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Anatomy

The Painful Anatomy of Adult Crushes – The Good Men Project

A confession: I have a crush on someone.

As a 20-something years old woman, I feel a bit silly admitting that. I have the word crush strongly associated with teen magazines and high-school gossip. There is little room for crushes in the grown-up world. Once you hit adulthood, dating does become much more complicated, but it also becomes way more straightforward.

As kids and teens, we develop crushes rooted in our fear of rejection and spend weeks, months, or even years trying to come up with elaborate strategies to make the objects of our interest notice us and fall in love with us without actually, you know, talking to them.

Its a part of the maturing process for many of us and reminiscing of those oh so innocent times can bring back some cute, nostalgic memories, although we know how real and serious it was for us back then.

But for us adults, we dont typically develop serious, long-lived crushes anymore. Nobody has time for that, we get straight to business. We pursue, date, get to know people, form relationships, and accept the harsh truth that something could go wrong at any stage of this process. Rinse and repeat. We dont spend too much of our precious time picking flower petals, daydreaming about whether someone loves me, loves me not.

Thats why crushing as an adult is so mind-blowingly pathetic.

Truth is, there are very few kinds of people in this world we absolutely cant have to the point that shooting our shot is not even worth it. But I guess its in human nature to be drawn to the forbidden fruit. Here are the most common reasons for our adult crushes never getting out of the crush-zones.

Just kidding (or maybe not, please call me, Zico ). Those kinds of crushes are fun to have, theyre mostly healthy and tend to not be that painful at all. Who doesnt have a celebrity crush? Thats why celebrities exist in the first place. But hopefully, this is not the kind of crush that keeps you up at night fantasizing about what it would be like to be with them. Hopefully.

Your boss is really funny and hot? Ha. Youre out of luck unless youre planning to be switching careers real soon.

But this goes for any kind of a formal relationship we might have with our object of interest. Our bosses, employees, coworkers, professors, students, clients, or therapists are all mostly out of question unless we are ready to deal with the possible repercussions in the form of social disapproval and maybe even be labeled a creep or accused of harassment.

Not saying that it cant work out I know people who have met their partners at work and they are doing just fine. It happens more often than we like to admit. But it is logical to prioritize reputation and livelihood and having a professional relationship with the person they are interested in romantically does keep many people just crushing.

If the object of your interest already has a significant other, you will find yourself in some seriously hot water.

You literally cant pursue that person without digging yourself a massive grave. Making a move would make you a homewrecker, that move being successful would make them a cheater, and we all know the rule of thumb if someones willing to leave their partner for you, it is very likely that they wouldnt be shy of doing the same to you in the future.

And so, they remain a sad, heartwrenching adult crush. The best we can do is to selfishly wish for their relationship to fail, as only then it becomes appropriate for us to start finding out whether they would want to date us at all.

Maybe they live far away from you. Maybe they travel a lot. Perhaps they work a lot and cant invest in a relationship at the moment. Or they might just be unavailable emotionally right now. And maybe your crush is perfectly available but one of the aforementioned things applies to yourself.

Whatever the reason might be, your life circumstances just dont match.

We like to think that where theres a will, theres a way, but when it comes to relationships, timing is one of the key components for success. And if time is playing against you, there is often no point in seriously pursuing anything.

Like in all of the cases above, it can work. But the odds are low and the amount of effort that has to go into it is huge on both sides. So its no wonder that many people in similar situations choose not to take the risk of revealing their feelings and just wait for them to go away instead.

. . .

When it comes to sex, its usually easy. Laughably easy, Id say. But unfortunately, getting physical with someone doesnt necessarily erase their crush status. Ive come to realize that sleeping with your crush doesnt make the bottled up feelings go away. Its nice, but it doesnt ease the pain. Confessing, asking them out, and getting a clear yes or no answer would. But, as we know, that is not always possible.

Neither does it help to just date another person. Because, and I have also learned this from experience, it is totally possible to have feelings for someone while still thinking about your crush from time to time and wondering what if. Its annoying. Its saddening. Its childish. But its a real thing.

But the worst part about adult crushes is that we know better, and we understand that theyre probably never going to work out. Life is not a fairytale, happily ever afters are rare, and putting human beings on an imaginary unwarranted pedestal in our hearts is not healthy.

