Human Behavior

Strong Evidence That COVID-19 Is a Seasonal Infection And We Need Air Hygiene – SciTechDaily

New research provides strong evidence that COVID-19 is aseasonal infection linked to low temperatures and humidity, much like seasonal influenza.

A new study led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), an institution supported by la Caixa Foundation, provides robust evidence that COVID-19 is aseasonal infection linked to low temperatures and humidity, much like seasonal influenza. The results, published inNature Computational Science, also support the considerable contribution of airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the need to shift to measures that promote air hygiene.

A key question regarding SARS-CoV-2 is whether it is behaving, or will behave, as a seasonal virus like influenza, or whether it will be equally transmitted during any time of the year. Afirst theoretical modeling study suggested that climate was not a driverin COVID-19 transmission, given the high number of susceptible individuals with no immunity to the virus. However, some observations suggested that the initial propagation of COVID-19 in China occurred in a latitude between 30 and 50oN, with low humidity levels and low temperatures (between 5oand 11oC).

The question of whether COVID-19 is a genuine seasonal disease becomes increasingly central, with implications for determining effective intervention measures, explainsXavier Rod, director of theClimate and Health program at ISGlobal and coordinator of the study. To answer this question, Rod and his team first analyzed the association of temperature and humidity in the initial phase of SARS-CoV-2 spread in 162 countries across five continents, before changes in human behavior and public health policies were put into place. The results show a negative relationship between the transmission rate (R0) and both temperature and humidity at the global scale: higher transmission rates were associated with lower temperatures and humidity.

The team then analyzed how this association between climate and disease evolved over time, and whether it was consistent at different geographical scales. For this, they used a statistical method that was specifically developed to identify similar patterns of variation (i.e. a pattern-recognition tool) at different windows of time. Again, they found a strong negative association for short time windows between disease (number of cases) and climate (temperature and humidity), with consistent patterns during the first, second, and third waves of the pandemic at different spatial scales: worldwide, countries, down to individual regions within highly affected countries (Lombardy, Thringen, and Catalonia) and even to the city level (Barcelona).

The first epidemic waves waned as temperature and humidity rose, and the second wave rose as temperatures and humidity fell. However,this pattern was broken during summertime in all continents. This could be explained by several factors, including mass gatherings of young people, tourism, and air conditioning, among others, explainsAlejandro Fontal, researcher at ISGlobal and first author of the study.

When adapting the model to analyze transient correlations at all scales in countries in the Southern Hemisphere, where the virus arrived later, the same negative correlation was observed. The climate effects were most evident at temperatures between 12oand 18oC and humidity levels between 4 and 12 g/m3, although the authors warn that these ranges are still indicative, given the short records available.

Finally, using an epidemiological model, the research team showed thatincorporating temperature into the transmission rate works better for predicting the rise and fall of the different waves, particularly the first and third ones in Europe. Altogether, our findings support the view of COVID-19 as a true seasonal low-temperature infection, similar to influenza and to the more benign circulating coronaviruses, says Rod.

This seasonality could contribute importantly to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, since low humidity conditions have been shown to reduce the size of aerosols, and thereby increase airborne transmission of seasonal viruses such as influenza. This link warrants anemphasis on air hygienethrough improved indoor ventilationas aerosols are capable to persist suspended for longer times, says Rod, and highlights theneed to include meteorological parameters in the evaluation and planning of control measures.

Reference: Climatic signatures in the different COVID-19 pandemic waves across both hemispheres by Fontal A, Bouma MJ, San Jos A, Lopez L, Pascual M, Rod X, 21 October 2021, Nature Computational Science.DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00136-6

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Strong Evidence That COVID-19 Is a Seasonal Infection And We Need Air Hygiene - SciTechDaily

Human Behavior

How Difficult Is It to Develop AI That Thinks Like Humans? Researcher Try To Find Out – Science Times

Researchers from the University of Glasgow's School of Psychology and Neuroscience led a study on analyzing the Deep Neural Networks technology work by using 3D modeling. They aim to pave the way for developing a human-like artificial intelligence (AI) that processes information like humans and makes predictable errors.

Deep Neural Networksare part of a broad family of machine learning that processes information. Scientists hope to create someday human-like AI that not only mimics human behavior but also processes information or thinks like humans.

(Photo: Pixabay)How Difficult Is It to Develop an AI That Thinks Like Humans? Researcher Try to Find Out

According to the university's news release, one of the challenges that scientists are facing today in developing human-like AI is better understanding the process of machine thinking and whether it would match the way people process information to ensure accuracy.

Deep Neural Networks technology is usually present as the best human decision-making model that performs excellently in human tasks. But when compared to humans, there are still some inconsistencies and errors from AI models.

The technology is currently used in face recognition, which has shown great success. However, scientists still do not fully understand how Deep Neural Networks process information and when errors might occur.

In the study, titled "Grounding Deep Neural Network Predictions of Human Categorization Behavior in Understandable Functional Features: The Case of Face Identity," published in the journal Patterns, researchers addressed this problem by using 3D modeling to visualize whether the way Deep Neural Networks process information is similar to humans.

Study senior author Professor Philippe Schyns said that it is important to ensure that the AI model uses the same information from the face as another human would in recognizing that face.

The team used a series of modifiable 3D faces and asked study participants to rate the similarity between the generated faces to four familiar identities. Then they tested the Deep Neural Networks if they could make similar ratings for the same reasons. This approach helped them visualize the results as to whether a network correctly classified 2,000 identities of the 3D faces, showing that it processes the face differently than humans.

ALSO READ: Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence Designed As Early Warning Device to Analyze, Predict Multiple Climate Change Tipping Points

One of the most famous futurists, Ray Kurzweil, told Futurismthat computers will have the same level of intelligence as humans by 2029, and singularity will happen by 2045. "2029 is the consistent date I have predicted for when an AI will pass a valid Turing test and therefore achieve human levels of intelligence," he said.

However, this remarkable technology also comes with major concerns for humanity, as sci-fi movies have shown throughout the years. These days, serious concerns about this technology are raised in the scientific community and politics.

