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Cell Biology

Cell Therapy Market Size, Share, Market Research and Industry Forecast Report, 2020-2027 (Includes Business Impact of COVID-19) – Eurowire

Trusted Business Insights answers what are the scenarios for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis for the Cell Therapy market.

Trusted Business Insights presents an updated and Latest Study on Cell Therapy Market. The report contains market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While emphasizing the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.The report further elaborates on the micro and macroeconomic aspects including the socio-political landscape that is anticipated to shape the demand of the Cell Therapy market during the forecast period.It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

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Industry Insights, Market Size, CAGR, High-Level Analysis: Cell Therapy Market

The global cell therapy market size was valued at USD 5.8 billion in 2019 and is projected to witness a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period. The development of precision medicine and advancements in Advanced Therapies Medicinal Products (ATMPS) in context to their efficiency and manufacturing are expected to be the major drivers for the market. In addition, automation in adult stem cell and cord blood processing and storage are the key technological advancements that have supported the growth of the market for cell therapy.

The investment in technological advancements for decentralizing manufacturing of this therapy is anticipated to significantly benefit the market. Miltenyi Biotec is one of the companies that has contributed to the decentralization in manufacturing through its CliniMACS Prodigy device. The device is an all-in-one automated manufacturing system that exhibits the capability of manufacturing various cell types.

An increase in financing and investments in the space to support the launch of new companies is expected to boost the organic revenue growth in the market for cell therapy. For instance, in July 2019, Bayer invested USD 215 million for the launch of Century Therapeutics, a U.S.-based biotechnology startup that aimed at developing therapies for solid tumors and blood cancer. Funding was further increased to USD 250 billion by a USD 35 million contribution from Versant Ventures and Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics.

The biomanufacturing companies are working in collaboration with customers and other stakeholders to enhance the clinical development and commercial manufacturing of these therapies. Biomanufacturers and OEMs such as GE healthcare are providing end-to-end flexible technology solutions to accelerate the rapid launch of therapies in the market for cell therapy.

The expanding stem cells arena has also triggered the entry of new players in the market for cell therapy. Celularity, Century Therapeutics, Rubius Therapeutics, ViaCyte, Fate Therapeutics, ReNeuron, Magenta Therapeutics, Frequency Therapeutics, Promethera Biosciences, and Cellular Dynamics are some startups that have begun their business in this arena lately.

Use-type Insights

The clinical-use segment is expected to grow lucratively during the forecast period owing to the expanding pipeline for therapies. The number of cancer cellular therapies in the pipeline rose from 753 in 2018 to 1,011 in 2019, as per Cancer Research Institute (CRI). The major application of stem cell treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of the immune system and blood disorders for cancer patients.

In Europe, blood stem cells are used for the treatment of more than 26,000 patients each year. These factors have driven the revenue for malignancies and autoimmune disorders segment. Currently, most of the stem cells used are derived from bone marrow, blood, and umbilical cord resulting in the larger revenue share in this segment.

On the other hand, cell lines, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) and human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) are recognized to possess high growth potential. As a result, a several research entities and companies are making significant investments in R&D pertaining to iPSC- and hESC-derived products.

Therapy Type Insights of Cell Therapy Market

An inclination of physicians towards therapeutic use of autologous and allogeneic cord blood coupled with rising awareness about the use of cord cells and tissues across various therapeutic areas is driving revenue generation. Currently, the allogeneic therapies segment accounted for the largest share in 2019 in the cell therapy market. The presence of a substantial number of approved products for clinical use has led to the large revenue share of this segment.

Furthermore, the practice of autologous tissue transplantation is restricted by the limited availability of healthy tissue in the patient. Moreover, this type of tissue transplantation is not recommended for young patients wherein tissues are in the growth and development phase. Allogeneic tissue transplantation has effectively addressed the above-mentioned challenges associated with the use of autologous transplantation.

However, autologous therapies are growing at the fastest growth rate owing to various advantages over allogeneic therapies, which are expected to boost adoption in this segment. Various advantages include easy availability, no need for HLA-matched donor identification, lower risk of life-threatening complications, a rare occurrence of graft failure, and low mortality rate.

Regional Insights of Cell Therapy Market

The presence of leading universities such as the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, and Yale Stem Cell Center that support research activities in U.S. is one of the key factor driving the market for cell therapy in North America. Moreover, strong regulatory and financing support from the federal bodies for expansion of this arena in U.S. as well as Canada is driving the market.In Asia Pacific, the market is anticipated to emerge as a lucrative source of revenue owing to the availability of therapies at lower prices coupled with growing awareness among the healthcare entities and patients pertaining the potential of these therapies in chronic disease management. Japan is leading the Asian market for cell therapy, which can be attributed to its fast growth as a hub for research on regenerative medicine.

Moreover, the Japan government has recognized regenerative medicine and cell therapy as a key contributor to the countrys economic growth. This has positively influenced the attention of global players towards the Asian market, thereby driving marketing operations in the region.