Even when, or if, the stars align and we magically manage to start a relationship with the person of our dreams, by the time it happens, they have been in the crush zone for way too long. There is no way for them to live up to the idealized version of themselves we have created in our heads while admiring them from afar instead of getting to know them as a person and a potential partner. Its a losing game, always.

Somewhere, deep down, we recognize that. Most of us leave the hopeless romantic approach somewhere at school. And so I might as well end up on my death bed one day in the far future, leaving a partner and some kids behind, and still think I wonder what it would have been like had I married my crush instead before dying.

At the end of the day, the most depressing thing about crushing on someone as an adult is just that. Being an adult and knowing better.

This post was previously published on Hello, Love and is republished here with permission from the author.

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The Painful Anatomy of Adult Crushes - The Good Men Project

Anatomy

Grey’s Anatomy’s Departed Doctors: Where Are They Now? – E! NEWS

Izzie Stevens got cancer, married Alex, survived the cancer, and then sorta just disappeared in season six. She eventually returned for a second and admitted she didn't feel like Seattle was her home anymore. Later, Alex got sent divorce papers,and now we know Izzie secretly had Alex's twins, lives on a ranch in Kansas, and became a surgical oncologist.

Katherine Heigl's exit basically began in 2008 when she withdrew her name from Emmy consideration because she didn't feel like the material deserved it. In 2010, the character disappeared completely. She said in the years since that she would like to return to the character, but Shonda Rhimes did not. "I'm done with that story," she told TVLine in 2015.

Heigl, then a burgeoning romcom star, went on to star in a few more romcoms before returning to TV with State of Affairs, then Doubt, and more recently, she joined Suits and the 2020 seriesFirefly Lane.

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Grey's Anatomy's Departed Doctors: Where Are They Now? - E! NEWS

Anatomy

The Best Grey’s Anatomy Doctors of All Time, Ranked – Up News Info

An eclectic assortment of medical doctors appeared onGreys Anatomyover the program of 16 seasons. Exactly where would the ABC drama be withoutEllen Pompeo, an psychological alchemist who can twist, bend, and manipulate our emotions to her will? OrChandra Wilsons fearsome but lovable Miranda Bailey, who instructions the display screen as considerably as she does the interns?

From formidable know-it-alls like Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) to heartbreakers hey there, Karev (Justin Chambers) to poor boys with gooey facilities like the late, wonderful McSteamy, aka Mark Sloane (Eric Dane), there is certainly by no means a boring minute at Gray Sloan. Every 7 days is a tantalizing affair as these ridiculously excellent-searching professionals in white coats juggle hair-elevating healthcare mishaps with magic formula closet hookups, tumultuous breakups, and a lot more drama than a Life span film marathon.

With a lot of names to opt for from, we are highlighting the most unforgettable healthcare pros whove produced Shonda Rhimes groundbreaking healthcare drama should-see Television set for 363 episodes and counting. Below are the 52 bestGreys Anatomys medical doctors, rated.

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The Best Grey's Anatomy Doctors of All Time, Ranked - Up News Info

Anatomy

UHS approves proposals of reforms body – The News International

LAHORE:The 156th meeting of Advanced Studies and Research Board of the University of Health Sciences (UHS) was held here on Thursday with UHS Vice Chancellor Prof Javed Akram in the chair.

The board approved the recommendations of MD/MS/MDS Reforms Committee with regards to intermediate and final examination. It also gave a nod to the revised curricula of various specialties proposal by concerned Specialty Advisory Committees constituted by the varsity for that purpose. It was told to the members that the committee had thoroughly updated the course contents, rotational plan and table of specification for intermediate and final exams.

The curricula which have been updated include MD in dermatology, rheumatology, diagnostic radiology, and nephrology, MS in neurosurgery, general surgery, and urology; and MDS in operative dentistry, and Prosthodontics. The board considered the thesis reports of Dr Muhammad Shakil PhD (Biochemistry), Dr Munazza Saduf MPhil (Biochemistry), Dr Filza Haqiq MPhil (Community Medicine), Dr Mehvish Saleem MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Muhammad Usman Jawaid MD (Nephrology), Dr Aamir Yasin MS (General Surgery), Dr Zafar Iqbal MPhil (Anatomy), Dr. Hadia Zulfiqar M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Sumera Badar M.Phil (Community Medicine), Dr Mazhar Fareed MPhil (Haematology), Dr Nazia Akbar Mir MPhil (Microbiology), Dr Anum Shahid MPhil (Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology), Dr Sidra Javed MPhil (Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology), Iqra Shaukat MPhil (Medical Laboratory Sciences), Sobia Javed MPhil (Medical Laboratory Sciences), Dr Naureen Tabassum MPhil (Oral Pathology), Dr Kiran Nayyar M.Phil (Oral Pathology), Dr Sofia Yasmin Abbasi M.Phil (Pharmacology), Dr Saadia Bano Lone MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Nadia Irshad MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Noora Hassan MHPE, Dr Ambreen Fatima Khan MDS (Operative Dentistry) and Dr Muhammad Azeem MDS (Orthodontics).

