How much you believe in God could be wired to your brain, study suggests – The Christian Post

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In Hebrews 11:1in the Bible, faith is described as the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. Now, according to a new study by Georgetown University neuroscientists, the strength of one's faith in God is likely linked to the brain.

In their study, Implicit pattern learning predicts individual differences in belief in God in the United States and Afghanistan, published this month in the journal Nature Communications, the neuroscientists found that an individuals ability to unconsciously predict complex patterns, through an ability known as implicit pattern learning, had a strong correlation with the strength of their belief in a god who creates patterns of events in the universe.

This is not a study about whether God exists, this is a study about why and how brains come to believe in gods. Our hypothesis is that people whose brains are good at subconsciously discerning patterns in their environment may ascribe those patterns to the hand of a higher power, the studys senior investigator, Adam Green, an associate professor in the department of psychology and interdisciplinary program in neuroscience at Georgetown, said in a release.

The Georgetown study, which involved a predominantly Christian group of 199 participants from Washington, D.C., and a group of 149 Muslim participants in Kabul, Afghanistan, is the first of its kind to explore religious belief through implicit pattern learning.

Adam Weinberger, a postdoctoral researcher in Greens lab at Georgetown and at the University of Pennsylvania, was the studys lead author. Co-authors Zachery Warren and Fathali Moghaddam led a team of Afghan researchers who collected data in Kabul.

To measure the implicit pattern learning ability of participants in the study, researchers used a well-established cognitive test in which they had to watch a sequence of dots appear and disappear quickly on a computer screen.

They pressed a button for each of the moving dots but some participants in the study the ones who registered the strongest implicit learning ability began to subconsciously learn the patterns hidden in the sequence. They pressed the button for dots before they appeared. Even the best implicit learners in the study did not know that the dots formed patterns which demonstrated that the learning had happened at an unconscious level.

The study showed that even among children, those with implicit pattern learning ability were more likely to increase belief in God even if they were raised in a household that was not religious.

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The most interesting aspect of this study, for me, and also for the Afghan research team, was seeing patterns in cognitive processes and beliefs replicated across these two cultures, Warren said. Afghans and Americans may be more alike than different, at least in certain cognitive processes involved in religious belief and making meaning of the world around us. Irrespective of ones faith, the findings suggest exciting insights into the nature of belief.

While noting that further research was needed, Green said: A brain that is more predisposed to implicit pattern learning may be more inclined to believe in a god no matter where in the world that brain happens to find itself, or in which religious context.

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How much you believe in God could be wired to your brain, study suggests - The Christian Post

Are The Big Bang Cast Really Smart? Ranking The Actors On Their University Degrees – Screen Rant

Most of the characters on The Big Bang Theory have advanced degrees, but what educational background do the actors have - and who is a dropout?

Science and geeky smarts are at the heart ofThe Big Bang Theory,and the CBS sitcom has charmed audiences around the world with the plucky physicists and aerospace engineers at the center of it. But whereas their characters hold multiple Ph.D.s and could hold their own alongside guest stars like Bill Nye, the cast is varying degrees of academically accomplished.

RELATED:The Big Bang Theory: Every Character Ranked By Likability

Leonard, Sheldon, Raj, and Howard get their expertise fromUCLA professor David Saltzberg, tasked with supplying technical material for jokes that have to factually check out, but only Raj (Kunal Nayyar) has the superior space knowledge. Though the cast ranges from holding degrees in neuroscience to being high school dropouts, they're some of the highest-paid actors in television history, so a few Ph.D.s aren't standing in the way of their stardom.

Genius Leonard Hofstadtermight have gotten his PhD at 24, but theonly time Johnny Galecki spent at college was when he and the cast went to UCLA to visit the physics departmentto gather initial research for the show. But what he lacked in book smarts he made up for in street smarts, and thatwashim really playing the cello!

Born in Bree, Belgium, Galecki's American parents moved constantly due to his father's position in the US Air Force. According to him, he's a self-professed "school drop out"at 14 who constantly ditched class, and wanted topursue his dream of acting. When he started work onRoseanne,his most famous series outside ofThe Big Bang Theory,he was in his early teens and living completely on his own.

In some ways Kaley Cuoco may get a pass for not understanding the scientific concepts thrown around her at warp speed by the rest of the gang, because as Penny she was never expected to. In interviews, Cuoco has said that she hasn't picked up on anything they've been talking about even after more than a decade.

RELATED:The Big Bang Theory: Pennys Slow Transformation Over The Years (In Pictures)

Cuoco received her general education via home schooling, enabling her to graduate two years ahead of most of her peers. This freed her up to begin working onseries like8 Simple Rules.While she studied, she also ranked regionally as an amateur tennis player, from the time she was 3 until shewas 16.

BernadetteRostenkowski pursued her degree in microbiology, something which actress Melissa Rauch knew nothing about prior to joining the cast but enjoyed exploring (her favorite experiment involvedrhesus monkeys). Bernadette did grow up in a religious household, something the character shares with Rauch.

While attending Marlboro High School, Rauch became interested in acting and improvisation, going so far as to make her Bat Mitzvah a Comedy Club" theme. She graduated from Marymount Manhattan College in New York City with a focus on art and acting, and even produced her own performance piece that toured in Los Angeles.

John Ross Bowie, who played snide physicist Barry Kripke, almost didn't pursue acting at all, having grown up in New York City's theater district and seen so many of his friends struggle. He knew if he never pursued it he'd regret it, but he could have easily fallen back on a career as a writer thanks to his English degree from Ithaca College.

Prior to her debut onThe Big Bang Theoryas Raj's fiancee Anu,Rati Gupta was on a pre-med track at Northwestern University, where she also double majored in dance and psychology. She was a "medical geek" before ultimately deciding that dancing was her true love.

