Anatomy

Anatomy of a Motherboard – TechSpot

You might have a desktop PC at work, school, or home. You might use one to work out tax returns or play the latest games; you might even be into building and tweaking computers. But how well do you know the components that make up a PC? Take the humble motherboard -- it sits there, quietly keeping everything running, and rarely gets the same attention as the CPU or graphics card.

Motherboards are remarkably important though, and full of really cool technology. So let's go all Grey's Anatomy, and dissect the motherboard -- breaking down its various parts and seeing what each bit does!

Let us begin with the main role of a motherboard. In essence, it serves two purposes:

There are other things a motherboard does (e.g. holds the components in place, or provides feedback as to how well everything is functioning) but the aforementioned aspects are critical to how a PC operates, that almost every other part that makes up the motherboard, is related to these two things.

Nearly every motherboard used in a standard desktop PC today will have sockets for the central processing unit (CPU), memory modules (nearly always a type of DRAM), add-in expansion cards (such a graphics card), storage, input/ouputs, and a means to communicate with other computers and systems.

Standard motherboards initially differ in terms of their size, and there are industry-wide standards that manufacturers tend to adhere to (and plenty of others that don't). The main sizes you're likely to come across are:

You can see a far more comprehensive list on Wikipedia but we'll just stick to standard ATX for simplicity, because the differences generally lie in the number of sockets available to be powered and connected; a bigger motherboard permits more sockets.

A motherboard is simply a big electronic printed circuit board, with lots of connectors to plug things into and hundreds, if not thousands, of feet of electrical traces that run between the various sockets. Theoretically, the board isn't needed: you could connect everything together by using a huge mass of wires. The performance would be terrible, though, as the signals would interfere with one another, and there would be notable power losses by using this method, too.

We'll begin our breakdown by using a typical ATX motherboard. The image below corresponds to an Asus Z97-Pro Gamer and its appearance, features, and functions can be found in dozens more like it.

The only problem with the picture (other than the motherboard being quite... umm... well, used) is that there are a lot of visible components, making it trickier to spot everything clearly.

Let's strip it all away and look at a simplified diagram to begin with (below).

That's better, but there is still a lot of sockets and connectors to talk about! Let's start near the top, with the most important one of all.

The diagram has a structure labelled LGA1150. This is the name used by Intel to describe the socket used to hold many of their CPUs. The letters, LGA, stand for Land Grid Array, a common type of packaging technology for CPUs and other integrated circuits.

LGA systems have lots of little pins in the motherboard, or in a socket on the board, to provide power and communications to the processor. You can see them in the picture below:

The metal bracket holds the CPU in place but it's getting in the way of seeing the pins clearly, so let's move it to one side.

Remember the name for this? LGA1150. The number is for how many pins there are in this socket. We'll explore the connections for a CPU in another article, but for now we'll just point out that motherboards for other CPUs will have more or fewer pins.

In general, the more capable the CPU (in terms of number of cores, amount of cache, etc), the more pins will be found in the socket. A large number of these connections will be used to send and receive data to the next important feature on a motherboard.

The sockets or slots that are always the closest to the CPU are those that hold DRAM modules, aka system memory. These are connected directly to the CPU and nothing else on the motherboard. The number of DRAM slots depend mostly on the CPU, as the controller for the memory is built into the central processor.

In the example we're looking at, the CPU that fits into this motherboard has 2 memory controllers, with each one handling 2 sticks of memory - hence there are 4 sockets in total. You can see that, on this motherboard, the memory sockets are colored in way to let you know which ones are managed by which controller. They're commonly called memory channels, so channel #1 handles two of the slots and channel #2 handles the other two.

For this particular motherboard, the colors of the slots can be a little confusing (and it certainly confused this author!): the two black slots are actually one each for the two memory controllers (and same for the grey ones). So the black slot closest to the CPU socket is channel #1, and the next black one is channel #2.

