An Exoneree Shares His Story Of Wrongful Conviction In ‘Anatomy … – NPR

Jerry Miller says he always held out hope for exoneration. "I made a logical decision to do positive things and to think positive," he says. Courtesy of the Innocence Project hide caption

Jerry Miller says he always held out hope for exoneration. "I made a logical decision to do positive things and to think positive," he says.

Jerry Miller spent more than 25 years behind bars for kidnapping, rape and robbery crimes he didn't commit.

Miller was released from prison in 2006. In 2007, after decades of insisting he was innocent, Miller was finally vindicated: He became the 200th American to be cleared by DNA evidence of a wrongful conviction. Today, that number is closer to 350.

Miller's story is now part of a new book called Anatomy of Innocence. It fleshes out personal accounts of wrongful convictions, with a twist: In each chapter, a mystery or thriller writer tells the story of a real-life exoneree.

Miller was paired with John Mankiewicz, an executive producer of the Netflix show House of Cards. Their chapter goes beyond the years Miller spent behind bars, and describes life after prison but before exoneration, when Miller had to wear an ankle bracelet, keep a 9 p.m. curfew and register as a sex offender. He couldn't attend nieces and nephews' birthday parties because he wasn't allowed to be around children.

Miller shares his memories of the day he was exonerated, and Mankiewicz discusses the challenges of telling Miller's story.

On how Miller managed to stay hopeful after his conviction

Miller: I had a life to live, so I had to choose how I wanted to live it, you know. What comes from a man who is negative and basically is mad at the world because he was wronged? You can't, I can't function I couldn't function like that. And I couldn't draw people to my aid like that. You just have to accept what has happened and grow from it. You know, to just walk around angry, you know, in some cases an angry old man I mean, that's a waste of the rest of your life. I'm more practical than that. I made a logical decision to do positive things and to think positive.

On the day Miller was exonerated

Miller: Even now I kind of get a little shook. ... I was getting ready to get my life back. I knew it was going to happen. It was strange and, you know, my family, we basically had a caravan. We rode out to the [Cook County, Ill.,] court building down at 26th and California. And everybody was dressed sharp and, you know, was happy for me. And I just was real proud that I didn't give up. ...

John Mankiewicz's other TV credits include The Mentalist and House. Courtesy of Laura Caldwell and Liveright Publishing hide caption

John Mankiewicz's other TV credits include The Mentalist and House.

When they called me up before the judge, I passed through people who was waiting to have their cases heard or whatever, and they saw the news media and they was like, "Who is that? Who is that? What's going on?" ... I'm hearing them, but I'm focused. I have to go up here and maintain my cool in front of this judge. And so when it all happened and they saw what was taking place, everybody it was a lot of people, you know, waiting and everybody started clapping.

On how writing Miller's story was different from writing House of Cards

Mankiewicz: I felt a big responsibility to tell the story right. ... I had a very small audience of one [Miller] that I cared about ... thinking that I'd gotten it right. ... So many other people had been telling lies about him over a period of 26 years, you know, what happened to him. And I wanted to get it right for him.

And, by the way, you're writing House of Cards; the worst thing that can happen is it's a bad show. It's TV. I felt the stakes were a little higher here. ...

If you think about every exoneree, every single one who's actually innocent, no one has believed them and no one has been interested in hearing what the real story was until they're exonerated. You know, they're just another man or woman in jail saying, "I'm innocent. I didn't do it. How am I going to prove it?" ... While we were doing this, writing the story, which I over reported by a factor of 10 because I was so nervous ... I wanted to get it right.

On what Miller hopes the book will accomplish

Miller: I've heard stories even worse than mine, but the interesting stories in there are about reality. You know, it's not a fantasy, it's nothing made-up; these are real people who suffered real pain, who [have] to find their way back to being a productive citizen. And they need support.

