Cell Biology

Bit.bios cell revolution looks to transform dementia treatments and grow organs to order – Express

The Cambridge University spinout combines coding and biology for its breakthrough Opti-ox technology that precisely reprograms stem cells, the type that are embryos for all the others, to make any cell required at scale.

Everything that Bit.bio does is geared towards sustainability, improving the planet and the lives of people, says chief executive and co-founder Dr Mark Kotter, both a stem cell biologist and a trained complex spine neurosurgeon.

Human cells, from blood and skin samples for example, are excellent for drug development and their mass production in pure batches overcomes the traditional bottlenecks of availability, reliability and cost.

We are a new type of synthetic biology company where it is mammalian cells rather than bugs like E.coli that are engineered to create new solutions. We bridge the gap with a scalable consistent source, explains Dr Kotter as Bit.bio prepares to increase output to two billion cells a day.

Thar source material opens the doors for research, development, licensing and therapies and, as well as accelerating drug discovery, it can reduce the 1.5 billion average amount spent on a drugs innovation and the need for animal testing.

Stems cells have transcription factors (proteins) that identify their particular type and silence any new activations. Bit.bio is overcoming that and creating new identities by cracking the code of human cells from the inside, says Dr Kotter.

The companys first challenge has been to figure out what the programs are that you want to engineer into a cell to give you the desired type, he explains.

We are developing new models with the London Institute for Mathematical Sciences to analyse the complex biological data.

The second challenge is understanding exactly where in a cells DNA to engineer in the programs and also to engineer in more than one successfully.

Silicon Valley and the life sciences sector showed their enthusiasm for the businesss prospects with a 30 million first funding raise last year.

Bit.bio has so far commercialised two products, the first brain and muscle cells mass produced from a single model. These are ready for experiments in a third of the time normally expected.

Fifteen more products will be coming through over the next three years with cancers on the schedule and the growth of organs forecast to arrive within the next decade.

Attracting leading lights in the stem cell sector such as Dr Roger Pedersen and clinical immune-oncologist Dr Ramy Ibrahim, expansion in the US is a next major step along with Bit.bios transition into a clinical company producing its own therapies.

The UK workforce has grown 50 per cent and will reach 150 by the end of the year.

But what will it take to keep Bit.bio headquartered in the UK? We want to see a bolder, long term investment mindset away from quick wins, declares Dr Kotter.

We also want to see better access to talent and help tocreate physical spaces where we can grow a global HQ.

The company is however extremely excited about Breakthrough, the 375 million UK scheme launching this summer that encourages UK venture capital to co-invest with government in high-growth, innovative firms to transform industries, develop new medicines and support the move to a net zero economy.

We are on a moonshot mission to facilitate things that are affordable for everyone that were previously in the realm of science fiction, adds Dr Kotter. Ultimately our technology will help decode the operating system of life.

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Bit.bios cell revolution looks to transform dementia treatments and grow organs to order - Express

Cell Biology

Newly Discovered Glycosylated RNA Is All Over Cells: Study – The Scientist

The emergence of nucleic acids and that of proteins have sometimes been called the first and second evolution revolutions, as they made life as we know it possible. Some experts argue that glycosylationthe addition of glycans to other biopolymersshould be considered the third, because it allowed cells to build countless molecular forms from the same DNA blueprints. Its long been believed that only proteins and lipids receive these carbohydrate constructs, but a May 17 paper in Cellthat builds upon a 2019 bioRxiv preprint posits that RNAs can be glycosylated, too, and these sugar-coated nucleic acids seem to localize to cell membranes.

Anna-Marie Fairhurst, who studies autoimmunity at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore, describes the study as exciting. Obviously, its the first time ever that weve seen this with RNA, she says, adding that the diversity of methods used to demonstrate the presence of glycoRNAs makes the findings especially robust.

What really intrigues her are the parts present in the 2021 Cellpaper that arent in the 2019 preprintin particular, that glycoRNAs appear to predominantly end up on the cells outer membrane. There, they can attach to two kinds of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs)a family of immune receptors implicated in several diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All of this suggests glycoRNAs may play a role in immune signaling. Its a really exciting era of science, Fairhurst says.

Ryan Flynn, the first author on the new paper and an RNA biologist at Harvard University and Boston Childrens Hospital, says he made the startling discovery of glycoRNAs while working in chemical biologist Carolyn Bertozzis lab at Stanford University. Bertozzi says she was skeptical at first but came around after thinking about how her own assumptions might be shaping her views. We bring to every experiment all this unconscious bias, she explains, and once she re-examined her own, she found no reason to think glycoRNAs shouldnt exist. These are ancient molecules, she says. Theres no reason to just presume that they wouldnt have found a way to connect and to create new biology.

These are ancient molecules . . . Theres no reason to just presume that they wouldnt have found a way to connect and to create new biology.

Carolyn Bertozzi, Stanford University

As it happens, Flynn did set out to overturn glycosylation dogma when he joined Bertozzis lab as a postdoc in 2017although it didnt happen the way he expected. At first, he explains, he had his eye on a quirky cytosolic protein glycosylation pathway because hed noticed that one of its key enzymes has an RNA-binding domain. If theres a glycosylation enzyme with the potential to bind RNA, and its functioning in the cytosol where RNAs tend to be, he reasoned, it could be sticking sugars to RNAs, too.

To search for the existence of these structures, it was really important that I had access to things that were not dependent on high temperatures, and not dependent on metals that might otherwise degrade the RNA, he says, and thats exactly what Bertozzis lab had to offer. Shes a pioneer in the field of bioorthogonal chemistry, which aims to develop chemical methods for tracking biomolecules in their native environments. Her lab was brimming with reagents that label specific kinds of glycans without harming other molecules or setting off side-reactions.