RELATED:The Big Bang Theory: Heres Who The Cast Is Married To IRL

She moved to Los Angeles and decided to become a hip-hop dancer, and her work can be seen in videos for Flo Rida and Lupe Fiasco, among others. Her commitment to excellence certainly reflected the all-business no-nonsense hotel concierge that Raj's parents arranged for him to marry.

It didn't take much for Kevin Sussman to relate to Stuart Bloom, who's only interest seemed to be in comic books and getting women's phone numbers, because the writers drew from his own experienceworking at a mom and pop comic shop in New York Cityduring his college years.

Sussman attended the College of Staten Island for a year before he went on to graduate from Manhattan's American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His theater training was finalized by studying under acting coach Uta Hagen for an additional four years,before hemoved to Los Angeles to pursue his love of acting, cast soon after as Betty's boyfriend Walter onUgly Betty.

Asastrophysicist Raj Koothrappali, Kunal Nayyarneeded to sound knowledgeable about the cosmos, and as it turns out Nayyar is adept at topics of space, evidenced by his great success duringa pop quiz via Huffpost Live.

Nayyar pursued his higher education at the University of Portland, Oregon, earning a BA in Business Administration. He got bitten by the acting bug and, after participating in the American College Theater Festival, decided to attend Temple University in Philedelphia, where he received a Master of Fine Arts in theater. He's also a published author, and his bookYes, My Accent Is Realis out now.

Though he played engineer Howard Wolowitz onThe Big Bang Theory,Simon Helberg has admitted in interviews that in order to get Howard's space dialogue down, he had to study the scripts very carefully, and get thehelp of real engineers on the set.

RELATED:The Big Bang Theory: 5 Times Howard Was An Overrated Character (& 5 He Was Underrated)

Herlberg studied acting at New York University's famous Tisch School of Arts, and trained with the Atlantic Theater Company. Howard may have been delusional when it came to dating women but he was great at the piano, and Helberg's real skills as a pianist were allowed to shine.

Sheldon Cooper may have been known for rattling off extensive monologues overflowing with polysyllabic science jargon, butJim Parsons doesn't have a degree in science, and had to study his dialogue like a foreign language he recitedwithout knowing its meaning.

Parsons received his undergraduate degree from the University of Houston, andreceived his master's degree from the University of San Diego in classical theater. A well respected thespian, Parsons has long been found on the stage, and will soon be seen on Broadway for the new revival of "The Boys in the Band," which is produced by Ryan Murphy and David Stone.

Of all the cast, Mayim Bialik is the only one to have an actual degree relevant to her character - neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler. Bialik has a PhD in neuroscience from the Universe of California, Los Angeles, and was able to understand a great deal of the dialogue she was given to recite, making her expertise grounded in reality.

Prior to pursuing higher education, Bialik was a child star, appearing on the '90s hit seriesBlossom.When she's not onThe Big Bang Theory,she can be found discussing neuroscience and the behavioral hormone bonding between mothers and infants.

NEXT:Every Major Big Bang Theory Character If They Were A Bad Ex-Boyfriend

Next SNL: 10 Best Recurring Weekend Update Characters, Ranked

Kayleena has been raised on Star Wars and Indiana Jones from the crib. A film buff, she has a Western collection of 250+ titles and counting that she's particularly proud of. When she isn't writing for ScreenRant, CBR, or The Gamer, she's working on her fiction novel, lifting weights, going to synthwave concerts, or cosplaying. With degrees in anthropology and archaeology, she plans to continue pretending to be Lara Croft as long as she can.

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Are The Big Bang Cast Really Smart? Ranking The Actors On Their University Degrees - Screen Rant

Neuroscience Market to Witness a Pronounce Growth During 2020 to 2025 – Scientect

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The research report covers an extensive gist of the Neuroscience market with regards to certain vital aspects. A brief synopsis of the business, in addition to the market share, growth potential, and an in-depth application spectrum are provided in the study. Also included in the report is a concise brief about the main manufacturers of this industry that accumulate the maximum returns. In essence, the Neuroscience market research report aims to provide a pivotal synopsis of the industry pertaining to current and future trends.

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Neuroscience Market to Witness a Pronounce Growth During 2020 to 2025 - Scientect

California Doing Okay, Not Bad, on Walkability But It’s a Low Bar – Streetsblog California

In 2015, the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action to promote walking and walkable communities to encourage Americans to take up this simple physical activity to improve their health.

Safe Routes Partnership is using the five-year anniversary of this directive to call attention to what states are doing in response. This summer, the organization issued a report card grading each state on a range of metrics related to encouraging walkable communities.

Californias grade is: Not Terrible. The state earned the highest overall score of all fifty states: 163 points out of a total of 200. The scores are based on metrics like whether the states have policies or offer funding in support of walkability, whether they focus on high-need communities, and whether they do anything to support active schools and neighborhoods.

But its a low bar. Many states have no Complete Streets policy whatsoever, for example. Also, an increasing number of states are diverting federal money meant for active transportation to other purposes like highways. And 21 states offer no state funding at all for active transportation.

California, on the other hand, not only puts its own money into its Active Transportation Program, but it has not opted to use any federal active transportation money for other uses. Also, Caltrans first adopted a statewide Complete Streets policy in 2014. Although for many years that sat on the books as guidance largely ignored by its engineers, that is much less true today. That is, a strong push to seriously consider what it means to take into account all road users is taking shape. This is happening both as a result of pressure from advocates and elected leaders as well as within Caltrans itself, stemming from years of work setting up new programs and training employees as well as new leadership willing to focus on active transportation.

There is still work to be done, of course. The states Complete Streets policy only rates five of a total of ten possible points according to Safe Routes National Partnerships rubric, which is fair. Caltrans policy states, rather vaguely, that The Department provides for the needs of travelers of all ages and abilities in all planning, programming, design, construction, operations, and maintenance activities and products on the State Highway System. While travelers should include everybody no matter which mode they use, this leaves an awful lot of wiggle room.

