Cell Biology

Study reports chemical mechanism that boosts enzyme observed in cancer – Newswise

Newswise A new study led by scientists at IUPUI and Indiana University Bloomington is the first to describe a biochemical mechanism that increases the activity of a molecule whose presence is observed in many types of cancer.

The molecule, an enzyme called Pif1helicase, plays a role in many important cellular processes in the body. Tightly regulating this protein is vital to genome stability because too little -- or too much -- activity can influence aging and age-related diseases, primarily cancer. A common cancer therapy, HDAC inhibitors, can also trigger a spike in this enzyme.

"Currently, we're giving people drugs that increase Pif activity without fully knowing how it affects other parts of the cell that play a role in genome stability," said Lata Balakrishnan, an associate professor of biology in the School of Science at IUPUI, who is co-lead author on the study.

"HDAC inhibitors upregulate certain tumor-suppression genes, and therefore are used in combination therapies to treat specific cancers, but when it comes to their impact on other parts of the cell, we're basically operating in the dark."

The study's other lead author is Matthew Bochman, an associate professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. Other co-authors are Christopher Sausen and Onyekachi E. Ononye, Ph.D. students in Bochman's and Balakrishnan's labs, respectively, at the time of the study.

The mechanism described in the study is the effect of lysine acetylation on Pif1. Lysine acetylation occurs when a small molecule called an acetyl group binds to lysine, an amino acid used to build common proteins in the body. This action transforms lysine from a positively charged molecule to a neutrally charged molecule. This neutralization can impact protein function, protein stability and protein-protein interaction in cells, among other things.

Helicases are known as the genetic "zippers" of cells because they pull apart DNA for the purpose of genetic replication and repair. They also help maintain telomeres, the structure at the end of chromosomes that shorten as people age.

In the new study, the researchers identified lysine acetylation on Pif1 helicase and showed the addition of the acetyl group increases the protein's activity -- as well as its "unzipping" function. They also found that lysine acetylation changes the shape -- or "conformation" -- of the Pif1 protein. They believe that this shape change increases the amount of Pif1 helicase.

"The dynamic interplay of the addition and removal of the acetyl group on lysine regulates a wide variety of proteins within the cell," Balakrishnan said. "Perturbations to this process can play a role in cancer, aging, inflammatory responses and even addiction-related behaviors."

"As a class, helicases are involved in a lot of processes necessary for genome integrity," Bochman added. "Any significant failure in these processes is generally carcinogenic."

The precise details of lysine acetylation in Pif1, its effect of the enzyme's shape and the resulting impact on helicase activity took nearly five years to observe and report. The study, carried out in parallel on two IU campuses, was made possible by the lead scientists' complementary expertise. As a biochemist who has previously studied lysine acetylation in other proteins, Balakrishnan was able to isolate Pif1 in vitro to observe its response to chemical reactions in a test tube. In contrast, as a geneticist working in yeast as a model organism to study Pif1, Bochman was able to modify cells in vivo to watch reactions play out in a living organism.

"The ability to observe these reactions in a living cell is often more relevant, but it's also a lot messier," Balakrishnan said. "Our experiments were constantly informing each other as to where to go next.

Looking to the future, Bochman said intricate knowledge of cellular processes -- such as lysine acetylation -- will increasingly play a role in personalized therapy.

"If you sequence a patient's tumor, you can fine-tune drugs to target very specific enzymes," he said. "Instead of a drug that broadly affects the whole cell, it will be possible to take a targeted approach that reduces potential side effects. This level of personalization is really the future of cancer biology and cancer medicine."

"Lysine Acetylation Regulates the Activity of Nuclear Pif1" is available online in advance of print in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. A perspective article on the work is also forthcoming in the journal Current Genetics.

This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the American Cancer Society.

IU Research

Indiana University's world-class researchers have driven innovation and creative initiatives that matter for 200 years. From curing testicular cancer to collaborating with NASA to search for life on Mars, IU has earned its reputation as a world-class research institution. Supported by $854 million last year from our partners, IU researchers are building collaborations and uncovering new solutions that improve lives in Indiana and around the globe.

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Study reports chemical mechanism that boosts enzyme observed in cancer - Newswise

Cell Biology

Sheffield scientists help to identify common vulnerabilities in Covid-19 and other lethal coronaviruses – University of Sheffield News

15 October 2020

Scientists from the University of Sheffield are working with almost 200 researchers from across the globe to identify vulnerabilities in three lethal coronaviruses - including SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic.

