How the optics of soap bubbles may help us understand the … – Phys.Org

June 20, 2017 Scientists at the University of St Andrews have developed a new microscopy method that analyses interference patterns to create images of the forces living cells apply as they grow, divide and migrate: shown is the force pattern generated by a human embryonic kidney cell in contact with a probe that is read out by red light. Credit: University of St Andrews

Scientists at the University of St Andrews have developed an advanced new microscopy technique that could revolutionise our understanding of how immune and cancer cells find their way through the body.

Elastic Resonator Interference Stress Microscopy (ERISM) images the extremely weak mechanical forces that living cells apply when they move, divide, and probe their environment.

As described in Nature Cell Biology today (Monday 19 June 2017), ERISM resolves the tiny forces applied by feet-like structures on the surface of human immune cells.

These feet allow immune cells to find the fastest route to a site of infection in the body. Similar structures may be responsible for the invasion of cancer cells into healthy tissue and it is planned to use ERISM in the future to learn more about the mechanisms involved in cancer spreading.

The physical effect giving soap bubbles their rainbow-like appearance is a phenomenon called thin-film interference. It is based on interaction of light reflected on either side of a soap film. The different colours that white light consists of interact with different local thicknesses of the thin film and generate the familiar rainbow patterns. Effectively the colours are an image of the film thickness at each point on the surface of the soap bubble.

A similar effect can be used to determine the forces exerted by cells. Professor Malte Gather of the School of Physics and Astronomy at St Andrews explained: "Our microscope records very high colour resolution images of the light reflected by a thin and soft probe. From these images, we then create a highly accurate map of the thickness of the probe with a mind-blowing precision of one-billionth part of a metre.

"If cells apply forces to the probe, the probe thickness changes locally, thus providing information about the position and magnitude of the applied forces.

"Although researchers have recorded forces applied by cells before, our interference-based approach gives an unprecedented resolution and in addition provides an internal reference that makes our technique extremely robust and relatively easy to use."

This robustness means that measuring cell forces could soon become a tool in clinical diagnostics. For example, doctors may find that the ERISM method can complement existing techniques to assess the invasiveness of cancer. Work to scale up ERISM for use in the clinic is now underway.

Explore further: Researchers use optogenetics and mathematical modelling to identify a central molecule in cell mechanics

More information: Nils M. Kronenberg et al. Long-term imaging of cellular forces with high precision by elastic resonator interference stress microscopy, Nature Cell Biology (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncb3561

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Mystery science – Gazette

Students from local high schools descended on the Department of Biochemistry recently to try out their scientific and detective skills.

For the first time, the department opened its doors to students from ODonel and Holy Heart for a daylong field trip. It saw them role play as junior crime scene investigation agents tasked with determining if a local fisherman had a freezer full of flounder or near extinct Atlantic Bluefin tuna.

Using a procedure called the Biuret method, students compared the composition of both fish species by measuring protein content.

Our equipment is basically gathering dust over the summer, so this was an opportunity to introduce high school students to biochemistry, let them see the lab and apply some modern techniques to the things theyve been learning in class, said Dr. Mark Berry, head, Department of Biochemistry.

Jamie Parsons is a science teacher at Holy Heart and an alumnus of the biochemistry department; he participated in the field trip with students from his Grade 11 international baccalaureate (IB) biology class.

He says he speaks really highlyof the biochemistry program at Memorial.

This allows my students to get a glimpse of the kind of fun stuff they can learn about and hopefully it will plant the seed that will get them to come to Memorial, said Mr. Parsons. They think away is better, but Ive been telling them Memorial is a great school. Theres a natural tendency to want to go and explore, and I get that. But its also okay to stay here. Many of us who stay here also do well.

Photo: Chris Hammond

Mr. Parsons also says that he and the students cant do everything theyd like to in their labs and that this was a chance to expose some of Holy Hearts top students to Memorial and the biochemistry department in particular.

