The doctors of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Meredith Grey are faced with life-or-death decisions on a daily basis. They seek comfort from one another, and, at times, more than just friendship. Together they discover that neither medicine nor relationships can be defined in black and white.
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Jo's (Camilla Luddington) continued downward spiral has led to another beloved couple on Grey's Anatomy hitting the rocks. And it looks like the damage is far from done.
Jo is still reeling after finding out a few episodes ago that she was conceived from a rape, and her inability to talk to anyone about it is starting to burn her entire life to the ground. First, she has been a non-stop vodka consuming drunkard since she returned from Pittsburgh. And she crossed the line in Thursday's episode, titled "Head Over High Heels," when she showed up to work drunk. Jackson (Jesse Williams) was the first to discover it and let her off with a warning, seeing that something was clearly very wrong, but he warned that if she ever returned to the hospital drunk, it could be her last time there. Remember, Jo only has a job at Grey Sloan as a research fellow, so if she gets fired it's going to be extremely difficult to find someone to fund her research if she gets to take it with her at all.
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However, that's not where the spiral ended. Alex (Justin Chambers) also called her out for drinking on the job, and when she still refused to talk to him, he threatened to fly to Pittsburgh himself to find out what the hell happened while she was there. Jo's response was to say that if he ever threatened her with that again, she'd leave him. He returned the barb by saying he'd report her to Bailey (Chandra Wilson) if she ever stepped into the hospital drunk again.
We've seen marriage stalemates on Grey's before and they very rarely ever work out well. In fact, Derek (Patrick Dempsey) and Meredith (Ellen Pompeo) may have been the only couple to survive this kind of throwdown. While Alex understands dysfunctional relationships more than anyone, especially those with parents, there's no way for him to truly understand the pain and trauma that Jo is experiencing. At the same time, if Jo doesn't find someone she can confide in so she can start processing what her birth mother told her, her entire life is going to implode.
Alex has tried to give her space to work through this as she sees fit, but it's clear that Jo is only hurting herself and those around her at this point. If she's not going to open up on her own, what is it that Jo needs in order to get the help she requires? Coddling from friends hasn't softened her up and an intervention only sends her further into depression. If the question isn't answered soon, we can see Jo and Alex going the way of other iconic Grey's couples, like Cristina (Sandra Oh) and Owen (Kevin McKidd), Callie (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona (Jessica Capshaw), and April (Sarah Drew) and Jackson. We want so much better for them.
Grey's Anatomy airs Thursdays at 8/7 on ABC.
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RAINN saw a 43% increase in calls to its National Sexual Assault Hotline after the March 28 Greys Anatomy episode about a rape victim.
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Fourteen years into the historic run of "Grey's Anatomy,"one of the series' most moving episodes to date correlated with a spike in calls to theRape, Abuse & Incest National Network.
RAINN saw a 43% increase in calls to its National Sexual Assault Hotline after the March 28 Greys Anatomy episode,RAINN representativeErinn Robinson told USA TODAY.
RAINN also confirmed that the organization consulted with the writers on the episode, titled Silent All These Years, aftera 1992 song by the group'sfirst spokeswoman, Tori Amos.
The episode depicted the administration of a rape kit in an accurate and detailed way not often seen on television. "Grey's Anatomy" writer Elisabeth Finch and showrunner Krista Vernoff revealed to the Hollywood Reporter that the show's creator, Shonda Rhimes, stood firmwhenABC's Standards and Practices department tried to give her notes about changing those scenes.
Not only did the network's censors leave the rape kit scenes intact butone of theexecutives who originally objected to the scenes ended up in a montage scene in which the hospital's female staffline the hallway to showsupport to a rape victim (played by guest star Khalilah Joi)as she is wheeled to surgery.
In March, "Grey's Anatomy" surpassed NBC's"ER" as TV's longest-running medical drama with 332 episodes.