Flynn set to work adding these glycan-labeling compounds to HeLa cells and then isolating RNA from them to see if any glycan signal remained after hed removed all proteins and lipids. He says he thought he might see a signal when he labeled the kind of glycans used in that cytosolic glycosylation pathway.

However, months of experiments failed to support that hypothesis.

Instead, something strange kept happening with what was supposed to be a negative control: cells treated with ManNAz, an azide-labeled precursor for sialoglycans, a group of glycans known for their role as modifiers of secretory and cell surface proteins and lipids. Once the cells were given the chance to incorporate ManNAz, they were lysed with TRIzol, which breaks apart cellular components without damaging RNAs, and any surviving proteins were chopped up with proteases. The idea was that thered be no azide signal at the end, as sialoglycans are attached to proteins and lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, where RNAs have no business being. I was like, theres no way that a reagent that labels sialoglycans is going to end up labeling an RNA, even a glycoRNA, Bertozzi says, but those experiments consistently gave Flynn positive signals.

So, the team dug further. Not only did the glycoRNAs the team found contain this specific subgroup of glycans, they appeared to largely consist of YRNAs, a family of small, highly conserved noncoding RNAs whose cellular functions remain unclear, although previous studies have suggested they may play a role in oncogenesis and autoimmunity. The specificity of both the glycans and the type of RNAs involved strongly point to their being attached to one another with an enzyme, says Bertozzi.

Furthermore, once the researchers started looking for them, they found these glycoRNAs in numerous established cell lines, including cancer-derived ones such as HeLa and T-ALL 4118 cells, as well as stem cellderived CHO and H9 cells. They were even able to detect glycoRNAs in liver and spleen cells extracted from live mice that received intraperitoneal injections of ManNAz, suggesting that glycoRNAs are everywhere.

By 2019, the team members felt they had enough supportive data to submit their findings, so they put the preprint version up on bioRxiv. It made a splash in the scientific community, but without peer review, some remained skeptical. Now, after even more experiments and a rigorous review process, the team says its data have become even more compelling.

They clearly have isolated a covalent RNA-glycan conjugate, says Laura Kiessling, a chemical biology researcher who studies carbohydrates at MIT and was not involved in the study. However, big questions remain, including what these glycoRNAs do and how they form. For instance, its unclear exactly how the RNAs and glycans are physically connected to one another, she notes, and without that information, shes not quite convinced that the binding happens enzymatically.

Flynn and Bertozzi suggest that the RNAs are glycosylated much in the same way proteins are, and that it even requires some of the same proteins. As noted in the original preprint, when they inhibited key enzymes involved in glycosylation, glycoRNAs disappeared in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, cell lines engineered to have errors in protein glycosylation produced very little glycoRNA. But for RNAs to be glycosylated by the same pathway as proteins would be weird, Kiessling says, noting that multiple glycosylation steps only proceed after a check for proper protein folding. Its hard for me to imagine exactly how that would occur with RNA.

The researchers were even able to detect glycoRNAs in liver and spleen cells extracted from live mice, suggesting that glycoRNAs are everywhere.

Fairhurst says she also wants to know more about the synthesis pathway. She has lots of other questions, too, which she says is a good sign. A really good, exciting paper leaves a lot more questions than it does answers, she notes.

While the 2019 preprint raised many of these questions, some are unique to the new data presented in the Cell version. Perhaps the biggest addition to the work was the discovery of where these glycoRNAs spend their timestuck on the outsides of cells, explains Flynn. The team demonstrated this by briefly exposing some ManNAz-labeled HeLa cells toan enzyme that can cleave sialic acid glycans from the cell surface. If the glycoRNAs were on the outside, they would be cut off, and the total amount of glycoRNAs remaining would drop. And thats exactly what they found: the glycoRNA signal started to decrease after as little as 20 minutes of incubation with the sialidase and was reduced by more than 50 percent after an hour, which the team suggests means that more than half of a cells glycoRNAs are stuck on its outer membrane.

The researchers further probed the hypothesis of extracellular localization by labeling living cells with an antibody that binds to double-stranded RNA. About one-fifth of a culture of HeLa cells were positive for antibody staining, and the label was sensitive to RNase treatment, further supporting the idea that glycoRNAs are indeed present on the outer cell membrane. That opens up a lot of ideas, and a lot of possibilities, functionally and mechanistically, for what they could be doing, says Flynn.

One of those possibilities is that glycoRNAs are involved in cell-to-cell signaling, especially in an immune context, as thats a known function of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. Bertozzi had already been investigating the ligands of Siglecs, a group of sugar-binding receptors that modulate immune reactions, so the team decided to see if any of them bound to glycoRNAs. They first treated HeLa cells with different Siglecs to show that the receptors bound normally, then treated the cells with RNase. Lo and behold, the binding of Siglec-11 and Siglec-14 dropped precipitously, suggesting that their ligands were cleaved from the surface by the RNA-cutting enzyme.

Bertozzi says the experiment indicated glycoRNAs are ligands for Siglec-11 and Siglec-14, and if so, theyd be the first identified for Siglec-11.

As a receptor family, [Siglecs have] kind of been ignored, notes Fairhurst, so the fact that these glycoRNAs can interact with them is very exciting, she says. My immediate desire is to see whether they are associated with diseases, particularly in SLE, she adds.