Dr. Berry is hoping to repeat the field trip in future years with other schools.

Im in preliminary discussions with the biology and chemistry departments to see if we can put together a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Promo Science proposal, he said. Id love to see this expand to a week or two of visits from other school groups, both high school and junior high.

The program was funded by Memorials Quick Start Fund for Public Engagement. It supports small projects that support activities that foster public engagement and collaboration.

Kelly Foss is a communications advisor with the Faculty of Science. She can be reached at kfoss@mun.ca.

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Mystery science - Gazette

The power of Buss, anatomy of a fleecing and here comes poop doping – ESPN

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rantnrave:// Brooks Koepka towered over the field at the U.S. Open after a final-round 67. Two majors this year, two first-time major winners, two completely different stories. Koepka gets his second tour win, while Jordan Spieth, Rory McIlroy and other stars linger way behind. Is it better for golf to have its stars pile up the majors or to spread them out? Nine different golfers have won the last nine majors. It's easy to say the PGA rode the Tiger Woods era to a new level of popularity, but Woods was a unique phenomena. Where does golf go next? ... The Dodgers still aren't on TV in millions of homes. Will L.A. viewers get to see Clayton Kershaw pitch before he retires?... Finally got to try VR, thanks to the awesome MLB.com At Bat app. Made me think how far we've come in 15 years. Remember when HD was a big deal? Thinking about getting my own headset now. Or should I wait until the tech gets better? VR makes for a weird communal experience, though. What's the fix for a group of friends watching a game in VR together? Seems a little anti-social in that regard. ... Sports teams are getting into VR, too. Germany's national soccer team is adopting the technology for training. It's only a matter of time until it's widespread. ... Diana Taurasi, GOAT.. ... Ramadan ends later this month. How do Muslim athletes train and perform during a month of fasting? Shireen Ahmed looks at how 15 athletes stay in competitive shape. ... The Sixers and Celtics are about to pull off a big trade for the top pick in the NBA draft. Really intrigued by this Danny Ainge move. I want to know what his draft board looks like. Does he think Markelle Fultz isn't the top player in the draft? Or does he not like his brain? That Philly roster is nice now, though. A lot of high-ceiling talent. But they're riding two big ifs: potential and health. The Celts wouldn't be in that position without the 2013 trade that gave them a bundle of Nets picks. This was a fun look back at that deal. Like learning how someone won the lottery.

Jerry Buss often worried about his older daughter's happiness, like many fathers do, so when he considered promoting her to run the Forum, he thought of the toll such a demanding job would take. Tania Ganguli | Los Angeles Times

"Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong." -- Murphy's Law, ignored by the Brooklyn Nets. Stefan Bondy | NY Daily News

Yes, you read that right. And microbiologist and enduro racer Lauren Peterson says "yes." Berne Broudy | Bicycling

When the Premier League comes to negotiate price with broadcasters for the next TV rights cycle, it will do so on the back of some concerning numbers. Chris McMullan | Digital Sport

It's a brave new world. Josh Katzowitz | Daily Dot

"It's not enough to be smart. You have to be curious."

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The power of Buss, anatomy of a fleecing and here comes poop doping - ESPN

State Anatomy Board honors those whose bodies were donated to medical research and education – Carroll County Times

The Anatomy Board of Maryland held a ceremony to honor those who have donated their bodies to support medical knowledge Monday afternoon at Springfield Hospital Center.

Friends and family members of the deceased were invited for a memorial ceremony at the hospital center in Sykesville, which features a dedicated gravesite to those who had their bodies donated to the anatomy board.

Ronn Wade, director of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene State Anatomy Board, said they've held the event for more than 40 years, as both a way to commemorate the sacrifice of those who gave their bodies after death as well as a way to give a chance for a final farewell from their friends and families.

According to Wade, bodies belonging to the Anatomy Board are used in training medical students at schools, trauma training, surgeon training and military medical programs throughout the state.