The international team of experts from 14 leading institutions have studied SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV to identify commonly hijacked cellular pathways and detect promising targets for broad coronavirus inhibitors with high barriers to resistance. This important research paves the way in identifying a successful treatment for Covid-19.

Using the molecular insights from the study, the researchers also analysed medical records of approximately 740,000 patients with Covid-19 to examine drugs which are already approved for use and successful in treating other medical conditions and could be deployed rapidly to help the clinical outcomes of these patients.

The findings, published in the prestigious journal Science, demonstrate how molecular information can be translated into real-word implications for the treatment of Covid-19, an approach that can ultimately be applied to other diseases in the future.

Dr Andrew Peden, from the University of Sheffields Department of Biomedical Science and one of the lead authors, said: "The new insights from this groundbreaking study have revealed potential targets that will help develop a first-of-its-kind therapy across all coronaviruses.

"In Sheffield we were able to bring our broad expertise, as well as the use of our world-class imaging facilities towards a common research goal to desperately find an effective treatment for Covid-19.

"This study truly demonstrates what can be achieved over a relatively short period of time when scientists openly share ideas, facilities and work for the common good."

Dr Pedens team used their expertise in cell biology and advanced microscopy to localise every major viral protein encoded by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV inside human cells.

They found that many of the conserved proteins have similar localisations suggesting that they hijack the same cellular processes.

In addition, they also identified that the viral protein Orf9b is localised to mitochondria and alters the levels of Tom70, a key protein which helps cells identify if they have been infected by viruses.

This research, in collaboration with work performed in Freiburg, Paris and San Francisco provides a molecular framework which in the longer term will help in the development of new antiviral therapies which are desperately needed to treat Covid-19.

Dr Andrew Peden, Dr Dan Williams and Miss Amber Shun-Shion are funded by grants from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). All of the imaging studies for this investigation were performed at the Wolfson Light Microscopy Facility at the University of Sheffield.

Professor Colin Bingle from University of Sheffields Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, said: This systematic cell biology paper used a functional genetic screening approach using real world patient data, to identify potential drugs that can be investigated as treatments for COVID-19. The multinational collaborative nature of this study exemplifies the way that the biomedical community has come together to fight this deadly pandemic."

The Department of Biomedical Science carries out world-leading research to understand disease, improve treatments, and find potential cures. Researchers are working in areas ranging from cell biology and developmental biology to neuroscience and regenerative medicine, with expertise in topics including stem cells and cancer. Pioneering projects have led to breakthroughs in applying ultrasound to treat wounds, using human stem cells to treat hearing loss, and the generation of animal models for neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, muscular dystrophy and cancer. Find out more at http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/bms.

The University of Sheffield

With almost 29,000 of the brightest students from over 140 countries, learning alongside over 1,200 of the best academics from across the globe, the University of Sheffield is one of the worlds leading universities.

A member of the UKs prestigious Russell Group of leading research-led institutions, Sheffield offers world-class teaching and research excellence across a wide range of disciplines.

Unified by the power of discovery and understanding, staff and students at the university are committed to finding new ways to transform the world we live in.

Sheffield is the only university to feature in The Sunday Times 100 Best Not-For-Profit Organisations to Work For 2018 and for the last eight years has been ranked in the top five UK universities for Student Satisfaction by Times Higher Education.

Sheffield has six Nobel Prize winners among former staff and students and its alumni go on to hold positions of great responsibility and influence all over the world, making significant contributions in their chosen fields.

Global research partners and clients include Boeing, Rolls-Royce, Unilever, AstraZeneca, Glaxo SmithKline, Siemens and Airbus, as well as many UK and overseas government agencies and charitable foundations.

For further information please contact:

Amy HuxtableMedia Relations OfficerThe University of Sheffield0114 222 9859a.l.huxtable@sheffield.ac.uk

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Sheffield scientists help to identify common vulnerabilities in Covid-19 and other lethal coronaviruses - University of Sheffield News

Cell Biology

Scientists uncover important disease-fighting role for cells in the liver – News-Medical.Net

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Oct 19 2020

Scientists at Scripps Research have uncovered an important disease-fighting role for cells called hepatocytes, which constitute most of the liver. The discovery could potentially be harnessed to develop new medicines for viral illnesses.