It's colored like this to encourage you use the motherboard in what is called dual memory channel mode - by using both controllers at the same time, the overall performance of the memory system is increased. So let's say you had two RAM modules, each one 8 GB in size. No matter what slots you put them in, you'll always have a total of 16 GB of available memory.

However, if you put both modules into both of the black slots (or both of the grey slots), the CPU will essentially have double the routes possible to access that memory. Do it the other way (one module in each color) and the system will be forced to access the memory with just the one memory controller. Given that it can only manage one route at a time, it's not hard to see how this doesn't help performance.

This CPU/motherboard combination uses DDR3 SDRAM (double data rate version 3, synchronous dynamic random access memory) chips and each socket holds one SIMM or DIMM. The 'IMM' part stands for Inline Memory Module; the S and D refers to where the module has one side filled with chips or both sides (single or dual).

Along the bottom edge of the memory module are lots of gold plated connectors, and this type of memory has 240 of them in total (120 each side). These provide the power and data signals for the chips.

A single DIMM of DDR3 SDRAM. Image: Crucial

Bigger modules would allow you to have more memory, but the whole setup is limited by the pins on the CPU (almost half of the 1150 pins in this example are dedicated to handle these memory chips) and space for all of the traces or electrical wires in the motherboard.

The computer industry has stuck with using 240 pins on memory modules since 2004 and shows no signs of changing any time soon. To improve memory performance, the chips simply run faster with each new version released. In the example we're looking at, the CPU's memory controllers can each send and receive 64 bits of data per clock cycle. So with two controllers, the memory sticks will having 128 pins dedicated to transferring information. So why 240 pins?

Each memory chip on the DIMM (16 in total, 8 per side) can transfer 8 bits per clock cycle. That means each chip needs 8 pins, just for data transfers; however, two chips share the same data pins, so only 64 of the 240 are data ones. The remaining 176 pins are required for timing and reference purposes, transmitting the addresses of the data (location of where the data is on the module), controlling the chips, and providing electrical power.

So you can see that having more than 240 pins won't necessarily make things better!

System memory is connected directly to the central processor to boost performance, but there are other sockets on the motherboard that are wired a bit like this (and for the same reason). They use a connection technology called PCI Express (PCIe, for short) and every modern CPU has a PCIe controller built into it.

These controllers can handle multiple connections (typically referred to as lanes), even though it is a 'point-to-point' system, meaning that the lanes in the socket aren't shared with any other device. In our example, the CPU's PCI Express controller has 16 lanes.

The image below shows 3 sockets: the top two are PCI Express, while the bottom one is a much older system called PCI (related to PCIe, but a lot slower). The little one at the top is labelled PCIEX1_1 because it is a single lane socket; the one below it is a 16 lane socket.

If you scroll back up and look at the whole motherboard again, you can see that there are:

But if the CPU's controller only has 16 lanes, what's going on? First of all, only PCIEX16_1 and PCIEX16_2 are connected to the CPU - the third one, and the two single lane sockets are connected to another processor on the motherboard (more about that in a moment). Secondly, if both sockets were filled with devices that use 16 PCIe lanes, then the CPU will only dedicate 8 lanes to each.

This is the case of all CPUs today; they have a limited number of lanes, so as more devices get connected to the CPU, each one gets a smaller number of lanes to work with.

Different CPU and motherboard configurations have their own way of handling of this. For example, Gigabyte's B450M Gaming motherboard has one PCIe 16 lane socket, one PCIe 4 lane socket and a M.2 socket that uses 4 PCIe lanes. With only 16 lanes available from the CPU, using any two sockets will force the larger x16 one to be capped to 8 lanes.

So what kind of things use those sockets? The most common choices are:

You can see the difference between the connectors in the image above. The graphics card sports the longer 16 lane one, compared to the sound card's little 1-lane setup. The latter has far less data to transfer than the former, so it doesn't need all those extra lanes.

In our motherboard example, like all others, has lots more sockets and connections to manage, and so the CPU gets a helping hand from another processor.