Market Share Insights of Cell Therapy Market

Some key companies operating in this market for cell therapy are Fibrocell Science, Inc.; JCR Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.; Kolon TissueGene, Inc.; PHARMICELL Co., Ltd.; Osiris Therapeutics, Inc.; MEDIPOST; Cells for Cells; NuVasive, Inc.; Stemedica Cell Technologies, Inc.; Vericel Corporation; and ANTEROGEN.CO.,LTD. These companies are collaborating with the blood centers and plasma collection centers in order to obtain cells for use in therapeutics development.

Several companies have marked their presence in the market by acquiring small and emerging therapy developers. For instance, in August 2019, Bayer acquired BlueRock Therapeutics to establish its position in the market for cell therapy. BlueRock Therapeutics is a U.S. company that relies on a proprietary induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) platform for cell therapy development.

Several companies are making an entry in the space through the Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) business model. For example, in April 2019, Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd. acquired apceth Biopharma GmbH to expand its global footprint in the CDMO market for cell and gene therapy manufacturing.

In September 2020, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited announced the expansion of its cell therapy manufacturing capabilities with the opening of a new 24,000 square-foot R&D cell therapy manufacturing facility at its R&D headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts. The facility provides end-to-end research and development capabilities and will accelerate Takedas efforts to develop next-generation cell therapies, initially focused on oncology with the potential to expand into other therapeutic areas.

The R&D cell therapy manufacturing facility will produce cell therapies for clinical evaluation from discovery through pivotal Phase 2b trials. The current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) facility is designed to meet all U.S., E.U., and Japanese regulatory requirements for cell therapy manufacturing to support Takeda clinical trials around the world.

The proximity and structure of Takedas cell therapy teams allow them to quickly apply what they learn across a diverse portfolio of next-generation cell therapies including CAR NKs, armored CAR-Ts, and gamma delta T cells. Insights gained in manufacturing and clinical development can be quickly shared across global research, manufacturing, and quality teams, a critical ability in their effort to deliver potentially transformative treatments to patients as fast as possible.

Takeda and MD Anderson are developing a potential best-in-class allogeneic cell therapy product (TAK-007), a Phase 1/2 CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-directed natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy with the potential for off-the-shelf use being studied in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Two additional Phase 1 studies of Takeda cell therapy programs were also recently initiated: 19(T2)28z1xx CAR T cells (TAK-940), a next-generation CAR-T signaling domain developed in partnership with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) to treat relapsed/refractory B-cell cancers, and a cytokine and chemokine armored CAR-T (TAK-102) developed in partnership with Noile-Immune Biotech to treat GPC3-expressing previously treated solid tumors.

Takedas Cell Therapy Translational Engine (CTTE) connects clinical translational science, product design, development, and manufacturing through each phase of research, development, and commercialization. It provides bioengineering, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), data management, analytical and clinical and translational capabilities in a single footprint to overcome many of the manufacturing challenges experienced in cell therapy development.

Segmentations, Sub Segmentations, CAGR, & High-Level Analysis overview of Cell Therapy Market Research ReportThis report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2019 to 2030. For the purpose of this study, this market research report has segmented the global cell therapy market on the basis of use-type, therapy-type, and region:

Use-Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

Clinical-use

By Therapeutic Area

By Cell Type

Non-stem Cell Therapies

Therapy Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

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Cell Therapy Market Size, Share, Market Research and Industry Forecast Report, 2020-2027 (Includes Business Impact of COVID-19) - Eurowire

Cell Biology

Genes That "Jump" May Rewire Neuronal Function in the Brain – Technology Networks

Genome, misunderstoodThere has been great advancement in our understanding of genomics in recent decades, with the completion of The Human Genome Project in 2003 and the technological advances in our ability to sequence DNA. But for many years, a large portion of the genome (~ 97%) was dismissed and incorrectly branded as "junk" on the basis that it did not code for proteins. Whilst some research groups pondered over the role of this mysterious part of the genome, the majority of the noughties genomics research focused on exons, DNA sequences that encode proteins.

However, research studies by consortiums such as ENCODE started to reveal that this "junk" landscape was simply misunderstood. Junk DNA is largely made up of highly repetitive stretches of DNA and it is therefore challenging to read these sections of our genome. However, recent technological advances have revolutionized genomic research. We are now able to analyze the genomes of 10,000s of individual cells in a short amount of time," said Dr Christoph Treiber, a postdoctoral research scientist in the Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour at the University of Oxford.

We now know that the non-coding portion of the genome possesses various different genetic elements with functional properties that are necessary for cell biology, an example being transposable elements, or transposons.1

Transposonsare fractions of the genome that are often nicknamed "jumping" genes due to their ability to move from one location in the genome to another. They were discovered by the late cytogeneticist Barbara McClinktock; research that earned her the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Transposons represent ~ 44% of the human genome, ~ 37% of the mouse genome, and over 80% of certain plant species' genomes, such as maize.2,3There are many different types of transposons, and they have been allocated some pretty interesting names over the years, includingfleaandhobo. Broadly speaking transposons are divided into two categories:

The impact of transposons, or "jumping" genes, depends largely on where they land. They can be an important source of genetic mutations, the potential adverse effects of which has led to them often being referred to as "DNA parasites". However, they are also considered to be key drivers of evolution as they contribute to heritable genetic variation, which diversifies species.