For people not to hear this story, I mean, they would be missing out on the triumphs of human beings and how they're able to struggle hard enough to regain their life back and, you know, clear their family's name. They're important stories that need to be told. ... People don't know ... what it takes to accomplish what exonerees do. They're like the phoenix: They're redone, resurrected.

Editor Jessica Deahl, producer Sam Gringlas and digital producer Nicole Cohen contributed to this report.

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Anatomy of a SpaceX launch – USA TODAY

By Frank Pompa, Ramon Padilla, Mitchell Thorson USA TODAY

March 30, 2017

SpaceX will attempt to make history Thursday night by reusing a rocket booster. The Falcon 9 rocket will deliver a communications satellite into orbit using a first-stage system that they used nearly a year ago. Heres a look at SpaceXs feat to launch and land the system back on Earth.

The Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket used to transport satellites and the Dragon spacecraft into orbit.

Aluminum-lithium alloy tanks fuel nine Merlin engines with liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene propellant, generating more than 1.7 million pounds of thrust.

The main engines are cutoff as Falcon 9 nears the edge of Earths atmosphere.The total burn time from launch is 162 seconds.

Once beyond Earths atmopshere, the pneumatic stage separation system releases the first stage from the second stage. A single Merlin engine fires, propelling stage two into orbit.

The fairing separates from the second stage,exposing the satellite. Merlin engines ignite on the first stage, setting it on a trajectory for the landing site.

The second stage releases the satellite into a predetermined orbit.

The first stage undergoes a flip maneuver using onboard cold gas thrusters. When complete, it is positioned with engines forward.

The first stage grid fins deploy and engines do a temporary burn to slow it down. The grid fins will steer stage one as it enters Earths atmosphere.

Landing legs deploy and engines light a final time to land the first stage safely on a designated landing platform.

Source: SpaceX

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‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Fans Aren’t Happy About That Shocking Sex Scene: Here’s Why – Us Weekly

Do not disturb! One of this season's most memorable Grey's Anatomy moments has undoubtedly been Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) and April Kepner (Sarah Drew) getting frisky in a hotel hallway during the Thursday, March 16, episode. But the surprise hookup was not exactly a happy turn of events for all fans.

Slowly Reconnecting

The ABC medical drama dropped hints throughout that episode that Jackson and Avery were going to get back together during their trip to Montana. Indeed, the couple were shown FaceTiming their daughter and collaborating to plan a surgery, with the procedure proving to be a success in more ways than one.

The surgeons accomplished a tough operation that had never been done before on a young girl with a throat tumor. Even though they have been constantly bickering in recent episodes, they actually came together to save a life. We did it, Jackson told his ex after they teamed up to perform a risky operation on a young girl with a throat tumor.

The Hotel Heats Up

Following surgery, the two were about to part ways to rest in their separate hotel rooms. However, the small talk they exchanged in the hallway suggested they had another activity in mind for the evening.

Im just thinking about our track record in hotel rooms, Jackson said as he approached his former wife. They started making out right there in the hallway, and Jackson didnt waste time before carrying April back to his hotel room. The next morning, the two were cuddling on the hotel bed sans clothes.

Sure, plenty of Greys fans were delighted by the twist, but others remain convinced that the reunion was a total mistake and that this won't end well, given the pair's rocky history. (The two doctors did not interact in the March 23 episode.)

Check out the tweets below about the controversial rendezvous.

Tell Us: Do you think the hookup was a mistake?

Grey's Anatomy airs on ABC Thursdays at 8 p.m. ET.

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Carnage: The Anatomy Of Pravin Gordhan’s Political Execution – Huffington Post South Africa (blog)

President Jacob Zuma's Cabinet reshuffle is nothing less than a comprehensive and total victory and an utter and complete humiliation for his opponents -- one from which they might never recover.

It confirmed how impotent Cyril Ramaphosa and Gwede Mantashe have become.

It has exposed National Treasury and the fiscus to capture, rent-seeking and looting.

And it has shown beyond any doubt that Zuma holds the African National Congress (ANC) in a vice-like grip.