If we go back 15 years or so, and look at motherboards from that era, there were two additional chips built into them to support the CPU. Together, they were called a chip set (usually concatenated to chipset), and individually they were called the Northbridge (NB) and Southbridge (SB) chips.

The former handled the system memory and graphics card, the latter processed the data and instructions for everything else.

The above image, of an ASRock 939SLI32 motherboard, clearly shows the NB/SB chips - they're both hidden under aluminum heatsinks, but the one closest to the CPU socket in the middle of the image is the Northbridge. A few years after this product was around, both Intel and AMD released CPUs that had the NB integrated into the central processor.

The Southbridge, though, has remained separate and is likely to be so for the foreseeable future. Interestingly, both CPU manufacturers have stopped calling it the SB and often refer to it as the chipset (Intel's proper name for it is the PCH, platform controller hub), even though it's just a single chip!

On our more modern example from Asus, the SB is also covered with a heatsink, so let's pop it off and have a look at the extra processor.

This chip is an advanced controller, handling multiple types and numbers of connections. Specifically, it's an Intel Z97 chipset and offers the following features:

It also has an integrated network adapter, an integrated sound chip, a VGA display output, and a whole host of other timing and controlling systems. Other motherboards will have more basic/advanced chipsets (providing more PCIe lanes, for example) but in general, most chipsets offer the same kind of features.

For this particular motherboard, this is the processor that handles the single lane PCIe slots, the third 16 lane slot, and the M.2 slot. Like many newer chipsets, it handles all of these different connections by using a set of high speed ports that can be switched to PCI Express, USB, SATA, or networking, depending on what is connected at the time. This, unfortunately, places a limit on how many devices plugged into the motherboard, despite all those sockets.

In the case of our Asus motherboard, the SATA ports (used to attach hard drives, DVD burners, etc) are grouped as shown above because of this limitation. The block of 4 ports in the middle use the chipset's standard USB connections, whereas the two on the left use some of these high speed connections.

So if you use the ones on the left, then the chipset will have fewer connections for other sockets. The same is true for the USB 3.0 ports. There is support for up to 6 devices, but 2 of these ports will also eat into the high speed connections.

The M.2 socket, used to connect SSD storage, uses the fast system, too (along with the third 16 lane PCI Express slot on this motherboard); however, on some CPU/motherboard combinations, the M.2 sockets connect directly to the CPU, as many newer products have more than 16 PCIe lanes to distribute and use.

Along the left hand side of our motherboard, there is a row of connectors generally called the I/O set (input/output) and in this instance, the Southbridge chip (or chipset) only handles a few of them:

The CPU's integrated graphics processor handles the HDMI and DVI-D sockets (bottom middle) but the rest are managed by additional chips. Most motherboard have a raft of extra little processors to manage all kinds of things, so let's have a look at some of those.

CPUs and chipsets have a limit to what they can support or connect to, so most motherboard manufacturers offer products with extra features, thanks to the use of other integrated circuits. This might be to provide extra SATA ports, for example, or provide connections for older devices.

The Asus motherboard we've been looking at is no different. For example, the Nuvoton NCT6791D chip handles all of the little connectors for fans and the temperature sensors built into the board; the Asmedia ASM1083 processor next to it manages the two legacy PCI sockets, because the Intel Z97 chip has no such capability.

Although Intel's chipset has a built-in network adapter, it uses some of those valuable high speed connections, so Asus added another Intel chip (an I218V) to manage the red ethernet socket we saw in the I/O set. The above image does no justice to how small this chip is: it's just 0.24 inches (6 mm) square!

The stadium-shaped silver metal thing is a type of quartz crystal oscillator -- it provides a low frequency timing signal, for the networking chip to stay synchronized.

Something else that this motherboard offers as an extra is a chip to handle audio. Yes, the Intel chipset has its own integrated sound processor, but it's been bypassed for the same kind of reasons that Asus have added a separate networking chip and that most people add a graphics card to replace the integrated graphics processor in the CPU. In other words, the extra chip is just better!

Not all of the extra chips on the motherboard are about replacing integrated ones, many are there to manage or control the operation of the board in general.