Lan Lin, an RNA biologist at the University of Pennsylvania and the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, says she found the 2019 preprint so interesting that she applied for and received a pilot grant from the Frontiers in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) Consortium to study the roles glycoRNAs may play in CDG, a group of rare congenital conditions arising from mutations in protein glycosylation pathways. Because RNA glycosylation may be related to protein glycosylation, she tells The Scientist, it was only rational or reasonable for [my colleagues and I] to hypothesize that . . . some of these patients might have differences in the glycoRNA in their system, and therefore, CDG conditions could be used to examine the potential functions of glycoRNAs.

So far, she says, her team hasnt detected any consistent differences in glycoRNAs between the cells of healthy controls and CDG patients. She says that may be because differences are more qualitative than quantitative, such as alterations to the sugars themselves or the subset of RNAs that are glycosylated. Alternatively, she notes, the new data in the 2021 Cell paper may provide an explanation: the membrane localization of glycoRNAs wasnt in the preprint, so maybe we are looking in the wrong place, she muses.

Its also possible that new methods are needed to detect glycoRNA differences between cells. She points out that a major limitation of the study is that the ManNAz labeling method cant readily be applied to preserved human tissue samples or blood samples.

Fairhurst says shed like to see more work in primary cell cultures rather than immortalized ones, especially leukocyte subtypes, where one might expect pronounced differences if the RNAs have a role in immunity. For example, she says shed like to see whether, in people with conditions like SLE, different cell types have fewer or more glycoRNAs, though obviously, those experiments are really challenging.

Seeing these big milestones is amazing

Anna-Marie Fairhurst, Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore

Still, she says, seeing these big milestones is amazing.

Kiessling says she thinks glycoRNAs could be really important in the field of glycobiology. Her lab focuses on how carbohydrate-binding proteins can read glycans on the surfaces of cells, she explains, so these glycoRNAs could be a new kind of information to read. Lin points out that the findings are especially impactful for RNA researchers, as they suggest a whole new kind of post-transcriptional modification in need of investigation. Because glycoRNA sits at the intersection of glycobiology, immunology, and RNA biology, says Bertozzi, Ryans discovery has brought together these disparate worlds.

Flynn and Bertozzi say theyre hoping to start answering some of the many questions that remain, including how the glycans attach to RNAs and how and where that happens. The most exciting part, they say, will be the investigations into what glycoRNAs do.

R. Flynn et al., Small RNAs are modified with N-glycans and displayed on the surface of living cells,Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.023, 2021.

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Newly Discovered Glycosylated RNA Is All Over Cells: Study - The Scientist

Cell Biology

Maryland Today | The Mettle Behind the Medal – Maryland Today

They interned across campus, around the country and on the other side of the globe. They founded nonprofits, volunteered at hospitals and schools, conducted groundbreaking research, and even played violin in the universitys Gamer Symphony Orchestra.

These are the six Terps considered for the University Medal, the highest honor given to an undergraduate by UMD, awarded at each spring commencement to the graduate or graduates who best personify academic distinction, extraordinary character and extracurricular contributions to the university and the larger community.

This years medalist is Sherry Fan, who is graduating with a 4.0 GPA and a dual degree in biological sciences and nutritional science.

Read on for more about her accomplishments as well as this years five finalists:

A published researcher, devoted volunteer to fighting hunger and poverty, and burgeoning artist in communicating complex science, Fan stood out even in a class of high-achieving Honors College students because of her intellect and enthusiasm.

In my 42 years teaching at the UMD, I have never taught an undergraduate student with a stronger academic record, said Todd J. Cooke, research professor in the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and founding director of the Integrated Life Sciences Program in the Honors College.

The daughter of an immigrant from rural China, Fan grew up in Montgomery County, Md., hearing his stories about not having enough food or fresh watera motivation to seek ways to help those in dire need. She became a National Merit Scholarship finalist and earned a Banneker/Key Scholarship at the University of Maryland, where she joined the Food Recovery Network to reduce campus food waste and served meals at homeless shelters in Washington, D.C., as a member of UMD Tzu Ching.

I wanted to be able to give back to communities who were facing similar insecurities, she said. It was a personal issue to me.

Fan worked for three years with Professor Wenxia Song on uncovering the cellular relationship between obesity, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, and spent two summers interning at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, studying a cancer-promoting protein that could help with new treatments and analyzing potential genetic markers for aortic aneurysms. Fan will be a co-author on an upcoming paper in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE.

Beyond the lab, she led service trips to Kentucky and made coloring books for patients at the Childrens Inn at the National institutes of Healtha talent that also landed one of her drawings with an article in Virology.

After graduation, Fan will pursue a dual M.D./Ph.D. at Cornell University and hopes to eventually work at an academic medical center to integrate service, research, art and teaching.

Ive grown a lot as a student but also as a human being during my time at UMD, she said. I was really able to step outside my own bubble.

Elizabeth ChildsElizabeth Childs has been fascinated by human-robot interaction (HRI) since she was a kid watching Pokemon on TV.

She spent her time at UMD advancing complex research in that area while participating in the Honors Colleges Entrepreneurship and Innovation program and majoring in mechanical engineering as a Banneker/Key Scholar, with a 3.98 GPA.

Among her work, Childs explored virtual reality applications in the Geometric Algorithms for Modeling, Motion, and Animation Lab, shortened 3D-printing post-production time in the Bioinspired Advanced Manufacturing Lab and studied modular robotics for explosive ordinance disposal in Cambodia. Her first-author, peer-reviewed paper on 3D printing processes was published in the IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

Meanwhile, Childs was a teaching fellow in a thermodynamics course for five semesters, participated in the Quality Enhancement Systems and Teams (QUEST) honors program, competed in TerpTank with a business model to provide affordable meals to college students, and taught ACT/SAT prep in Chicago through the Alternative Breaks Program.

She was awarded a Knight-Hennessy Scholarship to Stanford University, where she will pursue a doctorate studying HRI, augmented reality and haptics (technologies stimulating touch and motion).