AI will undoubtedly improve people's lives through advances that define what it truly means to be a person of the 21st century. According to Forbes, some of the benefits of AI are driverless cars, precision medicine, virtual assistants, and implantables. On the other hand, it could also mean mass surveillance, modern warfare, massive job losses, and socioeconomic inequality.

The bottom line is that people should be aware of the upcoming disruptions as AI technology advances and not just blindly enjoy the benefits of using AI.

RELATED ARTICLE: Cancer Treatment: New Software Uses Artificial Intelligence to Grow, Treat Virtual Tumors

Check out more news and information on Artificial Intelligencein Science Times.

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Human Behavior

UNC Expert Offers Tips on How To Combat COVID-19 Misinformation in Public Health – Chapelboro.com

Right now, Americans have some big decisions to make: deciding whether a COVID-19 booster shot is right for them, if and when to vaccinate their children, and if they should get the vaccine assuming theyve made it this long without getting sick.

While these decisions might seem like easy ones to make for some medical professionals, the spread of misinformation often blurs the lines between right and wrong for the general public.

UNC and Duke professor Brian Southwell is an expert in communication and human behavior. He said the way people encounter and process misinformation is often overlooked.

We tend to think about misinformation as this threat thats out there, its insidious, were really worried about its prevalence, and certainly there are legitimate concerns in that regard, Southwell said. But its also important to keep in mind that actually all of us are vulnerable to misinformation based on what we know about the way that the brain works.

Southwell said humans tend to take in information at face value and may lack the energy or motivation to independently fact check sources before sharing with their personal networks. This leaves the door open for the subsequent spread of fake news especially on social media.

One of the issues right now is weve got this flattened landscape, where if youre looking on your phone you can find information from all over, but we arent necessarily thinking about where that comes from, Southwell said. So perhaps if we build up a bit more of a trusted relationship with a few information sources over time, that you can go back to, that can turn out to be really helpful as well.

He said once people accept that we are all susceptible to spreading misinformation, it becomes easier to have empathy for others. This is especially important in a clinical setting, and even more so during a global pandemic.

One of the things that we generally advise is that we need clinicians to actually pay attention to patients as people, Southwell said. You know they do that in lots of different dimensions, but when it comes to that piece of misinformation that theyre trying to point to, sometimes theres some frustration there and theres some exasperation.

To help clinicians better communicate and partner with patients, Southwell has helped develop a workshop series titled The Duke Program on Medical Misinformation. This program aims to build the patient-provider relationship in a way that encourages psychologically safe conversations about all types of medical information, regardless of accuracy.

Rather than dismissing misinformation right away or immediately spouting peer-reviewed evidence, workshop curriculum teaches providers to ask questions and try to understand why the patient thinks the way they do.

This is very different than just saying oh, whatever you say is right, Southwell said. Its not accepting false information. But instead trying to focus in on what it is that that patient is trying to express in terms of their values and preferences. And then once we know that, trying to direct them towards credible information thats really relevant to the issue that theyre raising.

Southwell said making space for constructive conversations that allow room for someones personal views and beliefs is a good step towards halting further polarization in the country. He said we need more patience, tolerance, and empathy to better understand each other and gently lead people to more credible sources.

You know, were all in this together, Southwell said. So, the more that we end up in a situation of polarization and just dismissing certain people outright, not letting them back into our family discussions or our friendship group because of some outlandish claim that they were espousing six months ago, thats going to lead to a really difficult spot for us. So, what were trying to do here is leave the door open for us to come back together as a society, which I think is going to be important given the severity of the challenges that were facing.

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Human Behavior

Dan Haar: The enormous task of stopping fraud as alleged in West Haven – Thehour.com

Lets take a look at the situation that led to allegations state Rep. Michael DiMassa committed fraud as he collected hundreds of thousands of dollars in pandemic relief money for the town of West Haven, where he worked as a municipal official until Thursday.

The question is, with this case in mind, what can we do about potential fraud in the coronavirus relief payments to Connecticut cities and towns? The numbers make the task staggering.

The West Haven money, just under $1.2 million, was part of a small set-aside of $75 million for cities and towns by the state, from the very first allotment of $1.4 billion the state received back in the horrific spring of 2020. The goal was simple: Reimburse towns for some of their direct COVID-19 expenses.

Just to hand out that $75 million to the towns, including the money at issue in West Haven, the state had to set up a whole new apparatus. Numerous letters, memos and guidelines went out to towns.

As it happens, the deadline for cities and towns to submit claims for 2020 expenses in that simple pot of money: Friday, Oct. 22, 2021. It took 10 months into the new year because nothing about the pandemic stimulus is simple.

Now the federal government is about to hand out 40 times that amount to Connecticut cities, towns and school systems a total of $3.04 billion in four giant programs. Thats 340 separate recipients including school boards and town halls, if youre keeping score at home.

The Feds will accomplish this without a lot of help from the state, with few feet on the ground here in Connecticut, as part of $674 billion thats headed to cities, towns, states and tribal governments nationwide. And that gargantuan total is just a small part of the $5 trillion in U.S. pandemic relief, including $1 trillion for unemployment and $1 trillion in direct payments to households.

What could possibly go wrong? Yes, there will be fraud. Stop already with the shock and amazement.

The good news is, cities and towns have significant internal and external controls in place for the tens of billions of dollars they collectively spend without the pandemic relief money.

I dont think its outside of what they have to do anyway. Its just become bigger, said Joe DeLong, executive director and CEO of the Connecticut Conference of Municipalities, which is helping local sort out how to manage the flow of all this money.

DeLong believes, and I agree, that the majority of fraud in the pandemic relief is in private enterprise, business and relief to individuals, where checks and balances dont generally exist as mush as they do in state and municipal governments.

Those controls in each municipality include department-level and town-level checks on checks that any town writes, plus mandatory outside audits of the whole shebang, plus separate audits of each grant program, such as community development block grants.

Every check in most municipalities has to be signed by more than one person, said state Sen. Cathy Osten, co-chair of the General Assemblys powerful appropriations committee, and first selectman of Sprague for 12 years until two years ago.

Osten walked me through the checks and balances, including the number of people who must sign each check. In Sprague it was three.

Im more than willing to look at other checks and balances that we should do, Osten said, but she added, We should also recognize the checks and balances that are there.