These little chips are PCI Express switches and help the CPU and Southbridge manage the 16 lane PCIe connectors, when they need to distribute the lanes to more devices.

Motherboards with the ability to overclock CPUs, chipsets, and system memory are now commonplace, and many come with extra integrated circuits to manage this. In our example board, highlighted in red, Asus is using its own design called the TPU ('TurboV Processing Unit') that adjusts clock speeds and voltages to a fine level of control and adjustment.

The little Pm25LD512 device next to it, highlighted in blue, is a flash memory chip that stores the clock and voltage settings when the motherboard is powered off, so you don't have to redo them, every time you power up the PC.

Every single motherboard has at least one flash memory device, though, and this is for storing the motherboard's BIOS (the basic hardware initialization operating system that gets everything going before loading Windows, Linux, macOS, etc).

This Winbond chip is just 8 MB in size but that's more than enough to hold all of the software needed. This kind of flash memory is designed to use very little power when in use and hold onto its data for decades.

When you switch on the PC, the contents of the flash memory are copied directly to the CPU's cache or system memory, and then run from there, for maximum performance. However, the one thing that this memory can't hold onto is time.

This motherboard, like every other one around, uses a CR2032 cell to power a simple timing circuit, that keeps track of the data and time for the motherboard. Of course, the power of a cell doesn't last forever and once it's flat, the motherboard will default to a starting time/date in the flash memory.

And speaking of power, there are more connectors for that, too!

To provide the voltage and current required to run the motherboard and many of the devices attached to it, the computer's power supply unit (PSU) will have a number of standard connectors for this purpose. The main one is a 24-pin ATX12V version 2.4 socket.

The amount of current that can be drawn from the pins depends on the PSU, but the voltages are industry set to +3.3, +5, and +12 volts.

The bulk of the current for the CPU is drawn off the 12 volt pins, but for modern high-end systems, it's not enough. To get around this problem, there is an additional 8-pin power connector that provides another four set of 12V pins to be used.

The connectors from the PSU have color coded wires to help identify what each wire is for, but the sockets on the motherboard don't tell you very much. Here's a diagram for the two power sockets:

The +3.3V, +5, and +12V lines supply power to the various components on the motherboard itself, and also powers the CPU, DRAM, and any devices plugged into the extension sockets such as the USB or PCI Express slots. Anything using the SATA ports need power directly from the PSU, though, and PCI Express sockets can only provide up to 75W. If the device needs more juice than that -- lots of graphics cards do -- then they'll need to be hooked up to the PSU directly, too.

However, there's a larger problem than having enough 12V pins: CPUs don't run on that voltage.

For example, the Intel CPUs designed to run on this Asus Z97 motherboard run off voltages between 0.7 and 1.4 volts. It's not a fixed voltage, because today's CPUs vary how much voltage they're running on to save power and reduce heat; so when idling on the desktop, the CPU can tootle away with less than 0.8 volts. Then with all the cores fully loaded and working away, it rises to 1.4 volts or more.

Power supply units are designed to convert mains AC voltage (110 or 230, depending on the country) into fixed DC voltages, so additional circuits must be used to drop them lower and vary them as required. These circuits are called voltage regulation modules (VRMs, for short) and can be easily spotted on any motherboard.

Each VRM is typically comprises 4 components:

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Anatomy of a Motherboard - TechSpot

Anatomy

Hubbles Anatomy A 3D Autopsy of the Dynamic Crab Nebula – The Daily Galaxy –Great Discoveries Channel

Posted on Jan 6, 2020 in Astronomy, Science

On July 4, 1054 AD, Chinese, Arab, Japanese and Pueblo Indians of New Mexico sky watchers observed what they thought of as the sudden appearance of a new star , which they recorded as six times brighter than Venus. This guest star, as they described it, a supernova, was so bright that people saw it in the sky during the day for almost a month.