According to the new study, which appears in Communications Biology, hepatocytes help control infections from common viruses called coxsackieviruses, and probably defend against many other viruses as well. The findings suggest these liver cells, long known for their role in deactivating chemical toxins in the blood, should also be viewed as a significant element of the immune system--an element that future drugs might be able to enhance to strengthen the body's defense against emergent viruses.

Hepatocytes may have evolved the ability to absorb and silence a variety of different viruses, to slow their spread in the body and reduce infection-related illness."

Taishi Kimura, PhD, postdoctoral research associate at Scripps Research and first author of the study

Kimura worked on the study while in the laboratory of J. Lindsay Whitton, MD, PhD, professor in the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Scripps Research and senior author of the study.

Whitton and his lab have long studied coxsackieviruses, a family of polio-like viruses that spread via the fecal-oral route and can cause a broad array of symptoms including fever, sore throat, rash, diarrhea, meningitis, pancreatitis and inflammation of the heart muscle. The viruses are named for the New York town of Coxsackie, where virus specimens were initially isolated from patients in the late 1940s.

Recently Kimura and research assistant Claudia Flynn observed that mice experience significant liver damage, including damage to and deaths of hepatocytes, when infected with a type of coxsackievirus called coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3).

Hepatocytes, along with many other cell types, express a cell-surface protein called "coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor" or CAR, which CVB3 uses to get into cells. So Kimura and Flynn genetically engineered mice whose hepatocytes--but no other cell types--lack CAR, and thus could not be infected by CVB3. Unsurprisingly, when these mutant mice were infected with CVB3, their hepatocytes were spared significant damage.

However, the CVB3 infection hit these mutant mice much harder on the whole, compared with non-mutant siblings. The mutants with protected hepatocytes swiftly showed high blood levels of virus, lost more weight, developed complications such as heart inflammation and were much more likely to die from the infection.

These findings showed that ordinary hepatocytes, when they are able to be infected by CVB3, help protect the rest of the body from the virus. In further experiments, the team found more support for this idea, observing that when hepatocytes absorb CVB3, they quickly shut down the virus's replication using an immune protein called IRF1. Although the infected hepatocytes are damaged by taking up the virus, the liver itself does not show the strong inflammation that is seen in other virus-infected organs, such as the heart and pancreas.

Virus researchers have known that other, much-less numerous cell types in the liver--such as so-called Kupffer cells--can trap and neutralize viruses that are circulating in the blood. Hepatocytes had not been thought to do this, but the study shows that they do.

Given the large size of the liver, hepatocytes constitute a major cell type in the body. To the researchers, it seems unlikely that this major cell type has evolved to defend against only one family of viruses. More likely, they say, it acts broadly, like an antiviral "sponge," soaking up any of a variety of virus types from the bloodstream early in infection, to help slow and limit the infection in the rest of the body. Hepatocytes that absorb viruses in this way may be damaged or die, the researchers add, but the harm to the liver is perhaps only temporary.

"Hepatocytes have an extraordinary capacity for regeneration, and this may be an adaptation that has more to do with their antiviral role than with their better-known role against toxins," Whitton says. "Toxins may not have been enough of a threat during animal evolution to create pressure for such an adaptation, but viruses probably have been."

Whitton and Kimura also note that other common viruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that causes COVID-19, can cause modest and often temporary liver damage, much like that observed for CVB3. This again hints that hepatocytes' defensive role may extend far beyond coxsackieviruses. Though Whitton is retiring this year, Kimura intends to continue this line of research into whether--and how--hepatocytes defend against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.

"The protein IRF1, which hepatocytes use to silence CVB3, works by activating a broad set of antiviral genes, and it may be that each of these antiviral genes is adapted to silence a different set of viruses," Whitton says.

By actively taking up virus that is circulating in the blood, hepatocytes may also serve as a first-alert mechanism that helps activate other immune system elements, Kimura says. In principle, Kimura adds, future drug treatments might enhance hepatocytes' uptake of viruses to limit serious infections when no other option is available, such as with new human-infecting viruses.

"This hepatocyte response might turn out to be a key element of the human immune response against emergent viruses," he says.

