Sumo protein explored as likely source for some congenital heart defects – Medical Xpress

February 7, 2017 by Brandi Klingerman Professor Paul Huber. Credit: University of Notre Dame

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are small peptides that get added on to other proteins to regulate their activity. While SUMO has many regulatory roles in cells, it is especially important for controlling gene expression during early development. Just a few years ago this connection between SUMO and gene regulation was relatively unknown, but now, Notre Dame researchers are exploring how a disruption to the SUMO protein's ability to regulate embryo development may be linked to congenital heart defects.

Paul Huber, professor of chemistry and biochemistry, and Norman Dovichi, the Grace-Rupley Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, are working together to understand the role of all proteins in embryo development using Xenopus laevis or the African claw frog. This species is known for having a similar gene structure to that of the human genome, meaning that findings related to this species have the potential to provide a deep understanding about human diseases.

When discussing their research, Dovichi said, "In 2014, Huber and I completed a study using Xenopus laevis embryos to understand how more than 4,000 proteins fluctuate during the different stages of development. We found that certain proteins spike or lower during specific stages. For example, a number of proteins that are used during the creation of cardiovascular tissue rose during stage 13, when organs develop."

In these early experiments, Huber found that when SUMO activity was repressed, many of the embryos had two predominate phenotypes, one of which was heart defects. Then, new studies began linking mutations in SUMO protein to heart failure as well as congenital heart defects. This is when the Notre Dame researchers began to develop the next steps for their research.

"At the time, there was not a lot of information about the role of the SUMO protein, but our theory was that it was critical for proper development of the heart," said Huber. "To study the protein's specific impact, we inhibited SUMO activity in the developing cardiovascular tissue. This will allow us to compare the proteome or all of the proteins that are expressed by a cell of the defective hearts with their normal counterparts."

To support the research, Olivia Cox, a Notre Dame graduate student, collaborated with Daniel Weeks, professor of biochemistry and pediatrics at the University of Iowa, and identified three predominate heart defects in the SUMO-deficient hearts: septal defects commonly thought of as holes in the heart abnormal turning of the outflow tract, and noncompaction cardiomyopathy.

The goal of this research is to use the proteome comparisons to specifically identify which proteins are responsible for congenital heart defects. Additionally, Huber, affiliated with the Harper Cancer Research Institute (HCRI) and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Dovichi, affiliated with Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics as well as the HCRI, plan to continue exploring the SUMO protein's significance in other areas of embryo development. This research could help explain why other development defects arise, and eventually lead to a solution for increasing SUMO protein expression when a mutation occurs.

Explore further: SUMO-snipping protein plays crucial role in T and B cell development

More information: Liangliang Sun et al. Quantitative proteomics of Xenopus laevis embryos: expression kinetics of nearly 4000 proteins during early development, Scientific Reports (2014). DOI: 10.1038/srep04365

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Sumo protein explored as likely source for some congenital heart defects - Medical Xpress

Anatomy of an Ad: Moment of Truth for Tide’s Stain – AdAge.com

"We hope the internet goes crazy."

That's what Amy Krehbiel, P&G associate brand director for Tide, told Ad Age the brand hoped to accomplish from its unprecedented Super Bowl ad in which Terry Bradshaw feigns a stain.

And now, inside the Procter & Gamble war room, during the Big Game, comes Tide's moment of truth. The millions spent, months of hard work and top-level secrecy are all coming to fruition in this 75 seconds.

Will America fall for the stain?

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Anatomy of an Ad: Moment of Truth for Tide's Stain - AdAge.com

Pregnant ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Star Has Big, Feminist Dreams For Her … – Huffington Post

In an empowering Instagram post, Greys Anatomy star Camilla Luddington announced shes expecting a girl, whom she will raise to be a little warrior.

On Feb 3, Luddington posted a photo on Instagram that showed her holding a onesie with the words Tomb Raider in training on it. In her caption, she wrote she was so excited to share the news that she and her partner, Matthew Alan, will be welcoming a baby girl into their family. And Luddington already has big plans for her little one.

I want her to grow up knowing how strong women are, she wrote.

The actress wrote that she will teach her daughter to be kind and to be vocal about what she thinks is right.

[I want her to grow up] to be a little warrior who is not afraid to use her voice and stand up for what she believes is right, she wrote. To navigate through life with courage and kindness, and to be one of the girls who says, You CAN sit with us....