Thats not enough to stop fraud schemes, in part because people are smart and in part because people are dumb. Obviously, what is alleged to have happened in west Haven ironically, one of three Connecticut municipalities already under the control of a state Municipal Accountability Review Board required some serious incompetence, or worse, if indeed it did happen.

Human behavior will always find a way to get around the system, said DeLong, at CCM, whose help for cities and towns includes an arrangement the conference made for a fraud hotline for municipal employees.

Federal criminal authorities allege that DiMassa set up a consulting firm that collected as much as $630,000 without doing much or any work for the payments, and received payments of as much as $83,000 at a clip.

Yes, thats brazen. Some Republicans on social media, not in the leadership are suggesting that DiMassa, a rising Democrat in a Democrat-controlled town, was able to scarf up the money (if the scheme happened as charged) because of party insiderism. There was, clearly, an abundance of trust in a 30-year-old elected official.

Now Republicans in the loyal opposition want a lot more controls. In a release Thursday, the GOP leaders of the state House called for a public hearing next week on the distribution of public COVID-19 relief money, and they issued a list of 20 questions general, and specific to West Haven that they want answered.

It is unacceptable for government to suggest that current protocols are sufficient because this problem has now come to light, the group of five Republican leaders said in a written statement. We must have a system that prevents against the misuse of the funds in the first place, not one that acts only after an FBI investigation of alleged wrongdoing and the loss of over $600,000.

The hearing is a good idea, and more controls would be fine.

We can certainly beef it up across the board, said Osten, the Sprague Democrat who, along with Rep. Toni Walker, D-New Haven, the other co-chair of appropriations, received a letter outlining the Republicans demands.

Its all great theater and maybe we can stop some fraud before it happens. Maybe.

For now, Gov. Ned Lamonts budget office is looking closely at the allegations around the Coronavirus Relief Funds in West Haven. Even before Wednesdays arrest of DiMassa, it brought in CohnReznick, an auditing and accounting firm, to conduct a full and complete audit of West Havens use of CRF funding.

And, Melissa McCaw, Lamonts budget chief, added, Once the audit and investigation is complete, we will take all appropriate steps to address any findings of waste, fraud, or abuse and address any internal control weaknesses. In addition, OPM will cooperate fully with the ongoing federal investigation.

The state auditors, too, are working overtime, meeting with federal officials as part of a sweeping program to make sure the $674 billion is well spent and well targeted, John Geragosian, the Democratic state auditor, told me Thursday.

All of this is terrific, as we add a hinge or two to the barn door, lest the next horse gets out in a high wind. But lets be realistic here about the task.

Theres waste, fraud and abuse in every federal program, every state program, Geragosian said. The audit process is not necessarily going to detect fraud.

An audit can show that a company was properly paid for its invoice, for example, but he added, We cant tell you that that company was fake.

dhaar@hearstmediact.com

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Human Behavior

Shaun Robinson on longevity and 90 Day Bares All – Yahoo News

EXCLUSIVE: The host of 90 Day Bares All sat down with theGrio and opened up about her lengthy career

In an exclusive interview, Emmy award-winning journalist Shaun Robinson opened up about having longevity in the industry and 90 Day Bares All.

From her tenure on Access Hollywood to her Emmy winning coverage of A Grand Night in Harlem, Robinsons accomplishments speak for themselves. Since 2016, Robinson has also hosted the hit TLC series, 90 Day Fianc, with its new spin-off, 90 Day Bares All, currently streaming on Discovery Plus.

Robinson sat down with theGrio and opened up about the hit series, what the shows really say about relationships and couples, and her career in general.

Shaun Robinson attends Manuela Testolini And Eric Bent Present An Evening Of Music, Art And Philanthropy Benefiting In A Perfect World Honoring Prince Arrivals at The Jeremy Hotel on March 03, 2019 in West Hollywood, California. (Photo by Leon Bennett/Getty Images)

I think one of the reasons that I have lasted so long in the entertainment business is because I truly believe that my purpose is to help other people tell their stories, she shares exclusively with theGrio.

Speaking specifically to the 90 Day Fianc franchise, she explains, It has been so much fun being a part of the 90 Day Fianc franchise and 90 Day bares all. Ive been hosting the show for several years now and it keeps growing and growing and growing.

She even jokes that her own mother is a big fan of the reality TV series, saying, she is absolutely addicted to the show! Still, Robinson insists there is much more to the series than just entertainment, as there is plenty to learn about human behavior and relationships through the show.

All of these shows just really bring home the point that communication is the key to any good relationship. The couples that you see through their ups and downs, it always it always surprises me that they are able to talk about things that under normal circumstances, maybe they wouldnt say anything about, but we make them bring it all to the surface. They are really baring all.

Later in the conversation, Robinson opened up about her hard work in the news and entertainment business, and the secret to her longevity.

Story continues

I think that one of the things that contributes to my longevity is that I had the foundation of being a journalist, she shares. I studied journalism when I was in college and I knew that I wanted to be not just a talking head, but somebody who could really, you know, respect the art of journalism, because I do really think its an art, the integrity of journalism and working as hard as I could to be the best journalist that I could be.

Moderator Shaun Robinson onstage during Visionary Women present Grit, Guts, and Grace Lessons in Overcoming Adversity and Cultivating Resilience with Diana Nyad and Norma Bastidas at the Montage Beverly Hills on October 9, 2017 in Beverly Hills, California. (Photo by Rachel Murray/Getty Images for Visionary Women)

She adds, I truly believe that my purpose is to help other people tell their stories. So Ive worked really, really hard at it.

Check out Robinsons full interview with theGrio now.

New episodes of 90 Day Bares All drop Sundays on discovery+.

Have you subscribed to theGrios podcast Acting Up? Download our newest episodes now!TheGrio is now on Apple TV, Amazon Fire, and Roku. Download theGrio today!

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Human Behavior

Mission To ‘Mars’: 6 Astronauts Simulate Red Planet Living In The Israeli Desert – NoCamels – Israeli Innovation News

Six analog astronauts from around the world are currently holed up in a sweltering Martian base, replicating what life would be like on the Red Planet.