While many of the bodies come from donors who willingly submit their bodies to the process prior to their deaths, others belong to people who have not been claimed by family members following their deaths.

DYLAN SLAGLE/STAFF PHOTO / Carroll County Times

From left, Joe, Jean and Melina Buttice of Riverdale look on during a flag presentation ceremony during a memorial service for people who have donated their bodies to science held by the Anatomy Board of Maryland at Springfield Hospital Center in Sykesville Monday, June 19, 2017. The Buttices attended the ceremony to remember Joseph Buttice.

From left, Joe, Jean and Melina Buttice of Riverdale look on during a flag presentation ceremony during a memorial service for people who have donated their bodies to science held by the Anatomy Board of Maryland at Springfield Hospital Center in Sykesville Monday, June 19, 2017. The Buttices attended the ceremony to remember Joseph Buttice. (DYLAN SLAGLE/STAFF PHOTO / Carroll County Times)

"If someone dies and no one claims the body, the state basically has a duty and responsibility to provide for a decent and dignified disposition," Wade said. "It has the right, since it's using public funds, to provide for the use of the body to advance the public health interest."

Wade said when he began working for the board 40 years ago, they had between 300 and 400 donors, but now they have more than 75,000.

Adam Puche, Anatomy Board vice chairman, opened the ceremony by talking about how important these donated bodies are to the educational process of medical students as well as their impact on society as a whole.

"Medical donors touch the lives and hearts of their friends and families, but they also touch the lives of medical professionals," Puche said. "And through that contact they have with us, they touch the lives of thousands and thousands of people."

To honor the faiths of the deceased, the Rev. Patrick M. Carrion, director of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Imam Faizul Khan of the Islamic Society of Washington Area, the Rev. Edward Richardson of Springfield State Hospital and Rabbi Ruth Smith, chaplain of the University of Maryland Medical Center each stepped forward to say a prayer for the lost loved ones.

David McCloud attended after the death of his father. He said he was impressed with the service and the emphasis on different faiths stuck out to him.

"It was very comforting. When my father passed, I had to let the state handle the arrangements, and I'm actually very satisfied with what I've seen," McCloud said. "It kind of eased my guilt because I wasn't able to do it myself."

For Joyce Kindle, the ceremony was a way for her to say goodbye to her daughter's father. Kindle said she wasn't aware that his body had been donated to the Anatomy Board until she began to search for where bodies go when not claimed.

"It was nice. We needed closure," Kindle said. "If something like this happens to other people they need closure, and we didn't get that. I was even thinking during the ceremony that I might want to do this."

Outside, Heather Sinclair was joined by about a half-dozen others carrying signs protesting the ceremony.

Sinclair said though she is a supporter of the donation process, she believes the current system does not give enough time or effort to find or contact family members who may have other plans for the deceased. Sinclair said that she supports Nancy's Law, a bill that would allow a friend or relative of a decedent to arrange the final disposition of their unclaimed body beyond the 72-hour limit that is currently in place, at which point the State Anatomy Board takes control of the body. The bill was proposed and quickly died during the 2016 General Assembly.

"We totally support body donation," Sinclair said. "But they call these unclaimed and they're not contacting the families. We just want them to make reasonable and good faith efforts to contact the family and check with the missing person's registry."

jacob.denobel@carrollcountytimes.com

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State Anatomy Board honors those whose bodies were donated to medical research and education - Carroll County Times

Spotted: Millie Bobby Brown Playing Doctor On ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ – Konbini US

The year is 2015. For the past two years Millie Bobby Brown, yet to become a household name, has been discovering the joys of acting.

The third child of a family of four kids, Millie's family emigrated to Orlando, Florida, when the futureactress was four years old.

Kelly and Robert Brown started to notice their daughter's star talent at a young age, deciding to invest everything in taking Millie to auditions around the country.

A worthwhile investment, it was to turn out, as in 2013, Millie Bobby Brown found her first role in Alice in Wonderland spin-off Once Upon a Time.

