Embryology

Englands first not-for profit IVF clinic will open next year to combat fertility inequality – The Sun

ENGLANDS first not-for-profit IVF clinic will open next year with the aim of combating fertility inequality.

The new service will debut in London before being rolled out across England, and will allow people to access treatments at cost value - with no additional charges or add ons.

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The British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) will undercut the cost of private clinics and charge the true cost of treatment - which can be between 3,000 and 3,500 for three cycles of IVF.

The charity, which has been helping women with pregnancy advice for more than 50 years will get rid of add ons such as embryo glue and assisted hatching, which have not been proven to work, but which many patients say they have been pressured into purchasing as well as the IVF itself.

Guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Nice) state that drugs and treatment should be available on the NHS in England and Wales.

But as funding budgets are cut in many areas, IVF provisions have been pushed back - with many offering no paid options, with some offering just two cycles.

Often patients can also face discrimination when attending appointments, with some experts refusing to treat women over the age of 35.

WHAT IS IVF?

ONE OF the techniques used to help couples with fertility problems who are struggling to have a baby is in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

IVF refers to the process involves removing an egg from a womans ovaries and fertilising them using sperm in a laboratory.

The fertilised egg, also known as an embryo, is transferred back into a womans womb to grow.

The process can use eggs and sperm from the couple themselves, or these can be sourced from a donor.

How does IVF work?

There aresixmain stages of IVF:

Others have also been refused if they are not in a stable relationship, or couples where one partner already has a child from a previous relationship.

BPAS wants to make sure that IVF is inclusive to all and the first clinic will open in London in September 2021.

Egg collection and embryo transfers will be available and scans and other appointments will take place at satellite clinics in BPAS centres outside the capital in Peterborough and Swindon, before later being rolled out across England.

The clinics will use different entrances for patients seeking IVF and patients seeking abortions.

This, BPAS says is so that a woman wishing to terminate a pregnancy aren't placed in a waiting room with a woman who is struggling to conceive.

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BPAS was founded in 1968 and has drawn comparisons with IVF in 2020 to abortion in the 1960s.

The charity states that in the 1960s women had been unable to access NHS funded abortion care and had to go to private providers who charged extortionate prices.

Katherine OBrien, associate director of communications and campaigns at BPAS said while the IVF situation is not as severe, some IVF providers are encouraging women to undergo clinically unproven treatments at a huge personal and financial cost.

Marta Jansa Perez, director of embryology at the charity said the clinics should be as inclusive as possible in terms of ethnic diversity, sexual orientation and gender identities.

She added: Were not going to say bluntly say no to anyone but we are planning to follow all professional guidelines and provide patients with the full picture in terms of chances and risks to them and the baby that they will potentially have.

While she said people wont be turned away from being too old, experts will have very honest conversions with people about their chance of conceiving.

Jansa Perez said it is still the case that many people are being given false hope.

She had fertility treatment to conceive her two children and said she is passionate about giving other people the opportunity.

BPAS will aim to carry out 200 egg collections in the first year.

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It hopes it will eventually become a registered IVF provider for the NHS - which means patients could choose to have their NHS-funded IVF cycles at the BPAS clinics.

The clinic will be regulated by the Human Embryology and Fertility Authority.

Jansa Perez added: A lot of patients feel that when they have a negative pregnancy test, theyre either rushed on to having another treatment cycle and there is not discussion of maybe not having any further treatment, looking at the whole picture and seeing what their chances are, and whether thats something that they want to do, emotionally and financially.

Were not selling them the baby, were selling them a chance to possibly have one.

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Englands first not-for profit IVF clinic will open next year to combat fertility inequality - The Sun

Embryology

Can editing the DNA of human embryos protect us from future pandemics? – Scroll.in

Hollywood blockbusters such as X-men, Gattaca and Jurassic World have explored the intriguing concept of germline genome editing a biomolecular technique that can alter the DNA of sperm, eggs or embryos. If you remove a gene that causes a certain disease in an embryo, not only will the baby be free of the disease when born so will its descendants.

The technique is, however, controversial we can not be sure how a child with an altered genome will develop over a lifetime. But with the Covid-19 pandemic showing just how vulnerable human beings are to disease, is it time to consider moving ahead with it more quickly?

There is now good evidence that the technique works, with research normally carried out on unviable embryos that will never result in a living baby. But in 2018, Chinese scientist He Jiankui claimed that the first gene-edited babies had indeed been born to the universal shock, criticism and intrigue of the scientific community.

This human germline genome editing was performed using the Nobel-prize winning CRISPR system, a type of molecular scissors that can cut and alter the genome at a precise location. Researchers and policymakers in the fertility and embryology space agree that it is a matter of when and not if human germline genome editing technologies will become available to the general public.

In 2016, the United Kingdom became the first country in the world to formally permit three-parent babies using a genetic technique called mitochondrial replacement therapy replacing unhealthy mitochondria (a part of the cell that provides energy) with healthy ones from a donor.

Scientists are now discussing genome editing in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, one could use CRISPR to disable coronaviruses by scrambling their genetic code. But we could also edit peoples genes to make them more resistant to infection for example by targeting T cells, which are central in the bodys immune response. There are already CRISPR clinical trials underway that look to genome edit T cells in cancer patients to improve anti-tumour immunity (T cells attacking the tumour).

This type of gene editing differs to germline editing as it occurs in non-reproductive cells, meaning genetic changes are not heritable. In the long term, however, it may be more effective to improve T-cell responses using germline editing.

It is easy to see the allure. The pandemic has uncovered the brutal reality that the majority of countries across the world are completely ill-equipped to deal with sudden shocks to their, often, already overstretched healthcare systems. Significantly, the healthcare impacts are not only felt on Covid patients. Many cancer patients, for instance, have struggled to access treatments or diagnosis appointments in a timely manner during the pandemic.