Luddington also posted a funny video of Greys Anatomy co-star Ellen Pompeo directing her in a maternity photo shoot inspired by the pics Beyonc released two days earlier when she announced she was expecting twins.

I mean this is amazing, Pompeo said. You are pregnant at the same time as Beyonc. When is that ever going to happen again, Camilla?

Heres to hoping Luddingtons little warrior will team up with Beyoncs newest members of the BeyHive for some playdates.

The HuffPost Parents newsletter offers a daily dose of personal stories, helpful advice and comedic takes on what its like to raise kids today.Sign up here.

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Professional Idiot: an Anatomy – PoliticalCritique.org

The inauguration of President Donald Trump revealed that the USA has more in common with the Czech Republic than anyone (presumably, Americans least of all) had hoped for.

President Trumps inauguration ceremony was a flop, at least within the parameters of the universe most of us live in. A universe, it turns out, not shared by Trump and his Press Secretary Sean Spicer. America is getting its first glimpse into the wonderful world of alternative facts, coming from the highest level and it honestly seems a bit shocked. But worry not dear, poor America: you are not the first nor the last. We have been there. We can share survival tips.

The Antichrists Lesson

For starters, there are historical precedents. When the then-President of the Czech Republic Vclav Klaus decided to employ known conspiracy theorist Petr Hjek, most famous for denying evolution, claiming that 9/11 was an inside job, and accusing the late Havel of having been a servant of Satan, he left more than a few heads scratching. Hjek, however, possessed a very useful ability: should it ever become necessary to draw the medias attention, he could always give an interview and bleat something about the Antichrist among us. And then shock and awe would follow.

It was not that what he claimed was particularly interesting or original; the trick was doing it from a position of authority.

This man worked directly for the president and because of that, when he spouted his drivel, the media listened because they simply could not afford to ignore him, especially with the appeal of pure, unadulterated bullshit being so high to audiences. Remove the authority, however, and you get just another conspiracy nut job with a blog. Which, coincidentally, is exactly what became of Hjek.

Now, it seems President Trump possesses a pet lunatic of his own in the person of his Director of Social Media, Dan Scavino. Hoaxes, conspiracy theories, smear campaigns, he has shared it all. The biggest challenge he has faced was to defend his lord and master after Trump retweeted an image from a white supremacist message board. Trumps campaign placed heavy emphasis on social media and there was no indication this would stop once he came in power so it will be quite a surprise if we do not hear more of the talented Mr. Scavino in the near future, and quite possibly in a newfound capacity as a sacrificial lamb. The thing about crackpots is that there are always more where they came from.

There is a lesson and a warning in this comparison: people in power always like having an idiot around and being near that power entitles said idiot to inflict his views on the country. So, dear America, you should prepare for a new onslaught of flashy nonsense.

Going Professional

The most obvious analogy, however, is that between the current presidents of the Czech Republic and the United States. Both President Zeman and President Trump are populists who declare strong pro-Russian views, both love the use of fear mongering and xenophobia to garner popularity and both possess a relationship with facts that can be described as tenuous at best. They also both employ PR specialists whose job descriptions include publicly ignoring realty.

In spite of rather overwhelming photographic evidence to the contrary, Sean Spicer claims President Trumps inauguration gathered the biggest crowd ever. It is a public, shameless lie delivered from a position of authority. It is, also, something that the Czech Republic happens to have experience with, especially given the results of last Novembers presidential vote gathering tour (above: the official version; below: police camera at the other end of the square). And it is an extremely efficient means of dealing with the pesky media.

Lenin is said to have coined the term useful idiot and a tame conspiracy theorist works very well in that role. Presidents Trump and Zeman, however, took this a step further.

What we have in Spicer and Ovek is a logical evolution: the professional idiot.

Here is how it works: the president either slips up or unabashedly tells a lie about, say, a historical article that totally exists or the oh-so-huge Chinese investments in the Czech Republic. The Media points it out and in steps Ovek, either insisting on the lie, producing an alternative and even more outrageous statement or attacking the media in extremely petty ways. Standard PR practice where the truth does not enter the process at any point, right? But there is a difference: professional idiocy results in the unprecedented presence of Zeman in the media the Czech Republic is not a presidential system, the man is there literally just to ruin our reputation abroad. Yet his every (mis)step is religiously followed by the media and he uses it to the maximum to voice populist views quite likely to help him in the next election after all, terror is coming!