From there she bagged a regular double role as a brother and sister duo on BBC America'sIntruders.

After makingbrief appearances in NCIS and Modern Family, Millie Bobby Brown touched down atGrey Sloan Memorial Hospital for a spot inGreys Anatomyinwhat wouldturn out to be her last role as an unknown actor.

In the episode "I Feel the Earth Move" of Grey's Anatomy season eleven, the city of Seattle is hit by a serious earthquake which rocks the roots of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. As a result, Maggie and Ethan find themselves stuck in a lift while Meredith takes over a series of tricky operations.

With the emergency services inundated with calls, Owen receives a call directly to the hospital from a panicked young girl called Ruby. Her mother has fallen and is unconscious, prompting Owen to join forces with the police to track the call and come to the girl's aid.

Owen and Amelia team up to help Ruby's mother over the telephone and discover that her airways are blocked.

(Photo: ABC)

Things quickly go from bad to worse when the woman's lips start turning blue. The young girl examines her mother's throat in an attempt to get rid of any obstacles but nothing works.

Finally, the doctors realize that the woman is suffering from a tension pneumothorax and the little girl is forced to pierce her mother's throat to release the trapped air.

While the operation works briefly, the woman loses consciousness again and Owen has to teach Ruby how to perform CPR (to the rhythm of the Bee Gee's "Stayin' Alive", of course).

In the end, the family is finally rescued and helicoptered into the hospital. Of course, Ruby's mother survives and in classic Grey's Anatomy style, Owen and Ruby come together for an emotional reunion.

Following the success of her role as Eleven in the breakout hit Stranger Things, Millie Bobby Brown is in for a seriously busy year. Along with her young colleagues from the Netflix original show, she's been reeling off appearances on talk shows and panels like nobody's business.

Everywhere she lands, she seems to unveil a new talent from singing at the Emmysto rapping with Jimmy Fallon. She's also been picked to face a Calvin Klein line and collaborated with Converse. The most impressive part of it all: she's still only 13 years old.

With filming of Stranger Things season two done and dusted, Millie is ready to break the world of Hollywood blockbusters, starting withGodzilla: Kings of the Monstersset for a 2019 release.

Ready to hit Netflix on October 31, here's hoping Stranger Things manages to avoid Netflix's recent cancellation spree and live on for another few seasons.

Read More ->Why 'Flaritza' was the most powerful ship of OITNB season 5

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Spotted: Millie Bobby Brown Playing Doctor On 'Grey's Anatomy' - Konbini US

Anatomy of a Goal: Higuain’s Equalizer – Massive Report

Welcome to the Anatomy of a Goal, where each week we dissect one goal (or near goal) from Columbus Crew SCs previous match.

For match 17 of the 2017 MLS Season, we take a look at Federico Higuains 26th minute equalizer as part of the 3-1 loss to Atlanta United on Saturday.

Heres a look at the finish from Columbus No.1 10.

Crew SC gave up the first goal in this match on a turnover created by the Atlanta high press. While its tempting to review that goal, we have covered the Black & Golds struggles with pressure in their defensive third multiple times this season.

Columbus lone goal of the game is another example of just how good the Gregg Berhalter system can be when it works like it should. This goal is the result of nine passes, eight of which were simple and one that required a bit of individual skill. Only the final pass was defended and the goal-scoring shot came from right about the United penalty marker.

Higuains equalizer begins with Jukka Raitala receiving the ball on the left. Raitala immediately has Justin Meram and Wil Trapp open, and must quickly get rid of the ball before the aggressive Atlanta press is able to take effect.

Raitala picks out Trapp, surrounded by United attackers ready to pounce. Again, Trapp must decide whether to play a quick pass back to Jonathan Mensah or to play a quick ball into the path of a wide open Artur.

