Physiology

Texas A&M Bird Collection Influences Future Of Ornithology, Conservation – Texas A&M University Today

Solemn beauty lies inside. Curated winged fragments of Mother Nature sit frozen in time. Some are as tiny as a human thumb, while others are long and lean. The colors on display range from white and drab earth to a vibrant spectrum of tones and shades artists spend years learning to imitate.

Voelker, a curator of birds, professor, ornithologist and evolutionary biologist, said the collection represents decades of collection, curation and utilization by birders, researchers and students the world over.

Our job is to preserve the material and make the data and materials available to the interested public and researchers, he said. Were not a museum in that these birds are not on exhibition. We just have lots and lots of preserved material for research and education.

Texas is home to other bird collections, but the Collection of Birds at BRTC represents the most active receiver, processor and seeker of new avian material in the state, Voelker said. More than 27,000 birds spanning 1,702 species from 59 countries have been prepared and assigned unique numbers in the collection.

The collection also contains 400 egg sets, 1,500 skeletons, 3,000 wings and more than 9,000 tissue and blood samples.

Specimen data within the collection can be accessed by anyone interested viaVertNet. Preserved genetic specimen materials kept in cold storage are curated and available to researchers upon request.

Voelker has provided tissue samples and loaned material to researchers around the globe to further avian science.

Most birds in the collection are from the U.S. and Mexico. Many have been gathered through active collection expeditions around the state, nation and other continents, including Africa and Europe.

The collections diversity reflects the desire to expand the range of data that can be made publicly accessible for research, education and conservation purposes.

A tray of Eastern Meadowlarks in the Texas A&M Collection of Birds.

Laura McKenzie/Texas A&M AgriLife Communications

Voelker said the online specimen data can help birdwatchers interested in learning where and when to find specific species of birds throughout the state. He recently provided a tour of the collection to the Houston Audubon Society, whose members in turn delivered salvaged materials for addition to the collection.

The collection is also used as a teaching aid for more than 500 students at Texas A&M University taking classes such as ornithology, herpetology and mammalogy, and pre-requisites like the natural history of vertebrates, Voelker said. Ornithology students benefit from being able to see and touch the breadth ofbird diversity around the globe.

For ornithology classes, most places have a small teaching collection of birds from around their state, but we are able to do a pretty heavy-duty birds of the world lab where we pull 200-250 birds from the research collection and use those in teaching, he said. So, students are seeing what birds are doing and what they look like all over the world.

The collection also supports targeted research by Voelker and others. One of Voelkers projects is focused on the microbiome of five bird species found in Texas cardinals, mockingbirds, bobwhite and scaled quail, and the golden-fronted woodpecker.

By studying matter in a birds digestive system, Voelker hopes to identify how species interact with encroaching agriculture. For instance, he has taken quail samples from areas in and around cotton fields in places like Matador, Stamford and Lamesa, and a ranch between Presidio and Marfa that has never been in agriculture production, to assess whether pesticides used in agriculture production are affecting overall avian health.

Genetic information can also show how species are related to one another and how lineage can play important roles in bird biology, physiology and health, today and in the past, Voelker said. Samples can also represent as an important ornithological survey that can relate to human health and the potential spread of zoonotic diseases.

Youre building a time series when you add to a collection like this, he said. It can reveal genetic differences linked to changes in the ecosystem through time, and that becomes important when you are talking about things like climate change or habitat going from native flora to ag production or vice versa.

The collections samples date back to 1936, but its range continues to expand.

Over the past 13 years, Voelker said the collection has experienced 90% growth due to research expeditions and an extensive, statewide salvage network that includes birding and conservation groups.

Salvagers provide Voelker pertinent information including the date found and location for each specimen. The collection received around 400 birds salvaged by volunteers walking urban grids in Dallas during the fall 2020 migration alone.

Those volunteers belong toLights Out Texas, a consortium of bird conservationists that advocate for reducing light pollution as a way to decrease bird mortality rates during annual migration periods.

In all, Voelker said the collection has received 500 birds that have yet to be curated and prepared for the collection. The collection will continue to accept good specimens.

Were always excited to see samples come in, especially birds we rarely see, Voelker said. Salvaging specimens is important from a conservation standpoint. We are finding more and more ways to use them as technology and science improves. Scientists are always creatively thinking about ways to answer questions about birds, whether it be migration, physiology or genetics.

Voelker holds a Golden Eagle specimen at the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections building.