Only this isnt Mars. Its a specialized structure set up by the Israeli Space Agency on Makhtesh Ramon, the 500-meter (1,600-foot) deep, 40 kilometers (25 miles) widecrater in the Negev, Israels largest desert region. The pretend dome, housing astronauts from Austria, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain in isolation until the end of the month, will simulate habitat on Mars, in the unique dry and arid climate of the Negev, which has similarities to Martian landscape.

The expedition is part of the 13th Mars Analog Mission of the Austrian Space Forum (OeWF), an international body specializing in analog missions. The OeWF, in collaboration with national and international science and tech institutions from around the world, conducted its first Mars simulation in the Utah desert in April 2006 and has gone on to lead 11 other international experiments. In 2017, the company selected the Negev desert for one of its future simulated missions. Meanwhile, Israel built and launched D-Mars, a space station at the Makhtesh Ramon set up to house analog astronauts specifically trained for spaceflight and technical tests in simulated space environments. The mission, dubbed AMADEE-20, was supposed to take place in 2020, but like many other projects and events, it was postponed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The scouting in Israel, where a delegation from the Austrian Space Forum visits the host country was in March 2017. Back then we had already started figuring out where we can go and how we can establish such an infrastructure and we had the first negotiations with the Israeli Space Agency. Once we decided on those details and who the partners were, we could begin final negotiations. We set up a Memorandum of Understanding to define our cooperation. says OeWFs Sophie Gruber. She is part of the leadership team at the mission support center in Innsbruck. She manages projects, takes care of planning, and schedules everything for this specific mission together with Dr. Gernot Groemer, director of the Austrian Space Forum.

Five men and one woman make up the team currently conducting more than 20 experiments in the Negev, including two in cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA.) They are supported by about 30 to 40 people at any given time at the Mission Support Center in Innsbruck Austria emulating the ground segment of an actual Mars mission, including operation teams, flight planners, remote science support, and the infrastructure necessary to coordinate a complex set of experiments in the fields of engineering, geoscience, and human factors. More than 200 researchers from 25 countries are also involved in this international project under Austrian leadership.

The Israeli astronaut on this expedition is 36-year old Alon Tenzer, a veteran of the Israeli Air Force with a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Aviation Science at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Master of Science in Neuroscience at the Weizmann Institute of Science. He was also a researcher and data scientist at the Weizmann Institute. Currently working as a senior AI engineer in Singapore building AI-based solutions for various companies, according to his bio, he has been an analog astronaut since 2019 and has trained for this mission after being selected from over 100 people who applied for the chance to be part of the simulation.

We are six people working in a tight space under a lot of pressure to do a lot of tests There are bound to be challenges, he told Reuters just before the team went into isolation. But I trust my crew that we are able to overcome those challenges.

Gruber tells NoCamels that the most obvious reason that the OeWF chose the Negev as a base for a Mars mission simulation is that when you go and stand there, it looks like Mars.

We have comparison pictures from the Curiosity Rover and pictures we took if you dont see any outcrops or anything, you cannot know which is Mars and which is Israel, she adds.

The second reason is that there are geological features on the Ramon Crater, which can also be found on Mars. If we want to investigate how we take geological samples, how we process geological samples, to look for signs of life, for instance the Ramon Crater is a really great place to do so.

Then, there is the possibility for an isolated mission. [In the Negev,] we are not next to a big city and we are not in the middle of some kind of infrastructure, so we can have the isolated feeling, which is really important for the human factor experiments.

Scientists want to make sure that the participants in isolation will be able to avoid mistakes that would endanger real astronauts. They will research human behavior and look for signs of poor mental and physical health.

The astronauts have been training for the past two years and have had several training weekends where they came together to learn geology, engineering, first aid, and astronomy, Gruber explains. The participants all had to pass tests that proved their mental and physical fitness.

They also complete questionnaires about their daily feelings and activities inside the habitat, asking them to describe their moods. While she would not go into detail to respect the privacy of the astronauts, Gruber noted that many of them were tired and sleep-deprived because they had so many things to do and the support center had to be patient and understanding toward their plight.

[The isolation] is not something were used to probably more now due to the pandemic but its something we have to learn to cope with. It affects the day-to-day handling of simple tasks. This is quite important to what we are doing here because we have the chance to actually develop the strategies necessary to cope with a long installation. Once we go to Mars, we should know what happens and how we can deal with it, Gruber says.

While the red dirt and rocky landscape of the desert closely resemble the Red Planets rough terrain, the expedition is still a human-developed project on Earth. One of the biggest challenges for the astronauts is adapting to the hot, dry climate as they head outside for extravehicular activity (EVA) in elaborate 110 lb space suits built by the OeWF, and perform experiments with autonomous drones and solar-powered vehicles.

While the temperature on Mars is a frigid -81 degrees Fahrenheit, temperatures in the Negev are 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit on average.

One challenge that we had to adapt to was how hot it got in the desert We had to start earlier and shift our daily routine quite a lot to accommodate for different constellations of sun shadow on sample places where we wanted to go, Gruber says, I think thats something very valuable as well for future missions to Mars because you never know what to expect. Human beings like to have a routine, but its not like that. You have to be able to adapt very fast to new situations.

Another challenge the group faced was navigating the terrain. Gruber explains that the group had satellite images of a certain location, as they might have on Mars. The astronauts sent out drones to explore the area before they sent out the astronauts.

It turned out that the drones predicted many paths were traversable but when the astronauts came to the location, it was not. So we had to change the path and areas where we wanted to go became unreachable. This is definitely something that could happen on Mars. she admits.

The problem with that is that communication from Mars to Earth is not instantaneous. In fact, it takes 10 minutes for a text message from Mars to reach a mission control center on Earth, Gruber says. The mission support center in Innsbruck simulated this communication challenge by creating an artificial time delay through a server.

It makes a huge difference, if youre in the middle of the desert if you have a question about an experiment, and you have to relate to Earth, it takes 10 minutes. Then we send a message back to answer you and it takes 10 minutes again. So analog astronauts in the desert are actually waiting for half an hour for answers to their scenario.

When the isolation phase ends on October 31, Gruber says she wants to know what went right, what went wrong, and what experiments are actually doable or need a redesign.