More: 7 reasons why 'Greys Anatomy' has outlasted 'ER'
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Human Behavior Theory is a set of global theories that are used to describe many different kinds of cognitive and social phenomena. If you are studying for a degree in psychology, or you simply have chosen to take a course in this area of study because it peaks your interest, it is important to understand that theories that describe human behaviors are standard to most programs. While there are too many specific theories to name that center around human behavior, the influential ones are the ones that you will need to be familiar with. Read on and get a brief breakdown of the psychology theories that best explain what drives human behavior from different perspectives.
Some believe theories to be nothing more than hunches or guesses, but in the world of psychology it is much more than that. A scientific theory is actually a hypothesis that is then backed by scientific evidence gathered in studies. If evidence appears that disproves a theory, the hypothesis is then modified to account for the facts. In the world of psychology, a theory has to describe a behavior and must make predictions about future behaviors.
The purpose of the theories that are taught to undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students are to explain and predict different aspects of behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. Only theories that have not yet been disproved are well-accepted, but it is possible for a theory to be rejected or just partially accepted by peers in the discipline.
Many theories that are widely accepted by psychologists today have been influenced by other theories. It is not unusual for a professional to take a new approach to influential theories to describe aspects of behavior that the original theory could not. Two popular theories that are still accepted today are Freuds theory on Psychosexual Development and Eriksons theory on Psychosocial Development.
Psychosexual Development
According to Sigmund Freuds controversial theory, personality is developed during adolescence. The driving force of the development is the libido early experiences will influence the child and how they act as an adult. Freud postulates that as long as all of the psychosexual pleasure-seeking stages are complete by age 5, the adult will not possess personality defects.
Psychosocial Development
Erikson agreed with Freud that personality is developed in stages. Instead of psychosexual stages, Erikson believed that the stages were more centered around being social and could affect personality throughout a persons entire life. This theory is one of the best-known developments and is much more accepted. Through social interaction, Erikson believes people develop an ego identity. When people have new experiences, their ego identity can change.
There are far too many theories to list. Some describe how people explain the behavior of others (attribution theory) or how external incentives can change the way someone is internally motivated (motivation crowd theory). If you are interested in learning more about why psychologists believe we act like we do in certain situations, it can be very interesting to read more about influential theories.
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Behavioral theories are often known as behaviorism. The theories that have been developed over the years can really help with therapies and conditioning patients. Read more about human behavior theory and why people behave specific ways, and then you can help people develop skills so that they can fix specific issues.
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What is Human Behavior Theory? - Best Social Work Programs
The Department of Human Behavior features faculty that are specialists in their fields, often conducting ongoing research as they teach. While the department focuses on classroom learning, we also offer student clubs in all disciplines, activities and forums on a wide array of topics, and nationally recognized speakers. Each discipline has internship agreements in place with various government agencies so that students can gain practical industry experience to prepare them for life after CSN.
Take a look at our programs and let us know if we can answer any questions.
Current students with declared majors can schedule a counseling appointment HERE.
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Human Behavior - csn.edu
Human behavior refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race as a whole. While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will change as one moves from birth through adulthood. In addition to being dictated by age and genetics, behavior, driven in part by thoughts and feelings, is an insight into individual psyche, revealing among other things attitudes and values.
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Human behavior - Wikiquote
We construct genomic predictors for heritable but extremely complex human quantitative traits (height, heel bone density, and educational attainment) using modern methods in high dimensional statistics (i.e., machine learning). The constructed predictors explain, respectively, 40, 20, and 9% of total variance for the three traits, in data not used for training. For example, predicted heights correlate 0.65 with actual height; actual heights of most individuals in validation samples are within a few centimeters of the prediction. The proportion of variance explained for height is comparable to the estimated common SNP heritability from genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA), and seems to be close to its asymptotic value (i.e., as sample size goes to infinity), suggesting that we have captured most of the heritability for SNPs. Thus, our results close the gap between prediction R-squared and common SNP heritability. The 20k activated SNPs in our height predictor reveal the genetic architecture of human height, at least for common variants. Our primary dataset is the UK Biobank cohort, comprised of almost 500k individual genotypes with multiple phenotypes. We also use other datasets and SNPs found in earlier genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for out-of-sample validation of our results.