By all accounts Treasury was a hive of activity Thursday.

Its headquarters at 40 Church Square in Pretoria, where the ministerial offices and those of senior officials like the director general are, was humming along while the grunts, across the road in the Madiba Street Building, were busy collating the last bits of information before the financial year for government departments end on Friday, 31 March 2017.

Staff were scurrying around, "busy like year-end at any big company," a senior official told Huffington Post South Africa. Pravin Gordhan, the minister of finance, was walking around, urging his charges to do their duty.

"He's not the type of guy that gives up. He is one soldier that will die with his boots on. He is humble, not a rebel. He's a solid guy," the official said in the afternoon.

He added: "He is urging us to do our job with the same sense of urgency and accuracy as before. He really is remarkable. He told us not to ignore the (political) noise, but that we must focus on the job at hand. It's year-end for government department. It's busy. It's the same as at any other big company finalising its books."

The din was getting louder. Gordhan might be gone. But the work at Treasury continued. "We're focused on what needs to be done. The uncle (Gordhan) is good at setting priorities and executing them."

While officials at Treasury were busy crossing the t's and dotting the i's on government's books, the executive floor at Luthuli House was buzzing. Zuma was adamant that he was going to fire Gordhan and his deputy Mcebisi Jonas. Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa, ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe and the rest of the leadership would just have to play ball.

There were efforts at finding a compromise candidate. Ramaphosa and Mantashe apparently already told the head of state that Brian Molefe, the former Eskom boss, Gupta associate and backbench member of parliament, was unacceptable. Word went out from the sixth floor at Luthuli House that a special meeting of the party's top six leadership was to be convened at 6.30pm.

At around 7.30pm a message was relayed from the meeting to the Ramaphosa camp saying that the "DP" (short for deputy president) was holding firm. It seemed like they may win the day and keep Gordhan in his position and Treasury safe.

But less than two hours later the picture changed dramatically. Another message went out after the meeting adjourned and the president's convoy emerged from Luthuli House's secure underground parking garage in President Street.

It was over, the message read. Things didn't work out. And it looked "bad, bad".

On the Gupta-owned news channel ANN7 the "resident political analysts" started giggling with glee. Presenter Sindi Mabe struggled to contain her excitement and the channel's garish graphics loudly announced that Malusi Gigaba would be the new minister of finance.

Mabe, with a straight face and in all seriousness asked: "Gigaba is a young lion who will, surely, drive the economy forward?"

Tshepo Kgadima, ANN7's political analyst, replied: "The 'occupy Treasury' movement, we shouldn't be worried by them, they won't be able to even fill a car. We should be worried about the caucus (in parliament) . . . will Jackson Mthembu (the ANC's chief whip) stand up and say 'everything is OK?' "

Every couple of minutes the channel interrupted its victory lap to "confirm" another dismissal or appointment: Gigaba, Tina Joemat-Pettersson, Ngoako Ramatlhodi, Faith Muthambi. It was almost as if it had prior knowledge or privileged access.

"Pravin Gordhan was paraded as a performer (as minister)," Kgadima went on. "But he did not share the values of the organisation (the ANC) or the vision of the president. He was a non-performer."

Mzwanele Manyi carried on and said the new minister must now surely withdraw the application against the Guptas on which the court has reserved judgment.

Gigaba, ANN7 graphics screamed: "Has a clean image, is regarded as decisive, is trusted by the president and is an efficient administrator".

Kgadima: "We need to look at the Public Finance Management Act . . . consider new legislation . . . it is an impediment to development."

The graphics dovetailed with the analyst: "New finance minister's challenge: to kickstart key development projects to accelerate radical economic transformation."

A close advisor of Ramaphosa, meanwhile, was mildly and reservedly exasperated. "My worst fears confirmed. Tragic!" he messaged.

The DP and his merry band of mellow and meek men have been endlessly waiting for an opportunity to mount an offensive. Nenegate wasn't serious enough, neither was Nkandla, nor the disastrous municipal election or the public protector's "State of Capture" Report. "We know what's at stake," was their message. "The DP is strategising, planning, preparing."