Trapp gets the pass off to Artur who immediately sees Higuain standing, unmarked, near midfield. The Atlanta press, which never really got started, has already been broken by these three quick, simple passes, all of which moved forward toward the midfield rather than backward toward the Columbus goal. Back passes can be valuable, and are a linchpin of Berhalters possession based system, but on Saturday these passes led to multiple turnovers.

As Higuain prepares to receive Arturs ball, that was just a bit overhit, he notices Ethan Finlay running in an open position. Higuain makes a dummy run (a run where the player pretends to receive the ball but lets it pass by him) and allows Finlay to receive this pass.

Harrison Afful, sensing that the offensive break is on, makes the intelligent decision to begin his run downfield toward the attacking end. Afful will make the cross that sets up Ola Kamaras assist.

As Finlay feels the pressure from Atlanta left back Greg Garza, he immediately passes the ball back to Higuain who has had the opportunity to survey the field and his passing options. Afful continues his unmarked run up the right flank.

With the ball at his feet and the a full view of the attacking half, Higuain has three options as he is closed down by Jeff Larentowicz: a slotted pass to Afful, a pass into space for Finlay or a more difficult ball over the top to Kamara.

Higuain keeps with the trend and makes the easy pass to Afful who immediately has three options: a give-and-go back to Higuain, a pass to Finlay in the space between Garza and Larentowicz or dribble forward until Garza begins to defend him.

Afful decides to carry the ball up the field until Garza decides to leave Finlay and mark the Black & Golds right back. Marked by Garza, Afful can either make a difficult pass to Higuain or pass to Finlay on the wing.

Notice former Crew SC captain Michael Parkhurst standing with his left foot on the top of the penalty box. Parkhurst will keep Finlay onside during the next pass, much to the dismay of fellow center-back Leandro Gonzalez Pirez.

Afful makes the simple pass to Finlay as Gonzalez Pirez mistakenly argues for offside. Garza shifts back to the speedy Columbus winger, leaving Afful open as a safety valve.

Feeling the pressure of two Atlanta defenders, Finlay passes right back to Afful. As the fullback sees a defender approaching to his left, he must decide if he should make a quick pass, attempt to beat the defenders off the dribble or look for a safety valve at his back.

Both Kamara and Higuain, the assist man and goalscorer, are both surrounded by Atlanta defenders, but not tightly marked. Parkhurst is generally aware of Kamaras positioning as Tyrone Mears shifts toward Justin Meram.

Afful, potentially noticing that Kamara has a few yards of space behind Parkhurst, decides to send in an early cross.

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.

Affuls cross will hit the mark, but Kamaras movement and positioning are the real keys to this portion of the goal. In the above highlight you can see Kamara, who was just onside as the ball was played, contort his body around Parkhurst and knock the ball into the path of Higuain with the outside of his right foot.

Thus far, every pass in the goal sequence was simple but this goal still requires a bit of individual brilliance from Kamara.

As the ball bounces near Kamara, who is already getting in position around Parkhurst, Higuain is surprisingly unmarked inside the United penalty box.

Even as Kamara gets to the ball, Higuain is still open.

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.

Though Kamara knocks the ball back into the path of Higuain, his pass did not take Parkhurst out of the play. As the ball approaches Higuain, he is defended by Parkurst and has to quickly decide whether he will hit a one time shot or try to beat Parkhurst off the dribble.

The above highlight shows Higuain fake a first touch volley and take the ball just to the left of Parkhurst where hell slot home the equalizer.

Parkhurst does well to recover onto Higuain, who is faced with the decision between a first-touch shot and taking the Atlanta center back off the dribble.

Higuains fake volley sets Parkhurt just off balance enough to allow the Crew SC attacker the time to get around the defender.

Around Parkhurst, Higuain makes a quick shot to the keepers right. Kamara is absolutely offside but arguably does not interfere with the play.

Higuains right-footed-shot levels the match.