Laura McKenzie/Texas A&M AgriLife Communications

The annual spring and fall migrations unfortunately provide plenty of salvage for Voelker, his students and interns. Window strikes and other accidents associated with man-made structures or vehicles occur as nearly 2 billion birds migrate through the state.

Texas is a major migratory flyway for birds, according to theTexas A&M Natural Resources Institute (NRI). One quarter to one third of all bird species on the continent migrate through the state in the spring and fall.

Up to one billion birds die each year in the U.S. from colliding into buildings, according to the NRI, a partner in the Lights Out Texas program, which is led by a coalition of conservation nonprofits, universities, governmental organizations and Texans dedicated to bird conservation.

Lights Out programs were initiated to curb bird losses stemming from light pollution. Birds become disoriented by lights at night, which makes them vulnerable to collisions.

Lights Out Texas asks that residents and businesses do their part to protect birds during these migrations by turning out non-essential lighting from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. between now and Nov. 30, with the priority and critical peak period from Sept. 5 to Oct. 29.

Every light turned out at night helps save migrating birds by reducing collisions with brightly lit buildings along their Texas flyways, said Brittany Wegner, NRI project specialist. As an added bonus, turning off nonessential lights also saves energy and money for cities, local businesses and homeowners. Its easy to participate simply turn off all nonessential lights from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. during the migration seasons.

Voelker said anyone hoping to contribute to the collection should first make sure the bird meets salvage standards. Essentially, the bird should look fresh and not show signs of deterioration or being attacked by ants.

Salvagers should take note of important data, including the date and location found. They should place the bird in a freezer bag, write the information on the bag, then place the specimen in the freezer and contact the collection, Voelker said.

Weve got people around the state accumulating material, he said. If we are not making an effort to preserve bird specimens when the opportunity is there, then we are losing out on a lot of potentially valuable information.

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Texas A&M Bird Collection Influences Future Of Ornithology, Conservation - Texas A&M University Today

Physiology

Recovery From an ICU Stay Is Tough. Could More Protein Help? – Undark Magazine

Paul Wischmeyer was a teenage athlete when he learned firsthand just how devastating an intense illness can be. After spending the better part of a year severely sick and frequently hospitalized with undiagnosed severe inflammatory bowel disease, his colon perforated, landing him in the intensive care unit. When he finally recovered, he went from being a starter on his high school basketball team to being too weak to walk down the court profoundly disabled from just being in the hospital.

He built back his strength over the next few years, and eventually worked his way through medical school as a personal trainer in a competitive bodybuilding gym, where he helped clients sculpt their physiques by providing them with targeted workouts and having them add protein and other nutritional supplements to their diets. But it wasnt until his training in critical care medicine that Wischmeyer began to thread together his interest in bodybuilding with his interest in ICU recovery.

Critical care experts have long known that a stay in the ICU can lead to long-term weakness lasting months or even years after discharge, regardless of the specific illness. Wischmeyer was especially struck by his patients massive loss of muscle, which reminded him of his own experience. Id watch people lose half their body weight in a short period of time and not be able to walk, he says.

Today, Wischmeyer, a critical care and nutrition physician at Duke University, is a leading voice among clinicians and scientists investigating whether increasing protein intake during and after hospitalization could be an important and long-overlooked component of recovery. Lean muscle melts away startlingly quickly in ICU patients, and muscle-wasting is a predictor of long-term impairment after hospitalization, studies show. Proponents of the approach say that protein, a nutritional cornerstone for body builders, may help critically ill patients retain muscle or rebuild it as well. Protein is what everyone is interested in in right now, says Zudin Puthucheary, a clinical senior lecturer in intensive care at Queen Mary University of London. (Wischmeyer, like many researchers in the nutrition field, has received funding from industry.)

But some question whether simply adding more protein to patients diets will translate into increased muscle mass and better functioning. While several studies suggest that boosting protein levels early on after critical illness or surgery may improve recovery, they have mostly been small, and other studies have not shown a benefit. Protein provision might be important, but there arent large studies to understand that yet, said Renee Stapleton, a pulmonologist and critical care physician at the University of Vermont Medical Center. A handful of such studies are currently underway, but whether they will bring clarity to the protein picture remains to be seen.

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted this issue by bringing huge waves of patients to the ICU. People hospitalized with Covid-19 tend to stay in the ICU longer than other patients, and that, along with the drugs and sedation they receive, likely ratchets up the risk of disability afterwards. I think Covid has highlighted for the general public a lot more about what happens in the ICU, including the challenge of reaching a full recovery, says Lee-anne Chapple, a critical care dietician at the University of Adelaide in Australia.