Jester to Speaker

The professional idiot strategy works simultaneously as an attention grab and misdirection. Consider President Trumps inauguration mess. Almost immediately afterward, Trump followed it up with a lie about the popular election presumably the same invisible crowd present at his inauguration that happened to have voted invisibly by casting invisible ballots into invisible boxes. Americas stealth plane technology has apparently entered the public domain.

Meanwhile, Spicer proves that he is a real pro in the idiot biz by attacking the media and pitching another shovelful of bullshit towards the pile by stating that the inauguration had the largest audience ever, and by the way, why are we still talking about this and can we get to running that pipeline over Sioux sacred grounds again already?

A professional idiot possesses no qualms about ethics or taste and will most certainly not let something as trivial as facts slow him down on his way towards attention. An analogy to the time-honored institution of the court jester comes to mind, although with a rather crucial difference: while in ages past it was the jesters prerogative to talk smack in the presence of the monarch and to the monarch, it seems a supremely stupid suggestion to have the jester speak for the monarch.

To Wage War on Reality

There is another, altogether more sinister turn to this. A professional idiots job (which, at least in some cases, appears to be a hobby as well) is a symptom of society. Post-truth is the buzzword that immediately comes to mind, but there is more. A systematic denial of reality is also a tool of totalitarian propaganda: recall that the crowning achievement of indoctrination is doublethink. This is something professional idiots seem to radiate effortlessly, especially when flocking around politicians with dictatorial tendencies.

It is entirely possible that Spicer cheered along with the invisible crowd at the inauguration, that Zeman and Ovek read the article on the bottom left of the page and that Trump has evidence that the popular vote was tampered with by millions of illegal voters. We all do this to some extent mentally editing experiences and memories to fit our own world-view. It only becomes problematic once the person in question is unaware of the factand in possession of power.

And so we get alternative facts instead of lies, different recollections instead of mistakes and quickly evolving opinions instead of contradictions. It is a sign of the times. Perfectly natural. Nothing wrong about this sign of the times, we got the best times in the world.

Do not worry, America. You will be alternatively fine.

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Professional Idiot: an Anatomy - PoliticalCritique.org

From Bruce Springsteen to Amy Winehouse: The anatomy of a hit song – ABC Online

Updated February 07, 2017 10:02:49

What makes a song a hit, and why do some songs stay with us years later?

Musician turned academic Andrew West has written hundreds of songs, and he designed the world's first Masters degree in songwriting. He explains the secrets behind three classic hits.

Pretty Woman shows terrific attention to detail.

First of all, there's the tempo. They would have figured that out in the studio: not too slow, not too fast. And the final version of the song moves at a certain pace that feels exactly right.

The song also uses a dynamic build, the way that the musicians are playing. That memorable riff gets louder and louder until it seems absolutely necessary for Orbison's voice to come in.

It's also important to note the way Orbison uses harmonies on his voice, but only for certain sections of the song.

A lot of critical thought has gone into the way the song is arranged.

Sometimes having the chords match the musical expression, or the expression of the words, can work against the songwriter because it becomes too obvious.

Changing that gives the listener subtext, a backstory, so that you're thinking that maybe the person who sounds downhearted is actually feeling quite optimistic, so the listener becomes more interested in the story.

Highway Patrolman is a consummate example of a song that's written as a story, and one that doesn't work in consecutive time.

Springsteen moves the listener back and forth and by the time you've gotten four or five minutes into the song, you really feel that these people are real. You feel like you've got a sense of their past, their present and their future.

You'd be hard-pressed to equal the way he phrases it, the timing. It's like a great comedian: the spaces he leaves between the lines are the ones where you figure out what's just happened.

Because Springsteen paid so much attention to the way the lyrics are shaped, and the imagery in the lyrics, he put the music as far into the background as he could.

Springsteen actually recorded this entire album with the E Street Band, but those recordings weren't used.

He doesn't want the audience to be listening to the music or the music performances. He wants your attention on his words.

Winehouse's success draws first and foremost on her lyrics being fearlessly autobiographical.

When you put that voice, which is so obviously honest, within the musical influence of the old Stax and Motown records, then it's an irresistible combination.

In songs like Rehab and Back to Black, Winehouse makes use of very familiar song structures or chord sequences.