Emerging research has also proposed that transposons are able to introduce non-heritable genetic changes in somatic cells, specifically neurons.5 In the brain, transposon insertions could drive the physiology of a specific group of neurons, contributing to specific brain functions such as behavior or cognition effectively "rewiring" the brain. It also opens the possibility that transposons could be implicated in pathologies such as neurodegeneration or age-associated cognitive decline.

This is Treiber's research focus at the University of Oxford, and the subject of his latest paper published in Genome Research in collaboration with Professor Scott Waddell.7 The research team used novel single-cell sequencing methods to analyze the expression of transposons in the brains of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. The Drosophila fly is a commonly adopted model that has been used in the fields of genetics and neuroscience for the last century.6

In the past, somatic transposons have been extremely difficult to analyze as they occur in single DNA molecules, but single-cell sequencing has proven to be a real game changer according to Treiber.

"Being able to access the transcriptome of 10,000s of cells from the brain in a single experiment enables us to analyze many cell types in parallel. And it enables us to shed light on the complex expression patterns of transposons," he told Technology Networks, adding, "In our research group, we have pioneered the application of these new tools in the fly brain."

In addition, the scientists found a range of neural genes for which a substantial amount of their mature mRNA transcript pool contained transposon sequences. They would sometimes occur in the open reading frame, in addition to a location where it could impact the translocation of the gene, known as the untranslated region, or UTR. "We show that many transposons are spliced into cellular genes and thereby potentially change the structure and function of proteins in the brain," Trebier said.

Of course, a change in the structure and function of a protein could ultimately result in disease, depending on the protein's role. Treiber and Waddell identified 264 transposon harboring genes in the Drosophila brain. Of these 264 genes, there are several examples for which disruption or alteration could impact neural function, potentially in an adverse manner. "Flies harboring hobo in Sh and flea in cac might exhibit altered voltage-gated currents, whereas those with roo in AstA-R1 will respond differently to the modulatory Allatostatin A neuropeptide," the authors write in the paper.

When asked why, collectively, the findings led Treiber and Waddell to conclude that the transposons may alter neural function, he said, "The fruit fly brain is a well-established model that is helping us shed light on fundamental principles about how our brain works. Many of the genes that we found altered by transposons have previously been shown to play key roles in a broad range of behaviours. Artificially induced changes of those genes, often induced by transposable elements, can lead to dramatic changes of behaviours."

What is exonization?The number of exons in an organism's genome is not fixed. It constantly changes through the process of novel exons being created and the loss of existing exons. Exonization is the process by which genes gain new exons from non-protein-coding regions DNA.8

The ability to achieve such in-depth analysis in the research is attributed to new software tools created by Treiber. When asked to discuss the tools, he said, "Whole-genome sequencing experiments with most higher organisms generate data about junk DNA, but this information is usually discarded. Our new software tools enable us to up-cycle this junk and extract new, valuable data. We optimized our tools for the genome of fruit flies but can easily apply them to data from other organisms, including humans. Hopefully, these tools will inspire many new research projects that investigate the interactions between transposons and genes."

The functional consequences of the transposon-altered genes will be the next point of focus for the University of Oxford scientists, both at the cellular and behavioral level. "This is a particularly exciting route to explore because we know that transposon insertions are highly variable within a population. Hence, the close relationship between transposons and genes that we describe in our study could lead to an exciting prospect: junk DNA could play a key role in making individuals behave idiosyncratically," Treiber concluded.

Christoph Treiber was speaking with Molly Campbell, Science Writer, Technology Networks.

References:

1. Jo BS, Choi SS. Introns: The functional benefits of introns in genomes. Genomics Inform. 2015;13(4):112-118. doi:10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.112.

2. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, et al. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature. 2002;420(6915):520-562. doi:10.1038/nature01262.

3. SanMiguel P, Tikhonov A, Jin Y-K, et al. Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome. Science. 1996;274(5288):765. doi:10.1126/science.274.5288.765

4. Bourque G, Burns KH, Gehring M, et al. Ten things you should know about transposable elements. Genome Biology. 2018;19(1):199. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1577-z.

5. Muotri AR, Chu VT, Marchetto MCN, Deng W, Moran JV, Gage FH. Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition. Nature. 2005;435(7044):903-910. doi:10.1038/nature03663.

6. Bellen HJ, Tong C, Tsuda H. 100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the future. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(7):514-522. doi:10.1038/nrn2839.

7. Treiber CD, Waddell S. Transposon expression in the Drosophila brain is driven by neighboring genes and diversifies the neural transcriptome. Genome Research. doi:10.1101/gr.259200.119.

8. Sorek R. The birth of new exons: mechanisms and evolutionary consequences. RNA. 2007;13(10):1603-1608. doi:10.1261/rna.682507.

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Genes That "Jump" May Rewire Neuronal Function in the Brain - Technology Networks

Neuroscience

How a UCSF team is giving Cronutt the sea lion a second chance with neuroscience – University of California

A cellular therapy for epilepsy developed at UC San Francisco has been employed for the first time in a sea lion with intractable seizures caused by ingesting toxins from algal blooms. The procedure is the first-ever attempt to treat naturally occurring epilepsy in any animal using transplanted cells.