Observing the nebula with the largest telescope of the time, reports NASAs Hubblesite, Lord Rosse in 1844 named the object the Crab because of its tentacle-like structure. But it wasnt until the 1900s that astronomers realized the nebula was the surviving relic of the 1054 supernova, SN 1054, which consists of debris ejected during the explosion. The core of the exploding star formed a pulsar, called the Crab Pulsar (PSR B0531+21). This neutron star at the very center has about the same mass as the sun but compressed into an incredibly dense sphere that is only a few miles across, spinning 30 times a second, shooting out detectable pulsating beams of energy.

Now, astronomers and visualization specialists from the NASAs Universe of Learning program have combined the visible, infrared, and X-ray vision of NASAs Great Observatories to create a three-dimensional representation of the dynamic Crab Nebula.

The multiwavelength computer graphics visualization is based on images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes. The approximately four-minute video dissects the intricate nested structure that makes up this stellar corpse, giving viewers a better understanding of the extreme and complex physical processes powering the nebula. The powerhouse engine energizing the entire system is a pulsar, a rapidly spinning neutron star, the super-dense crushed core of the exploded star. The tiny dynamo is blasting out blistering pulses of radiation 30 times a second with unbelievable clockwork precision.

Crab Nebula in Multiwavelength

Astronomers and visualization specialists from the NASAs Universe of Learning program have combined the visible, infrared, and X-ray vision of NASAs Great Observatories to create a three-dimensional representation of the dynamic Crab Nebula, the tattered remains of an exploded star.

The multiwavelength computer graphics visualization is based on images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes.

The approximately four-minute video dissects the intricate nested structure that makes up this stellar corpse, giving viewers a better understanding of the extreme and complex physical processes powering the nebula. The powerhouse engine energizing the entire system is a pulsar, a rapidly spinning neutron star, the super-dense crushed core of the exploded star. The tiny dynamo is blasting out blistering pulses of radiation 30 times a second with unbelievable clockwork precision.

The visualization was produced by a team at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland; the Caltech/IPAC in Pasadena, California; and the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It will debut at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. The movie is available to planetariums and other centers of informal learning worldwide.

Seeing two-dimensional images of an object, especially of a complex structure like the Crab Nebula, doesnt give you a good idea of its three-dimensional nature, explained STScIs visualization scientist Frank Summers, who led the team that developed the movie. With this scientific interpretation, we want to help people understand the Crab Nebulas nested and interconnected geometry. The interplay of the multiwavelength observations illuminate all of these structures. Without combining X-ray, infrared, and visible light, you dont get the full picture.

Certain structures and processes, driven by the pulsar engine at the heart of the nebula, are best seen at particular wavelengths.

The movie begins by showing the Crab Nebula in context, pinpointing its location in the constellation Taurus. This view zooms in to present the Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra images of the Crab Nebula, each highlighting one of the nested structures in the system. The video then begins a slow buildup of the three-dimensional X-ray structure, showing the pulsar and a ringed disk of energized material, and adding jets of particles firing off from opposite sides of the energetic dynamo.

Appearing next is a rotating infrared view of a cloud enveloping the pulsar system, and glowing from synchrotron radiation. This distinctive form of radiation occurs when streams of charged particles spiral around magnetic field lines. There is also infrared emission from dust and gas.

The visible-light outer shell of the Crab Nebula appears next. Looking like a cage around the entire system, this shell of glowing gas consists of tentacle-shaped filaments of ionized oxygen (oxygen missing one or more electrons). The tsunami of particles unleashed by the pulsar is pushing on this expanding debris cloud like an animal rattling its cage.

The X-ray, infrared, and visible-light models are combined at the end of the movie to reveal both a rotating three-dimensional multiwavelength view and the corresponding two-dimensional multiwavelength image of the Crab Nebula.

The three-dimensional structures serve as scientifically informed approximations for imagining the nebula. The three-dimensional views of each nested structure give you an idea of its true dimensions, Summers said. To enable viewers to develop a complete mental model, we wanted to show each structure separately, from the ringed disk and jets in stark relief, to the synchrotron radiation as a cloud around that, and then the visible light as a cage structure surrounding the entire system.