But Love is a Losing Game uses an A-A-A structure (or three verses), which is very unusual in popular music.

Across an album you need to mix songs that seem familiar, that you enjoy for their predictability, with songs that are completely unpredictable and you enjoy because you can't figure out what's coming next.

Topics: music, arts-and-entertainment, australia

First posted February 07, 2017 09:58:35

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From Bruce Springsteen to Amy Winehouse: The anatomy of a hit song - ABC Online

Anatomy of Ahmedabad’s road accidents – Times of India

AHMEDABAD: The city reports six deaths per week on the road. Victims vary from senior citizens crossing a road to youths high on liquor behind wheels. Out of over 3,000 road accidents reported with EMRI 108 ambulances, majority take place in the city periphery on roads such as SG Road and SP Ring Road. Why do these accidents take place, and how to reduce fatalities?

A report by JP Research India, titled 'Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Road Accident Study' analyzes 211 accidents that took place between February 2004 and February 2015 on the 31-km stretch of SG Road, 27 km of SP Ring Road, 13.5 km of NH8 and 27 km of state highways passing near or through Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar.

The study is part of a national scientific database called "Road Accident Sampling System - India" (RASSI). It is submitted to the state transport commissioner by the agency. According to the research, cars and two-wheelers posed highest risk of accidents among road users. Both segments were found involved in 56% (28% each) of total road accidents. Moreover, two-wheelers were most affected - having been involved in 53% of fatal accidents and 47% of serious accidents. The study mentions that only 22% of the total road accidents get reported to police. Moreover, out of 211 accidents, 34% were serious accidents, 8% fatal and 48% minor. In 8% cases, there were no injuries whereas in 2% cases there is unknown outcome.

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Studies reveal link between rotator cuff disease and genetics – News-Medical.net

A new study presented this week at the Association of Academic Physiatrists Annual Meeting in Las Vegas shows rotator cuff disease might be a heritable trait.

Rotator cuff disease is a common disorder that affects 30 to 50 percent of people over the age of 50. The disease often leads to shoulder pain and loss of function. While many think of this as a 'tear' due to an injury or sustained over/misuse, some studies suggest genetics might play a role.

"People are living longer and more active lives, but a large percentage of these people may suffer from rotator cuff disease," explains Lead Investigator in the study, Dominique Dabija, MS, a medical student at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. "Identifying a genetic link can help early recognition of individuals at higher risk and could warrant application of prevention strategies for this specific population.

To assess if there could be a genetic or familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease, Dabija along with Chan Gao, MD, PhD; Todd L. Edwards, MS, PhD; John Kuhn, MD, MS; and Nitin B. Jain, MD, MSPH, also from Vanderbilt University Medical Center looked through two databases (PubMed and EMBASE) that hold thousands of medical research studies to identify those using the term "rotator cuff." They searched all studies in the databases through March 2016 and narrowed down 251 citations to seven studies that were relevant to their literature review.

"Different studies on similar topics may produce different results depending on the specific methods and populations looked at," explains Dabija. "Our literature review compiles all of these studies to look at the data on a larger scale, and this allows us to identify macro trends as well as research gaps that need to be filled."

Four of the seven studies reviewed by Dabija's team assess whether there is a familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease. One of these found if an individual has a sibling with a rotator cuff tear, he or she is twice as likely to also have a tear and nearly five times more likely to have associated pain and loss of function. This is in comparison to if that individual did not have a sibling with a tear.

Another study reviewed by Dabija's team showed that a significantly higher number of individuals with tears (32.3 percent) had family members with a history of tears or surgery on their rotator cuffs than those without tears (18.3 percent).

A third study found if an individual is diagnosed with a rotator cuff tear before the age of 40, there is a higher likelihood that any of his or her family members immediate or extended will also have a tear. In contrast, if an individual is diagnosed with a rotator cuff tear after the age of 40, only close family members parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts/uncles have a higher likelihood of having a tear. This difference may also be attributed to environmental factors.

The other three studies investigated whether there is a genetic predisposition to rotator cuff disease, and these noted certain patterns of genes were found more often in people with rotator cuff disease when compared to those without rotator cuff disease.

"Although there was a small number of studies in this literature review pointing to a need for more studies on this topic the consensus among all seven studies is rotator cuff disease is a heritable trait," says Dabija. "More large-scale studies need to be performed, and these results can assist in identifying individuals at higher risk of developing a tear and then help them before they have pain."