Where California really gets dinged is in its lack of funding for Safe Routes to Schools. This is especially true for programming that encourages active transportation, whether it be through education, events, or other ways of getting people out walking or biking. This has been an ongoing issue with Californias Active Transportation Program, which has tended to reflect leadership preferences for building infrastructure rather than funding what they tend to see as amorphous, ambivalent, squishy strategies to change human behavior despite the fact that events like CicLAvia and bike education programs can have a profound influence on said behavior.

Appropriately, the Safe Route Partnerships rubric divides state scores into the general categories of Lacing Up, Warming Up, Making Strides, and Building Speed. That last, highest category has only been reached by two states, California and Massachusetts. It seems fitting: California cities are, with the exception of a few small areas, utterly car-dependent in a way that means walking for transportation still lies somewhere between difficult and dangerous in most places. California has started the work, and built a bit on its foundation, but the results so far are spotty.

So: Okay, California, not too bad. Keep up the good work.

Find Californias report here [PDF], and information about the scoring system, and other state scores, here.

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California Doing Okay, Not Bad, on Walkability But It's a Low Bar - Streetsblog California

Reframing the Importance of Industry 4.0: Protect to promote – ITProPortal

The unprecedented pace at which businesses have been forced to adapt since the onset of Covid-19 has led to a revaluation of what is desired - and what is necessary - when it comes to future-proofing operations. In the case of manufacturing, the fallout from the pandemic has been twofold; the immediate need to protect workers through minimizing exposure to the virus and now, increasingly prevalent, the economic concerns in regard to reduced output.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) suggests that overall industrial production in the United States has experienced the sharpest decline since the country demobilized after World War Two. The dual concerns of health and long-term stability are not easily solved in tandem, with one often to the detriment of the other. New forms of lean manufacturing, however, do possess the potential to simultaneously protect and promote organizations. The WEF claims Industry 4.0 technologies are necessary for survival. While true, this statement does not paint the full picture. Innovation will become the lifeblood of manufacturing in the years to come; not just to get-by, but to fuel smarter rebuilding than weve ever seen previously.

The truth is that our finest moments are most likely to occur when we are feeling deeply uncomfortable. -M. Scott Peck

Although a reference to human behavior at an individual level, psychiatrist M. Scott Pecks assessment of discovering a better way through discomfort can also be applied to businesses and industries in todays world. The current challenge - one that could have been foreseen in a general sense but is nigh on impossible to prepare for - has forced manufacturers to question the very foundations of their operations.

According to the latest research from McKinsey, 39 percent of manufacturers have already implemented a nerve-center or control-tower approach, to increase end-to-end transparency across the whole of the supply chain. In addition, almost a quarter want to fast-track automation programs, in a bid to help stem worker shortages following Covid-19. Granted, much of this would have been implemented at some point in the near future, but the shock of removing workers from factory floors almost overnight, along with a reduced capacity for production, has forced the hand of manufacturing leadership and resulted in a re-prioritization of certain technologies.

The silver lining for manufacturing is that, as an industry, it was already primed for evolution. Around 80 percent of process lines included some form of automation before the pandemic hit, so the groundwork was already there. The removal of the human 20 percent naturally brought things to a halt - as a business, you cannot deliver 80 percent of a project or only build 80 percent of a product - but the distance needed to travel to fill the gap does not represent a particularly big leap of faith. Especially because the shift to adopting robots is not technological; it is purely socio-psychological.

Technology has always been leaps and bounds ahead of public perception. When it comes to robots, however, there has been a whole generation that grew up with the Terminators and the iRobots of this world. It means the existing narrative around robots is predominately one of threat, which then trickles down within industry to manifest in the idea that robots will take jobs. This is far from the truth. In fact, manufacturing can become synonymous with early-adoption, full-scale robotics, that allows for businesses to redefine where real value from both person and machine is added.

Greater automation is supported by the availability of predictive analytics on factory floors and within supply chains, which many manufacturers have already embraced. Achieved through a web of connected sensors and nodes, this technology can help businesses extend the life cycles of the industrial devices on their roster by knowing the exact state of each machine. These techniques also provide the infrastructure for other Industry 4.0 technologies, including robots, as the sensors can track performance in near real-time and identify where additional opportunities can be incorporated into the manufacturing proposition. In other words, it is the existence of data-driven, smart machinery that can boost confidence in an automation uptake.

The introduction of advanced robotics alongside this IoT machinery, therefore, is the next logical step, and will allow businesses to physically protect employees, retrain workers, and learn from current pitfalls induced by Covid-19. A largely roboticized supply chain would change the role of human beings as those boots on the ground workers. Moving into supervisory roles or freshly created ones, a lot of which can be done remotely, would allow more people to contribute to the discovery of new innovations within manufacturing, and ensure talent is retained within the industry.

Greater innovation and output, however, is not simply realized through individual pieces of robotics hardware. Software has a vital role to play and will, in fact, be the aspect that allows manufacturers to not only survive but actually thrive.

Manufacturer owned robotics app stores, where businesses can tap into software to increase the purpose of their robotics hardware, will allow manufacturers to modify what their hardware can produce or the services they provide. This will enable all companies to prepare for the highest and lowest levels of demand, to fully optimize their robotic workforce and be ready for any unforeseen developments. In other words, downtime at a minimum at the worst of times and streamlined activity at the best. It is the modular capabilities of robots, via an app store, that will allow the manufacturing industry to be more flexible when unpredicted challenges present themselves.

Over time, software will replace hardware as the fundamental element in a robots value. Security and reliability will remain the building blocks, with collaboration opening the doors to smarter robots, able to extend their lifespans through a range of third-party apps. To address this need, containerized software packages - easy to create, safe to run, and able to update automatically and transactionally - have begun to emerge. Once a manufacturer opens up a robots APIs, 3rd party developers can create their own programs and evolve the use cases of a machine. The real value of a robot, therefore, will soon arrive alongside a comprehensive app store, which continually adds value to the hardware by extending its functionality.