As the hour of Gordhan's public execution neared, this advisor explained - in the face of mounting evidence on ANN7 - that all was not lost and that they would first gauge public support before deciding on their next move.

It's better to remain inside and fight the good fight there than being outside and having no influence at all, he argued: "Unless the pillars of state are destroyed, Samson-like."

He was adamant: the DP will move depending on "the depth and extent of the reaction".

The statement from the presidency dropped at exactly 12.14am , quoting Zuma as saying the changes that were made were done to "improve efficiency and effectiveness".

At a a press conference before tabling the budget last month Gordhan told the media it does matter who runs Treasury.

"Does it matter who sits in these chairs? Yes, it does matter. Because it impacts on the policies and ideas that goes to Cabinet. It takes many years to build an institution, to build confidence and trust, to build skills, culture, effectiveness, resilience. But it's very easy to break it down," he said.

Gordhan is gone. So is Jonas.

Bathabile Dlamini, the president of the ANC's women's league, is still in Cabinet. Zuma strongwoman Faith Muthambi too. Loyalist Fikile Mbalula has been rewarded with the police portfolio. The changes were made "to improve efficiency and effectiveness".

Zuma was humiliated when he was forced to backtrack on his dismissal of Nhlanhla Nene as finance minister. It took him one year, three months and 22 days - but he got his man, and now he's got Treasury.

Msholozi is now undoubtedly the strongest bull in the kraal.

An

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‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Fans Lose It Over Idea of Mr. Schue as Jo’s … – Moviefone

Will Shuester may need detention for his upcoming behavior on "Grey's Anatomy." A few days ago, the news came out that "Glee" alum Mattthew Morrison would be joining "Grey's" Season 13 as Dr. Paul Stadler. Photos showed him with Justin Chambers (Alex Karev) in Episode 23.

All of that pointed directly to Morrison booking the role of Dr. Jo Wilson's (Camilla Luddington) abusive husband, from whom she fled. It was previously reported that "Grey's" was casting a new doc for the final four episodes of this season, with a possible return in Season 14. TVLine said they were seeking "a Caucasian actor in his mid 40s to play a new doctor who is 'appealing, charismatic and charming' in other words, a total freakin' catch. The twist? He's has a 'manipulative, scary dark side.'"

That was always expected to be Jo's hubby. We don't even know Jo's real name, but it's possible her last name is still Stadler, if Morrison's character is indeed her husband. It also fits to have Alex in the picture, since it would be a very Alex thing to do to track him down to get a divorce in motion -- or just to confront the guy for what he did -- so Jolex can get married and begin their lives together.

Fans reacted to the news of the beloved "Glee" alum playing an abuser; one viewer summed up the general response with "IM F*CKING SCREAMING JO'S HUSBAND IS WILL SCHUESTER." Here are more reactions:

"Grey's Anatomy" is airing Season 13, Episode 18 tonight (Thursday, March 30). There are 24 episodes to this season, so we won't meet Morrison's new doctor for a while.

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"Menstrual Cycle on a Chip" Offers a New Window into Female … – Scientific American

The feminine mystique is not just figurativeit also extends to womens reproductive anatomy. For decades women were excluded from research studies, leading to a dearth of information about female physiology that is only just starting to be filled in. Some insights have come from research on tissue grown in standard petri dishes but these studies still cannot represent the intricacies of a womans menstrual cycle.

Now in a bioengineering first, researchers have created a miniature laboratory model of the entire female reproductive tract, complete with hormone signaling. This 3-D organ-on-a-chip system may improve our understanding of the causes of recurrent miscarriage and fuel new research into birth control and other drug development. The work may also inch medicine toward a future when fertility experts could simply grow a sample of an individual womans cells, place them in this chip system and determine the best treatment.