This also raises the possibility of using human germline genome editing techniques to tackle serious diseases such as cancer to protect healthcare systems against future pandemics. We already have a wealth of information that suggests certain gene mutations, such as those in the BRCA2 gene in women, increase the probability of cancer development. These disease genetic hotspots provide potential targets for human germline genome editing therapy.

Furthermore, healthcare costs for diseases such as cancer will continue to rise as drug therapies continue to become more personalised and targeted. At this point, would gene editing not be simpler and cheaper?

As we approach the mezzo point of the 21st century, it is fair to say that Covid-19 could prove to be just the start of a string of international health crises that we encounter. A recent report by the UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services emphasised the clear connection between global pandemics and the loss of biodiversity and climate change. Importantly, the report delivers the grim future prediction of more frequent pandemics, which may well be deadlier and more devastating than Covid-19.

It is not just more viral pandemics that we might have to face in the future. As our global climate changes, so will the transmission rates of other diseases such as malaria. If malaria begins presenting itself in locations with unprepared healthcare systems, the impacts on healthcare provision could be overwhelming.

Interestingly, there is a way to protect people from malaria introducing a single faulty gene for the sickle cell anaemia. One copy of this faulty gene gives you a level of protection against malaria. But if two people with a single faulty gene have a baby, the child could develop sickle cell anaemia. This shows just how complicated gene editing can be you can edit genes to protect a population against one disease, but potentially causing trouble in other ways.

Despite the first human germline genome editing humans already having been born, the reality is that the technique will not be entering our mainstream lives any time soon. The UK Royal Society recently stated that heritable genome editing is not ready to be tried in humans safely, although it has urged that if countries do approve human germline genome editing treatment practices, it should focus on specific diseases that are caused by single specific genes, such as sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. But, as we have seen, it may not make sense to edit out the former in countries with high rates of malaria.

Other major challenges for researchers is unintended genetic modifications at specific sites of the genome which could lead to a host of further complications to the genome network. The equitable access to treatment provides another sticking point. How would human germline genome editing be regulated and paid for?

The world is not currently ready for human germline genome editing technologies and any progress in this field is likely to occur at a very incremental pace. That being said, this technology will eventually come to feature in humanity for disease prevention. The big question is simply when?. Perhaps the answer depends on the severity and frequency of future health crises.

Yusef Paolo Rabiah is a PhD Candidate at UCL Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy at the University College London.

This article first appeared on The Conversation.

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Can editing the DNA of human embryos protect us from future pandemics? - Scroll.in

Human Behavior

A 350,000-year-old turning point in human evolution found in Israel – Haaretz.com

A turning point in human evolution has been identified through reanalysis of a single stone tool found in Tabun Cave in northern Israel, from about 350,000 years ago. It had been used not to bash animals or butcher their carcasses but to abrade soft material, possibly animal hides, much earlier in human evolution than had been thought, say Ron Shimelmitz, Iris Groman-Yaroslavski, Mina Weinstein-Evron and Danny Rosenberg from the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa.

Grinding and abrading (scraping) had only been thought to have developed much later, Shimelmitz explains to Haaretz. The entire engagement in this technology is much later, around 200,000 years ago, he says.

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Yes, based on one tool, this discovery, reported in the Journal of Human Evolution, changes our thinking about part of our deep technological evolution.

Abrading stones abound in Africa and Europe starting about 200,000 years ago, from which point there was more frequent evidence of that technology, explains Shimelmitz, an expert in the evolution of technology. But it is also true that given that assumption, archaeologists hadnt necessarily been looking for such artifacts at earlier sites for one thing, theyre very hard to identify. You need to look for them, he adds.

You can fairly easily identify a knapped stone, especially the likes of arrowheads or spear points and especially when theyre made of flint a stone widely preferred because its so hard. They look quite unnatural. It is, conversely, not trivial to identify an abrading or grinding stone, which looks like a stone.

However, the authors point out that this particular piece of dolomite stood out among the tens of thousands of knapped stone tools found in Tabun Cave, located on the Mount Carmel range south of Haifa, from various periods of occupation. And they concluded that it wasnt just any chalky rock, but a tool, through microscopic use-wear analysis, including examination of the patterns on the cobbles surface, which were compared with known naturally weathered surfaces.

The importance of this technology [abradement] hadnt been on the table regarding the ancient world, Shimelmitz says. And why was the invention of abrading a crucial turning point? Because thats the way of humankind, he explains. To shape materials and our environment, to improve our adaptation to situations. The tools are external to our bodies and enable us to do things we couldnt do without them. Abradement is another significant technology within our possibility to adapt the environment. It appeared relatively late in human evolution; we thought very late; and now we show that its roots are deeper. We need to open our eyes wider.

Asked why, actually, abrading was so significant to our evolution, he brings the example of hides. You cant just skin an animal and comfortably wear its pelt. It is better to scrape off the fat and muscle remains, and soften the hide by abrading a precursor to proper tanning than to strut around garbed in decaying aurochs.

Does this mean the abrasion-stone of Tabun indicates there was a Middle Stone Age fashion? Not necessarily. The use-wear experiments conducted on the ground-breaking stone indicate that it was used on soft material (as opposed to bone, for instance), but not which soft material. It could have been hides used for clothing, or might not have been.

Great leaps forward

Usage of stone tools goes back at least 3.3 million years, well before modern humans were even a gleam in the eye of evolution. The first tools were large, crude hammers. Over the ages, as hominins gained sophistication, tool manufacture and use became more finely developed.

But throughout the period loosely known as the Early Stone Age, usage was confined to vertical motions: striking, battering and pounding, and then using knapped stones as knives as the researchers put it, applying a thin or narrow working edge of the stone tool.

In any case abradement, now known to have begun at least 350,000 years ago, is a precursor to a game-changer in human behavior and evolution: grinding grain.