I am so excited to see what the future holds for Elizabeth, said Catherine Hamel, Keystone Instructor in engineering who teaches the thermodynamics course. I know that she will be on the forefront of developing technologies that will better our society.

Jackson DevadasBiological sciences major Jackson Devadas spent his four years at Maryland examining how social contexts play a role in health, particularly the mental well-being of LGBTQ students and students of color.

A Presidents Scholar and member of the Honors Colleges Design, Cultures and Creativity program, he minored in statistics and conducted multiple research projects in the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity lab, leading to a role in several published papers.

He is driven by a desire for equity and justice, eager to learn and expand his areas of expertise, and thrives in a community-based, interdisciplinary learning environment, said American studies Professor Jason Farman, director of the Design, Cultures and Creativity program.

Devadas was student director of the Ed Snider Center for Enterprise and Markets and held leadership positions with the LGBTQ+ Students and Allies in Public Health, the Pride Alliance, the Honors College Student Advisory Board and as Honors Ambassador.

He hopes to pursue a masters degree in public health and doctorate in sociomedical sciences, focusing on mental illness within vulnerable communities, with the goal of becoming an educator.

Meron HaileLooking back toher familys movefrom Ethiopia to the U.S. in 2007, Meron Haile most remembers her parents focus on education as the key to independence.

She took that to heart, winning a Banneker/Key scholarship to Maryland, where she participated in the Honors Colleges Integrated Life Sciences program, majored in biological sciences on the pre-med track, minored in global poverty and earned a 4.0 GPA.

Haile conducted research in a campus lab on oxycodone addiction, held internships at the National Institutes of Health and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and served as a medical assistant at local hospitals and medical practices.

On campus, shes been active in organizations that support immigrant and other underserved groups, including the Global Poverty Student Advisory Board, United Against Inequities in Disease (USAID), Terps for Change and CASA-Mi Esposito, where she helped immigrant youths learn English and tutored in other classes. Shes also been a teaching assistant for three years.

Marcia Shofner, senior lecturer in the Department of Entomology who teaches the Principles of Ecology & Evolution course, called Haile one of the most consistent, reliable and creative assistants shed ever worked with. I will miss her after she graduates, but she will be an amazing physician to whom I would love to take my family.

Kyeisha LaurenceOnly a few weeks into her freshman year at UMD, Kyeisha Laurence saw Hurricane Irma ravage her native St. Maarten. With the support of her new community in the Honors Colleges Gemstone program, she led a collection drive to send clothes and other supplies there.

That set the tone for Laurences time at Maryland, where she was a Banneker/Key Scholar and earned a 3.97 GPA while pursuing a biological sciences major and minor in French studies.

In Gemstone, she led a research team focused on finding a novel therapeutic agent to treat allergies. She also interned as a UM Scholar at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

Laurence served as a member of the College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences Diversity and Inclusion Advisory Council, president of the Charles R. Drew Pre-Health Society, a cabinet member for the Caribbean Student Association, and a supplemental instructor for the Academic Achievement Programs.

She plans to spend a year conducting clinical research at the National Institute of Health, then pursue M.D. and M.P.H. degrees for a career in improving health care for low-income and underrepresented minority communities.

Maryland has enabled me to follow my passions by supporting and providing me with a community of people who uplift, motivate and push me to be my very best, she said.

Veeraj ShahAs co-founder and CEO of ChatHealth, Veeraj Shah initially planned to promote health care services to Terps via a chatbot. Now he has ambitions to reduce preventable diseases globally.

He dived into the opportunities at Maryland, where he combined his work in the Integrated Life Sciences Honors College program with research in the School of Public Health (SPH). He took advantage of expertise and funding through the School of Public Policy and its Do Good Institute and he co-founded his first company, Vitalize App, with the support of the Robert H. Smith School of Business Dingman Center for Entrepreneurship.

Shah interned in the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General, was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and led UMDs chapter of Public Health Beyond Borders, among many other experiences. He contributed to 10 academic publications.

Dushanka V. Kleinman, principal associate dean and professor in SPH and a former NIH administrator, called Shah the most productive and universally outstanding undergraduate student I have encountered.

He earned a 3.98 GPA and dual degrees in biological sciences along with health policy and technology, a major he developed. He also completed 10 masters and doctoral courses in health services research and biostatistics.

As one of 24 recipients nationwide of the Gates-Cambridge Scholarship, he will head to Cambridge University to pursue a doctorate in public health and primary care, then a medical degree at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

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Maryland Today | The Mettle Behind the Medal - Maryland Today

Cell Biology

3D Cell Culture Market 2021 Trends, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Supply Demand Scenario and Growth Prospects Survey till 2027 investigated in the latest…

Global 3D Cell Culture Market is valued approximately at USD 892 million in 2019 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 15.7% over the forecast period 2020-2027. A 3D cell culture is an in-vitro technique wherein the cells can grow in controlled simulated or artificially created environment, outside of a living organism. This environment has similar architecture and functioning of the native tissue. 3D cell culture technique helps biological cells to differentiate, proliferate, and migrate by interacting with their surroundings in all three dimensions. This technique has varied applications in the fields of stem cell therapies, regenerative medicine, drug screening, cancer research and cell biology. The extracellular matrix in this technique enables cell-cell communication by direct contact, by secreting cytokines and trophic factors.