To model the female reproductive system, a team of researchers led by Northwestern Universitys Teresa Woodruff took lab-grown human and mouse cells from five organs and cultivated them in a network of interconnected cubes. The cubes were fed by tubes that allowed blood and hormones to flow through them, mimicking the fluids movement throughout the body. Valves and pumps also controlled the units pressure and airflow. This environment allowed cells that would normally die in a petri dishsuffocating amid their own cellular wasteto stay alive for a standard 28-day reproductive cycle.

After the researchers jump-started the systems hormonal communication with an injection of pituitary hormone, the cells secreted levels of estrogen and progesterone found in a typical menstrual cycle and the signaling that occurs between female reproductive organs. The team was also able to simulate hormone levels during ovulation as well as the early stages of pregnancy, creating a tool that could potentially yield insight into how to maintain successful pregnancies. The feats are described today in Nature Communications. This represents not only a revolution in cell culture technique [but also] an evolution of the study of the reproductive tract and disease, Woodruff says.

The menstrual-cycle-on-a-chip system includes mouse ovarian cells, along with human cells from the fallopian tube, endometrium and cervix obtained from hysterectomies. (Human ovarian cells were not available, but mouse ovarian cells produce the same hormones.) The system also includes human liver cells, included because that organ breaks down many drugs. The work builds on earlier efforts by Linda Griffith and colleagues at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, to develop a liver on a chip. The menstrual chip research team significantly expanded on that technology and those of many other groups to produce the current design for modeling reproductive cycles.

The new chip system is far from a perfect stand-in for female anatomy: Right now organs-on-a-chip cannot account for something like an early-life [toxic] exposure that might affect future reproductive health, says Kevin Osteen, a professor obstetrics and gynecology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine who was not involved in the study but works on other reproductive chip models. The new chip system also does not include the placenta, which is key to supporting pregnancy, nor does it factor in how inflammation due to a viral infection would affect reproductive organs. Still, Woodruff says, her system opens possibilities for studying a wide range of conditions, such as diseases of the cervix, which cannot be modeled in mice because their cervical cells are completely different from the human variety. She adds, This system will allow us to study infection in that organ in way we havent been able to do in the past.

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How Neuroscience Might Help The San Francisco Giants Win The … – Fast Company

By Daniel Terdiman 03.29.17 | 9:00 am

The next time a San Francisco Giant hits a game-winning home run or turns a great double play to end a rivals rally, you may be able to thank neuroscience.

Today, Halo Neuroscience, a San Francisco startup thats developed a device aimed at boosting the performance of athletes, announced it has officially been helping the Giants get the most out of its players.

[Photos: courtesy of Halo Neuroscience]

The device, the Halo Sport, stimulates the brains motor cortex, energizing motor neurons, which then send athletes muscles stronger signals, allowing them to get more powerful and efficient with every training rep.

The Halo Sport, which looks almost exactly like a pair of headphones, isnt new. But Halo hasnt previously revealed much about its partnerships with any professional sports franchises, especially not ones that have progressed beyond the experimental stage.

The Giants, with their proximity to Silicon Valley, are exposed to lots of intriguing technology that could be used to improve athletic performance, says Geoff Head, the teams sports scientist. But before jumping at any of that tech, the three-time World Series champions like to do our homework.

Austin Slater warming up.

Last season, Head says, the Giants conducted a two-week trial involving 18 top minor league prospects at the teams off-season conditioning camp. The idea, he explains, was to give nine of the players Halo Sports and compare the results of their training and workouts with nine players who didnt get the devices but went through the exact same conditioning.

Afterwards, he says, the team found there to be significant-enough improvement results in the Halo group compared to the control group to where it opened up our eyes to the devices value.

To be sure, the improvements were smallon the order of 1% to 2%. But with these athletes at the major league level, Head says, thats sometimes enough to be the difference between winning and losing.

Based on those trials, the Giants signed a formal partnership with Halo Neuroscience and have been utilizing the startups devices during the current spring training at both the major league level and for players at four different levels of the minor leagues.