Grinding grain comes much later, nearer the modern time and not the prehistoric time, Shimelmitz qualifies. Thats the end of the process. But this was a significant addition to the human tool chest. We note that mortars used possibly to grind grain have been found in Neolithic sites in Israel, from over 10,000 years ago.

The discovery of abrading in the Middle Pleistocene, which requires applying a wide working surface of the tool by means of sequential horizontal motions to modify or reduce the target surfaces of a materia,l rather than banging or stabbing at it, fits in with the bigger figure of huge strides among early hominin abilities to harness technology to shape their environment, the team explains.

Asked to elaborate, Shimelmitz points to two key behaviors that developed during that span one being a leap forward in the use of fire.

It remains an open question when fire was tamed in the sense that archaic humans could help themselves to a burning bush in order to roast their dinner and when our ancestors achieved control of fire, meaning they could ignite it at will. At sites dating to the Middle Pleistocene there is a giant step up in the discovery of purposely burned stuff, he say. One of those sites, by the way, is Tabun itself.

Another marked change in behavior is that during the Middle Pleistocene, hominins seem to have developed the concept of base camps, meaning a place they were leaving and coming back to every day (where they could curl up by their fire). Base camp and fire became a way of life during the Middle Stone Age, Shimelmitz says.

Asked if the upswing in intensity of occupation doesnt mean home, Shimelmitz agrees that one could see it that way. And this intensification also speaks to socialization and group structure. There is a reason early humans would return to their base camp every day. This was a period of intense change in the behavior of humankind, he sums up.

Israel has apparently been on the migration route for the human species for almost two million years. While solid evidence of hominin migration that far back is sparse, it has been demonstrated that the environmental conditions in the key region of the Negev desert were hospitable at the time, and hominin remains going back hundreds of thousands of years, as well as modern human remains, abound in this area. It begs qualifying that the study by Shimelmitz and his colleagues reevaluated previous discoveries at Tabun Cave, which had been used by hominins for hundreds of thousands of years, as of the early Stone Age. The cave was first explored by the famed British archaeologist Dorothy Garrod in the 1930s.

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At the end of the day, this is less a story about one rock found around 150,000 years earlier than had been expected, and more a story about what the artifact represents how deep abrading behavior, a totally different form of tool use, goes back in time.

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Human Behavior

Gut microbiota: How does it interact with the brain? – Medical News Today

Through studies in mice, researchers find evidence that having a healthful balance of gut microorganisms is important for good health.

Researchers from the Institut Pasteur, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), and Inserm have found evidence that gut microbiota also plays a role in mood regulation and brain function.

Gut microbiota is the community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live in the digestive tract.

These findings in mice suggest that changes to gut bacterial communities may lead or contribute to depression. If humans have a similar mechanism, doctors might be able to use bacteria strains to treat mood disorders, such as depression.

A group of 16 researchers from several prominent French research institutions conducted the study, which appears in Nature Communications.

Studies have found that some people with depression experience dysbiosis, which is an imbalance or change in their intestinal microbiota.

Research conducted on rodents also shows that gut dysbiosis has associations with neurological changes linked with depression, such as:

Animal studies also show that gut microbiota helps regulate anxiety. It may also influence the development of neurological conditions caused by circuit dysfunctions, such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Researchers think this is because gut bacteria release metabolites, tiny bits of food broken down by digestion that influence brain function. Metabolites may impact mood regulation by acting on the endocannabinoid system.

The endocannabinoid system is a complex cell-signaling system consisting of lipid (fat)-based neurotransmitters and their receptors.

It is found throughout the body and plays a role in important aspects of health, such as immune and nervous system function and cellular communication in the nervous system. It also regulates emotions, moods, and stress responses by activation of the systems main receptor, CB1.

Previous research supports the idea that restoring gut microbial health may help treat depression. In animal studies, prebiotic treatment influenced emotional behavior. In human studies, prebiotic supplementation also improved mood in people with depression.

But despite educated theories, researchers still do not know precisely how gut bacteria impact brain function.

Researchers in the recent study set out to find the mechanisms linking gut microbiota and mood disorders. A team of researchers from some of these same French institutions published a report earlier this year, which found that stress-induced changes in gut microbiota reduced the efficacy of the antidepressant fluoxetine in mice.

In the study, researchers submitted genetically identical mice to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), a mouse model of stress-induced depression, for 8 weeks.

This treatment caused the mice to develop depressive-like behaviors, such as reduced eating, grooming, weight loss, and hippocampal neurogenesis. The hippocampus is responsible for learning and memory and is heavily affected by several psychiatric and neurological conditions.

Researchers then transplanted fecal samples containing gut microbiota from control and UCMS-exposed mice into healthy mice. To serve as a control, mice that received fecal transplants were germ-free mice or received treatment with antibiotics for 6 days.

After 8 weeks, mice that received transplants from UCMS mice developed depression-like symptoms. The mice also experienced a reduction in the number of new brain stem cells and neurons in their hippocampus.

These findings show that transferring gut microbiota from stress-induced depressive mice to healthy mice induced depression-like behaviors.

Surprisingly, simply transferring the microbiota from an animal with mood disorders to an animal in good health was enough to bring about biochemical changes and confer depressive-like behaviors in the latter.

Pierre-Marie Lledo, head of the Perception and Memory Unit at the Institut Pasteur (CNRS/Institut Pasteur), joint last author of the study

To figure out how this occurred, researchers explored the possibility that UCMS-exposed microbiota may trigger depression by altering metabolism. They found that mice with UCMS microbiota had significantly reduced levels of certain fatty acids in their blood and brain.

The reduced fatty acids included monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and linoleic acid. monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and linoleic acid. Variations of two of these fatty acids, DAD and PUFA, are converted into endocannabinoids (eCB).

The researchers speculate that gut dysbiosis may cause these changes in fatty acid levels. Studies link the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system and its central receptor, CB1, with depression in both UCMS-model mice and humans.