Researchers think that the massive muscle wasting that occurs during a critical illness deserves much of the blame for making recovery difficult. The first thing we do when anything bad happens is we stop making muscle, says Puthucheary. Not only that, the body also breaks down existing muscle through a process called catabolism. During muscle catabolism, proteins stored in muscle tissue are broken down into smaller molecules called amino acids and energy is released. That breakdown happens quickly: A person who undergoes surgery or who spends time in the ICU can lose up to a kilogram, or 2.2 pounds, of muscle mass per day during the acute stages of their illness.

Id watch people lose half their body weight in a short period of time and not be able to walk, Wischmeyer says.

Theoretically, adding more protein to a patients diet can help minimize the muscle loss. Yet nutrition has traditionally gotten short shrift in medicine, some experts say; a 2019 report from researchers at Harvard University called for better education about nutrition during medical training. This is especially relevant to critical care, a specialty in which monitoring vital statistics, stamping out infections, and generally ensuring survival has been paramount, says Daren Heyland, a critical care physician at Queens University in Kingston, Canada. But the mindset is shifting as physicians start considering nutrition as something that is really modulating the underlying disease process, rather than merely playing a supporting role, Heyland says. It is a major paradigm shift.

Ironically, this shift is driven by improvements in critical care. Today, doctors can save people from trauma and illnesses that would have led to death just two decades ago. With all this great technology, are we creating survivors or victims? Wischmeyer says. Theres this epidemic of impaired quality of life that we have to address. And I think that is drawing a lot more attention to nutrition.

Dietary guidelines recommend that a healthy adult should consume around 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight each day. Current intensive care guidelines, meanwhile, suggest that adults receive 1.2 to 2 grams of protein per kilogram per day, generally delivered through a feeding tube. Wischmeyer and other experts advocate for amounts at the high end of that range, depending on a persons age and other factors. Yet its not just a question of raising protein targets; clinicians need to ensure those targets are actually being met as studies in U.S. hospitals show that patients are often getting less than half the recommended amount. We are not getting anywhere near the lowest level of recommended protein, says Wischmeyer.

Nutrition interventions are challenging to study particularly in critically ill people, who are a heterogenous group. A blood pressure pill has a measurable physiological effect, and a clinician can see within hours of administering it whether it has done its job. But thats not the case for something like protein. Not only would it take much longer to effect a change in body composition, there are no tests to track whether muscle cells are actually able to use the protein, says Chapple. Additionally, the timeframe of ICU interventions is generally limited to the week or two that a person spends there.

Most critical care studies have tested whether an intervention improves mortality in the months or year after an illness. But expecting a week of protein shakes to determine whether a person lives or dies is unrealistic, Wischmeyer says. Only recently have some studies begun using more nuanced endpoints measuring changes in a persons quality of life, such as their ability to stand up from a seated position or walk a certain distance.

Still, the idea that patients will benefit from increased protein does align with what researchers know about building back muscle after its intense loss, which was comprehensively demonstrated in a study called the Minnesota Starvation Experiment. The study, which ran from 1944 to 1945 and would probably not pass an ethics review today tracked the effects on 36 men of slashing caloric intake in half for six months. The researchers found that the loss of lean muscle mass was extraordinarily hard to reverse, and doing so required sharply increasing the mens calories and protein intake for as long as two years.

Past studies of athletes have helped researchers understand the cellular processes that occur when a person gains muscle. But its not clear how these processes work in critically ill people, says Arthur van Zanten, a critical care physician at Gelderse Valley Hospital and a professor at the Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands. His work has shown that these patients usually have poorly functioning mitochondria organelles that provide energy to cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Without enough energy, the body cant build muscle, no matter how much protein a patient consumes, van Zanten says.

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Puthucheary and his colleagues are conducting a small study to test whether ketones an alternative fuel source derived from the bodys breakdown of fat or an amino acid metabolite called hydroxy methylbutyrate might work better. But given the altered physiology associated with critical illness, building muscle may simply prove too difficult, he says. For this reason, Puthucheary is also focusing on trying to prevent muscle wasting, which likely involves a different set of metabolic mechanisms. Rather than making someone whos sick unsick, we are trying to work with the sick physiology, he says.