The 7-year-old male sea lion, named Cronutt, first beached in San Luis Obispo County in 2017 and was rescued byThe Marine Mammal Center(TMMC), based in Sausalito, Calif. His epilepsy is due to brain damage caused by exposure to domoic acid released bytoxic algal blooms. Each year, domoic acid poisoning affects hundreds of marine mammals, including both sea lions and sea otters, up and down the West Coast, a problem that is on the rise as climate change warms the worlds oceans, making algal blooms more common.

Like many of these animals, Cronutt cannot survive in the wild due to his epilepsy, and he was transferred by TMMC in 2018 to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, Calif., which has facilities to care for wildlife with special veterinary needs.

In recent months, Cronutts health has declined due to increasingly frequent and severe seizures. With all other options exhausted, his veterinary team sought help from epilepsy researcherScott C. Baraban, Ph.D., in a last-ditch effort to save the sea lions life. For over a decade, Baraban, who holds the William K. Bowes Endowed Chair in Neuroscience Research in UCSFsDepartment of Neurological Surgery, has been developing the cell-based therapy, which has been shown by his research team to be highly effective in experimental lab animals.

This method is incredibly reliable in mice, but this is the first time it has been tried in a large mammal as a therapy, so well just have to wait and see, said Baraban, a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences. Over the years Ive come to learn how many marine mammals cant be released into the wild due to domoic acid poisoning, and its our hope is that if this procedure is successful it will open the door to helping many more animals.

On Tuesday, Oct. 6, a team of 18 specialists, including veterinarians from Six Flags and neurosurgeons and researchers from UCSF, successfully completed a precisely targeted injection of brain cell precursors taken from pig embryos called neural progenitor cells into Cronutts hippocampus, the brain region responsible for seizures. Based on extensive observations in rodents, Baraban said, the injected embryonic cells should migrate through his damaged hippocampus over the course of days and weeks, integrating and repairing the brain circuitry causing his seizures.

It was a remarkable convergence. Every year there are many animals suffering from epilepsy for which there isnt any treatment available, while, just across the bridge from The Marine Mammal Center, we at UCSF are trying to develop this new form of therapy and looking for ways to one day translate it to the clinic, saidMariana Casalia, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher who joined Barabans lab in 2015 to work ontranslating the groups successes in rodentsinto therapies, and who has taken the helm of the sea lion epilepsy project. It seemed very natural for us that these animals could be first patients to hopefully benefit from this therapy.

Domoic acid poisoning in marine mammals causes hippocampal damage very similar to that seen in temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of epilepsy in humans. In this disease, damage to hippocampal inhibitory interneurons removes the brakes on electrical activity, leading to seizures. In a vicious cycle, seizures can further damage brain circuitry, which is why epilepsy often worsens over time.

Since 2009, theBaraban labhas been developing a way to replace these damaged interneuronsby transplanting embryonic MGE (medial ganglionic eminence) progenitor cells into the hippocampus. As discovered two decades ago by Barabans UCSF colleaguesArturo lvarez-Buylla, Ph.D., andJohn Rubenstein, Ph.D., MGE cells normallymigrate into hippocampus during brain developmentandintegrate themselves into the local circuitry as inhibitory neurons.

Barabans group has shown that its possible to transplant embryonic MGE cells into the brains of adult rodents with temporal lobe epilepsy, wherethey quickly spread through the hippocampus and repair its damaged circuitry. The procedure reliably reduces seizures in these animals by 90 percent, along with other side effects of epilepsy, such as anxiety and memory problems.

Our laboratorys work has been inspired by the desire to find new solutions for the 30 percent of temporal lobe epilepsy patients who dont respond to available drug treatments, and for whom no new medicines have emerged over the past 50 years. Baraban said. For a number of reasons, including regulatory hurdles, cellular therapies for people with epilepsy are probably still a long way off. However, marine mammals with brain damage from domoic acid poisoning are in a very similar boat with no effective treatments that would let them ever be returned to the wild.

Baraban learned about the hundreds of annual domoic acidrelated strandings of marine mammals from long-time colleague Paul Buckmaster, D.V.M., Ph.D., of Stanford University. Buckmasters seminal studies in collaboration with TMMC in Sausalito had found that these animalssuffer from hippocampal damage almost identical to human temporal lobe epilepsy.

As soon as Mariana and I learned about this issue it was clear that our approach could be a perfect solution to help rehabilitate these animals, Baraban said.

Casalia had spent four years developing and testing a pig source of MGE cells pig tissue is often used for transplants into humans in collaboration with colleagues at UC Davis, work the lab intends to publish soon. On learning about the plight of domoic acidpoisoned sea lions, she partnered with TMMC and the California Academy of Sciences to study sea lion skulls to begin planning an eventual transplant surgery. She ultimately worked with UCSF neurosurgery chairEdward Chang, M.D., and collaborators at the medical software firmBrainLabto create a custom targeting system for the sea lion brain.She had even spent months working closely with the Hamilton Company to create a custom needle for delivering the stem cells to the right spot in a sea lions hippocampus.