The fact that Industry 4.0 is a collection of technologies means that it is often regarded as a form of high-level thinking and not entirely practical to implement, especially when industries like manufacturing are experiencing issues. But as individuals and organizations adapt to a culture of new priorities - the dual concerns of health and economic stability - intelligent infrastructure and roboticized workforces can help alleviate some of the strain. Together they represent the building blocks of manufacturings path out of the current landscape, and can position businesses to subsequently thrive.

Industry 4.0 will not only identify issues within a manufacturers supply chain preemptively, but contribute to more intuitive processes: better results, less downtime, and the removal of unexpected costs. Overlaying every device with IoT intelligence can be the answer to the pressures the manufacturing industry currently faces.

Tom Canning, Vice President of IoT and Devices, Canonical - The company behind Ubuntu

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Reframing the Importance of Industry 4.0: Protect to promote - ITProPortal

"Enemies of the State" director on the twisty new doc with "too many secrets still in the story" – Salon

The legal cases against Matthew DeHart are the subject of the fascinating documentary "Enemies of the State," which received its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival last week.

Directed by Sonia Kennebeck, and executive produced by Errol Morris, the film chronicles what happened after DeHart,who is described as "a pioneer with Anonymous and Wikileaks,"is investigated for allegedly possessing child pornography. The accused, along with his parents, Paul and Leann, insist that these are trumped-up charges. DeHart claims he possessed sensitive information he received over the dark web that the government wants, and they are using the legal caseto target him and get access to his computer files.

But, as someone in the film asks, "Where do you go if the U.S. government has you on National Security offenses?" Matt and his parents are a patriotic military family, however, given this situation, they pack up in the middle of the night and seek asylum in Canada. DeHart was eventually jailed; moreover, he claims he was tortured in prison.

"Enemies of the State" unpacks this twisty story, which was also covered by journalist Adrian Humphreys, who is interviewed in the film. Kennebeck uses recreations of events, original audio recordings, and testimonies from police, lawyersand others involved in the case, along with the interviews with the DeHart family, to ferret out the truth. What is revealed is both surprising and perhaps not. It all depends on who or what viewers believe: Is DeHart a criminal or a scapegoat? What happened to the USB drive with the sensitive files?

Salon spoke with Kennebeck about the DeHart case and her intriguing new film.

Perhaps one of the most revealing anecdotes in the film is one that his high school buddy Josh Weinstein provides about Matt running for student body president. I am curious what your impression of Matt is?

I think he is an enigma. I spent so many years digging into the story, and it was a challenging investigation. I think what's important to know is that we went into the story with an open mind. We didn't know the outcome when we embarked on this investigation and journey. As time went along, we interviewed the parents and people who knew [Matt] as well as prosecutors and detectives. [We were curious] to hear from Matt himself and not just through an interview on a prison phone line, where everything was recorded.

As Adrian Humphreys says about some of the questions we have in his case, Matt might be the only one to answer them in the absence of a number of documents and parts of the investigation.

What attracted you to tell this story which involves untangling the truth and lies? The real issue of "Enemies of the State" may be deciding who or what to believe. Someone is an unreliable narrator here.

I gravitate towards these types of stories. I'm interested in stories that have a lot of secrecy. I love researching and investigating. I first heard about Matt during production of "National Bird." When I heard it involves Anonymous, Wikileaks, the FBI, child pornography, and torture there are so many strange elements, I wanted to get to the bottom of it. My production team and I wanted to make a film about alleged U.S. government torture, so that connected us to the Matt DeHart story. But we realized very quickly there is another side to it, and we found different perspectives. As we went along, it was clearer to me that it was a film and a story about the truth. Through trying to find truth in the world we live in now, where so many strange stories exist on the internet, this film became a timely piece and a commentary on the times. We have trouble figuring out what to believe and how to get to the bottom of things.

You use interviews and reenactments as well as audio recordings to tell this story which practically folds in on itself. I admire the high-wire balancing act. Can you talk about access to the subjects and how you constructed the narrative?

What I tried to do is take the audience on the investigation we went on. We disclosed the steps and timeline as we received information, so the viewer could experience what we experienced, because that is the most accurate approach to a complicated story like this. When we started interviewing people it was clear how much was "he said/she said," and how contradictory their statements were.

My editor did an excellent job. We gathered all the evidence and went through the story and timeline and used as many documents as we could to show as much reliable information and present that to the audience so they could piece together the story and form their own opinion. Human behavior is complicated.

That's the beauty of the film too; you have the voices, and sound is important because there is so much original audio, but then the visuals and the music and what you see in people's eyes the film presents all these dimensions.

There is a discussion in the film by journalist Adrian Humphreys who talks about an image of DeHart. A photo of him looking bleary-eyed in an orange prison jumpsuit was sent for publication. DeHart, of course, preferred a smiling photo of him in a Canadian hockey shirt. There is a manipulation of representation. Can you talk about that and how you, as a filmmaker, confront the image that best reflects the story versus one that might show bias?

That soundbite has so much depth it represents how on one hand, the journalist has to be fair, and should try to listen to and ask questions of both sides, whenever possible. The government too, often blocks interview requests, and has too much secrecy. As journalists and investigative reporters, we try to get to the bottom of things. But we must acknowledge that there are opposing viewpoints that people try to present their story in the best possible way and in the best light. Humphreys understands this and tells us to pay attention and be critical about what you are being presented.

What we are doing, and the images in the film, are very important and the credit goes to my cinematographer. The images in the film often carry multiple messages. We have a shot of Matt sitting in his room reflected in multiple mirrors. That image represents the [multiple] sides of the story, and we tried to use film as a medium to its fullest.

The documentary has footage and recreations that were done with accuracy and thought. A lot of the film is what you believe and want to believe but also how the surveillance state induces paranoia. When we investigate stories like this, what we know is that the U.S. government has been doing terrible things: torture, the drone program, mass data collection, surveillance. etc. That is the world we live in. There is a history of government misconduct in this country.