Source:

Journal reference:

Kimura, T., et al. (2020) Hepatocytes trap and silence coxsackieviruses, protecting against systemic disease in mice. Communications Biology. doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01303-7.

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Scientists uncover important disease-fighting role for cells in the liver - News-Medical.Net

Cell Biology

Natural Infant Formula On The Horizon: How To Copy What Nature Put In Mothers Milk – Forbes

Novel ingredients that are built with biology

Photo by Lucy Wolski on Unsplash

Synthetic biology has already created a world of new foods that would have sounded impossible not so long ago. Today you can sink your teeth into a plant-based burger that bleeds with vegan cheese, then enjoy cow-free dairy ice cream for dessert. But what if bioengineering could make nutrition not just healthier and more humane, but more naturalcloser to original biology?

Of all the milk produced by mammals, human milk is the most complex. Refined over millions of years of evolution, it contains more than 200 unique sugars for infant nutrition, quadruple that of the 50 in cows milk. Studies of breastfeeding show that mothers milk plays a key role in boosting infant nutrition, immune system development, and gut health. In the modern era, however, breastfeeding is not always an option for caregivers.

Thats why the gold standard of infant formula is to create a product as similar to breast milk as possible, so babies can get the complex blend of nutrients that were tailored for them by nature. Thats exactly what Conagen has accomplished, again, with two synthetic biology breakthroughs that bring infant formula even closer to actual human milk.

Earlier this year, I wrote about Conagens breakthrough production of lactoferrin, a milk protein crucial to infant nutrition. Now, Conagen is tackling two more compounds found in breast milk: naturally occurring complex sugars called human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and a tasteless, odorless fatty acid called FBA that supports gut and immune system development. After lactoferrin, these are Conagens second and third offerings for fortifying infant formula.

HMOs serve an important signaling function in a newborns body: they help the young immune system tell the difference between dangerous foreign bodies, such as bacteria, and beneficial nutrients from food. The immune systems ability to distinguish friend from foe is what prevents the emergence of food allergies at a young age. Meanwhile, FBA promotes the production of butyrate, a pre- and postbiotic that supports healthy cellular development of the gut lining.

If mothers milk came with a nutrition facts label, HMOs would be the fourth ingredient after water, fat, and lactose. The most prevalent HMO in mothers milk is known as 2-FL. Because this HMO is not found in cows milk, infant formula needs to be supplemented with lab-made 2-FL. Producing 2-FL has required the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)until now.

In a process similar to how cheese is made by adding enzymes to milk, Conagen uses bioconversion to synthesize and then purify 2-FL. Unlike its competitors, Conagen can perform this chemistry outside of a living cell. This results in a more reliable and streamlined production process.

For Casey Lippmeier, VP of innovation at Conagen, reproducing the benefits of natural mothers milk is a personal goal. A father and a scientist, Dr. Lippmeier has been studying how to improve infant formula for his entire career. Mothers who dont have any other option than to use formula can feel better and better with every new improvement we make on health, he says. Manufacturers can expect Conagens HMOs to be available in the next few months, or partner with Conagen in the licensing of FBAs for other applications.

From pharmaceuticals to supplements to flavors, Conagens fermentation process has already put synthetic biology on the map within industrial manufacturing. Now, with its latest human milk compounds, the company continues to bring infant formula closer to the optimal nutrition of mothers milk. A healthier world for every newborn: thats building a better world with biology.

Subscribe to my weekly synthetic biology newsletter. Thank you to Desiree Ho for additional research and reporting in this article. Im the founder of SynBioBeta, and some of the companies that I write about, including Conagen, are sponsors of the SynBioBeta Global Synthetic Biology Summit and digest.

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Natural Infant Formula On The Horizon: How To Copy What Nature Put In Mothers Milk - Forbes

Neuroscience

Healthgrades Honors Dignity Health Inland Empire hospitals for top performance in Critical Care, Neuroscience and Orthopedics – The Inland Empire…

Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino and Dignity Health St. Bernardine Medical Center announced today that the hospitals are named 2021 Five-Star Recipients in Critical Care, Heart Care, Orthopedics and Pulmonary procedures by Healthgrades, the leading online resource for comprehensive information about physicians and hospitals. Every year, Healthgrades evaluates hospital performance at nearly 4,500 hospitals nationwide for 34 of the most common inpatient procedures and conditions.*

Were honored to be recognized by Healthgrades for the outstandingquality care we provide to the San Bernardino community, states DouglasKleam, Hospital President, St. Bernardine Medical Center. These awards reflect our high standards of providing safe,compassionate care with excellent clinical outcomes.