As researchers continue to investigate how exactly protein and related factors can affect the physiological processes that underlie recovery, a handful of large randomized trials of between 800 to 4,000 participants are currently investigating the basic question of whether increasing protein intake in the ICU improves recovery. A smaller trial combines protein delivery with exercise. In the next two or three years we will know exactly what is happening, says van Zanten. Im personally convinced the higher protein groups will do better.

Puthucheary is less certain for one thing, because most of them dont include exercise, which is also a key component of building muscle, he says but time will tell.

Other studies are exploring interventions that begin after a patient has recovered enough to leave the ICU. Wischmeyers team, for example, is using principles from elite athletic training to develop a diet and training regimen that people can start in the hospital, right after they leave the ICU, and then they can continue at home. Van Zanten and his colleagues are also investigating nutritional and other strategies for promoting recovery in the months after an ICU stay.

That long-term window is virtually unexplored, yet that period may offer an untapped opportunity, van Zanten says. In the ICU, clinicians can monitor precisely what nutrients a person receives, but thats much tougher after discharge. Peoples food intake often slumps when they are sent home, but with inflammation and catabolism resolving, its when protein and other nutritional interventions, as well as physical activity, are likely to be especially effective. It may not always be possible to restore function fully, says van Zanten, but I am very convinced that we can do a better job.

Alla Katsnelson is a science journalist based in Northampton, Massachusetts. Her work has appeared in Chemical & Engineering News, Scientific American, The New York Times, and other outlets.

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Biochemistry

The Use of Biochemistry within Biotechnology – News-Medical.net

While biochemistry is the study of chemical processes taking place within living organisms, biotechnology is the ultimate product of these discoveries, allowing the identified biochemical processes to be exploited for technological purposes, or better observed and analyzed in situ using biotechnical means.

Biochemistry. Image Credit: PopTika/Shutterstock.com

Biotechnology then includes the application of mechanisms uncovered within the field of biochemistry for the production of a useful product and the use of biochemical techniques in combination with physical analysis methods for a better understanding of biochemistry. For example, when utilizing a fluorescently tagged molecule in combination with a fluorescence microscope, allowing researchers to identify the precise target of a drug within a cell.

Biochemistry and biotechnology are therefore intricately linked, with an understanding of biochemical processes being required before they can be applied to technology, and once developed, technology may then subsequently allow for more biochemical discoveries to be made.

The use of enzymes within the industry is a prominent example of a biochemical process that can be applied to biotechnology, potentially offering an environmentally friendly and highly efficient alternative to traditional chemical synthesis.

The first enzymes were described in the 19th century, and by the mid 20th century were already being utilized as catalysts for industrial applications such as the production of glycerol by the fermentation of yeast, or citric acid using the fungus Aspergillus niger. As researchers began to unravel the mechanisms behind the observed activity of enzymes a wider range of uses were found, one prominent example being the discovery of penicillin acylase, an enzyme found in some bacteria, yeast, and fungi that facilitates the production of several antibiotic precursors. It was also around this time that researchers began immobilizing the enzymes onto a solid substrate, allowing them to be recycled and reused without the high costs involved in the isolation and purification of large quantities of enzymes.

Advances in DNA technology subsequently allowed proteins of interest to be harvested in much greater numbers from bacteria or yeast, as the relevant DNA sequence could now be identified and inserted into a plasmid and highly expressed. The much wider availability of enzymes produced in this way further encouraged the adoption of biotechnical synthesis methods throughout the 1970s and 80s, with, for example, recombinant chymosin replacing that sourced from calf stomachs in the production of cheese.

Other advances in the field of biotechnology such as the development of polymerase chain reaction made it possible to generate large quantities of DNA, and by purposefully introducing errors to the copying process protein mutants could be generated and isolated. Selection of mutants bearing favorable qualities by humans followed by repeated error-prone PCR allowed the field of directed evolution to produce enzymes with much greater thermal and chemical stability, and when combined with the recombinant protein technology already developed, massively widened the useful application of enzymes in industry.

As discussed, enzymes generally have greater specificity, lower energy thresholds, and better environmental stability than comparable synthetic chemical catalysts. One potential application of such enzymes is in the treatment of food waste, which is rich in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that could potentially be recycled into other products such as biofuels.

Lactose is a major food waste product produced during yogurt manufacturing, being perceived as significantly less sweet than glucose by humans and therefore having less use within the food industry, besides concerns related to lactose intolerance. Enzymes are used to hydrolyze lactose into glucose, which can then be used in other food manufacturing processes.