I don't want to spoil anything, but the film team makes a startling discovery. And someone does state what may have been on the USB drive, which would be pretty shocking iftrue. What surprised you about the DeHart case in making this film?

There were a lot of things that we didn't see coming. What is on the USB drive, and when it was revealed to us of course, you need to see the evidence as a journalist. All the attorneys were speculating where these drives could be.

One of the questions the film asks is how do people take a stance when there is incomplete information? I love the point that people need to think critically; it's just not done enough. What are your observations on that?

What I take away is that you really have to go into a true investigation with an open mind and be open to different opinions and perspectives. I want people to probe and investigate, listen and question, and think critically. The story isn't entirely over.

Where do your sympathies lie?

There is a reason I'm not including my voice in the film. I think there are too many secrets still in the story, and I think part of it is the responsibility of the government classifying too many documents. I have a lot more questions. I gave everyone who wanted to speak with us an opportunity to present their perspective. We presented all the evidence we could find. I'm not a judge or jury, but it is important for people to think for themselves and come to their own conclusion.

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"Enemies of the State" director on the twisty new doc with "too many secrets still in the story" - Salon

She Lost Her Son to Suicide, Then Created a Foundation to Help Others – Healthline

Lee Thompson Young was a bright light and accomplished actor. At 13 years old, he appeared in the Disney Channels original series The Famous Jett Jackson.

A few years later, he went on to star in a McDonalds commercial with Michael Jordan.

From there, he landed roles in various prime-time television shows, such as Friday Night Lights, Smallville, and Scrubs, as well as films, including The Hills Have Eyes 2.

While his career was flourishing, Young began struggling with mental health issues.

In his late teens, he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a mental health condition that is associated with episodes of mood changes ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.

He managed his illness with medication and therapy for several years, all while continuing to build a successful acting career and being a loving brother and son.

However, in 2013, Young died by suicide at 29 years old.

At the time, I didnt live near Lee. I lived across the country. When Id talk to him on the phone, I couldnt tell he was in crisis. He was a very good actor, his mother, Velma Love, told Healthline.

Love remembers her son as a caring, kind person who was deeply aware of social issues and sought out creative ways to impact society. To memorialize his life, Love and her daughter, Tamu Lewis, established the Lee Thompson Young Foundation in 2014.

Losing Lee was a tremendous shock, and immediately it brought to my mind the need for more education about mental illness, especially the stigma associated with it. We [wanted] to do something to help other people and prevent other families from losing someone by suicide, said Love.

The Lee Thompson Young Foundation focuses on erasing the stigma associated with mental illness through various awareness efforts, including its Mind program.

The Mind program is for administrators and school personnel working with children K-12 so they can learn the broad spectrum of mental health trends, what to look for in children, when to recognize help is needed, and how to create bridges to resources in their communities, Stephanie E. Johnson, owner of NaviPsych and executive director of the Lee Thompson Young Foundation, told Healthline.

Johnson also developed a 5-week resilience and training program on behalf of the foundation based on psychological principles and techniques of Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Daniel Golemans Emotional Intelligence, and the Needs, Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Behavior (NEICB) model.

The program teaches participants (both students and school personnel) to nurture their overall mental wellness by:

We ask teachers to be moved to do their own training and experience it for themselves, so they can relate to kids and engage with them firsthand, Johnson said.

She is working to expand the foundations efforts with new offerings, such as online mindfulness sessions, in which a therapist teaches young adults how to cope with anxiety and depression.

This is geared toward college students because there is not enough support for them as they transition out of high school and go to college. They are a vulnerable group right now. We want to provide something easy to access that will help them self-regulate and self-empower, said Johnson.

The foundation also recently partnered with The Gottman Institute, which aims to help families create and maintain healthy relationships.

We will be working together to provide an emotion coaching program for parents because being home working and managing children all day long is a huge challenge right now, said Johnson.

The organizations latest endeavor is partnering with the AAKOMA Project, which offers teletherapy.

We are paying for 20 sessions for individuals who are looking to get help right away. When people are in crisis, its about surviving and meeting the basic needs of food, shelter, and safety. This program allows people to get mental health support without them having to think about it or stress about it and create more anxiety around it, Johnson said.

When Young was first diagnosed with bipolar disorder, his mom wasnt familiar with the condition.

I had a friend who was a mental health counselor who I spoke with because I didnt know anything about the condition. She told me about suicide and how prevalent it was, but it was something I didnt even register at the time, said Love.

According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, 46% of people who die by suicide have a diagnosed mental health condition, and 90% of people who die by suicide have experienced symptoms of a mental health condition.

While people with severe mental illness, such as depression and bipolar disorder, are at increased risk for suicide, Julie Cerel, PhD, licensed psychologist and past president of the American Association of Suicidology (AAS), says not everyone who has these illnesses will die by suicide.

In fact, a greater percentage of people with schizophrenia and eating disorders die by suicide than those with depression and bipolar disorder. Depression is quite common and, fortunately, a small percentage of people with depression die by suicide even though popularly, people think of depression being the only cause of suicide, Cerel told Healthline.

She adds that while mental health conditions play a role in suicide, not all suicide is the result of mental health issues.

Many people who die by suicide do not have diagnosable mental health problems, but also have relationship problems, physical health problems, job- or money-related stress, legal or housing problems. It is important for people to know that mental health issues are common and treatable and to reduce the stigma of getting help, said Cerel.

The stigma to get help is especially present in the African American community, says Love.

In African American communities, there is such a stigma that people dont want to talk about it or get treatment. Whenever I give public presentations, there are people who will come up to me and speak in their hushed tones about a family member who needs help, but they do not openly talk about it. With suicide there are all kinds of judgment placed on families, Love said.

Part of the stigma is due to mental health disparities experienced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. Cerel says these disparities are also an issue in suicide prevention.