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Anatomy of a Goal: Higuain's Equalizer - Massive Report

Brandel Chamblee and the anatomy of Brooks Koepka’s dominant … – GolfDigest.com

Richard Heathcote

Brooks Koepka poses with the winner's trophy after his victory at the 2017 U.S. Open at Erin Hills. (Photo by Richard Heathcote/Getty Images)

Golf Channels Brandel Chamblee doesnt just shoot from the lip, as many of his detractors no doubt think he does. Whatever his analysis (or whether you agree or not), thought and research have gone into it.

So, that said, here is his take from the Live From the U.S. Open show on Sunday night on how Brooks Koepka dismantled Erin Hills and the field:

You sit around sometimes at the 19th hole and you play that game, the composite player. What if somebody drove it like Nicklaus, hit their irons like Johnny Miller, had a short game like Seve, putted like Tiger Woods?

More contemporary analysis would be, what if you hit as straight as Jim Furyk and putted like Brandt Snedeker? Well, [Koepka] hit as many fairways this week as Jim Furyk. He putted as well as Brandt Snedeker. In between, he was a man of his own.

RELATED: Brooks Koepka muscles his way into history

You start to look at what he did and you wonder, why hasnt this guy done this all the time, what he did this week versus other weeks? Typically he averages about 50 percent of the fairways. This week he hit 87.5 percent of the fairways. When you consider he was driving the ball about 320 yards, thats mind-blowing enough. Typically he hits 63 percent of the greens. This week 86 percent of the greens. Incidentally, the first person in history to hit over 80 percent of the fairways and 80 percent of the greens.

This is the more important picture: the rough proximity. For whatever reason, hes not good out of the rough. Now thats the reason he hits only 63 percent of the greens. Hes almost the worst on tour out of the rough. But this week, because he was not ever in the rough he could match greens for every fairway he hit.

Yes, you can say the fairways were wide, and they were, but they were also sloped. He was quite a bit better than average and quite a bit better than his average. And time and time again he was amongst, if not the longest in the field. Hes standing up there, hes never done this before, playing for a U.S. Open, this sets him up to do the rest of the work with his iron play.

And there you have it, the anatomy of a dominant performance.

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Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority – Wikipedia

The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom. It is a statutory body that regulates and inspects all clinics in the United Kingdom providing in vitro fertilisation (IVF), artificial insemination and the storage of human eggs, sperm or embryos. It also regulates human embryo research.

After the birth of Louise Brown, the world's first IVF baby, in 1978 there was inevitably some concern about the implications of this new technology. In 1982, the government formed a committee chaired by philosopher Mary Warnock to look into the issues and see what action needed to be taken.

Hundreds of interested individuals and organisations, including doctors, scientists and health organisations to patient and parent organisations and religious groups, gave evidence to the committee.

The final report has been much admired around the world for the depth and delicacy of its consideration of these very controversial and emotive issues.[citation needed]

In the years following the Warnock report,[1] proposals were brought forward by the government in the publication of a white paper Human Fertilisation and Embryology: A Framework for Legislation in 1987. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990[2] was drafted taking the report into account.

The 1990 Act provided for the establishment of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), an executive, non-departmental public body, the first statutory body of its type in the world. The HFEA is the independent regulator for IVF treatment and human embryo research and came into effect on 1 August 1991. The 1990 Act ensured the regulation, through licensing, of:

The Act also requires the HFEA keep a database of every IVF treatment carried out since that date and a database relating to all cycles and use of donated gametes (egg and sperm).

In 2001, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001/188 extended the purposes for which embryo research could be licensed to include increasing knowledge about the development of embryos, increasing knowledge about serious disease, and enabling any such knowledge to be applied in developing treatments for serious disease.

This allows researchers to carry out embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning providing that an HFEA Licence Committee considers the use of embryos necessary or desirable for one of these purposes of research.

The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 was introduced to explicitly prohibit reproductive cloning in the UK.

In 2004, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Disclosure of Donor Information) Regulations 2004/1511, enabled donor-conceived children to access the identity of their sperm, egg or embryo donor upon reaching the age of 18.