The synopses of following students were also considered for registration in various postgraduate courses: Dr. Uzma Batool M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Hamna Umar M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Bushra Naheed M.Phil (Physiology), Dr. Sameen Hassan M.Phil (Haematology), Dr. Muhammad Rehan Ali M.Phil Microbiology), Dr. Nazish Kalsoom Buzdar M.Phil Microbiology), Dr. Safia Bibi M.D. (Radiology), Dr. Ali Jamal M.S. (Anaesthesia), Dr. Muhammad Irfan M.S. (Cardiac Surgery), Dr. Muhammad Muneeb M.S. (Ophthalmology) and Dr Azlan Bashir MS (Orthopaedics).

Technology graduates: Punjab Minister for Industries and Trade Mian Aslam Iqbal met with Young Engineers Technologists Association delegation headed by President Ali Hassan.

The delegation members apprised him about the problems confronting Engineering Technology Education and Technology graduates.

The delegation members informed him that the absence of National Technology Council Act bars opportunities for the technology graduates to move forward in their professional career.

They added that if such act is enforced then 3.5 lac technologists of the country will benefit. The delegation members also demanded from the minister representation of engineering technologists in NTC.

Aslam Iqbal assured the delegation that he would talk with the federal ministers concerned for activating NTC and obtaining approval of NTC Act. He added we will make every possible effort to resolve the problems of technology graduates. He remarked that the activation of NTC and enforcement of Act will enhance opportunities for the technologists.

The minister directed for formulating recommendations with regard to NTC Act and stressed that the future of Pakistan is linked with technical education. The minister underscored that the Punjab government has adopted a revolutionary strategy to promote technical education in the province. He said Tevta was playing a pivotal role in the promotion of technical education. He emphasised that the targets of progress can be speedily attained by promoting latest technology.

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UHS approves proposals of reforms body - The News International

Human Behavior

Judges: Ignoring The Constitution On Abortion Since 1973 – The Federalist

Judges have been disappointing the pro-life movement since 1973, when seven justices reached into a magical hat and pulled out a Cconstitutional right to abortion based on a right to privacy, both of which are not mentioned in the Constitution. Writing between the lines, judges threw out abortion-related laws in all 50 states, putting themselves at the head of a virtual Abortion Legislative Task Force, with the final say on policy, despite the fact the judges are not supposed to write the laws, but enforce them.

All of this makes the decision in June Medical v. Russo just one more example of how the deeply flawed legal framework of abortion is made possible by the oversized power of a few judges. Before that, the law showed respect for the pre-born, reaching back into the 1200s, holding abortionists responsible for preying on women. Despite the abortion industrys talking points, women were not prosecuted but were treated as second victims of predatory businesses.

As Justice Clarence Thomas notes in a stinging dissent in the case, Roe is grievously wrong for many reasons, but the most fundamental is that its core holding that the Constitution protects a womans right to abort her unborn child finds no support in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment where such abortion rights were found to be hiding.Thomas continues:

In 1868 when the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, a majority of the States and numerous Territories had laws on the books that limited (and in many cases nearly prohibited) abortion. It would no doubt shock the public at that time to learn that one of the new constitutional Amendments contained hidden within the interstices of its text a right to abortion. The fact that it took this Court over a century to find that right all but proves that it was more than hiddenit simply was not (and is not) there.

Before Roe v. Wade and its companion case Doe v. Bolton, the 50 states developed their own policies in the messy context of democracy, which allows for citizens to conclude what kind of country we want to be. Pro-abortion Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, in her own critiques of Roe, discusses the loss of that legislative process and about how women were removed from it.