According to Head, Halo cofounder Daniel Chao had explained that the peak benefit of the companys device comes in the 60-to-90-minute window after wearing it, a data point that matched what the team had learned from its in-house study.

The greatest improvements we found in the players in the [test] group, he says, were the skills work we were doing when they were wearing the Halo headset. As soon as they players took off the headsets . . . we would get into some advanced mobility worktrying to learn new postures, speed drills, and so on.

Asked why players didnt just wear their Halo headsets all day, Head says its simply a matter of diminishing returns. When wearing the Halo Sport, the areas you work on receive a higher level of stimulation. If you constantly stimulate over the course of a day, he explains, youre definitely not going to get as much bang for your buck. Its like working out all day. You would get the best results in the first part of the day.

The key for the Giants, as the team seeks to get the most from its use of the Halo Sport, is to figure out which skill set each individual player needs the most work on and have them wear the headset immediately prior to doing that work.

So, for example, if a pitcher is trying to work on changing the arm angle at which he throws, he would want to wear the Halo Sport in the morning in the 20 minutes or so before beginning his 10 a.m. workout. Even after stretching, the pitchers throwing session would still be within the devices 60-to-90-minute effectiveness window.

San Francisco Giants pitcher Tyler Beede

And the benefit may not be limited solely to what a player can do on his own, Head says. In fact, the Halo Sport improves learning as well. So players will be more likely to internalize training feedback from coaches if it happens during that time frame.

The benefit even extends to getting stronger, Head says. So if a players biggest weakness is, excuse the pun, his strength, he will do well to wear the Halo Sport prior to doing his weight liftingand may even want to wear it for the first 20 minutes of those sessions, Head says.

Given that baseballs regular season hasnt yet started, its too early to tell if Halos technology will help the Giants actually get more wins. And even after the games begin, theres of course no way to know if there was actually a true benefit.

But the results of the Giants experiment last season suggest theres reason to believe that Halo can help the team do better. A baseball season is 162 games. It generally takes around 90 wins to guarantee a playoff spot. Over the course of that span, a 1% to 2% improvement works out to between 1.62 and 3.24 additional wins.

So, Giants fans, if your team makes the playoffs by three wins or less, therell be a reasonable argument to be made that its due to neuroscience.

Daniel Terdiman is a San Francisco-based technology journalist with nearly 20 years of experience. A veteran of CNET and VentureBeat, Daniel has also written for Wired, The New York Times, Time, and many other publications.

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San Francisco Giants Partner With Halo Neuroscience To Improve Speed, Explosiveness – SportTechie

When Halo Neuroscience designed the Halo Sport headset, it was evident that its use extended into various sports. The device is designed to stimulate a special part of the brain called the motor cortex and help any type of athlete get the most out of their brain and their workout.There has already been documented use from NFL players, the Golden State Warriorsand Olympians.

Now Halo is announcing a new partnership with the San Francisco Giants, who have implemented Halo Sport as part of the teams core training regimen to improve player performance.

The Giants are our neighbors, and weve become pretty close over the last year, said Halo Neuroscience CEO Dr. Daniel Chao, whose company is based in San Francisco.

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As Chao said, the formal announcement of the partnership hardly means that these two organizations just met. In January 2016, the Giants and Halo started working together at the teams conditioning camp in Phoenix. The invitation-only extended to the organizations top prospects. Players were split into two groups one made use of Halo Sport and the other did not.

It was a perfect proving ground for us, Chao said. We did before-and-after testing and the group that used Halo Sport got results that we would expect. That was enough to lead to a one-page summary that got circulated up the chain to the front office appealing for budget.

The metric keyed in on most was the 20-yard dash. They were looking for an improvement in short burst speed something that would show up in stealing bases and chasing down fly balls or grounders. After two weeks, almost all the players in the group that did 20-minute neuropriming sessions with the Halo Sport headset prior to their workouts showed significant improvement while the control group only demonstrated moderate improvement.