Specifically, Healthgrades recognized St.Bernardine Medical Center as a:

AFive-Star rating indicates that statistically the hospitals clinical outcomesare significantly better than expected when treating the condition orperforming the procedure being evaluated.

According to June Collison, Hospital Presidentat Community Hospital, Our skilled care team of nurses and doctors whodeliver exceptional services to our patients deserve this recognition and it isrewarding to have our top-quality care honored by Healthgrades.

Community Hospital of San Bernardino has beennamed a:

Dignity Healths achievements are part of the findings featured in Healthgrades2021 Report to the Nation. The new report demonstrates how clinical performance continues to differ dramatically between hospitals regionally and nationally. Clinical quality varies significantly between hospitals, so its important for consumers to use information about outcomes to assess where to receive care, said Brad Bowman, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Healthgrades. These Five-Star ratings for critical care, neuroscience, and orthopedic procedures showcase the expertise and commitment of the San Bernardino hospitals to the patients they serves.

*For its analysis, Healthgrades evaluatedapproximately 45 million Medicare inpatient records for nearly 4,500 short-termacute care hospitals nationwide to assess hospital performance in 32 commonconditions and procedures, and evaluate outcomes in appendectomy and bariatricsurgery using all-payer data provided by 17 states. Healthgrades recognizes ahospitals quality achievements for cohort-specific performance, specialty areaperformance, and overall clinical quality. Individual procedure or conditioncohorts are designated as 5-star (statistically significantly better thanexpected), 3-star (not statistically different from expected) and 1-star(statistically significantly worse than expected) categories. The complete Healthgrades2021 Report to the Nation and detailed study methodology, can be foundat http://www.healthgrades.com/quality

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Healthgrades Honors Dignity Health Inland Empire hospitals for top performance in Critical Care, Neuroscience and Orthopedics - The Inland Empire...

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Technologies Market : Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats (20202025) – The Think Curiouser

The latest published an effective statistical data titled as Neuroscience Technologies Market. It defines about the recent innovations, applications and end users of the market. It covers the different aspects, which are responsible for the growth of the industries. Different domains are considered on the basis of the capital of Neuroscience Technologies market. The analyst examines different companies on the basis of their productivity to review the current strategies. All leading players across the globe, are profiled with different terms, such as product types, industry outlines, sales and much more.

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The major players profiled in this report include:BDAbbottMedtronic

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On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Neuroscience Technologies for each application, including-ResearchTherapeutics

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Chapter 2 Industry Cost Structure and Economic Impact

Chapter 3 Rising Trends and New Technologies with Major key players

Chapter 4 Global Neuroscience Technologies Market Analysis, Trends, Growth Factor

Chapter 5 Neuroscience Technologies Market Application and Business with Potential Analysis

Chapter 6 Global Neuroscience Technologies Market Segment, Type, Application

Chapter 7 Global Neuroscience Technologies Market Analysis (by Application, Type, End User)

Chapter 8 Major Key Vendors Analysis of Neuroscience Technologies Market

Chapter 9 Development Trend of Analysis

Chapter 10 Conclusion

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Neuroscience Technologies Market : Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats (20202025) - The Think Curiouser

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Market | Global Industry Analysis By Trends, Size, Share, Company Overview, Growth And Forecast By 2026 – TechnoWeekly

IndustryGrowthInsights has published a latest market research report on Neuroscience market. The report provides a comprehensive scope of the market which caters enterprise to take critical business decisions. It consists of changing market trends, latest developments, growth opportunities, challenges, and detailed competitive analysis about the emerging and behemoth market players. This market research report also includes complete regional outlook and highlights top winning strategies that has helped industry players to expand their market share.

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Market Research Report Covers Impacts of COVID-19 To The Market.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the dynamics of the Neuroscience market. This market research report includes extensive data on the impacts of the market. The research analyst team of the firm have been monitoring the market during this coronavirus crisis and has been talking with the industry experts to finally publish a detailed analysis about the future scope of the market. They have followed a robust research methodology and got involved in the primary and secondary research to prepare the Neuroscience market report.