All that remained was to find the right patient. And then, in September, 2020, they got a call from a veterinarian at Six Flags asking if they could help save the life of a sea lion named Cronutt.

After rescuing Cronutt in 2017, TMMC had attempted three times to rehabilitate him and release him back into the wild. Each time he would beach himself again, emaciated, disoriented, and approaching humans. Then he began to have seizures. Most marine centers dont have facilities for the long-term care of marine mammals with special needs, but Six Flags volunteered to give Cronutt a new home.

We have cared for a lot of special needs animals over the years, said Dianne Cameron, director of animal care at Six Flags. We adore Cronutt and are committed to providing him a forever home. He has his own apartment in our Sea Lion Stadium with a pool and dry resting area. When hes doing well, he comes out and participates in training sessions. Unfortunately, recently it has been hard to get him to come out of his apartment.

Over this spring and summer, Cronutt had begun a serious decline his seizures were increasing, he was losing weight, and he often seemed disoriented. To oversee Cronutts care, Six Flags hiredClaire Simeone, DVM, a founder and CEO of Sea Change Health, who hadstudied the neurological effects of domoic acid poisoningduring her six years working with TMMC. But it soon became clear that no treatment was working for Cronutt.

Despite our best efforts and all the tools that we have, his seizures were becoming more prolonged and more frequent over time, Simeone said. His brain damage and the effects on his body were getting worse. His decline has been gradual, but we reached a point several months ago where we were questioning what quality of life he had. We had run out of options for how we could successfully manage Cronutts disease and knew that we were going to have to make some hard decisions soon.

Then Simeone recalled a talk Baraban had given at TMMC several years ago about the potential of MGE transplants for marine mammals with domoic acid poisoning. In September, she reached out to ask if the lab might be willing to attempt the procedure as a last-ditch effort to save Cronutts life.

Cronutts health was slipping fast, but Casalias years of preparation for this moment allowed her and her colleagues to quickly assemble everything that would be needed in just one month.

In a bit of serendipity that would prove crucial, Cronutts brain had already been imaged in 2018 by Ben Inglis, Ph.D., of UC BerkeleysHenry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Centeras part of an ongoing study ofhow domoic acid poisoning affects the sea lion brain. These MRI images provided critical guideposts that made it possible for UCSF neurosurgeons to plan how they would inject stem cells at just the right spot in Cronutts hippocampus.

Cronutts surgery, conducted in accordance with COVID-19 protocols at the SAGE Veterinary Centers in Redwood City, Calif., went smoothly, and he was returned to Six Flags. In the days after the surgery his veterinary team reported that he had been sleeping and eating well.

Based on prior experiments transplanting pig MGE cells into rats, the researchers expect it to take about a month or so for the cells to fully integrate into Cronutts hippocampus. They will be following up to see if his seizures decrease and his health and behavior improves, and whether his antiseizure medications can be reduced.

This first-ever attempt has been made possible by funding from a Javits Award from the National Institutes of Health and from the UCSFProgram in Breakthrough Biomedical Research. Without these funds, this kind of high-risk, high-reward science would never have gotten off the ground, Baraban added. It also depended on Marianas fearlessness and perseverance in pursuing this very uncertain project.

Casalia, who has degrees in applied science and neurobiology from Universidad National de Quilmes and the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina, says the surgery felt like a culmination of everything shed been working on in her career so far. Ive always wanted to apply what we are doing in the lab to the clinical setting, she said. For me the ability to do this in reality to help these animals who are suffering is a dream come true.

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How a UCSF team is giving Cronutt the sea lion a second chance with neuroscience - University of California

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Projected to Witness Vigorous Expansion by 2020-2025 – Eurowire

Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Market 2020-2025 report offers a comprehensive valuation of the marketplace. The report examines factors influencing growth of the market along with detailing of the key trends, drivers, restraints, regional trends, and opportunities. Moreover, Reports Intellect provides a competitive landscape to the companies and their strategic developments. Each segment is examined carefully by articulating in sales, revenue and market size in order to understand the potential of growth and scope.

The main purpose of this report is to provide up-to-date information relating to the Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays market and discover all the opportunities for enlargement in the market. The report offers an in-depth study on industry size, shares, demand & supply analysis, sales volume and value analysis of various firms along with segmentation analysis related to significant geographies. This information helps business planners to perform, analyze, or study the market at a minute level. The report not only explores the historic phase of the market, but also analyzes present Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays market status to provide reliable and precise forecast estimation for trends, consumption, sales, and profitability.

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The major players profiled in this report include:AbcamBio-Rad LaboratoriesCell Signaling TechnologyRocheMerck KGaATecan GroupThermo Fisher Scientific

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Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Projected to Witness Vigorous Expansion by 2020-2025 - Eurowire

Neuroscience

Distinguished professor emerita of psychology dies at 70 – Binghamton University Pipe Dream

Linda Spear, 70, a distinguished professor emerita of psychology at Binghamton University, died on Tuesday, Oct. 13 due to complications associated with glioblastoma, according to a Binghamton University Dateline announcement.