The growing prevalence of chronic diseases rise in demand in organ transplantation, tissue regeneration, and regenerative medicine are the few factors responsible for growth of the market over the forecast period. The rising number of organ donors due to the favourable government initiatives & growing number of deceased donors is creating a lucrative opportunity for the growth of market over the forecast years. For instance: in 1994, India government framed Transplantation of Human Organ Act to enable a proper system for removal, storage and transplantation of human organ and framed budget of approx. USD 19.95 million to promote organ donation from deceased person. Similarly, In October 1982, a federal agency, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) was established in United States. The agency monitors the transplantation system of organ in the economy and provides the safest and most equitable system for allocation, transplantation, and distribution of donated organs. Thus, such factors escalate the number of organ donors across the globe, creating a lucrative thrust to the market growth. Whereas, lack of infrastructure for 3d cell-based research and high cost of cell biology research is the major factor restraining the growth of global 3D Cell Culture market during the forecast period.

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The regional analysis of global 3D Cell Culture market is considered for the key regions such as Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America and Rest of the World. North America is the leading/significant region across the world owing to the increasing incidence of cancer and the presence of a well-established pharmaceutical & biotechnology industry. Whereas, Asia-Pacific is also anticipated to exhibit highest growth rate / CAGR over the forecast period 2020-2027.

Major market player included in this report are:Thermo Fisher ScientificCorning IncorporatedMerck KGaALonza GroupReprocell3D Biotek LLCEmulate, Inc.CN Bio Innovations LimitedHamilton CompanyInsphero AG

The objective of the study is to define market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values to the coming eight years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within each of the regions and countries involved in the study. Furthermore, the report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, the report shall also incorporate available opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with the detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:

by Product:Scaffold-based 3D Cell CulturesScaffold-free 3D Cell CulturesMicrofluidics-based 3D Cell CulturesMagnetic & Bioprinted 3D Cell Cultures

by Application:Cancer & Stem Cell ResearchDrug Discovery & Toxicology TestingTissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine

By End-User:Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology CompaniesResearch InstitutesCosmetics IndustryOthers

By Region:North AmericaU.S.CanadaEuropeUKGermanyFranceSpainItalyROE

Asia PacificChinaIndiaJapanAustraliaSouth KoreaRoAPACLatin AmericaBrazilMexicoRest of the World

Furthermore, years considered for the study are as follows:

Historical year 2017, 2018Base year 2019Forecast period 2020 to 2027

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Target Audience of the Global 3D Cell Culture Market in Market Study:

Key Consulting Companies & AdvisorsLarge, medium-sized, and small enterprisesVenture capitalistsValue-Added Resellers (VARs)Third-party knowledge providersInvestment bankersInvestors

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3D Cell Culture Market 2021 Trends, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Supply Demand Scenario and Growth Prospects Survey till 2027 investigated in the latest...

Cell Biology

3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market Exhibit Steadfast Expansion by 2028 With Corning Incorporated, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Lonza Group…

A Latest intelligence report published by The Insight Partners with title 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market Outlook to 2028. A detailed study accumulated to offer Latest insights about acute features of the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool market. This report provides a detailed overview of key factors in the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market and factors such as driver, restraint, past and current trends, regulatory scenarios and technology development. A thorough analysis of these factors including economic slowdown, local & global reforms and COVID-19 Impact has been conducted to determine future growth prospects in the global market.

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The 3D cell culture is an in vitro technique in which cells can grow in an artificially created environment that closely resembles the structure and functioning of the native tissues, thus stimulating normal differentiation, morphology, and behavior of cells. 3D cell culture equipment & tools are used in the drug discovery process, tissue engineering, stem cell study, cell-based sensors, cancer cell biology, and stem cell study. As per NCBI, 3D cell culture systems have proved to be the most effective sensing tools in cell-based sensors as they provide biologically accurate information as well as predictive data for in vivo clinical trials. Furthermore, 3D cell culture can bring a paradigm shift in toxicology research activities. The 3D cell culture models help in effectively studying the impact of toxicants on the liver, testis, lungs, kidneys, heart, skins, gastrointestinal tract, and brain.

MARKET DYNAMICS

The 3D cell culture equipment and tool market has shown a significant evolution over the forecast period. The key driving factors include an escalating focus on personalized medicine and increasing cases of chronic disorders across the globe. The rising demand for organ transplants and the contribution of 3D cell culture models towards new drug development for treating cancer will embellish the market trends. Apart from this, the massive use of 3D cell culture techniques in drug screening and efforts made by researchers for developing standard protocols in drug screening will boost the growth of this market. Cancer research is estimated to dominate the global 3D cell culture equipment & tool market because of the behavior of the cancer cells grown in 3D culture is similar to the cells that grow in vivo. Thus, 3D cell culture equipment & tools helps the researchers to study various tumor characteristics such as hypoxia, dormancy, and anti-apoptotic behavior. The R&D activities in oncology have rapidly increased, owing to the multiple advantages of 3D cell culture. Thus, growth in cancer research is likely to generate lucrative opportunities to develop the 3D cell culture equipment and tool market. However, a lack of skilled professionals and budget restrictions for research-related activities might restrain the market growth of the market.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

The market is segmented based on type, therapeutic application, and end-user. On the basis of the type, the market is categorized as a culture platform, drug screening platform, and others. On the basis of therapeutic application, the market is segmented as stem cell research, cancer research, drug discovery, and others. Based on the end-user, the market is segmented as contact research laboratories, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, academic institutes, and others.

Major Players in This Report Include:

Geographically World 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool market can be classified as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa and Latin America. North America has gained a leading position in the global market and is expected to remain in place for years to come. The growing demand for 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool market will drive growth in the North American market over the next few years.

In the last section of the report, the companies responsible for increasing the sales in the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market have been presented. These companies have been analyzed in terms of their manufacturing base, basic information, and competitors. In addition, the application and product type introduced by each of these companies also form a key part of this section of the report. The recent enhancements that took place in the global market and their influence on the future growth of the market have also been presented through this study.