I can talk for hours about the questions I want to ask them, she says. I want to know how they felt, how comfortable they were in the habitat in isolation. And communication-wise, if they were missing some communication from Earth or if they would have liked more communications or less.

There are so many questions, she adds.

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Human Behavior

Rhythm of War Reread: Chapter Fifty-Five – tor.com

Hey, my Cosmere Chickens, its Thursday againtime for another Rhythm of War reread chapter. Welcome back, as we rejoin Kaladin for some sober conversation with Syl, and some very sneaky sneaking around the Tower. Also an Observation, and a realization that leads to a very tense mission which well get to in another three weeks. Come on in and join the discussion!

Reminder: Well be discussing spoilers for the entirety of the series up until now. If you havent read ALL of the published entries of The Stormlight Archive (this includes Edgedancer and Dawnshard as well as the entirety of Rhythm of War), best to wait to join us until youre done.

There are no Cosmere spoilers in the post this week; no promises about the comments, though!

Heralds: Palah (Pailiah, Paliah). Truthwatchers. Learned/Giving. Role: Scholar.

Vedeledev (Vedel). Edgedancers. Loving/Healing. Role: Healer.

A: Im not terribly confident in this, but my best guess is that Vedel is here for Kaladins skillful care-taking of the unconscious Teft, and possibly for the mental-health-and-grieving discussion with Syl. Palah maybe for his search for information about the Oathgates, or his creative use of Adhesion in pursuit of that information? Or could she be a subtle hint that eventually Dabbid will join the Truthwatchers? (If so, Im betting hell be like Renarin and Rlain in bonding one of Sja-anats children.)

Icon: Banner and Spears for a Kaladin POV.

Epigraph: From Rhythm of War, page 6 undertext:

We must not let our desires for a specific result cloud our perceptions.

P: This sounds like Raboniel, since I dont feel that Navani has any expectations.

A: I agree. Its all so new for Navani; shes never had this much freedom to explore possibilities before. Raboniel, on the other hand, is looking for something very particular; shes the one who needs to be careful not to bias her interpretation of data based on what she hopes to find.

WHO: KaladinWHEN: 1175.4.6.5 (within an hour or so after Chapter 49)WHERE: Urithiru

(Note: For the when notations, we are using this wonderful timeline provided by the folks at The 17th Shard.)

RECAP: With Stormlight to see by, Kaladin arranges Teft suitably for hospital care, giving him water which he takes eagerly. As he works, Syl asks some reflective questions, and reveals her grief over the loss of her first Radiant, whom she now remembers. Kaladin helps her understand herself in human terms, and then they hear noises at the door. Dabbid is outside with broth, sent by the Sibling. Kaladin leaves him feeding Teft and begins his search for information about how the Fused are working the Oathgates. Using Adhesion to attach handles and his boot toes to the outside of the tower, he descends some nine levels before he sees the Oathgate flash with a dark light. A group of singer scouts (which hed had to avoid once already) begin packing up their spyglasses, and he realizes that hes not going to get a chance at the Oathgates this night. Then he realizes that, since they appeared to have been watching for Windrunner scouts to make sure no one saw them using Voidlight to activate the Oathgate, they must be using spanreeds, which means they have Voidlight fabrials, which is really what Navani needs, which means he needs to steal it

With Stormlight, Kaladin had been able to investigate his little hideout, finding it slightly larger than hed pictured.

P: I was so relieved at this point that Kaladin had Stormlight. Hugely relieved. Not that Kaladin without Stormlight is entirely helpless, but when youre up against creatures like the Pursuer and an occupying army, Stormlight is a handy thing to have, even for one whose powers are limited.

A: Its also nice to see him with a little light. It may not be the daylight and open skies he craves, but its much better for him than being in the dark. (Also intensely practical, for things like putting Teft in a position and clothing that makes it easier to care for him, and for getting that water syringe actually in his mouth

Teft lapped up the contents eagerly. He seemed so close to coming awake, Kaladin expected him to start cursing at any moment, demanding to know where his uniform had gone.

Syl watched, uncharacteristically solemn. What will we do if he dies? she asked softly.

Dont think about that, Kaladin said.

What if I cant help thinking about it?

Find something to distract you.

A: What a contrast between Teft and Syl here! Teft, normally the grumpy one, is so hopeful, looking like he might wake upand wouldnt that be fantastic? And then Syl, the always-perky-and-cheerful one, is fearful, worrying that Teft might die.

P: This is so heart wrenching, to have Syl thinking this kind of thing. While I know the situation in the tower is likely weighing heavily on her, shes also showing more human behavior.

A: We saw just a hint of this in her Interlude, and now its really expanding. While its wonderful character development, its also rather painful to watch her learning to deal with grief.

Ive been remembering what it was like when Relador, my old knight, died. How it made me sleep for so many years, straight through the Recreance. I keep wondering, will that happen to me again?

P: Nobody likes to think of Kaladins possible death, least of all, me but its obviously something that weighs heavily on Syls mind. I cant imagine what it would do to her to lose another knight.

A: This really brings it home: She has no other spren to turn to for help (at this point). Shes the only previously-bonded honorspren to survive the Recreance, and there arent many from other spren families either. If the highspren were more communicative, they could (perhaps) share some insight into the process of dealing with repeatedly losing their human partners, but perhaps not. They dont seem to have the same kind of relationship with their humans as the honorspren do.

She cut off as a faint scraping sounded outside, from near the doorway. Immediately Kaladin reached for his scalpel. Syl came alert, zipping up into the air around him as a ribbon of light. Kaladin crept toward the door. Hed covered up the gemstone in the wall on this side with a piece of cloth. He didnt know if his light would shine out or not, but wasnt taking any chances.

But he could hear. Someone was out there, their boots scraping stone. Were they inspecting the door?

P: You want to talk about gut-wrenching fear this terrified me during the beta, thinking that the Pursuer might have found Kaladin.

A: Kaladin too, apparently. But yeah, the idea that his lovely little hideout might be compromised already was terrifying.

He made a snap decision, slipping his hand under the cloth and pressing it against the stone, commanding it to open. The rocks began to split. Kaladin prepared to leap out and attack the singer on the other side.

But it wasnt a singer.