In the study, the researchers found that mice with UCMS microbiota had greatly reduced levels of eCBs in their hippocampus and blood. They also found that mice with UCMS microbiota had reduced levels of Lactobacillus bacteria.

The researchers were able to reduce the depressive impact of the UCMS microbiota by enhancing CB1 levels and giving the mice a strain of Lactobacillus bacteria orally.

These findings suggest that chronic stress, diet, and the gut microbiota contribute to the development of depression-like behaviors via the endocannabinoid system.

This discovery shows the role played by the gut microbiota in normal brain function, says Grard Eberl, Head of the Microenvironment and Immunity Unit (Institut Pasteur/Inserm) and joint last author of the study.

More specifically, imbalances in the gut bacterial community that reduce fatty acid levels vital to the endocannabinoid system and brain function seem to encourage the development of depression-like behaviors.

These findings mean certain bacteria could act as a natural antidepressant, treating mood disorders by restoring gut microbial health. And this is promising news, considering the slew of potential adverse side effects and relatively low efficacy rate of most current antidepressants.

To confirm their results, the researchers will need to test their findings in humans. The researchers say that new research will also need to explore whether changes to the gut microbiota impact other brain targets of the endocannabinoid system in the same way.

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Human Behavior

Produce For Better Health Foundation Commends US Departments of Agriculture and Health And Human Services For Releasing The Dietary Guidelines For…

The Produce for Better Health Foundation (PBH) commends the U.S. Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS) for releasing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 (DGA). This document is written for policymakers and health professionals and provides evidence-based recommendations for healthy eating patterns in the U.S. Importantly, the main message of the newly-released DGA is Make Every Bite Count. More than ever, the two food groups that desperately need this advice to be heeded are fruits and vegetables.

National food consumption data show fruits and vegetables are two of the top three food groups under consumed in the US.[1] The consumer-facing MyPlate depicts fruit and vegetable dietary guidance prominently on the plate with the recommendation to make half your plate fruits and vegetables.

Given PBHs commitment to advancing the role that all forms of fruits and vegetables fresh, frozen, canned, dried and 100% juice play in improving health and well-being, we commend the agencies for their dedication to completing the new DGAand continuing to keep fruits and vegetables at the forefront of dietary guidance, says Wendy Reinhardt Kapsak, MS, RDN, president and CEO for PBH. As a MyPlate National Strategic Partner and purpose-driven organization focused on improving produce consumption among all Americans, we fully support these recommendations and pledge to work collaboratively to promote fruits and vegetables first for happier, healthier lives, as most Americans still simply do not eat enough.

There is strong scientific evidence that healthy eating patterns are associated with positive health outcomes, and higher intakes of vegetables and fruit are consistentlyidentified as characteristics of healthy eating patterns.[2] Still, of the 2-3 cups of vegetables[3] and 1 to 2 cups of fruit per day[4] recommended for adults 19 and older, current intake in this population is just 1.6 and 0.9 cups of vegetables and fruits per day, respectively well below even the range minimums.1

A different way of putting it is this a whopping 9 out of 10 adults simply do not get enough.[5] Finally, and most concerning, these intake levels have not changed significantly since 2003-2004.1 Such flat and/or declining intake trends are very concerning to PBH as well as many other food system thought leaders.

In response, PBH called out Americas chronic consumption crisis and implored that new fruit and vegetable consumption behaviors become a national priority. More than 25 leading fruit and vegetable companies and organizations signed on to support PBH research aimed at improving consumption as of December 2020, with more expected to join the cause in 2021.

While the DGAarticulate science-based recommendations behind the health benefits of fruits and vegetables, consumption statistics as well as PBHs research has shown that these facts, or what people know, are simply not enough to motivate behavior change.

Its great the new DGA reinforce the important role fruits and vegetables play in health and well-being, yet people still arent eating them. Weve got to find a different way to make the planets favorite plants craveable, says Reinhardt Kapsak. PBHs consumer-facing Have A Plant Movement and corresponding digital ecosystem offer a new and different approach by tapping into how Americans feel about healthy eating and, most importantly, what they can do to create new fruit and vegetable habits. We call this PBHs KNOW-FEEL-DO Behavioral Framework.

The time is now for food system stakeholders to work together to translate science into guidance that connects Americans feelings about food with how the doing can be easy and fun. Now is the time to bring PBHs KNOW-FEEL-DO Behavioral Framework to life as subsequent, consumer-facing dietary guidance messaging is created for every life stage.

The DGA is the first set of guidelines that provide standards for healthy dietary patterns by life stage, from birth through older adulthood, including pregnant and lactating women.

PBH has remained steadfast in supporting the science showcasing the role that fruits and vegetables play in promoting both health and quality of life. In 2019, PBHs chief food and nutrition scientist, Taylor Wallace, PhD, CFS, FACN, provided written and oral comments on PBHs behalf, submitting research from the PBH-commissioned scientific review showing evidence that fruits and vegetables contribute to better health as well as improved life expectancy and quality. In August 2020, Wendy Reinhardt Kapsak, PBH president and CEO, submitted written and oral comments again, reinforcing the role fruits and vegetables play in healthy eating patterns for better health and happiness.

To download the full DGA, click here. For resources and tools to communicate with consumers, check out http://www.myplate.gov.

About the Produce for Better Health FoundationProduce for Better Health Foundation (PBH), a nonprofit 501(c)(3), is the only national organization dedicated to helping consumers live happier, healthier lives by eating more fruits and vegetables, including fresh, frozen, canned, dried and 100% juice, every single day.