Report Highlights:

Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market:

Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool marketChapter 2: Exclusive Summary the basic information of the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market.Chapter 3: Changing Impact on Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges & Opportunities of the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool; Post COVID AnalysisChapter 4: Presenting the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market Factor Analysis, Post COVID Impact Analysis, Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.Chapter 5: Displaying the by Type, End User and Region/Country 2015-2021Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the 3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, & Company ProfileChapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by Manufacturers/Company with revenue share and sales by key countries in these various regions (2021-2028)

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3D Cell Culture Equipment & Tool Market Exhibit Steadfast Expansion by 2028 With Corning Incorporated, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Lonza Group...

Cell Biology

Abetment To Innovation To Drive The Growth Factors Market KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper – KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper

The forecast period will witness a shift of notion about healthcare from just being sick care to health and wellness. The Growth Factors Market entails the integration of this shift into the design of delivery locations/channels and service offerings by the key market participants. This could include at-home prescription delivery, virtual care, self-service application for behavior modification, and decision support.

According to the latest market report published by PMR on the growth factors market during 2014 2018 and forecast for 2019 2029, the global growth factors market is projected to reach ~ US$ 2.5 Bn by the end of 2029. The growth factors market is expected to grow with a CAGR of ~ 8 % during the forecast period 2019-2029.

Growth factors are gaining high demand for cell culture-based research in the field of oncology, wound management, cardiovascular, and other medical fields. The growth factors market is expected to grow at a significant rate due to the growing demand for stem cell biology research.

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Company Profiles

Increasing Life Science Research Funding Favors the Growth of the Market

Growth factors & cytokines play an important role in life science-based research. Various government, private, and commercial organizations are providing funding for life science-based research for the development of new products to reduce illness and economic burden. Investments in R&D are likely to increase in countries such as China, India, and South Korea.

Moreover, the increasing demand for growth factors in tissue regeneration and regenerative medicines is also expected to propel the growth of the global growth factors market. The global growth factors market is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period due to increasing oncological and stem cell biology research funding, and the development of new products for wound management.

However, the high cost of some growth factors and lack of skilled professionals are among the major factors hindering the growth of the growth factors market.

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Interleukins to Gain Significant Market Value Shares in the Global Growth Factors Market

Based on product type, the global growth factors market has been segmented into Interleukin (ILs), Epidermal Growth Factors (EGFs), Transforming Growth Beta Factor (TGF-beta), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs), Platelet-Derived Growth Factors (PDGFs), Hepatocyte Growth Factors (HGFs), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs), Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs), and others.

In terms of revenue, the Interleukins (ILs) are expected to hold a prominent share in the growth factors market revenues, through the end of forecast period.

Based on application, the global growth factors market has been segmented into oncology, dermatology, cardiovascular disease & diabetes, hematology, wound healing, cell culture, and others. Cell culture will remain the most prominent application area of growth factors, as indicated by PMRs study. By end user, the global growth factors market continues to witness a strong boost through the growing demand from contract research organizations, pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies, and research centers & academic institutes.

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North America Holds a Prominent Revenue Share in the Global Growth Factors Market

Geographically, the global growth factors market has been segmented into East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, North America, Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East & Africa. North America holds a prominent revenue share in the global growth factors market as of 2018.

The East Asia growth factors market is expected to grow with a significant growth rate over the forecast period. Countries such as the U.S., China, Germany, Japan, the UK, France, and India accounted for a significant revenue share in the global growth factors market in 2018.

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Abetment To Innovation To Drive The Growth Factors Market KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper - KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper

Cell Biology

Molecular Biologists Travel Back in Time Over 3 Billion Years – SciTechDaily

A research group working at Uppsala University has succeeded in studying translation factors important components of a cells protein synthesis machinery that are several billion years old. By studying these ancient resurrected factors, the researchers were able to establish that they had much broader specificities than their present-day, more specialized counterparts.

In order to survive and grow, all cells contain an in-house protein synthesis factory. This consists of ribosomes and associated translation factors that work together to ensure that the complex protein production process runs smoothly. While almost all components of the modern translational machinery are well known, until now scientists did not know how the process evolved.

The new study, published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, took the research group led by Professor Suparna Sanyal of the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology on an epic journey back into the past. A previously published study used a special algorithm to predict DNA sequences of ancestors of an important translation factor called elongation factor thermo-unstable, or EF-Tu, going back billions of years. The Uppsala research group used these DNA sequences to resurrect the ancient bacterial EF-Tu proteins and then to study their properties.

The researchers looked at several nodes in the evolutionary history of EF-Tu. The oldest proteins they created were approximately 3.3 billion years old.

Suparna Sanyal is a Professor at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University. Credit: David Naylor

It was amazing to see that the ancestral EF-Tu proteins matched the geological temperatures prevailing on Earth in their corresponding time periods. It was much warmer 3 billion years ago and those proteins functioned well at 70C, while 300 million-year-old proteins were only able to withstand 50C, says Suparna Sanyal.

The researchers were able to demonstrate that the ancient elongation factors are compatible with various types of ribosome and therefore can be classified as generalists, whereas their modern descendants have evolved to fulfil specialist functions. While this makes them more efficient, they require specific ribosomes in order to function properly. The results also suggest that ribosomes probably evolved their RNA core before the other associated translation factors.

The fact that we now know how protein synthesis evolved up to this point makes it possible for us to model the future. If the translation machinery components have already evolved to such a level of specialization, what will happen in future, for example, in the case of new mutations? ponders Suparna Sanyal.