Roeisnt really about the womans choice, is it? Ginsburg said at a University of Chicago Law School event in 2013. Its about the doctors freedom to practiceit wasnt woman-centered, it was physician-centered. That point is front and center in the Louisiana ruling in which abortionists fought health and safety standards designed to protect their customers.

In his dissent, Justice Samuel Alito writes:

This case features a blatant conflict of interest between an abortion provider and its patients. Like any other regulated entity, an abortion provider has a financial interest in avoiding burdensome regulations Women seeking abortions, on the other hand, have an interest in the preservation of regulations that protect their health. The conflict inherent in such a situation is glaring.

The abortionist-centered approach grants those committing abortion unique legal protections for their deadly business. Chief Justice John Roberts, in siding with the four abortion-supporting justices, cast the vote that continued that disappointing practice, citing legal precedent.

Thomas found that absurd, writing, Those decisions created the right to abortion out of whole cloth, without a shred of support from the Constitutions text. Our abortion precedents are grievously wrong and should be overruled.

Indeed, infants in the womb receive no real attention in the case. Yet considering how many laws are passed to govern human behavior impacting everything from the environment to commerce, ignoring the pre-born is a glaring legal oversight.

Respected Yale Legal Scholar John Hart Ely, who personally supported abortion, penned a critique of Roe v. Wade that still resonates:

It has never been held or even asserted that the state interest needed to justify forcing a person to refrain from an activity, whether or not that activity is constitutionally protected, must implicate either the life or the constitutional rights of another person. Dogs are not persons in the whole sense nor have they constitutional rights, but that does not mean the state cannot prohibit killing them.

Yet here we are today, in which puppies have legal protections that pre-born babies do not.

The legal vulnerability of the pre-born is possible because efforts to restore direct protections have so far failed. Starting in the 1970s, multiple attempts were made to pass a Human Life Amendment to the Constitution to make it clear that human beings in the womb count as human beings under the law, so today the pro-life movement pursues a strategy of seeking legal remedies from judges. Thats clearly a faulty system.

For those new to pro-life advocacy who may be disappointed, brokenhearted, shocked, and surprised by judicial overreach, welcome to the pro-life movement. Weve been dealing with activist, abortion-supporting judges since 1973, but this is not the end.

As with any civil rights struggle, there will be setbacks, but the moral necessity of defending human life from conception to natural death means confronting the faulty legal foundation of Roe, one case at a time, one judicial appointment at a time, which is why elections are so crucial. Never forget: It matters who appoints the judges.

KristanHawkinsis president of Students for Life of America.

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Judges: Ignoring The Constitution On Abortion Since 1973 - The Federalist

Embryology

Number of people choosing to freeze their eggs or embryos surges 523% in five years – iNews

The number of people choosing to freeze their eggs or embryos has increased five-fold in the UK since 2013, according to latest figures.

Data from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) show that the number of egg and embryo storage cycles rose by 523 per cent between 2013 and 2018.

According to its figures, the number of cycles rose from 1,500 in 2013 to just under 9,000 in 2018.

There was a 93 per cent rise in frozen embryo transfer cycles between the two years, up from 13,421 to 25,889.

Meanwhile, the number of fresh embryo transfers rose from 48,391 to 42,835, a drop of 11 per cent.

A number of reasons could be attributed to the rise in the number of people freezing their embryos or eggs, including improved freezing facilities, advances in treatment options and an increased desire for patients to freeze them for future use or for fertility preservation.

The fertility authoritys latest figures also showed that the multiple birth rate from IVF treatment has reached a record low.

Fertility clinics have been working to a target to reduce the number of women who fall pregnant with twins or triplets as multiple births are the biggest risk to IVF mothers and babies.

In 2018, only 8 per cent of IVF births resulted in a multiple birth.

Around 54,000 patients had IVF treatment in 2018 and the average birth rate per embryo transferred for all IVF patients was 23 per cent.

The HFEA found age is still a key factor in IVF outcomes, with younger patients reporting higher success rates.

Patients under 35 had a birth rate of 31 per cent per embryo transferred compared with 5 per cent for patients aged 43 and above.

Its report states that clinical improvements have led to increased chances of a live birth for all patients below 43 years old.

Higher birth rates were seen among women over the age of 40 when they used donor eggs in treatment, it added.