It was Dabbid.

P: And then the moment of exultation not an enemy at the door, but a friend. What a huge relief!

A: Intense! I cant remember: Does Kaladin know at this point that Dabbid has been working for the Sibling? In any case, its a delight to start seeing the pieces coming together, as the Sibling is creating links between these three humans and their arcs are aligning.

Regardless, he was a wonderful sight. Kaladin had been worrying about leaving Teft. If Kaladin died on a mission, that would be a death sentence for Teft, too. Unless someone else knew about him.

He got Dabbid situated, then showed him the use of the syringe and had him start feeding Teft.

P: As confident as we are that Kaladin will survive, this is still reassuring. Leaving Teft alone in the dark made me squicky.

A: Alone and unconscious in a locked dark room ::shudders::

Tower spren? he asked.

Yes.

Is there a way I can lock these doors, so they cant be opened by just anyone?

It was once possible to attune them to individuals. These days, I must simply leave a given door so it can be opened by anyone, or lock it so none can open it.

Well, it was good to know thatin a pinchhe should be able to ask the Sibling to lock the door. For now, it was enough that Dabbid could get in and out.

P: Its somewhat worrisome that its all or nothing, really. But I guess that you take what you can get with a broken tower and an enemy occupation.

A: Yeah, its a bit much to ask that things would work in all the most helpful ways immediately But its nice to hope that over time, this also will change.

Navani had asked Kaladin to observe the Oathgates up close as they were activated. To see if he could figure out why they functioned when other fabrials did not.

Instead, he wanted to try climbing along the outside of the tower. Before hed learned to fly, hed stuck rocks to the chasm wall and climbed them. He figured he could do something similar now.

P: I know that hes got Stormlight to heal, but theres no telling if it would heal him if he fell. The thought of Kaladin clinging precariously to the side of the tower gives me vertigo and makes my stomach clench.

A: For sure. He may be on the side of the tower where there would be fields on the first level, but falling eleven stories would not be good for his health. I seem to recall getting awfully tensed up reading this, as if I could help him hold on!

Standing here, part of him wanted to jump, to feel the rushing wind. It wasnt some suicidal tendency, not this time. It was the call of something beautiful.

P: Super glad that he can think this without it being a suicidal thought.

A: Its so hard to see him restricted like thiscrawling on the wall instead of soaring through the air like he should be. I wonder if Brandon put this in specifically to foreshadow the time when he would dive off the top of the tower in a hopeless, desperate attempt to save his father. Its good, though, that he isnt suicidal here; hes just totally focused on the task at hand and finding a way to accomplish it.

He found footholds on the stone, but they were slippery. Once, there had been a great deal of ornamentation on the rock out herebut years of highstorms had smoothed some of that out. Perhaps Lift could have climbed it without help, but Kaladin was glad he had Stormlight.

P: Maybe hes only commenting on how lithe and light on her feet Lift is, but I found this an interesting thought considering how Lift can use Wyndle to do this very thing!

A: Im assuming hes seen her climb sometime? (I suppose I could go search) But whether he knows how she does it is another question. Interesting thought.

Hed release one brush from the wall, then slide it into place while holding on with only one hand, then move his feet before moving the other.

P: This sounds excruciatingly slow and difficult.

A: Doesnt it, though? Exhausting!

He felt her concern through the bond; when Syl was a Blade, they had a direct mental connectionbut when she was not in that shape, the connection was softer. Theyd been practicing on sending words to one another, but they tended to be vague impressions.

This time, he got a sense of some distinct words singers with spyglasses third-floor balcony looking up

P: Its really nifty how theyve learned to communicate like this. Or perhaps its just the bond growing stronger.

A: It makes me wonder. Is this an artifact of her becoming more human? Or an aspect of getting closer to the next Ideal? (Maybe at the 4th or 5th Ideal, the human and the spren gain a clearer mental connection?) Or is it, among Windrunners, something more unique to Kaladin and Syl?

Unfortunately, soon after hed passed the third floor, a dark light flashed from the Oathgates. It was tinged violet like Voidlight, but was brighter than a Voidlight sphere.

Kaladin took a moment to rest, hanging on but not moving.

P: I dont know what more Kaladin could glean from getting closer to the Oathgates. Sure, theyre using Voidlight but its not like he would be able to tell how theyre doing it.

A: True. At this point, hes not knowledgeable enough to report more than Theyre using Voidlight anyway. He could have observed that from a balcony on the 11th floor without all this climbing but at the same time, I can see Kaladin not really thinking about that aspect. Besides, this way theres a more useful option available! And fortunately, Kaladin sees it eventually.

Navani was trying to figure out how the enemy was operating fabrials. What if he could hand her one? Surely that would lead to more valuable information than he would get by observing the Oathgates.

Syl zipped over to the balcony the scouts had been using. I can see them! she said. Theyve packed up, and theyre leaving, but theyre just ahead.

Follow, Kaladin sent her mentally, then moved as quickly as he could in that direction. He might have missed the nights transfer, but there was still a way he could help.

And it involved stealing that spanreed.

P: *Mission: Impossible music*

But the gate had flashed with Voidlight. So he knew theyd done something to the fabrial. Hed have to try again tomorrow

But would getting close to the Oathgates tell him anything about what had been done to them? He didnt feel he knew enough about fabrials.

P: This was my thought. They know that the Fused and singers are using the Oathgates, and now its obvious that theyre using Voidlight, but what hope would Kaladin have of gaining any knowledge of how theyre doing what theyre doing?

A: Its true. It would have been interesting for the reader to know what they did to transition Oathgate usage from Moash and the Honorblade, to Voidlight and what? What kind of key are they using? Are there Voidspren who can take on forms like the Radiant spren to operate the gates? But theres certainly no narrative need for Kaladin to try to spy that out.

Kaladin paused, hanging from his handholds, as something struck him. Something that he felt profoundly stupid for having not seen immediately.

The scouts on the balcony, he whispered to Syl as she darted in to see why hed stopped. What would they have done if theyd spotted Windrunners in the sky?

Theyd have told the others to stop the transfer, Syl said, so the fact that the Oathgate glowed the wrong color wouldnt give away the truth.