These nested structures are particular to the Crab Nebula. They reveal that the nebula is not a classic supernova remnant as once commonly thought. Instead, the system is better classified as a pulsar wind nebula. A traditional supernova remnant consists of a blast wave, and debris from the supernova that has been heated to millions of degrees. In a pulsar wind nebula, the systems inner region consists of lower-temperature gas that is heated up to thousands of degrees by the high-energy synchrotron radiation.

It is truly via the multiwavelength structure that you can more cleanly comprehend that its a pulsar wind nebula, Summers said. This is an important learning objective. You can understand the energy from the pulsar at the core moving out to the synchrotron cloud, and then further out to the filaments of the cage.

Summers and the STScI visualization team worked with Robert Hurt, lead visualization scientist at IPAC, on the Spitzer images; and Nancy Wolk, imaging processing specialist at the Chandra X-ray Center at the CfA, on the Chandra images. Their initial step was reviewing past research on the Crab Nebula, an intensely studied object that formed from a supernova seen in 1054 by Chinese astronomers.

Starting with the two-dimensional Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra images, the team worked with experts to analyze the complex nested structures comprising the nebula and identify the best wavelength to represent each component. The three-dimensional interpretation is guided by scientific data, knowledge, and intuition, with artistic features filling out the structures.

The visualization is one of a new generation of products and experiences being developed by the NASAs Universe of Learning program. The effort combines a direct connection to the science and scientists of NASAs Astrophysics missions with attention to audience needs to enable youth, families, and lifelong learners to explore fundamental questions in science, experience how science is done, and discover the universe for themselves.

This video demonstrates the power of multiwavelength astronomy. It helps audiences understand how and why astronomers use multiple regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to explore and learn about our universe.

NASAs Universe of Learning materials are based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement award number NNX16AC65A to the Space Telescope Science Institute, working in partnership with Caltech/IPAC, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CfA, and Sonoma State University.

The Daily Galaxy, Sam Cabot, via NASA Hubblesite

Image credits: NASA, ESA, F. Summers, J. Olmsted, L. Hustak, J. DePasquale and G. Bacon (STScI), N. Wolk (CfA), and R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)

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Hubbles Anatomy A 3D Autopsy of the Dynamic Crab Nebula - The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel

Anatomy

Anatomy of a classic FA Cup fightback: How Tranmere Rovers did it at Watford – The Telegraph

The wobble

After Jenningss goal Watford were rattled, with the 2,700 Tranmere fans behind the goal cranking up the noise levels even louder.

They pressed us higher up the pitch. We were forced just to kick it, sometimes, admitted Dele-Bashiru, the other half to Chalobahs Swag Brothers, as the pair are known on the training pitch.

The hosts looked lost and Tranmere knew they were in with a chance.

When we scored the first, I turned to a fellow sub and said: If we score again its going to a replay. I thought 100 per cent we would do it, said Mullin.

But time was running out, and a good save from Jennings by Watford goalkeeper Daniel Bachmann looked like it might be crucial. But the Austrian flapped at a free-kick and defender Manny Monthe pirouetted to fire in the visitors second. The comeback was well and truly on.

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Anatomy of a classic FA Cup fightback: How Tranmere Rovers did it at Watford - The Telegraph

Anatomy

Scoop: Coming Up on a New Episode of GREY’S ANATOMY on ABC – Thursday, January 23, 2020 – Broadway World

"Help Me Through the Night" - Following the car crash at Joe's Bar and subsequent rescue efforts led by the STATION 19 firefighters, Grey Sloan doctors work through the night to save the lives of their colleagues. Meanwhile, Amelia worries about sharing her pregnancy revelation with Link. Owen and Teddy take a big step, and Bailey deals with grief over her recent loss when "Grey's Anatomy" returns THURSDAY, JAN. 23 (9:00-10:01 p.m. EST), on ABC. (TV-14) Episodes can also be viewed the next day on ABC.com, the ABC app or Hulu.