While fertility treatment is never a guarantee for a baby, we are pleased to see that birth rates have increased over the years and the average birth rate is now steady at 23 per cent, said HFEA chair Sally Cheshire.

Whilst this leaves many couples without their longed for family after treatment, these small year-on-year increases are important for the sector to build on.

Ever more patients are deciding to freeze their eggs and embryos and although still a relatively small part of fertility treatment overall, freezing techniques are now much more common with improved freezing technology and better success rates using frozen embryos.

Sarah Norcross, director of fertility and genomics charity, the Progress Educational Trust (PET), said the increase in egg freezing showed women now see social egg freezing as a valid reproductive choice.

This increase also highlights the pressing need for the Government to act now to change the 10-year storage limit for social egg freezing before hundreds more women face the stark choice of having to destroy their frozen eggs and perhaps their best chance of becoming a biological mother, she added.

For Dr Emily Grossman, freezing her eggs at the age of 38 was the best decision she ever made.

Now 41, the science broadcaster, author and educator explains it hadnt occurred to her to start getting worried about her fertility until she was in her mid-30s.

Dr Grossman had attended a talk at the Cheltenham Science Festival where she learned that from the age of 35 a womans fertility drops really rapidly.

She was dating at the time but had not yet met someone with whom she wanted to start a family.

It was a few years later when she really started to feel the constant ticking of my biological clock.

I was stuck between a rock and a hard place do I wait until Im in the right relationship, until I feel ready and risk leaving it too late to be able to conceive, or do I rush into it now with perhaps the wrong partner, she says.

Then I heard about the possibility of egg freezing. I realise this isnt an opportunity thats open to everybody in the sense it is expensive and it is difficult and challenging to find the time to go through a physical process like that but actually its the best decision Ive ever made.

Dr Grossman, who completed four rounds of egg freezing, says she started to feel relief almost as soon as the process had started.

Knowing that although I didnt have absolute certainty that I could rely on this method, she says, but that I had a back-up, which took the pressure off having to find the right person immediately and straight away start a family.

Dr Grossman said she welcomed the increase in people freezing their eggs or embryos, saying it reflected the fact that the stigma is being removed from women taking control of their fertility.

In the past, women would only start to looking into egg freezing or IVF at a time when it was already too late because by that time their fertility had already dropped, she says.

If we can start having the conversation earlier so that women in their 30s start to become aware of this which is what we are seeing happen then we actually make it far more likely that women are going to freeze their eggs at a time when its more likely it will lead to having a child.

Its great that the numbers are going up and I think this reflects an increasing openness in society to women having the conversation about fertility and the increasing possibility for women to be able to break through that taboo and step away from the stigma of being a women in your mid to late 30s who hasnt had a child yet.

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Number of people choosing to freeze their eggs or embryos surges 523% in five years - iNews

Embryology

AI fertility product Life Whisperer offers new hope to IVF patients in the UK and Europe following CE Mark approval – PR Newswire UK

Life Whisperer's flagship product uses artificial intelligence to analyse images of embryos to assist clinicians to identify which embryo will likely lead to a pregnancy. By selecting the best embryo, Life Whisperer aims to shorten the time to pregnancy and improve outcomes for couples undergoing IVF treatment.

Life Whisperer will showcase their flagship product at the 36th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Internationally renowned fertility expert Matthew (Tex) VerMilyea from Ovation Fertility (USA) will present Life Whisperer's latest advances in AI for IVF.

In an international clinical study involving blind evaluation of 1,600 IVF embryos, Life Whisperer was shown to perform 25% better than traditional manual methods of embryo assessment by highly experienced embryologists. The study was published recently in the prestigious journal Human Reproduction.

With clinics worldwide already using the application, the company is looking forward to working with IVF clinics across the region to offer Life Whisperer to patients at a low cost, meaning more couples can gain more certainty in embryo selection and achieve success sooner, with fewer IVF cycles.

Founder and CEO of Presagen, Dr Michelle Perugini said, "Life Whisperer is poised to become the global gold standard embryo pre-screening tool in IVF, supporting the clinical decision about which embryo is most viable." The company also plans to extend its AI technology to other applications in IVF including embryo genetic assessment and oocyte assessment.

"Regulatory approval in the UK and Europe represents a significant opportunity for Life Whisperer to expand its global presence, and we are very much looking forward to working with clinics and patients across the region, supported from our London Offices," Dr Perugini said.