More recently, lactose has been transformed into lactulose, a disaccharide prebiotic with suggested health benefits by immobilization of -galactosidase onto a magnetic chitosan microsphere using a cellulose-binding domain. The enzyme is able to retain its activity over 20 cycles of use, which though impressive, still forces manufacturers to utilize lower-cost stationary phases.

Several enzyme immobilization methods have been developed that allow recovery and reuse, including flat solid supports and particulate supports, in the form of microbeads or nanoparticles, constructed from a wide range of materials with particular advantages and disadvantages. Researchers have noted a change in the activity of an enzyme depends on the support on which it is bound, with enzymes bound with nanoparticles, for example, exhibiting a negative correlation between nanoparticle diameter and activity in some cases.

The use of magnetic particles as described above allows the enzyme to be recovered using magnets, or particles constructed from heavier materials that can be recovered by centrifugation may be employed. In any case, a greater understanding of the biochemical processes taking place in any reaction, and how they may be influenced by factors intended to improve the efficiency of the process, will allow the biochemistry taking place to be applied to newly developing biotechnologies.

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The Use of Biochemistry within Biotechnology - News-Medical.net

Biochemistry

Anita Mattson is Appointed Interim Head of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department – WPI News

Professor Anita Mattson has been appointed interim head of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in the School of Arts and Sciences. Her two-year appointment took effect July 1.

Mattson succeeds Professor Arne Gericke, who led the department for 10 years and oversaw the hiring of new women faculty members as well as an expansion of faculty members research. Gericke has taken over the role of associate dean of undergraduate studies.

Mattson says she plans to focus on encouraging faculty members in the department to re-engage with each other as they return to campus for the new academic year.

Were coming back after a year marked by pandemic precautions, she says. Although faculty members continued to collaborate remotely, thats different from interacting in the office. I want to foster ways for people to reconnect to one another in person, and maybe new collaborations will form.

Mattson also plans to continue Gerickes efforts to seek out diverse candidates for faculty jobs and increase the departments research activity.

I also want to involve faculty members in developing strategic goals for the department, she says. We have extensive data on the number of credit hours taught by faculty members, the amount of funding supporting research, and many more metrics to help inform new strategies. I plan to meet with faculty members, learn what they want the department to achieve, and then help them achieve those goals.

Mattson is an organic synthetic chemist who earned her PhD at Northwestern University. Before joining the WPI faculty in 2016, she was an associate professor of chemistry at The Ohio State University.

Her research focuses on designing and building small organic molecules for complex molecule synthesis. Mattson has been the lead author of about 40 peer-reviewed journal articles, and she has received about $2.5 million in grant funding for projects, including a $1.7 million award from the National Institutes of Health to develop catalysts to synthesize organic compounds that could treat drug-resistant cancers. She is also collaborating on a $3 million project led by Elke Rundensteiner, professor of computer science, to develop a graduate program focused on interdisciplinary approaches to building sustainable economies.

Before becoming interim department head, Mattson was associate department head and a member of the Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Admissions Committee. She also has served on the universitys Committee of Academic Operations.

Anita is an innovative and energetic leader, says Jean King, Peterson Family Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences. She thinks creatively and has served her department by developing new curricula, creating a medicinal chemistry graduate program, and working to update the department handbook. Im delighted that she is taking on this new role.

Lisa Eckelbecker

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Anita Mattson is Appointed Interim Head of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department - WPI News

Biochemistry

Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market 2021 Detailed Analysis of top Ventures with Regional Outlook | Key Companies: Abbott, Roche, Danaher, Hitachi,…

The trade report from Reports Globe on the Global Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market aims to facilitate an in-depth understanding of the markets definition, potential and scope. The report is organized after extensive research and analysis by experts. It consists of an organized and methodical explanation of current market trends to help users make an in-depth analysis of the market. The report includes a comprehensive assessment of various strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, product development and research and development adopted by the major market leaders to remain in the global market.

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The report is an assortment of direct information, subjective and quantitative assessment by industry specialists, contributions from industry examiners and Automated Biochemistry Analyzers industry members over the worth chain. The report offers a top to bottom investigation of parent market patterns, macroeconomic measures, and control components. Besides, the report likewise overviews the subjective effect of unmistakable market factors on Automated Biochemistry Analyzers market sections and geologies.

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Global Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market: Regional Segments

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This report includes the estimation of market size for value (million USD) and volume (K Units). Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been used to estimate and validate the market size of Automated Biochemistry Analyzers market, to estimate the size of various other dependent submarkets in the overall market. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified primary sources.