"Grey's Anatomy" stars Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey, Justin Chambers as Alex Karev, Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey, James Pickens Jr. as Richard Webber, Kevin McKidd as Owen Hunt, Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery, Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd, Camilla Luddington as Jo Wilson, Kelly McCreary as Maggie Pierce, Kim Raver as Teddy Altman, Giacomo Gianniotti as Andrew DeLuca, Greg Germann as Tom Koracick, Chris Carmack as Atticus "Link" Lincoln and Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt.

Guest starring is Jason George as Ben Warren, Richard Flood as Cormac Hayes, Alex Blue Davis as Casey Parker, Alex Landi as Nico Kim and Jaicy Elliot as Taryn Helm.

"Help Me Through the Night" was written by Lynne E. Litt and directed by Allison Liddi-Brown.

"Grey's Anatomy" was created and is executive produced by Shonda Rhimes. Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Debbie Allen, Zoanne Clack, Fred Einesman, Andy Reaser and Meg Marinis are executive producers. "Grey's Anatomy" is produced by ABC Studios. ABC Studios is a part of Disney Television Studios, a collection of studios comprised of 20th Century FOX Television, ABC Studios and FOX 21 Television Studios.

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Scoop: Coming Up on a New Episode of GREY'S ANATOMY on ABC - Thursday, January 23, 2020 - Broadway World

Anatomy

Succession just accomplished what Greys Anatomy did 13 years ago at the Golden Globes – Gold Derby

The Golden Globe Awards loves its newbies, but its drama series winner Sunday night was not one. Succession took the prize, becoming the first show since Greys Anatomy 13 years ago to win its first drama series Globe for its second season.

Got all that? First-year shows historically dominate the Globes and this category four of the previous six winners were for freshman series (The Affair, Mr. Robot, The Crown and The Handmaids Tale), with the other being catch-up prizes for the final seasons of two critically acclaimed shows, Breaking Bad and reigning champ The Americans. Homeland was the most recent show to prevail for its second installment, in 2013, but it had also won for its first.

SEE Golden Globes: Complete list of winners in all 25 categories

Like Succession, Greys, which was a midseason replacement in spring 2005, was another show that broke out BIG in its second season (if thats too far back for you to recall, that was the season with the bomb episode, the first part of which was the post-Super Bowl episode, and introduced Jeffrey Dean Morgans doomed Denny). It won in 2007 for the second half of its second season and the first half of its third.

Succession, which led our odds, is the fourth HBO show to win Best Drama Series, following The Sopranos, Six Feet Under and Boardwalk Empire. It overcame The Morning Show, which was the sole freshman series in the lineup, former champ The Crown, Big Little Lies and Killing Eve. In its third season, The Crown was the oldie of the group. Big Little Lies, which, of course, won for Best Limited Series/TV Movie two years ago, and Killing Eve were also contending for their sophomore runs.

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Succession just accomplished what Greys Anatomy did 13 years ago at the Golden Globes - Gold Derby

Anatomy

‘She was the best of us’: The murder of Laura ‘Michele’ Dinwiddie and the anatomy of a cold case – KMOV.com

The Victim:Laura 'Michele' Dinwiddie

Laura Dinwiddie, known to her friends as Michele, was brutally murdered in 1975. Her case went unsolved for more than two decades.

To her friends, she was known by her middle name, Michele. And life did not begin easy, as she had life saving surgery just three days after birth.

But then what a child she became.

"Happy and joyous," said Pam Close, remembering her little sister. "You could not find a nicer kid."

"She was this incredible kid, curious about the world," added older sister Cheryl Andre.

The petite brunette with pony-tailed brown hair and brown eyes threw herself into everything she could find. Growing up in one of America's most affluent areas in Greenwich, Connecticut, she read, played the piano and guitar, sang in the chorus, and performed in the theatre. By the time she finished high school in 1970, Michele was a National Honor Society student and a National Thespian.

"We called her the hippie without the drugs," said Cheryl.