Minister for Trade and Investment, David Ridgway said the innovative Life Whisperer technology presents an exciting development in the healthcare technology industry.

"I congratulate Presagen on the clearance of their technology in UK and Europe and look forward to seeing further success for the company in additional international markets," Minister Ridgway said.

Photo - https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1198214/Life_Whisperer.jpg

https://www.presagen.com/

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AI fertility product Life Whisperer offers new hope to IVF patients in the UK and Europe following CE Mark approval - PR Newswire UK

Genetics

Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet – Genome.gov

Proteomics

The suffix "-ome" comes from the Greek for all, every, or complete. It was originally used in "genome," which refers to all the genes in a person or other organism. Due to the success of large-scale biology projects such as the sequencing of the human genome, the suffix "-ome" is now being used in other research contexts. Proteomics is an example. The DNA sequence of genes carries the instructions, or code, for building proteins. This DNA is transcribed into a related molecule, RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteomics, therefore, is a similar large-scale analysis of all the proteins in an organism, tissue type, or cell (called the proteome). Proteomics can be used to reveal specific, abnormal proteins that lead to diseases, such as certain forms of cancer.

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics

The terms "pharmacogenetics" and "pharmacogenomics" are often used interchangeably in describing the intersection of pharmacology (the study of drugs, or pharmaceuticals) and genetic variability in determining an individual's response to particular drugs. The terms may be distinguished in the following way.

Pharmacogenetics is the field of study dealing with the variability of responses to medications due to variation in single genes. Pharmacogenetics takes into account a person's genetic information regarding specific drug receptors and how drugs are transported and metabolized by the body. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to create an individualized drug therapy that allows for the best choice and dose of drugs. One example is the breast cancer drug trastuzumab (Herceptin). This therapy works only for women whose tumors have a particular genetic profile that leads to overproduction of a protein called HER2. (See: Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment)

Pharmacogenomics is similar to pharmacogenetics, except that it typically involves the search for variations in multiple genes that are associated with variability in drug response. Since pharmacogenomics is one of the large-scale "omic" technologies, it can examine the entirety of the genome, rather than just single genes. Pharmacogenomic studies may also examine genetic variation among large groups of people (populations), for example, in order to see how different drugs might affect different racial or ethnic groups.

Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies are leading to drugs that can be tailor-made for individuals, and adapted to each person's particular genetic makeup. Although a person's environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health can also influence that person's response to medicines, understanding an individual's genetic makeup is key to creating personalized drugs that work better and have fewer side effects than the one-size-fits-all drugs that are common today. (See: Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment). For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends genetic testing before giving the chemotherapy drug mercaptopurine (Purinethol) to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Some people have a genetic variant that interferes with their ability to process this drug. This processing problem can cause severe side effects, unless the standard dose is adjusted according to the patient's genetic makeup. (See: Frequently Asked Questions about Pharmacogenomics).

Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cells have two important characteristics. First, stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into various specialized body cells. Second, stem cells are able to stay in their unspecialized state and make copies of themselves. Embryonic stem cells come from the embryo at a very early stage in development (the blastocyst staqe). The stem cells in the blastocyst go on to develop all of the cells in the complete organism. Adult stem cells come from more fully developed tissues, like umbilical cord blood in newborns, circulating blood, bone marrow or skin.

Medical researchers are investigating the use of stem cells to repair or replace damaged body tissues, similar to whole organ transplants. Embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst have the ability to develop into every type of tissue (skin, liver, kidney, blood, etc.) found in an adult human. Adult stem cells are more limited in their potential (for example, stem cells from liver may only develop into more liver cells). In organ transplants, when tissues from a donor are placed into the body of a patient, there is the possibility that the patient's immune system may react and reject the donated tissue as "foreign." However, by using stem cells, there may be less risk of this immune rejection, and the therapy may be more successful.

Stem cells have been used in experiments to form cells of the bone marrow, heart, blood vessels, and muscle. Since the 1990's, umbilical cord blood stem cells have been used to treat heart and other physical problems in children who have rare metabolic conditions, or to treat children with certain anemias and leukemias. For example, one of the treatment options for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia [cancer.gov] is stem cell transplantation therapy.