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Chapter 1. Research Methodology & Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

Chapter 3. Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market: Industry Analysis

Chapter 4. Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market: Product Insights

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Biochemistry

Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market 2021 Key Players and Production Information Analysis with Forecast 2026 – The Manomet Current

MarketQuest.biz just issued a global study report titled Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market 2021 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2027 that contains a beautiful combination of industry insight, smart solutions, practical solutions, and the latest technology to provide a better user experience. The study is an excellent resource for learning about the worldwide Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market, developing trends, product usage, customer and competition motivators, brand positioning, and customer behavior.

The research follows the format of the worldwide Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market proficient study to explore the crucial aspects and nuances of geographical areas. The market research examines market size at the province and national levels, as well as division market development deals, global market players, exchange guidelines, current events, openings analysis, and fundamental market development analysis.

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The global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market research includes a complete breakdown of the regional division, positioning of the product concerning competition, leading growth rate, country market shares, and future technologies

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Biochemistry

Miller School Researcher Publishes Breakthrough Findings on Nanoparticle Delivery of HIV/AIDS Medications to Brain | Florida Hospital News and…

August 11, 2021 A University of Miami Miller School of Medicine biochemistry researcher has found that a nanoparticle drug delivery system can reduce HIV/AIDS viral reservoirs in the brain that normally contribute to neurological problems.

While HIV can be managed as a chronic condition, current drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, said Shanta Dhar, Ph.D., associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, and assistant director of technology and innovation at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Therefore, the ability of nanoparticles to deliver antiretroviral drugs to the brain is a significant breakthrough that could potentially improve the treatment of brain cancers and other diseases.

For the past decade, Dr. Dhar has been studying a polymer chain nanoparticle as a vehicle for intracellular drug delivery. Her latest laboratory study, Brain-Accumulating Nanoparticles for Assisting Astrocytes to Reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Drug Abuse-Induced Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress, was published recently in the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano.

Miller School co-authors wereBapurao Surnar, Ph.D; Anuj S. Shah; Minseon Park, Ph.D; Akil A. Kalathil; Mohammad Z. Kamra, Ph.D.; and Michal Toborek, M.D., Ph.D. The research team included Nagesh Kolishetti, Ph.D., as a corresponding author; his student, Royden Ramirez Jaime; and Madhavan Nair, Ph.D.; all from the Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University.

Drs. Dhar and Kolishetti said, Using an experimental model, we were able to use biodegradable brain-targeted polymeric nanoparticles to reduce the HIV/AIDS viral burden. We also included antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotectants to address stress and inflammation in the brain cells.

Dr. Dhar noted that nanoparticle drug delivery offers a new strategy for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, such as HIV dementia, which can be magnified by recreational drug use in HIV-positive individuals. She added, Looking ahead, this therapeutic strategy, which we have demonstrated in our laboratory, has great potential for improving treatment of a wide range of brain diseases.

Publication link: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c09553

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Miller School Researcher Publishes Breakthrough Findings on Nanoparticle Delivery of HIV/AIDS Medications to Brain | Florida Hospital News and...

Biochemistry

University Receives Nearly $28.4 Million in Grants During 2020-21 Fiscal Year | CSUF News – CSUF News

Cal State Fullerton faculty and staff were awarded nearly $28.4 million in grants during the 2020-21 fiscal year, marking the second highest level of annual grant funding in the universitys history.

The following are the $5.6 million in grants awarded in the fourth quarter of the past fiscal year. Supported projects ranged from monitoring living shorelines and exploring disengagement among Latinx adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic to developing therapeutic strategies for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.

Michael Daniel, director of the Small Business Development Center: $2,631,339 from the U.S. Small Business Administration for the Orange County Inland Empire Small Business Development Center 2021 project

Sam Behseta, professor of mathematics: $583,900 from the U.S. Army for the project titled A Next Generation High-Performance Computing Cluster for Research and Teaching at a Primarily Undergraduate Hispanic-Serving Institution

Related: $600,000 Grant for Supercomputer to Boost Research, Teaching

Mark Ellis, professor of secondary education: $580,456 from the National Science Foundation for the project titled Advancing Teachers of Mathematics to Advance Learning for All

Archana McEligot, professor of public health: $374,647 from the National Institutes of Health for the project titled Neurocognitive Aging and Analytics Research Education

Amybeth Cohen, professor of biological science: $229,904 from the National Institutes of Health for the project titled Cal State Fullerton Maximizing Access to Research Careers Undergraduate Student Training for Academic Research