How? Kaladin asked. How did they contact the Oathgate operators? Did you see flags or anything?

No, Syl said. They were just sitting there writing in the dark. They must have been using a spanreed.

P: Again, yes, we know theyre using Voidlight to power some fabrials, but what good will that do, really? Navani wouldnt be able to communicate with Dalinar using the Voidlight spanreeds.

A: But this is Navani were talking about. Im assuming shes thinking about the possibility of putting Voidlight into one of her already-paired spanreeds, if she can figure out how to make it work with the split spren. (Which is an interesting question could one of these split spren operate with one half using Stormlight and the other using Voidlight? Or would that just destroy the spren altogether?) If nothing else, she wants more information to work with.

Humans thinking about the wind, and honor, might have given you shape from formless powerbut youre your own person now. As Im my own person, though my parents gave me shape.

She smiled at that, and walked across the shelf wearing the form of a woman in a havah. A person, she said. I like thinking like that. Being like that. A lot of the other honorspren, they talk about what we were made to be, what we must do. I talked like that once. I was wrong.

P: I wonder what the other honorspren thought they were made to be and what they must do. I wish Syl would elaborate a bit here.

A: I dont remember off the top of my head whether we learn any more about this when we get back to Lasting Integrity; well have to try and remember to watch for it.

She sat on the stone shelf, hands in her lap. Is that how you stand it? Knowing everyone is going to die? You just dont think about it?

Basically, Kaladin said,

P: Yes, distracting oneself can be handy when dealing with depression. Though its not always effective. I do wish Kaladin had been able to offer Syl more sound advice.

A: As well see, this is less about depression and more about grieving. Even so, distraction is only a tool, and not a solution.

Everyone dies eventually.

I wont, she said. Spren are immortal, even if you kill them. Someday Ill have to watch you die.

What brought this on? Kaladin asked. This isnt like you.

Yup. Right. Of course. Not like me. She plastered a smile on her face. Sorry.

I didnt mean it that way, Syl, Kaladin said. You dont have to pretend.

Original post:
Rhythm of War Reread: Chapter Fifty-Five - tor.com

Human Behavior

Comparative analysis of "Data Security Law", "Network Security Law" and "Personal Information Protection Law" – Lexology

With5G, blockchain, big data, artificial intelligence,and otherinformation and communication technologyrapid development, our lives have been gradually networked and digitized, if you recall your own day, you will find that most of the basic necessities of life seem to have started its digitalization.Not long ago, the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress just passed a blockbuster law, the "Data Security Law". I also did some learning. In addition to this law, there was also a "Cyber Security Law" before. The current "Personal Information Protection Law" is also rushing on the road to legislation.What kind of relationship are these three laws? Its a bit unclear, so today we will focus on studying these three laws in a comparative way(reminder, the "Personal Information Protection Law" has not yet been issued, I will not prompt it in the rest of this article for convenience).

What the three have in common

1. The background of legislation is basically the same

The three laws are all born from thebackground of the rapid development ofinformation and communication technologiessuch as5G, blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence.Legislating these emerging technologies is in response to the needs of the development of the times.

2. The value orientation of legislation is basically the same

It seems that we need "security" more than ever. Now when we talk about "security", werefermoreto non-traditional security. This is also the overall national security concept mentioned in the National Security Law.Although from a development perspective, we still give priority to "efficiency", "efficiency" cannot be "streaking" like a runaway horse.Because the "efficiency" gained at the cost of"safety"is not worth the gain.

3. The core of the object in legal relations is basically the same

These three laws can be the "troika" in the field of the digital economy. Although the objects to be regulated are different, they generally revolve around the production and operation of data and information. The internet is the basis for carrying information.Interaction andtransmission are the purposes of the internet, and the intangibility and spillage of information need to be controlled. The core of controlling is around governmentand personal information.

Traditionally, one of the objects of legal relations is human behavior. In the era of big data and artificial intelligence, human behavior is no longer limited to physical behavior. Human behavior has been transformed into various information and data.Dont you see? Buying and selling, using, thoughts expression are all done through clicking and manipulating smart phones and computers.

4. The legislative influence is basically the same

Based on the above, these three laws will affect all aspects of the country, society, government, and individuals, because informatization and digitization have been integrated into all aspects of personal social life, government behavior, and state behavior.

The main difference between the three laws

1. The legislative purposes of the three are different

The "Cyber Security Law"emphasizes the national sovereignty of cyberspace. The"Data Security Law"focuses more on data security and national security based on data security, and the "Personal Information Protection Law" focuses on the protection of personal information.

2. The objects adjusted by the two and three are different

From the perspective of the adjustment object, the three laws are overlaped.Article 76 of the "Cyber Security Law" defines cybersecurity as means taking necessary measures to prevent attacks, intrusions, interference, and Sabotage, illegal use and accidents, keep the network in a stable and reliable operation state, as well as the ability to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network data."The last sentence here actually refers to data security but in a subordinate position.Article 3 of the "Data Security Law" stipulates that "data security refers to the adoption of necessary measures to ensure that data is in a state of effective protection and legal use, as well as the ability to ensure a continuous state of security."It can be seen here that, in fact, network security includes data security, but it is more focused on achieving legislative purposes by regulating the construction, operation, maintenance and use of networks within the territory of the Peoples Republic of China, while the Data Security Law focuses on regulating "data processing activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China" to achieve legislative purposes.Data processing refers to "data collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, etc.", Some of these data processing activities are based on the internet, and others arenot based on the internet.To give an inappropriate example, it is like a house. The "Cyber Security Law" focuses more on the security of the door of the room and each door, while the "Data Security Law" refers to the safety of the things in the house.What about "Personal Information Protection"?Privacy probablythe equivalent of the safe of the most valuable things inside a house, where your ID card, bank card, residence booklet and some important privacy files are stored.The "Personal Information Protection" involves both the cybersecurity and the data protection.The "Data Security Law" contains not only personal information but also government information, as well as information on other industries. Therefore, the "Data Security Law" adopts a "graded and classified protection system."In summary, the three laws are independent of each other and have their own emphasis, but there are also overlaped each other.