Following the death of George Floyd in May, the AAS issued a statement pledging to become anti-racist.

Other leaders in the field of suicide prevention pledged to make change too.

The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention set out to make diversity a priority for grants. Vibrant Emotional Health, which operates the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, distributed tip sheets to mental health professionals that give guidance on how to talk about racism and civil unrest.

Love believes more efforts like these are needed.

The larger scope of the problem beyond the therapeutic needs and clinical practices and programs is the stress factors of being Black in America, she said.

We live in a highly racially charged environment, and the day-to-day life and microaggressions that happen, the fear that is exacerbated whenever a child watches a shooting on TV all those factors contribute to the need for mental health professionals and well-being counselors and therapies and modalities.

Love added, As a cultural worker and educator, I see the systemic issues that are so imbedded in this society, and these are issues Lee was concerned about.

The foundation in her sons memory plans to address these issues.

Its a matter of having more conversations and addressing things in gentle ways. For the Black community, and African men, boys, and teenagers, we are present, said Johnson.

The reasons people become suicidal are complex, and Cerel says that there isnt one type of person who attempts or dies by suicide. In fact, people of all races, ages, and walks of life can be suicidal.

The biggest warning sign that someone may be suicidal is if they talk about suicide, says Cerel.

It is really OK to ask someone if they are thinking of suicide if you are worried about them. You wont put any ideas in their head that arent there already. Having the means to end their lives can be fatal, so someone who is suicidal with a firearm is at risk. It is best to figure out how to separate people who are suicidal from the means they could use, she said.

The most common misconception she wants to debunk is that people who are suicidal are selfish.

In fact, their brain is telling them that the people they love would be better off without them. This is one of the great tragedies of suicide, as each suicide touches about 135 people we found in our work, and those left behind often have their lives permanently changed, Cerel said.

If you are in need of help or know someone who is, contact:

Cathy Cassata is a freelance writer who specializes in stories around health, mental health, and human behavior. She has a knack for writing with emotion and connecting with readers in an insightful and engaging way. Read more of her work here.

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She Lost Her Son to Suicide, Then Created a Foundation to Help Others - Healthline

Sharp attention explains why the early bird gets the worm – UB News Center

BUFFALO, N.Y. Many of the characteristics related to auditory attention in birds match those of humans, according to a study from the University at Buffalo.

The findings published in the journal PLOS ONE provide novel insights into evolutionary survival mechanisms, and are the first to behaviorally measure the cognitive process responsible for a non-human animals ability to segregate and respond to meaningful targets heard in simultaneous sound streams.

Though previous research had explored auditory attention in animals, the experiments were clouded by anthropomorphism, which essentially put the cart before the horse, according to Micheal Dent, a professor of psychology in UBs College of Arts and Sciences, and lead author of the paper co-written with then-UB graduate student Huaizhen Cai, currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Pennsylvania.

People have been doing physiological experiments to find neural correlates to attention capture, but I always thought they did it backwards since at the time there was no evidence that animals have the same attention characteristics and limits that humans possess, says Dent. When you look for physiological correlates to something, you need to know first that the behavior exists.

We didnt know it existed then, but now we do.

Auditory attention is the ability to focus on specific sounds. Attention capture is the involuntary response to sound targets in the environment. For humans, auditory attention can mean having a conversation in a noisy room, but still recognizing and responding (attention capture) to hearing a name being called from a distance.

But what amounts largely to social utility for humans becomes a matter of survival for birds.

For animals trying to hone in on something in the environment, its critical that they respond to something like a big crash in a bush, which could signal the presence of a predator, but not a little one, which can likely be ignored, explains Dent. No one had ever measured this before in the auditory domain. They had measured it in the visual system, but never with sound.

As it turns out, auditory attention in birds is nearly as keen as it is in humans.

But testing auditory attention in animals is challenging given the difficulty of building a paradigm where animals have to ignore specific elements. For humans, the research method is straightforward: tell participants to pay attention to changes in one sound stream, but ignore changes in a different stream.

So to conduct their experiments, Dent and Cai trained seven adult budgerigars to peck a key that started a stream of tones, AAAA, for example. When one tones pitch in the sequence changed (AABA) the birds would peck another key.

The researchers then slowly introduced a background stream of tones the birds were supposed to ignore (CCCC), which they did, just as humans would ignore surrounding chatter and noise happening during a phone conversation.

What the birds had trouble ignoring was a frequency change to the background tones (CDCC), similar to the loud crash in the bush, a task also challenging to humans, according to Dent, an expert in the perception of complex auditory stimuli in birds and mammals.

Other factors that affected the birds attention were the saliency of the changes in the distractor. Bigger frequency changes in the background disrupted attention to the targets more so than smaller frequency changes. Also, the longer the birds listened to the background they were supposed to be ignoring, the easier it was for them to notice changes in the target streams.

Just like humans trying to pay attention to something, the longer they hone in on those sounds, the easier it is to ignore the background, says Dent.

Dent says shes currently involved in research to test her hypothesis with more ecologically relevant sounds.

We have results that demonstrate how the birds respond to pure tones, but are they equally proficient with bird calls? Dent asks. Thats what were testing next.

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Sharp attention explains why the early bird gets the worm - UB News Center

How Do I Know I’m Not the Only Conscious Being in the Universe? – Scientific American

It is a central dilemma of human lifemore urgent, arguably, than the inevitability of suffering and death. I have been brooding and ranting to my students about it for years. It surely troubles us more than ever during this plague-ridden era. Philosophers call it the problem of other minds. I prefer to call it the solipsism problem.

Solipsism, technically, is an extreme form of skepticism, at once utterly nuts and irrefutable. It holds that you are the only conscious being in existence. The cosmos sprang into existence when you became sentient, and it will vanish when you die. As crazy as this proposition seems, it rests on a brute fact: each of us is sealed in an impermeable prison cell of subjective awareness. Even our most intimate exchanges might as well be carried out via Zoom.