There has been much debate nationally about the use of embryonic stem cells, especially about the creation of human embryos for use in experiments. In 1995, Congress enacted a ban on federal financing for research using human embryos. However, these restrictions have not stopped researchers in the United States and elsewhere from using private funding to create new embryonic cell lines and undertaking research with them. The embryos for such research are typically obtained from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro - as in an in vitro fertilization clinic - and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. In 2009, some of the barriers to federal financing of responsible and scientifically worthy human stem cell research were lifted.

Cloning

Cloning can refer to genes, cells, or whole organisms. In the case of a cell, a clone refers to any genetically identical cell in a population that comes from a single, common ancestor. For example, when a single bacterial cell copies its DNA and divides thousands of times, all of the cells that are formed will contain the same DNA and will be clones of the common ancestor bacterial cell. Gene cloning involves manipulations to make multiple identical copies of a single gene from the same ancestor gene. Cloning an organism means making a genetically identical copy of all of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the organism. There are two major types of cloning that may relate to humans or other animals: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Therapeutic cloning involves growing cloned cells or tissues from an individual, such as new liver tissue for a patient with a liver disease. Such cloning attempts typically involve the use of stem cells. The nucleus will be taken from a patient's body cell, such as a liver cell, and inserted into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. This will ultimately produce a blastocyst whose stem cells could then be used to create new tissue that is genetically identical to that of the patient.

Reproductive cloning is a related process used to generate an entire animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. The first cloned animals were frogs. Dolly, the famous sheep, is another example of cloning. The success rates of reproductive animal cloning, however, have been very low. In 2005, South Korean researchers claimed to have produced human embryonic stem cell lines by cloning genetic material from patients. However, this data was later reported to have been falsified.

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Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet - Genome.gov

Genetics

5 Best Genetics Classes & Degree [2020] [UPDATED]

25 Experts have compiled this list of Best Genetics Course, Tutorial, Training, Class, and Certification available online for 2020. It includes both paid and free resources to help you learn Genetics and these courses are suitable for beginners, intermediate learners as well as experts.

With over 100 options, Coursera makes sure that you can enhance your skills in this rapidly evolving field of Genetics irrespective of your proficiency level. The programs are divided based on the difficulty levels namely beginner, intermediate and advanced. The classes here dont only allow you to build a strong foundation and apply this subject to the present research topics as well as developments. Top choices on the website include an introduction to genetics and evolution, classical papers in molecular genetics, introduction to the biology of cancer and bioinformatics for beginners.Check out our compilation of Best Bioinformatics Courses.

Key USPs-

Get acquainted with the necessary general jargon as well as practical ones.

The introductory lessons provide an overview of the content of the lectures and show how to make the most the experience.

Lots of exercises for understanding the problems from implementing them to solve the challenges of different levels of complexity.

The flexible deadline allows you to learn as per your convenience.

Complete all the exams and graded assessments that follow the lessons to earn the course completion certificate.

Duration: Self-paced

Rating: 4.8 out of 5

You can Sign up Here

This e-learning platform brings you a series of online courses from top academic institutions of the world. Get introduced to the concepts of cells, genome analysis, DNA among others. Apart from this, the classes will also help you with your coursework and beyond. Some of the top choices are DNA sequences, molecular biology, principles of synthetics biology, introduction to genomic data, graph algorithms in genome sequencing and statistical methods for gene mapping.

Key USPs

All the necessary concepts are explained clearly so that they can be helpful in building a strong fundamental.

The platform consists of individual and credit-eligible courses, micromaster program and more.

Work on the quizzes and assignments to assess your grasp on the topics covered.

The interactive lessons make learning a fun experience.

The study materials, videos, and exercises are available for free and the certification can be added for an additional fee.

Duration: Self-paced

Rating: 4.6 out of 5

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It is a fact that genomic technologies are changing the way many diseases are diagnosed and treated. This course spans the field from basic to advanced genetics and provides insight into health, risk factors, and disease prevention. By the end of the classes, you will have a solid understanding of all the topics covered. Have a look at our take on Best Molecular Biology Courses.

Key USPs-

As this is an intermediate level program, therefore, some prior experience in the topic can be beneficial.

-Understand the fundamental concepts, including gene structure and genetic variation.

Learn about the inheritance of diseases, including modes of inheritance, population-specific risks, and genetic testing.

See how increased knowledge of the human genome is applied in clinical settings, including through precision treatment of cancer and other diseases

The classes allow you to learn at a comfortable pace.