3. The adjustment modes of the three laws are different

The adjustment mode of the "Cyber Security Law" focuses more on the regulation and adjustment according to the links involved in network operation, and it mainly divided into two parts: "network operation security" and "network information security". The regulative objects are mainly three types of entities, network operators, network products and service providers, and key information infrastructure operators.The "Data Security Law" does not regulate according to flow of "production, processing, circulation, and use of data", but divides it into a "data security system" and "data security protection obligations" for regulation and adjustment, and the objects of adjustment is more extensive, that is, all subjects engaged in data processing activities must be regulated and restricted by this law.The "Personal Information Protection Law" is more special. It is more about adjusting and protecting a de facto private law act (simply speaking, providing personal information and obtaining various services) in public law. Many articles in this law is about empowerment. TheChapter 4is "Individual's Rights in Personal Information Processing Activities", and the Chapter 5is "Obligations of Personal Information Processors". Yet, the "Cyber Security Law" and "Data Security Law" are basically obligatory provisions. Especially the "Data Security Protection Obligation" is its own chapater in the "Data Security Law".

In summary, we have carried out some superficial comparative analyses of these three laws in the hope that we can have a clearer understanding of the positioning of the three laws.

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Comparative analysis of "Data Security Law", "Network Security Law" and "Personal Information Protection Law" - Lexology

Immunology

UConn Immunology Researcher Unraveling Relationship Between Cytokines and Colorectal Cancer – UConn Today – UConn Today

Kepeng Wang, assistant professor of immunology at UConn Health, is investigating the complex relationship between cytokines and colorectal cancer.

Wangs work is supported by a $1.8 million grant from the National Cancer Institute.

Cytokines are a category of proteins secreted by cells. They have an important role in cell signaling. IL-17 cytokines, one family of cytokines, promote inflammation which drives the growth of tumors on the colon. This often leads to colorectal cancer.

To date, the underlying mechanism explaining IL-17s connection with colorectal cancer relies on its role in helping the tumor recruit myeloid cells, which come from bone marrow. This provides the tumor with a powerful ally to help it grow and spread throughout the body.

What scientists do not yet fully understand is if IL-17 also signals regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are often recruited to tumors and hinder the bodys natural ability to impede tumor growth.

Wangs preliminary studies show that removing IL-17 signaling on Treg cells increased colonic tumor development in mice. This demonstrated a previously unknown protective role of IL-17 in colorectal cancer, indicating its relationship with tumorigenesis and growth is more complicated than previously thought.

Wangs team found that IL-17 inhibits Treg accumulation in tumors, a measure that typically indicates a grim prognosis. IL-17 also inhibits the expression of genes that facilitate Treg migration, proliferation, and their ability to suppress the immune system.

Interestingly, Wangs team only observed these inhibitory effects in tumor-infiltrating Tregs and not in healthy Tregs. This suggests IL-17 engages in site-specific inhibition. Accordingly, only Tregs that infiltrate tumors express the receptors IL-17 cytokines attach to in order to initiate this cascade.

When Wang stimulated Tregs with two cytokines that are abundant in the tumor environment, it led to increased production of the IL-17 receptor. This suggests when Tregs are recruited to tumors, the tumors environment makes it more susceptible to being inhibited by IL-17.

Conversely, Wang and his team found that IL-17 signals to tumor cells to reduce the expression of cytokines that signal CD8+ CTL T cells to the tumor. These T cells play an important role in immunity and tumor surveillance. These cytokines are known as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

This means IL-17 inhibits Tregs that would otherwise suppress cancer immunosurveillance while also inhibiting the attraction of T cells that would perform this function. These findings illuminate the complicated role of IL-17 in colorectal cancer and showcase the need for further investigation.

Now, Wang is looking to further his previous work and clarify IL-17s role in colorectal cancer.

Wang will describe how, exactly, IL-17 mediates the direct inhibition of Tregs in colorectal tumors as well as identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process. Wang will then interrogate how IL-17 inhibits T cell attraction through the regulation of CXCL9 and CXCL10.

Ultimately, Wang will test the importance of these interactions and effects in colorectal tumor development and therapies.

These investigations will provide new insights into the mechanisms by which IL-17 impacts colorectal tumorigenesis, as well as guide the invention and use of novel therapies for the treatment of colorectal, Wang says.

For example, understanding how IL-17 inhibits CD8+ CTL T cell attraction to tumors could mean adding already available IL-17 antibodies to cancer immunotherapy regimes would improve patient outcomes. While, if a tumor has abundant IL-17 and Tregs, researchers and clinicians could know that using IL-17 antibodies may have an adverse effect for the patient since IL-17 is performing a protective role in this case.

This work can help provide a pathway toward more precise treatments for colorectal cancer patients.

Wang holds a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Wangs lab focuses on studying the role of inflammation in colorectal cancer development and therapeutic intervention.

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UConn Immunology Researcher Unraveling Relationship Between Cytokines and Colorectal Cancer - UConn Today - UConn Today

Immunology

Astria Therapeutics to Present New STAR-0215 Preclinical Results at the 2021 American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Scientific…

BOSTON, October 21, 2021--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Astria Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ:ATXS), a biopharmaceutical company developing STAR-0215 for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE), today announced that it will share new preclinical results for STAR-0215 in a presentation titled "STAR-0215 Is a Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibody Plasma Kallikrein Inhibitor for the Potential Treatment of HAE" at the 2021 American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Scientific Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The poster will be presented in-person by Andrew Nichols, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer at Astria Therapeutics, on Friday, November 5, 2021 at 4:15pm CT, and will be available to all registrants through the ACAAI Meeting website and mobile app.

About Astria Therapeutics:

Astria Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company, and our mission is to bring life-changing therapies to patients and families affected by rare and niche allergic and immunological diseases. Our lead program, STAR-0215, is a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of plasma kallikrein in preclinical development for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Learn more about our company on our website, http://www.astriatx.com, or follow us on Twitter and Instagram @AstriaTx and on Facebook and LinkedIn.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211021005224/en/

Contacts

Astria Contacts:

Investor relations: Andrea Matthewsinvestors@astriatx.com

Media: Elizabeth Higginsmedia@astriatx.com

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Astria Therapeutics to Present New STAR-0215 Preclinical Results at the 2021 American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Scientific...