You experience your own mind every waking second, but you can only infer the existence of other minds through indirect means. Other people seem to possess conscious perceptions, emotions, memories, intentions, just as you do, but you cant be sure they do. You can guess how the world looks to me, based on my behavior and utterances, including these words you are reading, but you have no first-hand access to my inner life. For all you know, I might be a mindless bot.

Natural selection instilled in us the capacity for a so-called theory of minda talent for intuiting others emotions and intentions. But we have a countertendency to deceive each other, and to fear we are being deceived. The ultimate deception would be pretending youre conscious when youre not.

The solipsism problem thwarts efforts to explain consciousness. Scientists and philosophers have proposed countless contradictory hypotheses about what consciousness is and how it arises. Panpsychists contend that all creatures and even inanimate mattereven a single proton!possess consciousness. Hard-core materialists insist, conversely (and perversely), that not even humans are all that conscious.

The solipsism problem prevents us from verifying or falsifying these and other claims. I cant be certain that you are conscious, let alone a jellyfish, sexbot or doorknob. As long as we lack what neuroscientist Christof Koch calls a consciousness metera device that can measure consciousness in the same way that a thermometer measures temperaturetheories of consciousness will remain in the realm of pure speculation.

But the solipsism problem is far more than a technical philosophical matter. It is a paranoid but understandable response to the feelings of solitude that lurk within us all. Even if you reject solipsism as an intellectual position, you sense it, emotionally, whenever you feel estranged from others, whenever you confront the awful truth that you can never know, really know another person, and no one can really know you.

Religion is one response to the solipsism problem. Our ancestors dreamed up a supernatural entity who bears witness to our innermost fears and desires. No matter how lonesome we feel, how alienated from our fellow humans, God is always there watching over us. He sees our souls, our most secret selves, and He loves us anyway. Wouldnt it be nice to think so.

The arts, too, can be seen as attempts to overcome the solipsism problem. The artist, musician, poet, novelist says, This is how my life feels or This is how life might feel for another person. She helps us imagine what its like to be a Black woman trying to save her children from slavery, or a Jewish ad salesman wandering through Dublin, wondering whether his wife is cheating on him. But to imagine is not to know.

Some of my favorite works of art dwell on the solipsism problem. InIm thinking of ending thingsand earlier films, as well as his new novelAntkind, Charlie Kaufman depicts other people as projections of a disturbed protagonist. Kaufman no doubt hopes to help us, and himself, overcome the solipsism problem by venting his anxiety about it, but I find his dramatizations almost too evocative.

Love, ideally, give us the illusion of transcending the solipsism problem. You feel you really know someone, from the inside out, and she knows you. In moments of ecstatic sexual communion or mundane togethernesswhile youre eating pizza and watching The Alienist, sayyou fuse with your beloved. The barrier between you seems to vanish.

Inevitably, however, your lover disappoints, deceives, betrays you. Or, less dramatically, some subtle bio-cognitive shift occurs. You look at her as she nibbles her pizza and think, Who, what, is this odd creature? The solipsism problem has reemerged, more painful and suffocating than ever.

It gets worse. In addition to the problem of other minds, there is the problem of our own. As evolutionary psychologist Robert Trivers points out, we deceive ourselves at least as effectively as we deceive others. A corollary of this dark truth is that we know ourselves even less than we know others.

If a lion could talk, Wittgenstein said, we couldnt understand it. The same is true, I suspect, of our own deepest selves. If you could eavesdrop on your subconscious, youd hear nothing but grunts, growls and moansor perhaps the high-pitched squeaks of raw machine-code data coursing through a channel.

For the mentally ill, solipsism can become terrifyingly vivid. Victims of Capgras syndrome think that identical imposters have replaced their loved ones.If you have Cotards delusion, also known as walking corpse syndrome, you become convinced that you are dead.A much more common disorder is derealization, which makes everything--you, others, reality as whole--feel strange, phony, simulated

Derealization plagued me throughout my youth. One episode was self-induced. Hanging out with friends in high school, I thought it would be fun to hyperventilate, hold my breath and let someone squeeze my chest until I passed out. When I woke up, I didnt recognize my buddies. They were demons, jeering at me. For weeks after that horrifying sensation faded, everything still felt unreal, as if I were in a dreadful movie.

What if those afflicted with these alleged delusions actually see reality clearly? According to the Buddhist doctrine of anatta, the self does not really exist. When you try to pin down your own essence, to grasp it, it slips through your fingers.

We have devised methods for cultivating self-knowledge and quelling our anxieties, such as meditation and psychotherapy. But these practices strike me as forms of self-brainwashing. When we meditate or see a therapist, we are not solving the solipsism problem. We are merely training ourselves to ignore it, to suppress the horror and despair that it triggers.

We have also invented mythical places in which the solipsism problem vanishes. We transcend our solitude and merge with others into a unified whole. We call these places heaven, nirvana, the Singularity. But solipsism is a cave from which we cannot escapeexcept, perhaps, by pretending it doesnt exist. Or, paradoxically, by confronting it, the way Charlie Kaufman does. Knowing we are in the cave may be as close as we can get to escaping it.

Conceivably, technology could deliver us from the solipsism problem. Christof Koch proposes that we all get brain implants with wi-fi, so we can meld minds through a kind of high-tech telepathy. Philosopher Colin McGinn suggests a technique that involves brain-splicing, transferring bits of your brain into mine, and vice versa.

But do we really want to escape the prison of our subjective selves? The archnemesis of Star Trek: The Next Generation is the Borg, a legion of tech-enhanced humanoids who have fused into one big meta-entity. Borg members have lost their separation from each other and hence their individuality. When they meet ordinary humans, they mutter in a scary monotone, You will be assimilated. Resistance is futile.

As hard as solitude can be for me to bear, I dont want to be assimilated. If solipsism haunts me, so does oneness, a unification so complete that it extinguishes my puny mortal self. Perhaps the best way to cope with the solipsism problem in this weird, lonely time is to imagine a world in which it has vanished.