The fact that researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to recreate such ancient proteins, and that extremely old translation factors work well with many different types of ribosome, indicates that the process is of potential interest for protein pharmaceuticals research. If it turns out that other ancient components of protein synthesis were also generalists, it might be possible to use these ancient variants to produce therapeutic proteins in future with non-natural or synthetic components.

Reference: Kinetic Analysis Suggests Evolution of Ribosome Specificity in Modern Elongation Factor-Tus from Generalist Ancestors by Arindam De Tarafder, Narayan Prasad Parajuli, Soneya Majumdar, Betl Kaar and Suparna Sanyal, 19 April 2021, Molecular Biology and Evolution.DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab114

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Molecular Biologists Travel Back in Time Over 3 Billion Years - SciTechDaily

Embryology

VALUE study: a protocol for a qualitative semi-structured interview study of IVF add-ons use by patients, clinicians and embryologists in the UK and…

This article was originally published here

BMJ Open. 2021 May 21;11(5):e047307. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047307.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: For couples undergoing assisted reproduction, a plethora of adjuncts are available; these are known as add-ons. Most add-ons are not supported by good quality randomised trial evidence of efficacy, with some proven to be ineffective. However, estimates suggest that over 70% of fertility clinics provide at least one add-on, often at extra cost to the patient. This study has three aims. First, to undertake a survey of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) clinics in the UK to ascertain which add-ons are being offered and at what cost. Second, to undertake qualitative semi-structured interviews of patients, clinicians and embryologists, to explore their opinions and beliefs surrounding add-ons. Third, to review the interpretation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority traffic light system, to better understand the information required by IVF patients, clinicians and embryologists when making decisions about add-ons.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: All UK IVF clinics will be contacted by email and invited to complete an online survey. The survey will ask them which add-ons they offer, at what cost per cycle and how information is shared with patients. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted in the UK and Australia with three groups of participants: (i) fertility patients; (ii) clinicians and (iii) embryologists. Participants for the interviews will be recruited via social media channels, website adverts, email and snowball sampling. Up to 20 participants will be recruited for each group in each country. Following an online consent process, interviews will be conducted via video-conferencing software, transcribed verbatim and data subjected to inductive thematic analysis.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted by the Universities of Sheffield, Bath Spa and Melbourne. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to regulatory bodies in the UK and Australia. A lay summary of findings will be shared via Fertility Network, UK.

PMID:34020980 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047307

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VALUE study: a protocol for a qualitative semi-structured interview study of IVF add-ons use by patients, clinicians and embryologists in the UK and...

Embryology

First Lady hands over 30 000 books – The Herald

The Herald

Tendai RupapaSenior ReporterFirst Lady Auxillia Mnangagwa yesterday handed over 30 000 books to the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education in a gesture which demonstrates the importance of partnerships.

The books are a result of a strong working relationship between the First Lady and an international organisation, Merck Foundation, a partnership which has yielded a lot of positive results for the country.

Amai Mnangagwa is the ambassador of Merck More than a Mother in Zimbabwe.

The First Lady values childrens education and has always been providing learning materials in schools and paying fees for disadvantaged children countrywide.

The books she donated yesterday are Educating Rujeko, which tackles issues of child marriages, Tudus story which deals with issues of infertility and Make the right Choices which dwells on doing what is right in this era of Covid-19.

Speaking at the handover ceremony yesterday, the First Lady said a special relationship has grown over the past three years between Angel of Hope Foundation and Merck Foundation which share the same values and are seized with the welfare and well-being of the most vulnerable in society, mainly women and children.

Over the past few years we have come up with many ideas on how we can improve the welfare of our people. I am glad to say this partnership has yielded a lot of positive things for the country, she said.

Doctors, the First Lady said, have been trained in specialist areas of infertility and embryology, diabetes mellitus, oncology and respiratory medicine. More than 100 doctors have been trained either online or have gone to India for specialist training.

We have had media training in Zimbabwe. The importance of this is to have our media practitioners being able to write well-researched stories on sensitive health topics. For example, subjects on infertility which are considered taboo in our societies. They have a duty to inform the public with articles that have depth. Awards have also been given to journalists who have done very well, she said.

She emphasised that Merck Foundation has also worked with her foundation in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic.

I wish to particularly thank the CEO of Merck Foundation Senator Dr Rasha Kelej who is one of the most influential women in Africa for starting the Merck more than a Mother movement of which she is the president. This has brought issues of infertility to the forefront.

Merck Foundation is also working with other African First Ladies. It is with this in mind that Angel of Hope Foundation and Merck Foundation have developed some reading material on subjects which need awareness. Knowledge is power. We need our people to be knowledgeable on these critical issues. That way, we also contribute to his Excellencys call for Zimbabwe achieving an upper middle class economy by 2030, said the First Lady.

In is acceptance speech, Primary and Secondary Education Minister Cain Mathema praised the First Lady for her gesture.

The Ministry is aware of the spirit that you have towards the welfare of all Zimbabweans and the vulnerable members of our communities. It is a fact that you are doing a valuable task through the Angel of Hope Foundation.

The donation that we have received today is testimony of the good work that you are doing to all Zimbabweans. Your generous donation dovetails with the ministrys vision of providing equitable, quality, inclusive and relevant education, he said.

Minister Mathema said one of their major challenges since 2015 when they introduced their competency-based curriculum was the shortage of learning and teaching materials.

The titles of the books you have donated do not only demonstrate the need for quality education for the learners, but also point towards moulding our learners along the expected values as enshrined in our educational philosophy of Unhu/Ubuntu, he said.

In her vote of thanks, Secretary for Primary and Secondary Education Mrs Tumisang Thabela said it was a fact that education was anchored on reading and more time people spent reading, the more they consciously and subconsciously gained the skill they needed to deal with the complexities of various tasks.