Since 1991, PBH has invested decades into developing trended insights on attitudes towards all forms of fruit and vegetable consumption, in addition to campaigns and partnerships with government, food industry stakeholders, health professionals and other thought leaders to collaborate, facilitate and advocate for increased intake. Campaigns included first, the 5-A-Day program, and then, the Fruits & Veggies More Matters public health initiative. While five fruits and vegetables each day is great advice, and more will always matter, PBHs new behavior-based call-to-action is Have A Plant. Rooted in behavioral science, PBHs transformative Have A Plant movement is an invitation that will inspire people with compelling reasons to believe in the powerful role fruits and vegetables can play to create happy, healthy and active lives.

Be sure to join the Have A Plant movement and get new recipes, snack hacks, meal ideas and other tips from chefs, registered dietitians, as well as food and wellness experts by visitingwww.fruitsandveggies.org. Follow us on Facebook@fruitsandveggies; on Twitter @fruits_veggies; on Instagram @fruitsandveggies; on Pinterest @fruits_veggies; and on LinkedIn atProduce for Better Health Foundation. And remember to #haveaplant.

PBH is also responsible for the Lead The Change Movement a multi-sector, multi-year initiative designed to maximize the power of PBHs unique thought leadership position, widespread influencer network, credible scientific and market research, and, most importantly, its innovative members and partners, to lead a call-to-action for addressing the global fruit and vegetable consumption crisis. The initiative includes research, thought leadership and communication platforms to ensure the Movement speaks with One Purpose, One Voice and One Call-to-Action. For more information about the Lead The Change Movement visit: http://www.fruitsandveggies.org/lead-the-change.

[1] Bowman SA, Clemens JC, Friday JE, Schroeder N, Shimizu M, LaCombRP, and Moshfegh AJ. Food Patterns Equivalents Intakes by Americans: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2003-2004 and 2015-2016. Food Surveys Research Group. Dietary Data Brief No. 20, November 2018

[2] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 20152020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.

[3] Daily Vegetable Table. ChooseMyPlate, http://www.choosemyplate.gov/eathealthy/vegetables.

[4] Daily Fruit Table. ChooseMyPlate, http://www.choosemyplate.gov/eathealthy/fruits.

[5] Lee-Kwan SH, Moore LV, Blanck HM, Harris DM, Galuska D. Disparities in State-Specific Adult Fruit and Vegetable Consumption United States, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:12411247

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Produce For Better Health Foundation Commends US Departments of Agriculture and Health And Human Services For Releasing The Dietary Guidelines For...

Genetics

Common brain malformation traced to its genetic roots: Study – Hindustan Times

In new research, scientists at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have shown that Chiari 1 malformation (common brain disorder) can be caused by variations in two genes involved in brain development.

About one in 100 children has a common brain disorder called Chiari 1 malformation, but most of the time such children grow up normally and no one suspects a problem. But in about one in 10 of those children, the condition causes headaches, neck pain, hearing, vision and balance disturbances, or other neurological symptoms.

In some cases, the disorder may run in families, but scientists have understood little about the genetic alterations that contribute to the condition.

The condition occurs when the lowest parts of the brain are found below the base of the skull. The study also revealed that children with unusually large heads are four times more likely to be diagnosed with Chiari 1 malformation than their peers with the normal head circumference.

The findings, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, could lead to new ways to identify people at risk of developing Chiari 1 malformation before the most serious symptoms arise. It also sheds light on the development of the common but poorly understood condition.

A lot of times people have recurrent headaches, but they dont realize a Chiari malformation is the cause of their headaches, Haller said. And even if they do, not everyone is willing to have brain surgery to fix it. We need better treatments, and the first step to better treatments is a better understanding of the underlying causes.

If people start experiencing severe symptoms like chronic headaches, pain, abnormal sensations or loss of sensation, or weakness, the malformation is treated with surgery to decompress the Chiari malformation.

Theres an increased risk for Chiari malformations within families, which suggests a genetic underpinning, but nobody had really identified a causal gene, said senior author Gabriel Haller, PhD, an assistant professor of neurosurgery, of neurology and of genetics. We were able to identify two causal genes, and we also discovered that people with Chiari have larger head circumference than expected. Its a significant factor, and easy to measure. If you have a child with an enlarged head, it might be worth checking with your pediatrician.

To identify genes that cause Chiari 1 malformation, Haller and colleagues sequenced all the genes of 668 people with the condition, as well as 232 of their relatives. Of these relatives, 76 also had Chiari 1 malformation and 156 were unaffected. The research team included first author Brooke Sadler, PhD, an instructor in pediatrics, and co-authors David D. Limbrick, Jr., MD, PhD, a professor of neurosurgery and director of the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, and Christina Gurnett, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology and director of the Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, among others.

Sequencing revealed that people with Chiari 1 malformation were significantly more likely to carry mutations in a family of genes known as chromodomain genes. Several of the mutations were de novo, meaning the mutation had occurred in the affected person during fetal development and was not present in his or her relatives. In particular, the chromodomain genes CHD3 and CHD8 included numerous variants associated with the malformation.

Further experiments in tiny, transparent zebrafish showed that the gene CHD8 is involved in regulating brain size. When the researchers inactivated one copy of the fishs chd8 gene, the animals developed unusually large brains, with no change in their overall body size.

Chromodomain genes help control access to long stretches of DNA, thereby regulating expression of whole sets of genes. Since appropriate gene expression is crucial for normal brain development, variations in chromodomain genes have been linked to neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and unusually large or small heads.

Its not well known how chromodomain genes function since they have such a wide scope of activity and they are affecting so many things at once, Haller said. But they are very intriguing candidates for molecular studies, to understand how specific mutations lead to autism or developmental delay or, as in many of our Chiari patients, just to increased brain size without cognitive or intellectual symptoms. Wed like to figure out the effects of each of these mutations so that in the future, if we know a child has a specific mutation, well be able to predict whether that variant is going to have a harmful effect and what kind.