The professor emerita received her bachelors degree in psychology from Western Illinois University, and her masters and doctorate degrees in psychology with a minor in neuroscience from the University of Florida.

Spear, who retired in August, began her BU academic career in 1976 as an adjunct and assistant professor of psychology. She went on to become an associate professor in 1983 and a full professor in 1988, specializing in behavioral neuroscience. In 1998, Spear was designated a SUNY distinguished professor.

Spears research often centered around developmental psychopharmacology, specifically neurobehavioral function during adolescence as well as the short and long term effects of alcohol and drug abuse during adolescence, according to the BU Dateline announcement. Spears research interests included the impact of stressors on alcohol sensitivity during development and alcohol drinking in a social context.

According to a 2014 interview with the American Psychological Association (APA), Spears work was motivated by her concerns about the culture of alcohol consumption among college students.

One issue that I am particularly concerned about is that many people, including college students, think that individuals who can hold their liquor and who dont act particularly inebriated after a night of drinking are relatively protected from later alcohol problems when compared with those who become intoxicated more quickly, Spear said. The opposite is actually the case.

In addition to her work as a professor, Spear had served as founding director of BUs Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), a collaborative alcohol research center that seeks to understand the functional and neural effects of alcohol exposure throughout brain development. In 2011, Spear served as its scientific director, also taking on the position of training director in 2017. Throughout her time, Spear was awarded over $4.6 million dollars from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in funding for the DEARC.

Spear earned numerous awards during her time at BU, as well as nearly $15 million in funding from federal sources. Some of Spears honors include the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) Lifetime Achievement Award and the Chancellors Research Recognition Award, a SUNY-wide award for excellence in research and creative achievement.

Spear will be remembered as a symbol of inspiration in the field of STEM for women, according to Lisa Savage, chair of the psychology department.

She not only shaped the trajectory of developmental neuroscience at [BU] but was a pioneer for women in STEM who steered the field of developmental exposure to drugs abuse, Savage said.

David Jentsch, a psychology professor at BU, tweeted his condolences on Oct. 13.

All that knew her recognized her exceptional gifts as a scientist, mentor, leader and colleague, Jentsch wrote. She will be deeply missed. My condolences to her family, friends, past trainees and other loved ones.

Donations in Spears memory can be made to Plan International, a development and humanitarian organization that advances childrens rights and equality for girls, at https://www.planusa.org/donate.

Students in need of counseling services or support can contact the University Counseling Center at 607-777-2772 and the Office of the Dean of Students at 607-777-2804. Faculty and staff in need of support can contact the Employee Assistance Program any time of day at 1-800-822-0244.

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Distinguished professor emerita of psychology dies at 70 - Binghamton University Pipe Dream

Neuroscience

Jim Hudspeth: How Do We Hear And How Do We Lose Our Ability To Hear? – NPR

Part 2 of the TED Radio Hour episode Sound And Silence

Over 30 million people in the U.S. have hearing loss. Neuroscientist Jim Hudspeth explains how the ear's thousands of hair cells function to amplify soundand how they can be damaged but not repaired.

About Jim Hudspeth

Jim Hudspeth is a professor of sensory neuroscience at The Rockefeller University and an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, where he studies the neural mechanisms of hearing and pursues treatments for hearing loss. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Among his numerous awards, he received the 2018 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience.

Originally from Houston, Texas, Hudspeth received his Ph.D and M.D., as well as his B.A. and M.A., from Harvard University.

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Jim Hudspeth: How Do We Hear And How Do We Lose Our Ability To Hear? - NPR

Neuroscience

MedDiet linked to improved cognition, but not dementia benefits, in updated review – Clinical Daily News – McKnight’s Long Term Care News

An updated review confirms that adherence to the much-studied Mediterranean diet offers some protection against cognitive decline, though not dementia, investigators say.

Qualifying studies showed that the diet is associated with improved overall cognition. But research results are mixed for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease, reported Stefania Maggi, M.D., Ph.D., of Italys National Research Council, Neuroscience InstituteAging Branch. In addition, there was no evidence that it has a beneficial effect on dementia, Maggi and colleagues wrote.

The diverse measures and methods used by researchers who study the diet make it difficult to make broad conclusions, but the current evidence is enough to underscore that the Mediterranean diet can be considered part of a multifactorial approach to improve late-life cognitive function, the researchers concluded.

The traditional Mediterranean diet includes large amounts of fresh fruits, vegetables, beans and grains, as well as olive oil and nuts. Dairy products, eggs, fish and poultry are eaten in low to moderate amounts, according to the American Heart Association.

A study published last year in Nutritional Neuroscience found that U.S. seniors who eat more of the foods found in a Mediterranean diet are less likely to show symptoms of cognitive decline.

The current study was published in JAMDA.

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MedDiet linked to improved cognition, but not dementia benefits, in updated review - Clinical Daily News - McKnight's Long Term Care News

Neuroscience

Duke in the News: Faculty on the Election, COVID-Testing and Ecosystem Collapse – Duke Today

Duke scholars daily share their expertise with the media on stories of major global, state and local importance, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the election. Scholars this week appeared in news outlets including Bloomberg, Forbes and The Guardian.