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Geisinger Genetics Research Offers Big Health, Economic Impact for Central Pennsylvania – State College News

As Geisinger Health Systems MyCode genetics research initiative grows to more than 132,000 participants, the community is seeing results in more ways than one.

And now the MyCode project is helping serve as a springboard to local participation in a federal initiative that could pump $40 million to $50 million of government funds and bring numerous jobs into central Pennsylvanias economy in the years ahead.

The DNA of the first participants in the study that began in 2007 has been read, and 148 people were found to have gene mutations that put them at greater risk for developing certain diseases or conditions such as cancer, heart disease or dangerously high cholesterol.

One finding of particular note: The research so far suggests that the incidence of familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol, is much higher than previously believed. While national data has shown about one in 500 people affected by FH, the Geisinger data is showing about one in 225 to 250, according to Andy Faucett, director of policy and education with Geisingers Genomic Medicine Institute in Danville.

Were starting to be able to provide results that will guide research around the world, Faucett noted.

Findings like this are significant because they can help improve health care by finding ways to diagnose medical conditions earlier or before they appear and also to help find new treatments or medications to manage these diseases, according to Geisinger.

INFORMATION EMPOWERING

For patients, the information can also be empowering, said Miranda Hallquist, genetic counselor with the Genomic Medicine Institute in State College.

Knowing it is related to genetics frequency empowers them to take steps, Hallquist said, adding that were changing peoples health care, giving them information they would not otherwise have gotten as quickly.

The MyCode initiative includes a biobank that stores blood and saliva samples from Geisinger patients who have agreed to participate. Geisinger has already far surpassed its initial goal of 100,000 participants and has set its next goal at 250,000.

Consenters at various Geisinger facilities approach patents to see if they want to participate in the program, and to answer questions they might have. Patients can also sign up at http://www.mygeisinger.org. Participation is relatively simple, generally involving donation of an extra 2 tablespoons of blood at the patients next blood draw. Participants also allow Geisinger to access information in their medical records.

About 90 percent of patients asked have agreed to participate, according to Geisinger.

It surprised me how altruistic people in central Pennsylvania are, Faucett said. He noted that while the program is open to all ages, many participants are older because that age group tends to go to the doctor more.

People are more concerned not so much about the information for themselves, but for their children and grandchildren, he said.

Currently Geisinger has between 1 million and 1.4 million active patients, so we have talked with about 10 percent of the patient population, Faucett said. His goal is that every patient have the opportunity to participate.

GENETIC MARKERS

Of those who provide samples, about 4 percent will hear back because they have genetic markers that make them susceptible to a certain disease. Other participants do not hear back because nothing of concern was found in their DNA.

For those who are found to be at increased risk, meetings are scheduled to discuss the results and appropriate next steps, Hallquist said.

We talk about what the result means for them and their family members, she said.

Part of that education process, Hallquist said, means helping patients sort through the genetics gobbledygook.

For the 96 percent of participants whose genetics dont show increased risks, their data is still imperative to the research project, Hallquist said.

The turnaround time from MyCode samples to results can take a year or more. Hallquist said that while that process should get faster as more staff are added, she emphasized that MyCode is not a substitute for clinical testing for those with health concerns.

PRECISION MEDICINE INITIATIVE

Geisingers experience with the MyCode project helped it become one of four new health care provider organizations selected to participate in the federal Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Program to help build a nationwide million-person study.

The PMI was launched by then President Barack Obama in 2015 to bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes, and to give all of us access to the personalized information we need to keep ourselves and our families healthier.

Ultimately depending on final funding from the National Institutes of Health, the program could bring $40 million to $50 million to Geisinger over the course of five years, Faucett said. These funds will be used to recruit participants, providing multiple jobs throughout the Geisinger footprint. NIH provides funding on a yearly basis, he said.

Participants in the MyCode initiative will be approached about joining the PMI study as well, but it will ask more of patients than MyCode does, Faucett and Hallquist said.

Central Pennsylvania is fertile ground for such studies.

It is a very stable community, with patients willing to participate, Faucett said.

Additionally Geisinger officials noted that its electronic health records system goes back to the late 1990s.

For many families, we have three generations of patient records, Hallquist said. This includes an average of 14 years of health information for MyCode participants.