A similar study of MLB players training with Sparta Sciencerecently produced results as well for players who neuroprimed.

Theres nothing like data to win a sale, Chao said when asked what ultimately attracted the Giants to Halo. Thats what we want to be known for; lets point to numbers, numbers sell themselves.

Since Ive been using Halo Sport, it really has taken my game to the next level, Giants top pitching prospect Tyler Beede said in a video released by Halo Neuroscience. When you use it over the course of a season, over the course of the day-in, day-out activities that youre doing, your brain just becomes so in tune with what youve been doing that it can memorize and it can enter your movements that take you to that next level.

The partnership will be a rather broad deployment. Chao says that there will be Halo Sport stations at all the Giants various training facilities not just limited to the ones in San Francisco and Scottsdale, Ariz.

Even though a 162-game schedule doesnt leave much time for practice, there are still a couple areas where Chao sees Halo Sport being beneficial to the big league club.

If you think about a position player, what they have to do during the game is play nine innings, but most of them show up early to take batting practice, Chao said. Even in the on-deck circle, for example, they are taking practice cuts. All of that added up is probably a hundred swings per day. What can we do to make those swings more meaningful? Pairing that with Halo Sport is one way you can do that.

Who knows? Maybe Halo Sport can be a driving force in helping the Giants win their fourth World Series title in eight seasons.

We are extremely excited to integrate Halos neurostimulation technology into our core training regimen to improve and refine on-field player performance and athleticism, Giants head athletic trainer Dave Groeschner said in a statement. After testing the product internally, weve determined that incorporating Halo Sport Neuropriming into our training programs produces measurable and significant results.

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Proliferation of Common Mouse Linked to Human Settlement – New Historian

When humans began erecting permanent settlements around 15,000 years ago, the practice had an effect on local animal populations and new research says the common mouse was one of them.

Led by an international group of scientists, the recently published study looked into the link between how humans at the dawn of the agricultural age changed the ecological balance of the world around them. Even before the advent of agriculture, the Middle East became the site of many much more permanent homes, and researchers say these earliest permanent edifices led to the flourishing and proliferation of the common house mouse.

Washington University in St. Louis anthropology professor Fiona Marshall, a co-author on the study and an expert on animal domestication, says that the new research provides the first evidence that humans impacted local animal communities as early as 15,000 years ago. The direct result is the dominant presence of house mice she added, remarking that these settlements had major implications for human societies, animal domestication and local ecologies.

In a university press release, Professor Marshall characterized the new research as exciting because it showed how the environment was shaped not by farmers but even earlier by settled hunter-gatherers. House mice began to flourish thanks to these hunter-gatherers providing stable access to human shelter and food. The result, Prof. Marshall says, is commensalism an early form of domestication that teaches species the benefits of interacting with humans.

Broad implications are raised by these findings. The timeline for the roots of animal domestication could be pushed back thousands of years prior to the widely accepted dawn of agriculture that occurred between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.

The study itself was undertaken to better understand what caused large differences in the ratio of house mice and wild mice discovered in archaeological digs at ancient hunter-gatherer sites in Israel. Researchers used differences in fossilized mouse teeth, some as ancient as 200,000 years old, to trace species-related variations over the millennia, resulting in the construction of a timeline of how different mice population numbers changed over the years the site was occupied by humans.

Human mobility changed the relationships between two specific mouse breeds the short-tailed field mouse and the house mouse. Both of these mice species are still alive today in and around Israels modern settlements.

The most telling evidence of how mice populations were influenced by human behavior is how they rose and fell in correlation with human populations. Local hunter-gatherers who stayed in the same location for extended periods of time created conditions that saw the house mouse population flourish; these populations would then diminish when the human periodically moved on.

In the absence of humans, the house mouse and the field mouse populations achieved equilibrium. When humans were present for long periods of time, the house mice were able to outcompete their evolutionary cousins, pushing the majority of them outside these settlements.

The new research study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, can be found here

Image courtesy of Lior Weissbrod

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