The Regulations were implemented on 1 April 2005 and any donor who donated sperm, eggs or embryos from that date onwards is, by law, identifiable. Since that date, any person born as a result of donation is entitled to request and receive the donors name and last known address, once they reach the age of 18.

The European Union Tissues and Cells Directives (EUTCD) introduced common safety and quality standards for human tissues and cells across the European Union (EU).

The purpose of the directives was to facilitate a safer and easier exchange of tissues and cells (including human eggs and sperm) between member states and to improve safety standards for European citizens. The EUTCD was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 2 March 2004 and published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 7 April 2004. Member States were obliged to comply with its provisions from 7 April 2006.

In 2005, the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee published a report on Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law.

This inquiry investigated the legislative framework provided by the 1990 Act and challenges presented by technological advance and recent changes in ethical and societal attitudes".

In light of the Committee's report, and legislative changes that had already been made, the Department of Health undertook a review of the 1990 Act. They then held a public consultation based on their review of the Act, and following this published a White Paper, Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, within which Government presented its initial proposals to revise the legislation.

A Joint Committee of both houses scrutinised the Government's recommendations, and provided its views on what ought to be the final form of the Bill to be brought to parliament.

The Bill was finally brought to the House of Lords in November 2007, passing through the House of Commons through Spring and Autumn of 2008, and finally receiving Royal Assent on 13 November 2008. The HFE Act 2008 updates the law to ensure it is fit for purpose in the 21st century. It is divided into three parts:

The main new elements of the Act are:

The current statutory functions of the HFEA, as a regulator under the HFE Acts 1990 and 2008 and other legislation include:

Multiple pregnancy is the single biggest risk to patients and children born as a result of fertility treatment. Women undergoing IVF treatment are twenty times more likely to have a multiple birth than if they conceive naturally.

After carefully considering views from clinics, patients and professional bodies, the HFEA decided to set a maximum multiple birth rate that clinics should not exceed, which will be lowered each year. All clinics will have their own strategy setting out how they will lower the multiple birth rate in their clinic by identifying the patients for whom single embryo transfer is the most appropriate treatment. The HFEA aims to reduce multiple births from IVF treatment to 10% over a period of years.

Former Chairs include Professor Lisa Jardine, Walter Merricks, Shirley Harrison, Lord Richard Harries, Dame Suzi Leather, Baroness Ruth Deech and Colin Campbell.

Other notable former members include Professor Emily Jackson.

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Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority - Wikipedia

Should We Adopt Embryos? – HuffPost UK

We are all familiar with the process of adopting children, but what about the idea of adopting embryos? There are a number of embryo adoption agencies in the US and the first, Snowflakes, began its embryo adoption programme twenty years ago. New Zealand also operates a form of embryo adoption. Having just completed a study looking at the experiences of people using Snowflakes, I am interested in asking whether we should follow this lead and have embryo adoption in the UK.

When people have in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for fertility problems, eggs and sperm are fertilised in a petri dish to create embryos and these can be used in their treatment or frozen and stored to use later. Often couples end their fertility treatment with unused embryos in storage, and one option is to donate them to others to start a family. Currently, when a couple in the UK donate their embryo, they usually have no say in who receives it, and there is no contact between the donors and potential recipients.

Embryo adoption is different. In embryo adoption programmes donors can choose who receives their embryo. Donors are given information about potential recipients by the agency, which can include details about their religious beliefs, education, interests and family life. Also, if the donors and recipients are agreeable, they can arrange contact with each other after the child is born. We have done two studies on the experiences of people using Snowflakes embryo adoption agency in the US. We found that the donors felt a sense of responsibility towards their embryos and wanted to make sure they went to a good home. Both donors and recipients thought that being open with their children about their origins was important. There was also a desire to share information about the children and keep in contact with each other, and some donors and recipient couples had met face-to-face. On the whole, the people in our study were happy with the amount and type of contact they had. In cases where the contact did not involve the children, it was seen as a way of keeping the channels open in case the children wanted to make contact with their embryo donors in the future.