The association between chromodomain genes and head size inspired Haller and colleagues to measure the heads of children with Chiari malformations, comparing them to age-matched controls and to population averages provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children with Chiari tended to have larger than average heads. Those children with the largest heads - bigger than 95% of children of the same age - were four times more likely to be diagnosed with the malformation.

The findings suggest that children with larger heads or people with other neurodevelopmental disorders linked to chromodomain genes may benefit from screening for Chiari malformation.

A lot of kids that have autism or developmental disorders associated with chromodomain genes may have undiscovered Chiari malformations, Haller said. The only treatment right now is surgery. Discovering the condition early would allow us to watch, knowing the potential for serious symptoms is there, and perform that surgery as soon as its necessary.

(This story has been published from a wire agency feed without modifications to the text.)

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Common brain malformation traced to its genetic roots: Study - Hindustan Times

Genetics

Global Genetic Testing Market Forecasts for Applications and Technologies to 2025 – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Business Wire

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Genetic Testing. Global Market Forecasts for Applications and Technologies. Updated for COVID-19 Pandemic Impact with Executive and Consultant Guides 2021 to 2025" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The role of genetics in health and disease is just now being understood. This new knowledge, combined with lower pricing is driving the Genetic Testing industry to record growth. New drugs may only work for people with a certain genetic makeup, and this too is driving the Genetic Testing Industry.

The traditional genetic testing market is growing in volume and growing in the breadth of tests creating a new life for the industry. The report forecasts the market size out to 2025. The report includes detailed breakouts for 14 countries and 5 regions.

Predictive Diagnostics? Pharmacogenomic Testing? Direct to Consumer? Find out about the technology in readily understood terms that explain the jargon. What are the issues? Find the opportunities and the pitfalls. Understand growth expectations and the ultimate market forecasts for the next five years.

Companies Mentioned

1. Introduction and Market Definition

1.1 Genetic Testing Definition in This Report

1.2 The Genomics Revolution

1.3 Market Definition

1.3.1 Revenue Market Size

1.3.1 Newborn Screening

1.3.2 Non Invasise Pregnancy Testing

1.3.3 Predictive

1.3.4 Oncology

1.3.5 Direct to Consumer

1.3.6 Other Application

1.3.7 PCR

1.3.4 NGS

1.3.5 Cytogenetic

1.3.6 Other Technology

1.4 U.S. Medical Market and laboratory Testing - Perspective

1.4.1 U.S. Medicare Expenditures for Laboratory Testing

2. Market Overview

2.1 Market Participants Play Different Roles

2.1.1 Supplier/pharmaceutical

2.1.2 Independent lab specialized/esoteric

2.1.3 Independent lab national/regional

2.1.4 Independent lab analytical

2.1.5 Public National/regional lab

2.1.6 Hospital lab

2.1.7 Physician lab

2.1.8 DTC Lab

2.1.9 Independent Genetic Testing Lab

2.1.10 Audit Body

2.2 Genetic Tests -Types, Examples and Discussion

2.2.1 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis- An Emerging Market

2.2.2 Prenatal Diagnosis - New Technologies Create Opportunity

2.2.3 Newborn Screening

2.2.2 Diagnostic Testing

2.2.3 Carrier Testing

2.2.6 Predictive and Presymptomatic Testing

2.2.7 Pharmacogenomics

2.2.8 Forensic Testing

2.2.9 Parental Testing

2.2.10 Ancestral Testing

2.3 Industry Structure

2.3.1 Hospital's Testing Share

2.3.2 Economies of Scale

2.3.2.1 Hospital vs. Central Lab

2.3.3 Physician Office Lab's

2.3.4 Physician's and POCT

2.4 Market Shares of Key Genetics Players - Analysis

3. Market Trends

3.1 Factors Driving Growth

3.1.1 Genetic Discoveries Creating New Diagnostic Markets

3.1.2 Aging Population a Boon for Diagnostics

3.1.3 Pharmacogenomics Drives Further Growth

3.1.4 Oncology and Liquid Biopsy Enter New Era

3.1.5 Fertility Practice Growth drives market

3.1.6 Direct to Consumer begins to break out

3.2 Factors Limiting Growth

3.2.1 Increased Competition Lowers Price

3.2.2 Lower Costs

3.2.3 Testing usage analysis curtailing growth

3.2.4 Wellness has a downside

3.3 Instrumentation and Automation

3.3.1 Instruments Key to Market Share

3.3.2 Bioinformatics Plays a Role

3.4 Diagnostic Technology Development

3.4.1 Next Generation Sequencing Fuels a Revolution

3.4.2 Impact of NGS on pricing

3.4.3 POCT/Self Testing Disruptive Force

3.4.4 Pharmacogenomics Blurs Diagnosis and Treatment

3.4.5 CGES Testing, A Brave New World

3.4.6 Biochips/Giant magneto resistance based assay

4. Genetic Testing Recent Developments

4.1.1 Importance of This Section

4.1.2 How to Use This Section

5. Profiles of Key Companies6. Global Market Size

6.1 Global Market by Country

6.1.1 Table - Global Market by Country

6.1.2 Chart - Country Market Shares

6.2 Global Market by Application

6.3 Global Market by Technology

7. Market Sizes by Application

7.1 Newborn Testing Market

7.2 NIPT Market

7.3 Predictive Testing Market

7.4 Oncology Testing Market

7.5 DTC Testing Market

7.6 Other Testing Market

8. Global Genetic Testing Market by Technology

9. The Future of Genetic Testing

10. Appendices

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/ezrwxq

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Global Genetic Testing Market Forecasts for Applications and Technologies to 2025 - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire

Cell Biology

This Was the Busiest Year for IPOs Since the Dot-Com Bubble. Expect Another Busy Year in 2021. – Barron’s

Text size

In 2020, a soaring IPO market not only rebounded from the Covid-19 pandemic that nearly killed it, but also posted its busiest year since 1999. Initial public offerings arent taking much of a holiday breather, with some deals expected to launch the week of Jan. 4

More than twice as many companies went public this year compared with 2019, while valuations jumped 168%. According to Dealogic, 456 U.S. IPOs raised $167.4 billion as of Dec. 24, compared to $62.5 billion collected by 211 companies for the same period in 2019.