Further Reading:

Jellyfish, Sexbots and the Solipsism Problem

Do Fish Suffer?

Can Integrated Information Theory Explain Consciousness?

Dont Make Me One with Everything

Do We Need Brain Implants to Keep Up with Robots?

Rational Mysticism

See also my free, online book Mind-Body Problems: Science, Subjectivity & Who We Really Are and my upcoming book Pay Attention: Sex, Death, and Science, which describes what its like to be a neurotic science writer.

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How Do I Know I'm Not the Only Conscious Being in the Universe? - Scientific American

How the IVF procedure appeared in the USSR – Russia Beyond

The first children in the USSR born by IVF (in vitro fertilization) were described as diamond babies. It was also believed that they were born weak and ill. Here is our story about how the procedure came into being in the Soviet Union and what happened with the first diamond baby.

The history of IVF in the USSR began in 1955 at the Crimean Medical Institute, 25 years before the birth of American Louise Brown, the first child in the world conceived outside a womans body.

The Department of Histology and Embryology at the institute was then headed by scientist Boris Khvatov. He had actually already come up with the idea of artificial human fertilization back in 1939. From 1940, Khvatovs theory was being studied by his pupils and researchers at the institute. In 1954, one of his most talented pupils, postgraduate student Grigory Petrov, started conducting experiments on the artificial fertilization of animals. On November 10, 1955, Petrov performed the first artificial fertilization procedure using human eggs with the consent of a childless couple who were desperate to have a child.

Professor Boris Khvatov

The pregnancy succeeded and lasted 13 weeks, but ended in a miscarriage. A local scientist reported it to the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) and Khvatov was summoned to the committee for an interview.

Khvatov returned to the institute very morose. He gathered his team and said: I have nothing to lose, but you have everything ahead of you - I dont want to see your lives ruined. Perhaps we should stop the work? Everyone was silent. At the time, the department had been receiving sacks of letters, including from abroad, from childless couples asking for help, recalls Boris Trotsenko, one of Khvatovs pupils and now professor at the department of histology at the Crimea State Medical University.

Associate Professor G. N. Petrov takes credit from students

The CPSU regional committee prohibited the institute from conducting experiments on Soviet women. Khvatov continued working at the institute and, to the end of his life, attended conferences in Moscow and St. Petersburg, defending IVF as a method of helping childless couples. He passed away in 1975.

As for Petrov, he published nine research papers on IVF and then left the institute to look for a new job and an apartment. After unsuccessful attempts, he returned to the institute and taught anatomy. He also set up an anatomy museum on the premises of the medical institute. At the age of 60 he was forced to retire. Gardening was his passion until the end of his life. Grigory Petrov died in poverty in 1997.

April 1, 1989 A newborn in a medical incubator.

In 1969, Robert Edwards, a British scientist specializing in physiology and medicine, announced that he had developed an assisted reproductive technology. In 2010, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for his research. When Boris Trotsenko learnt about it, he went to the Abdal Cemetery in Simferopol and put four roses on the graves of Khvatov and Petrov - two yellow ones for Khvatov and two red roses for Petrov.

Four roses instead of the Nobel Prize, he remarked.

After the ban on further experiments by Khvatov, a group on early embryogenesis (the development and formation of the human embryo - ed.) was set up in 1965. It included medical researchers studying infertility.

After 21 years of experiments, the USSRs first successful artificial fertilization was performed by obstetrician-gynecologist Elena Kalinina and embryologist Valentin Lukin.

On February 7, 1986, the Soviet Unions first child conceived by IVF was born - Elena Dontsova (she later changed her first name to Alyona).

USSR. Moscow. February 1, 1989 In the laboratory of clinical embryology.

Only four clinics were then working to develop a method of in vitro fertilization: Two in Moscow, and one in Leningrad and Khabarovsk, respectively. We got a result first, although in the same year, the first children conceived by IVF were also born in other Soviet clinics, recalls fertility specialist, Doctor of Medical Sciences Elena Kalinina. She later received government prizes along with the other doctors who had taken part in the first IVF procedure.

All-Union research center for maternal and child health. USSR. Moscow. September 1, 1986 Professor B. Leonov, doctor E. Finogenova with twins near the mother's bed

She says that the first procedures required expensive equipment and highly skilled doctors. Because of this, children born by IVF were described as diamond babies. It was also considered that the children themselves could be born weak and ill and that the IVF method would never be accessible to ordinary patients. The IVF procedure costs around 200,000 rubles in Russia today (approx. $2,600). Under national projects to boost birth rates, free procedures are also available - in 2019, 80,000 procedures were carried out without charge.

Russian clinics are no worse and frequently even better than many foreign clinics, Kalinina believes.

Elena Dontsova, the USSR's first IVF child, passed her childhood in Ukraine and went to university in Sevastopol, Crimea. There, she met her husband and, in 2007, gave birth to a son naturally. Elena Dontsovas pregnancy was managed by the same Elena Kalinina who had helped bring her into the world.

Elena Dontsova, the first child in the USSR conceived with IVF

In 2009, Elena and her husband moved to Moscow, where she heads an agency that produces outdoor and indoor advertising. Elena and her first husband divorced, but she remarried and dreams of having more children.

I dream of having twins. My future husband had twins in his family, both on his mothers and his fathers side. I very much hope that we'll have twins, too, Dontsova said in a RIA Novosti interview.

Elena Dontsova, the first child in the USSR conceived with IVF

Dontsova sometimes takes part in TV programs about IVF. In one of them she narrates, a representative of the Russian Orthodox Church spoke up against IVF on the grounds that it contradicted Gods will.

I objected and replied: You say that everything happens by Gods will, but given that mankind has made this [IVF - ed.] possible, it means that it was also Gods will. He was unable to give me an answer, Dontsova says.

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