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Accurate Genomic Prediction of Human Height | Genetics
Definition
noun
(1) The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits, relating to genes and genetic information
(2) Heredity
Supplement
Genetics include biological studies in heredity, particularly the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms. The different branches of genetics include:
The person specializing in genetics is referred to as geneticist. The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel who is an Augustinian friar in 19th century. His work that paved the way to genetics is his study of trait inheritance. He was able to decipher the patterns in which the traits were passed down from patents to offspring on pea plants.
Word origin: Ancient Greek gnesis (origin)
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NIDA. (2016, February 2). Genetics. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/genetics
NIDA. "Genetics." National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 Feb. 2016, https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/genetics.
NIDA. Genetics. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/genetics. February 2, 2016.
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About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary, caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child.
Genes are short segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) found in chromosomes. DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. And proteins control the structure and function of all the cells that make up your body.
Think of your genes as an instruction manual for cell growth and function. Changes or mistakes in the DNA are like typographical errors. They may provide the wrong set of instructions, leading to faulty cell growth or function. In any one person, if there is an error in a gene, that same mistake will appear in all the cells that contain the same gene. This is like having an instruction manual in which all the copies have the same typographical error.
There are two types of DNA changes: those that are inherited and those that happen over time. Inherited DNA changes are passed down from parent to child. Inherited DNA changes are called germ-line alterations or mutations.
DNA changes that happen over the course of a lifetime, as a result of the natural aging process or exposure to chemicals in the environment, are called somatic alterations.
Some DNA changes are harmless, but others can cause disease or other health issues. DNA changes that negatively affect health are called mutations.
Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with mutations in two genes: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene two).
Everyone has BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The function of the BRCA genes is to repair cell damage and keep breast, ovarian, and other cells growing normally. But when these genes contain mutations that are passed from generation to generation, the genes don't function normally and breast, ovarian, and other cancer risk increases. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of every 10 cases.
Having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation doesn't mean you will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Researchers are learning that other mutations in pieces of chromosomes -- called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) -- may be linked to higher breast cancer risk in women with a BRCA1 mutation as well as women who didn't inherit a breast cancer gene mutation.
Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers. Still, most people who develop breast cancer did not inherit a genetic mutation linked to breast cancer and have no family history of the disease.
You are substantially more likely to have a genetic mutation linked to breast cancer if:
If one family member has a genetic mutation linked to breast cancer, it does not mean that all family members will have it.
The average woman in the United States has about a 1 in 8, or about 12%, risk of developing breast cancer in her lifetime. Women who have a BRCA1 mutation or BRCA2 mutation (or both) can have up to a 72% risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetimes. Breast cancers associated with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation tend to develop in younger women and occur more often in both breasts than cancers in women without these genetic mutations.
Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation also have an increased risk of developing ovarian, colon, and pancreatic cancers, as well as melanoma.
Men who have a BRCA2 mutation have a higher risk of breast cancer than men who don't -- about 8% by the time they're 80 years old. This is about 80 times greater than average.
Men with a BRCA1 mutation have a slightly higher risk of prostate cancer. Men with a BRCA2 mutation are 7 times more likely than men without the mutation to develop prostate cancer. Other cancer risks, such as cancer of the skin or digestive tract, also may be slightly higher in men with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
Mutations in other genes are also associated with breast cancer. These genetic mutations are much less common and don't seem to increase risk as much as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which are considered rare. Still, because these genetic mutations are even rarer, they haven't been studied as much as the BRCA mutations.