Indeed, the books that you have donated Amai will not only enable learners to gain knowledge but enable them to acquire the much-needed skills and attitudes that are necessary for life. The ministry is therefore indebted to you for this good gesture.

The books will help the children to make the right choices in their lives. We will also look into uploading the soft copies on our website and make sure they are accessed by all children. Amai you are more than a mother to us, she said.

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First Lady hands over 30 000 books - The Herald

Embryology

Real history behind Call the Midwife: What is the Abortion Act and when did it pass? – RadioTimes

Over the last few seasons, Call the Midwife has covered the topic of abortion across multiple storylines and always with great thoughtfulness and care.

Weve seen the effects of desperate self-induced abortions (or attempted abortions), with skewers and drugs; weve seen the backstreet abortions, carried out in unsanitary conditions with unclean instruments. And weve also seen the safer (but still illegal) option of abortion secretly carried out by doctors at private clinics.

Alongside that, we have followed the stories of so many desperate women who feel they have no other choice but to terminate their pregnancies whether that be because of poverty, or abuse, or because they are unmarried, or because they are just not ready to be mothers.

The first season of Call the Midwife was set in 1957. With each season of the show, a year has passed, and now in season 10 we have reached 1966. That puts us on the cusp of an important change in the law. Heres what you need to know:

The Abortion Act 1967 was signed into law on 27th October of that year, and came into effect six months later. From that point, abortion was legal in a wide range of cases everywhere in Great Britain, except Northern Ireland. This landmark legislation remains in place today (with some amendments).

Season 10 of Call the Midwife covers the whole of 1966, so weve just reached a point in history where the debate was ramping up and the process was beginning in Parliament. Season 11 will cover the year in which the Act actually passed.

As Nurse Trixie Franklin (Helen George) points out heatedly to Mr Scarisbrick (Richard Dillane) of the Lady Emily Clinic, abortion remained illegal in 1966, even if it was being debated in Parliament.

Historically, self-induced abortion or supplying the means for an abortion had been prohibited under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. This was punishable by a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

Another key piece of legislation was theInfant Life Preservation Act 1929. This created the offence of child destruction, but clarified that an abortion could be carried out inexceptional circumstances.

Those exceptional circumstances were clarified in 1938 when a 14-year-old girl was gang-raped, and became suicidal when she fell pregnant. Dr Alex Bourne challenged the law and performed an abortion because the mothers mental health was in danger. Following this precedent, some women were granted a safe abortion if a psychiatrist approved (and the woman could afford a psychiatrist).

Cath became ill after an illegal abortion in season eight (BBC)

There were several strands in the campaign for legal abortion.

For one thing, there was growing pressure for a law which eliminated dangerous back-street abortions, and put the procedure in the hands of doctors (who could carry the procedure out more safely). This was one of the initial aims of the Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA), which became a powerful voice on the issue.

The doctors themselves also sought new legislation. The medical establishment wanted clear laws establishing whether they could terminate a pregnancy that threatened the life of the woman, or would result in grave injury to her health; as explained above, there were precedents that had been established over the years, but they needed more clarity to avoid getting into legal trouble. Campaigner and doctor DB Paintin wrote to the British Medical Journal in 1966: At present the law seems uncertain and threatening, and consequently is frequently interpreted narrowly.

Also, a report in the British Journal of Criminology from 1966 provides a snapshot of how quickly the issue of abortion rose to the top of the agenda, and how peoples feelings changed. Madeleine Simms wrote: The significant development since 1964 has been that this debate has reached the general public, and in consequence become a life political issue. Not so long ago, newspaper editors, broadcasters and television producers hesitated over abortion because of the scandalous and controversial nature of the subject. Now, more often, if they hesitate at all, it is because the subject has been over-exposed.

In spring 1965, a nationwide survey found that three-quarters of the public believed abortion ought to be legal, at least in some cases.

Vals grandma Elsie Dyer was revealed as an illegal abortionist (BBC)

Momentum was building for a change in the law, but the government would not introduce legislation themselves. Instead, it was left to an MP called David Steel to introduce the Act as a Private Members Bill.

This unusual set-up requires a brief explanation. Most of the time, it is the government which comes up with a bill and introduces it to Parliament. However, individual Members of Parliament can also propose legislation, and that is what Steel decided to do.

Very few Private Members Bills ever succeed, because they are given little time or priority. Previous attempts to change the abortion law this way had failed, including a bill introduced by Renee Short MP in June 1965 and Lord Silkins Abortion Bill of November 1965.

But Steels bill came just at the right moment; and even though Steel was from the Liberal Party, the Labour government gave his Private Members Bill their backing. Home Secretary Roy Jenkins ensured the bill was given enough time to allow a full debate.

In addition, the government appointed Sir John Peel (the president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) to chair a medical advisory committee. It reported in favour of passing the bill.

Members of Parliament were given a free vote on the Abortion Bill. After a spirited debate, it passed with only 29 MPs voting against.

Under the Abortion Act, two doctors are required acting in good faith, to certify that the abortion is legal when a pregnancy of less than 24 weeks threatens the physical or mental health of the woman and her children, taking into account her actual or foreseeable environment.

The limit was originally 28 weeks, but was reduced to 24 weeks in most cases under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 after advances in medical technology moved the goalposts for when a pregnancy could be considered viable.

Additional reporting: Anna Barry

Call the Midwife continues on Sundays at 8pm on BBC One. Take a look at the rest of our Drama coverage, or check out our TV guide to find out what else is on.

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Real history behind Call the Midwife: What is the Abortion Act and when did it pass? - RadioTimes