In the UK, there are no embryo adoption programmes but legally, there is nothing preventing clinics from starting them. At the moment, if a couple know someone with an embryo to donate, they can ask a clinic if they can use that particular embryo - you can donate to someone you know. Also, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), who regulate fertility treatment in the UK, says that donors can put extra conditions on how they want their eggs, sperm or embryos stored or used, which, theoretically at least, gives the donors some potential say in choosing who gets their embryo.

So should clinics start embryo adoption programmes in the UK?

Embryo adoption has been controversial in the US. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has argued that applying similar adoption procedures used for existing children to embryos is unwarranted because, in their view, embryos are not people and therefore recipients do not require such detailed vetting procedures. From this perspective, embryo donation should be seen as a medical procedure rather than being seen as a form of child adoption. However, whatever your view of the status of the embryo, it is not unreasonable to allow for the fact that some donors might have an interest in who receives their embryos.

A problem arises, though, if potential donors want to impose discriminatory conditions on who should receive their embryo. For example, saying that they did not want their embryos to go to a lesbian couple. Clinics have to abide by the Equality Act and could not discriminate on certain grounds such as gender and sexuality. How clinics should monitor such choices is a difficult question, but one solution would be to counsel people with embryos to encourage choices that are not illegally discriminating.

Finally, there could be practical difficulties regarding organisational arrangements and the associated costs involved. However, if there was sufficient demand for an embryo adoption programme, such practical difficulties could be overcome.

So should we have embryo adoption in the UK? Without any evidence to suggest embryo adoption is harmful, there is no reason why this should not be offered. In New Zealand such programmes are mandatory, but my view is people should be given a choice. Embryo adoption could operate alongside, rather than replace, existing embryo donation programmes. Embryo adoption could give those who wanted it the opportunity to choose who they donate to and to have contact with them while the child is growing up.

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Should We Adopt Embryos? - HuffPost UK

Sunday Puzzle: Hopefully, You Paid Attention In Anatomy Class : NPR – NPR

Sunday Puzzle. NPR hide caption

On-air challenge: Every answer today is a word that contains part of the human body in the exact middle.

Ex. Group of Native Americans, starting with T and ending with E > TRIBE, which contains RIB between the T and the E 1. E ____ Y Mournful poem 2. W ____ Y Tired 3. A ____ G Very sore 4. EL ____ SE Geometrical shape 5. LE ____ ES Beans and peas 6. RE ____ AL Opposing argument in a debate 7. OB ____ TE Out of date 8. RA ____ SS Quality of a harsh voice 9. FLA ____ ESS Showy display

Last week's challenge: Consider this sentence: Benjamin, the Greenpeace ombudsman in the panorama, was charmed by the chinchilla fragrance. This sentence contains seven words of seven or more letters. They have something very unusual in common. What is it, and can you think of an eighth word with the same property?

Puzzle answer: You can delete some of the interior letters of each of the words to leave the name of a country Benin, Greece, Oman, Panama, Chad, China, and France.

Other words with this property include Chipotle (Chile), Indicia (India), Latinos (Laos), Ironman (Iran), and Turnkey (Turkey).

Puzzle winner: Mike Strong of Mechanicsburg, Va.

Next week's challenge: This is a spin-off of the on-air puzzle. Think of a familiar two-word phrase starting with T and ending with S, in which the interior letters name part of the human body. Remove the first and last letters of that word, and what remains will name another part of the human body. What's the phrase, and what are the body parts?

Submit Your Answer

If you know the answer to next week's challenge, submit it here. Listeners who submit correct answers win a chance to play the on-air puzzle. Important: Include a phone number where we can reach you. The deadline is Thursday, June 22 at 3 p.m. ET.

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Sunday Puzzle: Hopefully, You Paid Attention In Anatomy Class : NPR - NPR