This market report comprises of possible revenue growth, potential lucrative opportunities, product ranges, pricing factors, and parameters to confer the emerging and new entrants in the industry with a structured market data. This report encompasses the crucial government policies and regulations that significantly controls the Neuroscience market. Moreover, it includes the recent business agreements, mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, and even fallouts to provide the industry players with complete overview of the Neuroscience market.

The prominent Companies Covered in the Market Report

GE HealthcareSiemens HealthineersNoldus Information TechnologyMightex BioscienceThomas RECORDING GmbHBlackrock MicrosystemsTucker-Davis TechnologiesPlexonPhoenix Technology GroupNeuroNexusAlpha OmegaNeuroscienc

*Note: Additional players can be included in the list

Market Segmentation

By Product Type

Whole Brain ImagingNeuro-MicroscopyElectrophysiology TechnologiesNeuro-Cellular ManipulationStereotaxic SurgeriesAnimal BehaviorOtherWhole Brain Imaging, Neuro-Microscopy, and Electrophysiology Technologies are the top three types of neuroscience, with a combined market share of 62%Neuroscienc

By Application

HospitalsDiagnostic LaboratoriesResearch InstitutesOtherNeuroscience is applied mostly in the hospital with a market share of 47%. It is followed by Research Institutes and Diagnostic Laboratories

As per the report, the Neuroscience market is projected to reach a value of USDXX by the end of 2027 and grow at a CAGR of XX% through the forecast period (2020-2027). The report describes the current market trend of the Neuroscience in regions, covering North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa by focusing the market performance by the key countries in the respective regions.

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The following is the TOC of the report:

Executive Summary

Assumptions and Acronyms Used

Research Methodology

Neuroscience Market Overview

Global Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast by Type

Global Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast by Application

Global Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel

Global Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast by Region

North America Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast

Latin America Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast

Europe Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Neuroscience Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application

Middle East & Africa Neuroscience Market Analysis and Forecast

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Neuroscience Market | Global Industry Analysis By Trends, Size, Share, Company Overview, Growth And Forecast By 2026 - TechnoWeekly

Neuroscience

New Research Claims That Consciousness Itself Is an Energy Field – Futurism

Making Waves

An unusual new idea in neuroscience suggests that our consciousness is derived from a field of electromagnetic waves given off by neurons as they fire.

The idea is that these waves of electrical activity get sent out by neurons and, as they propagate across swaths of the brain, orchestrate our entire conscious experience. The research, published last month in the journal Neuroscience of Consciousness, offers more theory than tangible evidence, but the author says it could pave the way for robots that genuinely think and feel.

That author is Johnjoe McFadden, a molecular geneticist and director of quantum biology at the University of Surrey, who points to flaws in other models of consciousness as the reason that we dont have sentient artificial intelligence or robots capable of achieving consciousness.

By recreating these electrical waves in machinery, McFadden suggests, engineers might be able to pull it off.

McFaddens hypothesis veers away from most neuroscientists, who generally see consciousness as a narrative that our brain constructs out of our senses, perceptions, and actions. Instead, McFadden returns to a more empirical version of dualism the idea that consciousness stems from something other than our brain matter in this case energy.

How brain matter becomes aware and manages to think is a mystery that has been pondered by philosophers, theologians, mystics and ordinary people for millennia, McFadden said in a press release. I believe this mystery has now been solved, and that consciousness is the experience of nerves plugging into the brains self-generated electromagnetic field to drive what we call free will and our voluntary actions.

READ MORE: Researcher proposes new theory of consciousness [University of Surrey]

More on consciousness: Artificial Consciousness: How To Give A Robot A Soul

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New Research Claims That Consciousness Itself Is an Energy Field - Futurism

Neuroscience

Athletics Roundup: Virtual Commencement for 72 USD Athletics in Class of 2020; Golf Wins Fall Tournament – University of San Diego Website

Tuesday, October 20, 2020 post has videoTOPICS: Alumni, Athletics, Changemaker, Academics, , Toreros Together

The University of San Diego and USD Athletics celebrated its 72 scholar-athlete graduates in the Class of 2020 with a virtual commencement ceremony in conjunction with the university's fully virtual commencement ceremony that took place on Oct. 17 during USD Homecoming and Family Week.

With special messages from Executive Director of Athletics Bill McGillisand each of the USD head coaches, the '20 Toreros were recognized and honored.