Read the daily media coverage featuring Dukes people and research on the universitys news site.

Here are highlights from the past week:

The Ugliness of Racism, White Identity Politics and the Current Election

Features the work of Ashley Jardina, a white identity scholar and political scientist at Duke. The story quotes from Jardinas 2019 book White Identity Politics, in which she found that about 40 percent of white Americans felt that their white identity is important to them and that this group partly overlaps with the group of white Americans who hold racist views.

As Election Nears, Pentagon Leaders Goal of Staying Out of Elections Is Tested

Features comments by political science professor Peter Feaver, a scholar on civil-military relations. He said the Trump campaigns decision to run its recent advertisement showing the president with senior uniformed officers was problematic. Im sure (the officers) are uncomfortable with this and dont like the appearance, even though theyre not allowed to say it, Feaver said.

Rapid COVID Test Effort Stumbles Over Risk of False Positives

Quotes Dr. Mark McClellan, director of the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy and a former top official at the FDA. McClellan pointed out that Nevada antigen tests had detected many true positives, which could have sparked outbreaks and might not otherwise have been detected in time. Averting even one nursing home outbreak is a huge economic and health benefit, he said.

Fifth of Nations at Risk of Ecosystem Collapse, Analysis Finds

Quotes Alexander Pfaff, a professor in the Sanford School of Public Policy. Societies, from local to global, can do much better when we not only acknowledge the importance of contributions from nature as this index is doing but also take that into account in our actions, private and public, he says.

The Best Way to Promote Your Research

Quotes professor Gary G. Bennett, a professor of psychology and neuroscience and vice provost for undergraduate education. In my professional organization, there are many folks on Twitter, and I followed all of them and they followed me, says Bennett. That was a built-in audience.

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Neuroscience

Monkey study suggests that they, like humans, may have ‘self-domesticated’ – Newswise

Newswise It's not a coincidence that dogs are cuter than wolves, or that goats at a petting zoo have shorter horns and friendlier demeanors than their wild ancestors. Scientists call this "domestication syndrome" -- the idea that breeding out aggression inadvertently leads to physical changes, including floppier ears, shorter muzzles and snouts, curlier tails, paler fur, smaller brains, and more.

The link appears to come from certain neural crest cells, present before birth and in newborns, that have a versatility akin to stem cells. These neural crest cells can turn into a handful of different things, specifically adrenal cells -- which boost the strength of the "fight or flight" response -- as well as physical traits like larger teeth and stiffer ears.

Ever since Darwin's time, some scientists have speculated that humans "self-domesticated" -- that we chose less aggressive and more helpful partners, with the result that we have shifted the trajectory of our own evolution.

"The evidence for this has been largely circumstantial," saidAsif Ghazanfar,a professor of psychology and neuroscience. "It's really a popular and exciting idea but one that lacks direct evidence, a link between friendly behavior and other features of domestication."

To see if the story could be put on a robust foundation, Ghazanfar turned to marmoset monkeys. Like humans, marmosets are extremely social and cooperative, plus they have several of the physical markers consistent with domestication, including a patch of white fur on their foreheads that is common in domesticated mammals.

What does cooperation look like in a monkey? Friendly vocal exchanges, caring for each other's young, and sharing food, among other signs, said Ghazanfar.

The research team showed that the size of a marmoset's white fur patch was strongly related to how frequently it produced friendly vocal responses to another. This is the first set of data to show an association between a friendly behavior and a physical domestication trait in individual animals.

To show a causal link between the white patch and vocal behavior, the researchers tested infant twins in different ways. In very brief sessions, one twin got reliable vocal feedback from a simulated parent -- a computer programmed with adult calls that responded to 100% of their vocalizations -- while the other twin only heard parental responses to 10% of their sounds.

These experimental sessions lasted 40 minutes, every other day, for most of the first 60 days of the monkeys' lives. For the other 23+ hours of each day, the monkeys were with their families.

In previous work, Ghazanfar and his colleagues showed that the infants who received more feedback learned to speak -- or more precisely,developed their adult-sounding calls-- faster than their siblings. By also measuring the white fur patches on the developing monkeys' foreheads at the same time and for three more months, the researchers discovered that the rate of the white facial coloration development was also accelerated by increased parental vocal responses. This shows a developmental connection between facial fur coloration and vocal development -- they are both influenced by parents.

That connection may be via those neural crest cells that can turn into "fight or flight" cells and that also contribute to parts of the larynx, which is necessary for producing vocalizations.

Domestication in other species has also been linked to changes in vocal behavior. Foxes selected for tameness have altered their vocalizations in response to the presence of humans. Similarly, a tame Bengalese finch learns and produces a more complex song, and retains greater song plasticity in adulthood, than its wild cousins.

But this is the first study linking the degree of a social trait with the size of a physical sign of domestication, in any species, said the researchers. Their findings are detailed in an article published online in the journalCurrent Biology. Ghazanfar's co-authors include Daniel Takahashi, a former postdoctoral researcher who is now a professor of neuroscience at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Rebecca Terrett of the Class of 2016; Lauren Kelly, Ghazanfar's former lab manager, who now works at Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; and two collaborators from New York University, James Higham and Sandra Winters.