Inheriting two abnormal copies of the BRCA2, BRIP1, MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, RAD50, or RAD51C genes causes the disease Fanconi anema, which suppresses bone marrow function and leads to extremely low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. People with Fanconi anemia also have a higher risk of several other types of cancer, including kidney cancer and brain cancer.
There are genetic tests available to determine if someone has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. A genetic counselor also may order testing for ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, MRE11A, MSH6, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, SEC23B, or TP53 mutations, individually or as part of a larger gene panel that includes BRCA1 and BRCA2.
For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org Genetic Testing pages.
If you know you have an abnormal gene linked to breast cancer, there are lifestyle choices you can make to keep your risk as low it can be:
These are just a few steps you can take. Review the links on the left side of this page for more options.
Along with these lifestyle choices, there are other risk-reduction options for women at high risk because of abnormal genetics.
Hormonal therapy medicines: Two SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and two aromatase inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of developing hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in women at high risk.
Hormonal therapy medicines do not reduce the risk of hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer.
More frequent screening: If you're at high risk because of an abnormal breast cancer gene, you and your doctor will develop a screening plan tailored to your unique situation. You may start being screened when you're younger than 40. In addition to the recommended screening guidelines for women at average risk, a screening plan for a woman at high risk may include:
Women with an abnormal breast cancer gene need to be screened twice a year because they have a much higher risk of cancer developing in the time between yearly screenings. For example, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, NY recommends that women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have both a digital mammogram and an MRI scan each year, about 6 months apart (for example, a mammogram in December and an MRI in June).
A breast ultrasound is another powerful tool that can help detect breast cancer in women with an abnormal breast cancer gene. This test does not take the place of digital mammography and MRI scanning.
Talk to your doctor, radiologist, and genetic counselor about developing a specialized program for early detection that addresses your breast cancer risk, meets your individual needs, and gives you peace of mind.
Protective surgery: Removing the healthy breasts and ovaries -- called prophylactic surgery ("prophylactic" means "protective") -- are very aggressive, irreversible risk-reduction options that some women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene choose.
Prophylactic breast surgery may be able to reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer by as much as 97%. The surgery removes nearly all of the breast tissue, so there are very few breast cells left behind that could develop into a cancer.
Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may reduce their risk of breast cancer by about 50% by having prophylactic ovary and fallopian tube removal (salpingo-oophorectomy) before menopause. Removing the ovaries lowers the risk of breast cancer because the ovaries are the main source of estrogen in a premenopausal womans body. Removing the ovaries doesnt reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women because fat and muscle tissue are the main producers of estrogen in these women. Prophylactic removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes reduces the risk of ovarian cancer in women at any age, before or after menopause.
Research also has shown that women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene who have prophylactic ovary removal have better survival if they eventually are diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer.
The benefit of prophylactic surgeries is usually counted one year at a time. Thats why the younger you are at the time of surgery, the larger the potential benefit, and the older you are, the lower the benefit. Also, as you get older youre more likely to develop other medical conditions that affect how long you live, such as diabetes and heart disease.
Of course, each woman's situation is unique. Talk to your doctor about your personal level of risk and how best to manage it.
It's important to remember that no procedure -- not even removing both healthy breasts and ovaries at a young age -- totally eliminates the risk of cancer. There is still a small risk that cancer can develop in the areas where the breasts used to be. Close follow-up is necessary, even after prophylactic surgery.
Prophylactic surgery decisions require a great deal of thought, patience, and discussion with your doctors, genetic counselor, and family over time -- together with a tremendous amount of courage. Take the time you need to consider these options and make decisions that feel comfortable to you.
For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org Prophylactic Mastectomy and Prophylactic Ovary Removal pages.
Think Pink, Live Green: A Step-by-Step Guide to Reducing Your Risk of Breast Cancer teaches you the biology of breast development and how modern life affects breast cancer risk. Order a free booklet by mail or download the PDF of the booklet to learn 31 risk-reducing steps you can take today.
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Genetics: Breast Cancer Risk Factors