Duration: 10 weeks, 3 to 6 hours per week

Rating: 4.4 out of 5

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In this course, you will discuss the principles of genetics with application to the study of biological function at the level of molecules, cells and multicellular organisms including humans. Some of the topics covered include structure and function of genes, chromosomes and genomes, biological variation resulting from recombination, mutation, and selection, population genetics, use of genetic methods to analyze protein function, gene regulation and inherited disease.

Key USPs-

All the topics are covered in depth and at an undergraduate level.

Attempt the regular graded assignments to check your understanding of the subject and improve accordingly.

Suggestions for books and other resources are provided that can be used to supplement the learning experience.

Pass the final exam and other graded assessments to complete the program.

Lecture notes, exams and solutions and problem sets with solutions are available.

Duration: Self-paced

Rating: 4.4 out of 5

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This program is designed in a way that it takes a unified approach to transmission genetics, molecular genetics, cytogenetics, evolutionary genetics, molecular medicine, and developmental genetics. There is a focus on modern technological and experimental methodologies that are used in studying this field and genomics of prokaryotes, higher plants, and animals. Check our curation of Best Pathophysiology Courses.

Key USPs-

The introductory lectures help you to explore the different terms and concepts that will help you to build a strong foundation.

The classes are a combination of lectures and lab.

Reflect on how these mechanisms play a fundamental role in pathogenesis, treatment of diseases and maintenance of health.

The assessments will seek to emphasize important concepts.

The lectures are divided into sections which make it easy to follow along.

Duration: Self-paced

Rating: 4.4 out of 5

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So these were the 5 Best Genetics Classes, Course, Degree, Training & Certification available online for 2020. Hope you found what you were looking for. Wish you Happy Learning!

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5 Best Genetics Classes & Degree [2020] [UPDATED]

Genetics

Podcast: Let the light shineTackling eye disease with gene therapy – Genetic Literacy Project

In this episode, supported by the UK Medical Research Council, geneticist Kat Arney and reporter Georgia Mills explore how researchers are letting the light shine in, literally, by uncovering the underlying genetic faults that cause eye diseases and developing game-changing gene therapies to save sight.

Mills speaks with sight loss charity campaigner and fundraiser Ken Reid about his experiences of living with the genetic eye condition Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)a hereditary disease that causes the gradual degeneration of light-sensitive cells in the back of the eye. He first realized that something was wrong with his sight when he was a party-going teenager in the 1970s.

I always had very poor eyesight and couldnt understand how people could do things in the dark, he says. Most people probably dont remember what discos in the 70s were like, but they were just dark. You had this lovely interaction where it was very noisy, it was very dark and there were some flashing lights. I could see nothing and trying to find somebody to dance with was a real torment. I didnt know how people managed it!

At the MRC Human Genetics Unit in Edinburgh, Chloe Stanton is searching for the gene faults that underpin RP and other hereditary eye diseases, with more than 100 RP genes identified so far. To find out more about what all these genes actually do, her colleague Roly Megaw is growing tiny mini-eyes in the lab from reprogrammed stem cells originally derived from skin samples including one from Reid himself.

Finally, Robin Ali at Kings College London is running clinical trials of gene therapy for inherited eye disorders. Theres been impressive progress in recent years, and Ali is hopeful that treatments will come through for people like Reid.

In the 25 years Ive been working on developing gene therapy for retinal degeneration, weve seen huge advances. I think we couldnt imagine how far we could come. I remember when I first started, we were working out ways to deliver genes to the retina and we were pleased if we saw just one or two cells that had taken up a virus and maybe expressing a gene for a couple of weeks. We are now able to rescue dozens of different animal models highly effectively. Its just a matter of time until this technology can be applied as effectively to humans.

Full transcript, links and references available online at GeneticsUnzipped.com

Genetics Unzippedis the podcast from the UKGenetics Society,presented by award-winning science communicator and biologistKat Arneyand produced byFirst Create the Media.Follow Kat on Twitter@Kat_Arney,Genetics Unzipped@geneticsunzip,and the Genetics Society at@GenSocUK

Listen to Genetics Unzipped onApple Podcasts(iTunes)Google Play,Spotify,orwherever you get your podcasts

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Podcast: Let the light shineTackling eye disease with gene therapy - Genetic Literacy Project