Thats the most new issues produced by the IPO market in 20 years. In 1999, a rousing time for new issues when hundreds of companies sought to tap the public equities markets, 547 offerings collected $107.9 billion, Dealogic said.

The IPO door opened and a flood of activity went through. The outperformance of early offerings in the aftermarket created a huge degree of momentum for others to follow, said Jim Cooney, head of Americas equity capital markets at Bank of America.

The increase in IPOs this year was due to a surging U.S. stock market that powered through Covid-19 volatility and jitters around the U.S. presidential election. Public markets rewarded growth over profitability in 2020, Christina Roupas, a partner and co-chair of capital markets at law firm Winston & Strawn, said. High growth, net-loss companies and other start-ups that never would have been viable IPO candidates in prior years, all of a sudden had investors willing to throw money at them that perhaps would only have been available previously in the private markets and at less desirable valuations, she said.

By far the biggest story of this years IPO market was the success of special purpose acquisitions, or SPACs. There were 248 blank check companies that went public in 2020more than half the number of all IPOs this yearraising $82.3 billion. Thats nearly 50% of the $167.4 billion raised this year by the IPO market.

SPACs also delivered the years biggest offering: Pershing Square Tontine Holdings (ticker: PSTH), a $4 billion so-called blank-check company headed by Bill Ackman, the founder of Pershing Square Capital Management. Investors continue to provide significant capital to a diverse group of sponsors given [that] these offerings are working incredibly well, Cooney said of SPACs. With few exceptions, the majority of clients should be evaluating this opportunity.

The technology sector was quiet during the first half of 2020, but came roaring out of the gate during the last six months of the year. There were 65 tech IPOs this year, valued at $38.7 billion, Dealogic said. Tech also delivered four of the five biggest IPOs this year: Snowflake (SNOW), which raised $3.86 billion; Airbnbs (ABNB) $3.83 billion offering; DoorDashs (DASH) $3.37 billion deal; and Lufax Holding (LU), which raised $2.69 billion.

The other big story in the IPO market? Health care. The sector produced 102 IPOs this year, valued at $24.8 billion, the second most by number and third biggest by value. Much of health cares success was due to the biotech industry, which saw a surge in deals. Three-fourths of health-care IPOs were biotechs, raising $20.1 billion, Dealogic said. Investors, and the public, realized the importance of biotechnology and life science research as companies raced to develop a cure for Covid-19 this year, executives said. Its the golden age of drug discovery and thats been recognized broadly by the investment community, said BofAs Cooney.

Covid-19 buzz helped some biotechs and life sciences surge, delivering three of the top five best performing offerings this year. CureVac (CVAC), a German biotech that develops vaccines for infectious disease, soared nearly 250% in August. Berkeley Lights (BLI), a digital cell biology company, rocketed nearly 198% in July, while Seer (SEER), which develops tools to analyze proteomics, jumped 197.16% earlier this month.

Anything that is going to help solve the current health crisis, anything health-related is in high demand right now, said Chris Malik, a managing director at KeyBanc Capital Markets.

Next year, expect technology and health care IPOs to continue dominating the market and SPACs to remain aggressive, executives said. Several well-known companies are anticipated to go public in 2021 including Marqeta, Bumble, Roblox, Robinhood Markets, Affirm Holdings, Coinbase, Poshmark and Oscar Health.

The IPO market isnt taking much time off. Due to speedy virtual roadshows, management teams can now market their companies to investors through virtual meetings in three to five days, down from the eight to 10 days typically needed for in-person roadshows. We expect the strength and momentum in IPOs to continue in 2021, with numerous clients targeting IPO launches as early as the first week of the year, BofAs Cooney said.

Write to Luisa Beltran at luisa.beltran@dowjones.com

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This Was the Busiest Year for IPOs Since the Dot-Com Bubble. Expect Another Busy Year in 2021. - Barron's

Cell Biology

LyGenesis Receives FDA Clearance to Begin Phase 2a Trial of its Cell Therapy for Patients with End Stage Liver Disease, and also Closes $11 Million…

PITTSBURGH, Dec. 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --LyGenesis, Inc., a biotechnology company developing cell therapies that enable organ regeneration, announced today that the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared its Investigational New Drug (IND) application.Under the IND, LyGenesis will be conducting a Phase 2a study on the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of its first-in-class novel cell therapy for patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD).

In addition, LyGenesis just completed over $11 million in private financing of convertible notes led by Juvenescence, Ltd. and Longevity Vision Fund. Proceeds will be used to fund LyGenesis's Phase 2a clinical trial with a first patient in targeted for early 2021, as well as to push forward on their other cell therapies using lymph nodes as bioreactors to regrow functioning organs, including pancreas, kidney, and thymus regeneration.

"The FDA clearance for our IND and the start of our Phase 2a study in patients with ESLD is a testimony to our robust preclinical research program, the unmet need in advanced liver disease, and our novel approach to organ regeneration. Moreover, the lack of genetic manipulation, ease of administration, and low cost of goods for our cell therapy forms the foundation for a promising and scalable first commercial product," said Michael Hufford, PhD, Co-Founder and CEO of LyGenesis.

"LyGenesis's progress has been simply extraordinary. They have recently published 4 peer-reviewed papers on their regenerative medicine technology, filed and received clearance for their first IND, identified a primary site for their Phase 2a clinical trial, and now have closed a round of financing to ensure they have the cash to run their trial and also progress additional cell therapies toward the clinic," said Jim Mellon, Co-Founder of Juvenescence, and Chair of LyGenesis's Board of Directors. Sergey Young, founder of Longevity Vision Fund, said "We are excited to support LyGenesis in its vision to tackle some of the most challenging unmet medical needs of our time with a unique organ regeneration technology. By enabling one donated organ to act as a source of therapies for dozens of patients, LyGenesis is on the cusp of disrupting the supply-demand calculus of organ donation, and this regulatory clearance from the FDA is a definitive milestone in their evolution."