"If you change the rate of the marmosets' vocal development, then you change the rate of fur coloration," said Ghazanfar. "It's both a fascinating and strange set of results!"

###

"Domestication Phenotype Linked to Vocal Behavior in Marmoset Monkeys," by Asif A. Ghazanfar, Lauren M. Kelly, Daniel Y. Takahashi, Sandra Winters, Rebecca Terrett, James P. Higham was published inCurrent Biologyon Oct. 15. The research was supported by a National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant to A.A.G. (R01NS054898).

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Monkey study suggests that they, like humans, may have 'self-domesticated' - Newswise

Neuroscience

Study: PoNS neurostimulation with intensive rehabilitation may stimulate neuroplasticity – News-Medical.Net

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Oct 15 2020

A recently published scientific study led by the Centre for Neurology Studies at HealthTech Connex and a research team from Simon Fraser University (SFU), reports the latest breakthroughs from Project Iron Soldier. Captain (retired) Trevor Greene, who was attacked with an axe to the head while serving in Afghanistan, continues to push conventional limits in brain health recovery.

The research study published in Frontiers of Human Neuroscience is led by neuroscientist Dr. Ryan D'Arcy, and involves tracking Capt. Greene's neuroplasticity and his physical, cognitive and PTSD improvements as he rewires his brain using the latest and most advanced brain technologies.

Capt. Greene and Dr. D'Arcy recounted their remarkable progress and showcased their mission to lead scientific breakthroughs in neuroplasticity through a recent TEDx talk

In 2006, retired Canadian soldier Capt. Greene survived a severe brain injury when he was attacked with an axe to the head, during his combat tour in Afghanistan. He spent years in various therapies and rehabilitation, and in 2009, he started working with Dr. D'Arcy. In 2015, the B.C. and Yukon Command of the Royal Canadian Legion helped outfit Trevor with a robotic exoskeleton, which helped him continue re-learning to walk.

Called Project Iron Soldier, this exciting initiative was the inspiration to develop the Legion Veterans Village, a $312M Centre of Excellence for PTSD, mental health and rehabilitation dedicated to veterans and first responders (currently under construction in Surrey).

Capt. Greene and the Project Iron Soldier research team have continued with intensive daily rehabilitation, but the team experienced an extended plateau in progress using conventional therapy alone.

To breakthrough the plateau, the Centre for Neurology Studies launched an intensive 14-week trial using the Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (or PoNS). The PoNS is a neurostimulation technology that sends a series of small electrical impulses to the brain through the tongue (known as translingual neurostimulation) to safely facilitate neuroplasticity.

The team tracked improvements in brain vital sign improvements using NeuroCatch Platform (or NeuroCatch). NeuroCatch is a rapid objective measure of cognitive brain function.

When Trevor experienced a plateau in his rehabilitation, we tried intensive conventional treatment approaches, but to no avail. It was only after combining in the PoNS with this rehabilitation therapy that we could break through these latest barriers and demonstrate significant improvements in his brain vital sign measurements."

Dr. Ryan D'Arcy, Co-Founder, HealthTech Connex and Professor, Simon Fraser University

The newly published results in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience demonstrate that PoNS neurostimulation, paired with intensive rehabilitation, may stimulate neuroplasticity to overcome an extended recovery plateau as objectively measured by NeuroCatch and other brain scanning technologies. The main findings were:

Capt. Greene showed significant gains in clinical outcome measures for physical therapy, even after 14 years since the axe attack. Capt. Greene and his wife Debbie Greene also reported notable and lasting improvements in cognition and PTSD symptoms.

Capt. Greene showed significant brain vital sign improvements in cognitive function, particularly in auditory sensation (as measured by the N100 response), basic attention (as measured by P300 response), and cognitive processing (as measured by N400 response).

Says Capt. Greene, "I first saw the power of neuroplasticity in the early days when Ryan showed me MRI images of my brain showing healthy brain tissue taking over for the damaged bits. Later on, I saw the full power of the PoNS device when I got demonstrably stronger, steadier and more coordinated after using it regularly for just a few weeks. It's really been a game changer for me and my family."

"Trevor's amazing progress is no doubt pushing the frontiers of medical science by overcoming perceived limits of brain recovery," says Dr. Shaun Fickling, the study's lead author who completed his PhD at Simon Fraser University.

"These brain imaging results provide valuable insight into the importance of unleashing the power of neuroplasticity to inspire countless people impacted by brain and mental health conditions."

Dr. D'Arcy concludes, "These neuro-technology breakthroughs have considerable impacts to inspire many of us to push beyond conventional limits in neurological and mental health recovery."

Source:

Journal reference:

Fickling, S. D., et al. (2020) Brain Vital Signs Detect Cognitive Improvements During Combined Physical Therapy and Neuromodulation in Rehabilitation From Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00347.

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Study: PoNS neurostimulation with intensive rehabilitation may stimulate neuroplasticity - News-Medical.Net