that govern outcomes and can be used to influence them. If we know (or at least think we know) that x causes y, then we can increase our level of certainty in our world view.

Some rules are governed by natural phenomenon dont fall off cliffs; dont eat poisonous mushrooms. Some are instinctive (social animals such as humans and apes have been found to have an inherent sense of fairness, even though the world itself is clearly not naturally fair).

But many of the most important ones are social (such as learning the conventions for crossing a road or transacting with one another).

And the critical point is that we dont formulate these worldviews alone. They are passed down from our parents, and reinforced by our schools, friends, co-religionists and colleagues.

In fact, historian Yuval Noah Harari, in his recent bestseller Sapiens, argues that this ability to create and believe in epic, society-spanning shared world views from religions to legal systems to money itself (which ultimately derives its value from our belief in it, and the social structures that give everyone the confidence to rely upon it) is key to our spectacular success as a species.

You can call them stories, as Harari does, or you can call them social structures, or you can think of them as rules for a particularly complicated board game.

But however you describe them, they are all systems that human beings have invented to enable us to cooperate in a more mutually bene cial way and our brains are wired to be receptive to information presented like this.

Which unfortunately, can be a real handicap in the world of investment.

Enjoyed this sample? Get the book for 40% off just enter SCEPTIC40 at the checkout.

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How the fear of death affects our investment processes - MoneyWeek