Related: MARC Program Graduates Prepared for Ph.D. Studies in Biomedical Science

Danielle Zacherl, professor of biological science: $197,868 in total funding

Stevan Pecic, assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry: $142,000 from the National Institutes of Health for the project titled Development of Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain

Related: Biochemist Seeks New Drug Treatment for COVID-19 Patients

Laura Gil-Trejo, director of the Social Science Research Center: $131,298 in total funding

Niroshika Keppetipola, associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry: $106,500 from the National Institutes of Health for the project titled Role of Phosphorylation in RNA Binding Protein Function

Joshua Yang, professor of public health: $99,988 from The Regents of the University of California Office of the President for the A Digital Mixed Methods Evaluation of University Tobacco-Free Policies project

Yinfei Kong, associate professor of information systems and decision sciences: $90,264 in continuing funding from National Institutes of Health via the University of Chicago for the Gender Disparities in Access and Engagement in Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder project

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Adriana Badillo, director of the Center for Research on Educational Access and Leadership: $76,621 from the city of Anaheim for the Anaheim Public Utilities College Internship Program project

Brady Heiner, executive director of the California State University Project Rebound Consortium: $30,000 from the CSU Project Rebound Connection for the Food Justice Initiative project

Joyce Gomez-Najarro, assistant professor of literacy and reading education: $59,956 from the Spencer Foundation for the project titled Preparing Teacher Candidates to Foster Deeper Learning Through Inclusive Practices; A Case Study of One Exemplary Dual Licensure

Guadalupe Espinoza, associate professor of child and adolescent studies: $35,000 from the Society for Research on Adolescence for the project titled School (Dis)Engagement Among Latino Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study

Dawn Person, director of the Center for Research on Educational Access and Leadership: $30,000 from the Coast Community College District for the Coast Community College District Climate Study project

Phillip Gedalanga, assistant professor of public health: $29,998 from the South Orange County Wastewater Authority for the project titled Application and Validation of Microbial Source Tracking Biomarkers to Differentiate Viable and Nonviable Targets of Human Fecal Pollution in Natural and Engineered Environments Throughout South Orange County

Marcelo Tolmasky, professor of biological science: $25,877 from the National Institutes of Health for the Los Angeles Basin-California State University Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Training Program project

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Alfonso Agnew, chair and professor of mathematics: $25,319 from the Trustees of the California State University for the project titled Early Start STEM Early Einstein Program

Valerie Poynor, assistant professor of mathematics: $21,775 from the U.S. Department of Education via Los Angeles City College for the STEM Pathways Program project

Daniel Cavagnaro, director of the Decision Research Center and lecturer in information systems and decision sciences: $17,795 from the National Science Foundation via the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois for the Advances in Behavioral Decision Analytics: Theory Applications and Training project

Juye Ji, associate professor of social work: $17,137 from the National Institutes of Health via the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute for the project titled Linking DNA Methylation with Child Maltreatment and Mental Health Across Adolescence

Natalie Fousekis, director of the The Lawrence de Graaf Center for Oral and Public History and professor of history: $12,834 from the California Secretary of State for the project titled The California State Library Archives Oral History Project

David Gerkens, professor of psychology: $1,500 from the Psi Chi International Honor Society in Psychology for the project titled How User Comments Affect Peoples Agreement with Posts About Global Warming: A Replication and Expansion of Lewandowsky

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University Receives Nearly $28.4 Million in Grants During 2020-21 Fiscal Year | CSUF News - CSUF News

Biochemistry

UAH second university in Southeast to have specialized atmospheric spectrometer – UAH News

Dr. Shanhu Lee, an associate professor of atmospheric science, received a National Science Foundation grant for the instrument.

Michael Mercier | UAH

In the spring, the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Department of Atmospheric and Earth Science will become the home base for a new instrument designed to help scientists study aerosols in the atmosphere.

UAH, a part of the University of Alabama System, will become only the second university in the Southeast to have this special type of spectrometer, joining Georgia Tech.

The instruments name is a mouthful the Filter Inlet for Gases and Aerosols High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer. It will be shared by UAH and three partner universities.

Dr. Shanhu Lee, an associate professor of atmospheric science, received a $349,000 National Science Foundation (NSF) Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) grant to acquire the instrument for real-time molecular level measurement of atmospheric gas- and particle-phase compounds. The UAH Earth System Science Center is providing $149,760 as the institutional cost share.