Among the 72 graduates, 12 were from football, nine from women's cross country, seven from women's soccer, five from men's soccer, softball, women's rowing and volleyball, four from baseball, and women's basketball, three from women's tennis and men's cross country, and two from golf, men's basketball, men's rowing, men's tennis, and swimming and diving.

Representing 14 states and 10 international countries, the Torero graduates earned degrees in 24 different majors. Of the 72, 61 completed their coursework in May 2020.

The 2020 graduating class featured two Academic All-Americans in Miguel Berry and Henry Lander of men's soccer and the Alcala Award winner, the highest honor from the University of San Diego for graduates, Clare Adams of women's rowing.

Class of 2020 University of San Diego Graduates

Softball: Madison Casiano (Visual Arts), Gabriela Grabowski (English), Delaney Heller (Business Administration), Savannah Shields (Biology), Sara Silveyra (English).Men's Soccer: Miguel Berry (Finance), Patric Krall (Finance & Real Estate), Henry Lander (Communication Studies), Freddy Polzer (Communication Studies & Psychology), Chase Van Wey (Anthropology).Women's Basketball: Patricia Brossmann (Communication Studies), Kat Olczak (Business Administration), Madison Pollock (Communication Studies), Ana Ramos (Business Administration).Volleyball: Thana Fayad (Communication Studies), Payton Douglass (Architecture), Megan Jacobsen (Business Administration), Anna Newsome (Communication Studies), Megan Priest (Biology).Men's Tennis: Joel Gamerov (Communication Studies), Guus Koevermans(Communication Studies).Women's Tennis: Nicole Anderson (Behavioral Neuroscience), Gemma Garcia (Communication Studies), Maria Paula Torres Draxl (Communication Studies).Swimming & Diving: Nicole Saladino (Behavioral Neuroscience), Sam Terranova (Industrial & Systems Engineering).Men's Cross Country: Patrick Bruce (Finance), Matt Sickman (Accountancy & Finance), Isaiah Quiambao (Psychology).Women's Soccer: Emma Barrow (Sociology), Kelley Carusa (Business Administration), Amber Michel (Marketing), Milan Moses (Anthropology), Angelica Sheils (Liberal Studies) Halle Walls (Biology), Julianne DeArmas (Marketing).Women's Cross Country: Erin Duncan (Accountancy), Cassidy Kuhn (Electrical Engineering), Madison Lambros (Accountancy), Cammy Manes (Biology), Hope McLaughlin (Environmental & Ocean Studies), Brianna Pertak (Psychology), Hailey Purtzer (Behavioral Neuroscience), Ally Roessling (Biochemistry), Beth Wade (Biochemistry).Baseball: Paul Kunst (Finance), Nicola Mislinski (Business Administration), Nathan Walker (Economics), Nigel Ward (Economics).Men's Basketball: Alex Floresca (Architecture), Jose Martinez(Psychology).Men's Rowing: Lucas Walbeck (Computer Science), Max O'Toole (Behavioral Neuroscience).Football: Michael Armstead (Communication Studies), JoJo Binda, Jr. (Sociology), Anthony Ellison (Business Administration), Alex Farina (Behavioral Neuroscience), Bryan Kelly (Biology), Tanner Kuljian (Marketing), Victor Lopez (Political Science), Zach Nelson (Marketing), Reid Sinnett (Finance), Daniel Tolbert (Business Administration), David Tolbert (Communication Studies), Marcus Vaivao (Mechanical Engineering).Golf: Kyle Bachelor (Finance), Yash Majmudar (Finance).Women's Rowing: Clare Adams (International Relations & Spanish), Sam Ahlman (Environmental & Ocean Studies), Kathryn Brady (Biochemistry), Roshni Pole (Psychology), Kadee Sylla (Psychology).

Golf

Toreros win Fall Tournament at La Purisima GC

San Diego golf earned its first tournament victory in more than six years on Oct. 20 as the Toreros were the only team to shoot below par at the two-day La Purisima College Invite at the La Purisima Golf Course (Par 72, 7,011 yards) in Lompoc, Calif.

USD, which carried a 12-stroke lead going into the final round, gave fourth-year head coach Chris Riley his first career tournament victory. The Toreros have now posted five top-five finishes in their last nine tournaments dating back to last fall.