About LyGenesis, Inc.LyGenesis is a biotechnology company with an organ regeneration technology platform enabling a patient's lymph nodes to be used as bioreactors to regrow functioning ectopic organs. LyGenesis's lead allogeneic cell therapy program is focused on liver regeneration for patients with end stage liver disease. Its drug development pipeline includes thymus, pancreas, and kidney regeneration. Privately held, LyGenesis is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. To learn more, please visit lygenesis.com.

About Juvenescence, Ltd.Juvenescence Ltd. is a life sciences company developing therapies to modify aging increasing human health span and longevity. It was founded byJim Mellon,Dr. Gregory BaileyandDr. Declan Doogan. The Juvenescence team are highly experienced drug developers, entrepreneurs and investors with a significant history of success in the pharmaceutical and consumer health sectors. Juvenescence will create, partner with or invest in new companies with longevity-related therapeutics, by in-licensing compounds from academia and industry, or forming joint ventures to develop therapeutics for longevity. Juvenescence believes that recent advances in science have greatly improved our understanding of the biology of aging and seeks to develop therapeutics with the possibility of slowing, halting or potentially reversing elements of aging. To learn more, please visit juvlabs.com.

About Longevity Vision FundLongevity Vision Fund is a venture capital fund that invests in technologies with the potential to disrupt life sciences to help people live longer and healthier lives. The fund is focused on early diagnostics, AI in healthcare, and advanced therapeutic platforms targeting aging and age-related diseases. It was founded by Sergey Young, a venture capital investor with a mission to make longevity more accessible and affordable. Sergey is also an Innovation Board member at XPRIZE Foundation and a development sponsor of Age Reversal XPRIZE. To learn more, please visit lvf.vc.

Contact InformationMichael Hufford(858) 603-2514262126@email4pr.com

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SOURCE LyGenesis, Inc.

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LyGenesis Receives FDA Clearance to Begin Phase 2a Trial of its Cell Therapy for Patients with End Stage Liver Disease, and also Closes $11 Million...

Cell Biology

COVID-19 Impact on Live Cell Imaging Consumables Market Size, Share, Trends and Analysis 2020 to 2026| Carl Zeiss AG (Germany), Olympus Corporation…

Global Live Cell Imaging Consumables Market Forecast to 2026.

Market Report Expert has published a statistical analysis, titled as Live Cell Imaging Consumables Market. The global Live Cell Imaging Consumables report is a valuable source of accurate data, which is examined to promote better understanding of the business scenario. To present the effective statistics of businesses, analyst uses the qualitative and quantitative techniques. The major key pillars, which are responsible for the growth of the companies are mentioned with details. It provides the Live Cell Imaging Consumables industry overview along with its limitations and scope.

Under COVID-19 Outbreak, how the Live Cell Imaging Consumables Industry will develop is also analyzed in detail in COVID Impact Chapter of this report.

For Better Understanding, Download FREE Sample Copy of Live Cell Imaging Consumables Market Report(Including full TOC, Graphs, Sample Data, and Tables)@ https://www.marketreportexpert.com/report/Live Cell Imaging Consumables/807/sample

Some of top players influencing the Global Live Cell Imaging Consumables market:

Carl Zeiss AG (Germany), Olympus Corporation (Japan), Molecular Devices, LCC (US), Leica Microsystems (Germany), Becton, Dickinson and Company (US), Nikon Corporation (Japan), Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.(US), GE Healthcare (U.K.), PerkinElmer, Inc. (US), Sigma Aldrich Corporation (US)

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The Global Live Cell Imaging Consumables market report is a comprehensive research that focuses on the overall consumption structure, development trends, sales models and sales of top countries in the global Live Cell Imaging Consumables market. The report focuses on well-known providers in the global Live Cell Imaging Consumables industry, market segments, competition, and the macro environment. Different industries are profiled for getting the current scenario of various working methodologies and policies of the businesses. Global regions such as Latin America, North America, China, Japan, Asia Pacific, and India are considered to study the layout of the various industries. This innovative report provides point to point analysis of the dynamic environment and throws light on the recent innovations, to understand all the current strategies of the industries.

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Majortype, primarily split into

Assay Kits, Reagents, Media, Others

Major applications/end users, including

Cell Biology, Stem Cells, Developmental Biology, Drug Discovery

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What will the market growth rate, growth momentum or acceleration market carries during the forecast period?Which are the key factors driving the Live Cell Imaging Consumables market?What was the size of the emerging Live Cell Imaging Consumables market by value in 2020?What will be the size of the emerging Live Cell Imaging Consumables market in 2026?Which region is expected to hold the highest market share in the Live Cell Imaging Consumables market?What trends, challenges and barriers will impact the development and sizing of the Global Live Cell Imaging Consumables market?What is sales volume, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Live Cell Imaging Consumables market?What are the Live Cell Imaging Consumables market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the global Live Cell Imaging Consumables Industry?

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Market Report Expert is a futuristic market intelligence company, helping customers flourish their business strategies and make better decisions using actionable intelligence. With transparent information pool, we meet clients objectives, commitments on high standard and targeting possible prospects for SWOT analysis and market research reports.

Contact USJames ThompsonMarket Report ExpertPhone: +1-816-301-6258Email [emailprotected]Web:-https://www.marketreportexpert.com

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COVID-19 Impact on Live Cell Imaging Consumables Market Size, Share, Trends and Analysis 2020 to 2026| Carl Zeiss AG (Germany), Olympus Corporation...