The spectrometer will be used for atmospheric aerosol research at UAH and shared with Dr. Amanda Frossard, assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Georgia; Dr. Charles Stainer, professor of chemical and biochemical engineering at the University of Iowa; and Dr. Murray Johnston, associate dean of arts and sciences and professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Delaware. Other users may be added in the future.

This is a field-deployable instrument, which means this instrument is easily shipped to different locations, says Dr. Lee.

This instrument does two unique things, she says. One is to measure chemical composition of small clusters either electrically charged or neutral formed in the atmosphere. Second is to measure chemical composition of aerosol- and gas-phase species, simultaneously.

The instrument is useful for atmospheric research related to aerosol formation and growth, and aerosol chemistry, Dr. Lee says. Atmospheric aerosols are also known as particulate matter, a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in the air that originate from natural and human activity sources.

The main reason behind this research is to understand the aerosol effects on global climate, air quality and human health, says Dr. Lee. My group is conducting new particle formation studies via laboratory observations and filed observations. We want to know how naturally emitted vs. pollutant trace gases are oxidized in the atmosphere to form aerosol particles.

The spectrometer will provide the important chemical fingerprints of chemical compounds that play critical roles in the new particle formation processes.

There may be some co-effects, either enhancing or suppressing, when we mix different chemical compounds emitted from different sources, she says. Understanding these mixing effects will help to better predict cloud production, because in the real atmosphere, we always have many different types of chemical compounds mixed together as opposed to homogeneous compounds and they constantly evolve through chemical reactions.

The NSFs MRI program encourages proposals with multiple users, so Dr. Lee coordinated the partnership between UAH and the other three universities by teaming with colleagues who could benefit.

For a shared user, this is a great deal, better than buying an expensive one on their own, Dr. Lee says. This instrument belongs to UAH, but it will be shipped to them and rotated among different users.

Each user group will be responsible for their own operation, troubleshooting and maintenance at their site.

It is like we have continuous field campaigns, where the instrument is shipped to different locations, she says. I hope this instrument will open new collaborations between shared users.

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UAH second university in Southeast to have specialized atmospheric spectrometer - UAH News

Biochemistry

Theileriosis in goats – The Nation

There are 25 goat breeds in Pakistan. Beetal, Kamori, Nachi, Dera Din Panah, Angora and Teddy are the most prevalent domestic breeds and there are two wild breeds such as Ibex and Markhor. Goats are prone to parasitism which results in the form of reduced reproduction, more susceptibility to secondary infections and increased mortality.

The hemiparasites including babesia, theileria, trypanosoma and anaplasma etc. cause high morbidity and mortality due to increased prevalence. Theileriosis is a significant tick-borne, blood protozoan disease of small ruminants. The only two etiological agents of theileriosis in goats are theileria ovis and theileria lestoquardi in Pakistan. The clinical signs that are observed in goats suffering from theileriosis are increased body temperature, swollen lymph nodes, pale mucous membrane, anorexia, loss of weight, constipation and diarrhoea etc.

When a tick bites an animal, sporozoites invade the host body, it is transformed into schizonts in lymphocytes. The infected lymphocytes are transformed into lymphoblasts which continue to proliferate synchronously along with the schizonts. Eventually the infected daughter lymphoblasts are spread throughout the lymphatic system and continue to proliferate. The haematological analysis also showed a significant rise in leukocyte count in infected goats which may be due to the proliferation of lymphoblsts as a defensive response to invading parasites. In the later stages of theileriosis, the schizonts transformed to merozoites are released by the lymphoblasts and they invade erythrocytes. At this stage, they are called piroplasms. At this stage, there is excessive destruction of red blood cells that leads to anaemia.

Blood and urine samples were obtained from 20 theileria positive and 20 normal goats from different farms of Lahore. The infected goats showed clinical signs associated with theileriosis. Haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis by dipstick method were performed to observe the alterations in renal function and urine characteristics and results were compared with the reference values for goats. On performing CBC, serum biochemistry and urinalysis by dipstick method, we observed significant deviations from the reference values. A significant increase in Total Leukocyte Count was seen while there was a significant decline in Total Erythrocyte Count, Hb level and Packed Cell Volume was observed when CBC was performed. When renal function tests i.e. creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen were performed, a significant rise in their values was observed. Urinalysis by dipstick method also showed some deviations from the reference values.

Sadaf Gul, Dr. Qamar-un-Nisa,

Lahore.

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Theileriosis in goats - The Nation