The win was the Toreros' first since September 2014 when they won the Saint Mary's College Invitational at the Bayonet & Blackhorse Golf Course in Seaside, Calif.

The Toreros finished atop the leaderboard with a four-stroke cushion with the help of freshman Andi Xu's 71 in the final round. He was only one of four players to shoot below par in Tuesday's final round, and he finished runner-up in the individual leaderboard with a 1-under 215 (71-73-71) for the tournament. He was six strokes back of medalist Blake Hathcoat of Saint Mary's.

Xu and Hathcoat were the only two golfers to finish below par over the two days.

Charlie Reiter, who entered the day in first, finished in the top-three after shooting 1-over 217 (69-70-78). Both Xu and Reiter have now finished top-10 in each of the fall's two tournaments. Donald Kay and Ryan Bisharat both scored for the Toreros on the final day. Kay, a redshirt junior, shot a 3-over 75 in the final round to finish tied for fifth while Bisharat was 2-over 74 on Tuesday to finish tied for ninth. Harrison Kingsley was the fourth and final scorer for the Toreros in the final round, shooting 4-over 76 and finishing in the top-10 with a 3-over 219 (67-76-76).

USD wraps up its fall slate Nov. 5-6 with the Rustic Collegiate Classic at the Rustic Canyon Golf Course in Moorpark, Calif.

For the latest USDAthletics news, scores and information, visit thewebsiteand follow the Toreros on social media platforms:Facebook,TwitterandInstagram.

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Athletics Roundup: Virtual Commencement for 72 USD Athletics in Class of 2020; Golf Wins Fall Tournament - University of San Diego Website

Neuroscience

Testing the Fluorescent Proteins That Light Up the Brain – UConn Today

Neurons are cells in your brain. Shaped like little stars, they flicker and fire off signals to each other. The signals travel up and down the long tendrils, called dendrites, extending out from each point of a neurons star-shaped body. Chained into circuits like Christmas lights, neurons electrical firing forms the glimmers of our thoughts and actions.

But the process by which an individual neuron decides to fire is not completely understood. Every neuron can receive signals from other brain cells through its dendrites. Some of these excite the neuron, pushing it closer to firing, while others calm it down. A dendrite can add up all the signals it receives, both calming and exciting, and pass the sum on to the cell body of its neuron. The neuron then adds up all the signals from its dendrites and uses that sum to decide whether or not to fire. Thats the process that researchers still dont entirely understand. To research it, neuroscientists need methods for monitoring electrical signals in the thin dendritic branches. This video shows a new method using light to explore electrical signals in different compartments of a neuron simultaneously. The intensity of the light reveals the voltage in that section of the neuron:

The video shows three consecutive voltage waves (from three nerve impulses) spreading from a neurons cell body into its dendrites. The colors represent light intensity. The light intensity is proportional to the voltage on the surface of the neuron; black is the minimal intensity on this scale, and red is maximal intensity.

To track all those electrical signals, neuroscientists used to have to wire up tiny electrodes to thin dendritic branches. But that method is cumbersome and difficult.

More recently, neuroscientists have begun creating fluorescent proteins that make the neuron light up when it receives an electrical signal. Thats whats being shown in the video. These Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs), have potential to improve our ability to record voltages in neurons. This is what the glow looks like from many neurons fluorescing at the same time:

UConn School of Medicine neuroscientist Srdjan Antic and his colleagues noticed that many GEVIs have been invented, but few people use them. So they obtained as many GEVIs as possible and tested them in three separate ways, and reported the results in eNeuro on 08 September 2020.

First they tested the GEVIs in neurons cultured in a dish. They were able to detect single nerve impulses optically, but the cultured neurons were too variable to be used for systematic comparisons between the GEVIs.

So then they tested the GEVIs in non-neurons, cells called HEK293 cells. These cells are big, grow well in a dish, and were uniform enough to compare GEVIs:

Finally, the Antic lab expressed the GEVIs in animal brains and compared how various GEVIs did in groups of cells.

They found that all the GEVIs worked pretty well, and were easy to seein large populations of cells. The next step will be to test them in individual neurons, and perhaps even individual dendrites. Because when it comes to information processing in the brain,the most interesting things happen in dendrites, says Antic, associate professor of neuroscience at UConns medical school

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Testing the Fluorescent Proteins That Light Up the Brain - UConn Today