MyCode has allowed Geisinger to recruit amazing scientists, Faucett said. The types of research we are doing is growing every day.

Faucett sees a future in which physicians will order a patients genetic profile and use it to help guide care over a lifetime.

It was the MyCode project that brought Hallquist to Geisinger.

Precision medicine is the future, she said, while noting that healthy lifestyle choices are still as important as ever. Being able to look at someones DNA to help determine what their risks are, its spectacular that its moving in that direction.

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Geisinger Genetics Research Offers Big Health, Economic Impact for Central Pennsylvania - State College News

Seattle Genetics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SGEN) earnings reaction history – The Independent Republic

Seattle Genetics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SGEN) is projected to declare fiscal fourth quarter financial results right after the stock markets official close on February 09, 2017. The stock added about 22.4 percent in price since last results when it was at $49.93 a share. Based on the most relevant past-periods data, there is an 60.71 percent probability for this firms share price to go down following next quarterly results. Earnings reaction history tells us that the equity price moved down 17 times out of last 28 reported quarters. It has beaten earnings-per-share estimates 66% of the time in its last 12 earnings reports. It fell short of earnings estimates on 4 occasions, and it has met expectations 0 time.

Heres how traders responded to SGEN earnings announcements over the past few quarters.

Seattle Genetics, Inc. (SGEN) Earnings Surprises & Reaction

Given its history, the average earnings announcement surprise was 2.19 percent over the past four quarters. Back on October 27, 2016, it posted earnings per-share earnings at $-0.23 which beat the consensus $-0.29 projection (positive surprise of20.69%. For the quarter, revenue came in at 106.32M versus consensus estimate of 101.74M. The stock gained 1.84 percent the session following the earnings reports were released, and on 7th day price change was 14.16 percent.

On July 26, 2016, it reported earnings at $-0.23 a share compared with the consensus estimate of $-0.33 per share (positive surprise of 30.3%). Revenue of 95.4M for that quarter was above the $94.13M analysts had expected. The stock climbed 9.62% the day following the earnings announcement, and on 7th day price change was 10.85%.

On April 28, 2016, it recorded $-0.15 a share in earnings which missed the consensus estimate of $-0.11 (negative surprise of -36.36%). Revenue for the quarter was $111.15M while analysts called for revenues to be $116.04M. The stock dropped -4.85% the day following the earnings data was made public, and on 7th day price change was -10.91%.

On February 9, 2016, it announced earnings per share at $-0.18 versus the consensus estimate of $-0.17 per share (negative surprise of -5.88%). That came on revenues of $93.48M for that period. Analysts had expected $88.28M in revenue.

Seattle Genetics, Inc. Earnings Estimates

As Q4 earnings announcement date approaches, Wall Street is expecting earnings per share of $-0.31. The analysts present consensus range is $-0.42-$-0.25 for EPS. The market consensus range for revenue is between $91.86M and $117.07M, with an average of $106.17M.

Seattle Genetics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SGEN) last ended at $61.11, sending the companys market cap near $8.65B. The consensus 12-month price target from analysts covering the stock is $58.79. The share price has declined -18.91% from its top level in 52 weeks and dropped 15.8% this year. It recently traded in a range of $59.57-$61.16 at a volume of 444485 shares. The recent trading ended with the price nearly 4.48 higher for the last 5 trading days, rebounding 134.86% from its 52-week low.

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Seattle Genetics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SGEN) earnings reaction history - The Independent Republic

Chickscope 1.5: Explore: Embryology: Day 1 – The Journey …

Day 1: The Journey Begins

The Egg Yolk

An infertile and a fertile egg. Can you tell the difference? The white chalazae is much more prominent in the infertile egg. However there is no correlation between fertility and the size of the chalazae. The chalazae is composed of mucin fibers; mucin is a special kind of structural protein. The chalazae holds the yolk in place within the egg.

In the infertile egg, on the left, the nucleus is merely a light spot on the yolk. The egg on the right is fertilized. In the fertilized egg the ovum has fused with a sperm to begin forming an embryo. By the time the fertilized egg is laid, many cells are divided on the surface of the yolk and formed a blastoderm. Can you see the difference between the nucleus of the infertile egg and the blastoderm of the fertilized egg? Both are indicated by the blue arrow.

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Chickscope 1.5: Explore: Embryology: Day 1 - The Journey ...