With the world in front of her, Michele headed to Denison University in Ohio, one of the nations oldest liberal arts colleges. After studying abroad in England and Austria, she prepared for grad school. But something inside kept bothering her.

"She was always searching for the underdog," Pam said. "Somebody that needed help."

Michele decided to volunteer with an agency called Volunteers in Service for America, or VISTA. It was a newly launched organization, a domestic version of the Peace Corps. VISTA focused on volunteers fighting poverty in the nations poorest communities.

Michele was assigned to St. Louis.

Her parents tried to talk her out of it. Grad school was waiting, a very good jobwould follow, VISTA didn't pay anything, and she was heading into an unknown and possibly dangerous environment. Michele would have none of it.

"The underdog thing," Cheryl said.

Michele had previously worked summer camps with handicapped cub scouts. She decided she wanted to work with blind and deaf children. Especially poor children. She told her parents the VISTA program was only for a year. She would apply to grad schools while she was away.

She packed her bags and headed west, landing first in the Soulard area. VISTA provided $200 a month for living expenses. Michele found used furniture. She refused help from her parents and friends.

Pam remembered hearing Michele's voice when she called home.

"She was very proud of what she was doing," Pam recalled. "She was making a difference in people's lives."

"This was exactly what she wanted to do," said Cheryl."She was the best of us."

With her VISTA year almost over, Michele returned home for Christmas. She was thrilled about her experience in St. Louis.

"I remember we sat and talked all day," Pam said. "She was so happy. Her VISTA time was up, and she was ready for grad school. Everything was in front of her. And then..." Pam paused.

"It was my last visit with her," she said.

Because VISTA called again. Was there any way she could extend her stay in St. Louis just for three more months? They had not found a replacement for her yet, and she was so needed by the children. Michele couldn't say no. Not to the children. Yes, she could delay life again and head back.

This timeMichele would settle in the rough Hyde Park neighborhood on the city's north side, where she was assigned to help children at the then Psychiatric Child Guidance Center, focusing on children with learning disabilities and behavioral disorders. She loved taking deaf children on field trips, teaching them to swim, and doing puppet shows.

Soon, summer would come to St. Louis, and Michele would head home. That was the plan.

It was a brutally cold March day. The temperature dipped to 17 degrees. When Michele didn't report to work, a friend headed to 3933 North 21st street, Apartment A, second floor.

Inside was her body, dressed only with socks. Her throat was slashed and she had been stabbed twice in the chest and once in the abdomen. There was no forced entry, and nothing significant was missing.

Pamreceived the phone call in the middle of the night from her parents.

"I just remember screaming," she said.

The case shocked the city, horrified that a young woman who traveled across the country to help our neediest children could be brutally murdered in her home.

St. Louis homicide detectives began working feverishly around the clock, but leads were few and far between. Soon, the case went cold. But it was never forgotten by St. Louis homicide detectives, who kept in touch with the Dinwiddie family, month after month, year after year.

"We knew they were doing their absolute best," said Cheryl.

But then decades passed, and along with it, Michele's father. As the family buried another member, Michele's mom went to work. Twenty years after her daughter's murder, she wrote an impassioned letter to the St. Louis Police Department, begging them to never forget the case.

It landed on the desk of Captain David Heath, then the commander of the homicide division. So much time had elapsed. Was there really any hope? Heath and his detectives went back to work.

Case file M-75-44 was handed to homicide detective Chris Pappas, who started from scratch.

Pappas started tracking down the original informants in the case. One of the first was a young teenager named Nathan 'Danny' Williams, who told police in 1978 that he knew who killed Dinwiddie. Pappas went looking for Williams, and discovered he had serveda seven year sentence for the rape and sodomy of a 10-year-old girl in south St. Louis in 1979.

In 1985, Williams was back in prison for robbery. And in 1989 he was arrested again, this time for raping a 10-year-old girl in south St. Louis. As a repeat offender, Williams was sentenced to 30 years and sent to the Farmington Correctional Center.

Which meant Chris Pappas would soon became a frequent visitor to Farmington.

Eventually, hewas able to tie evidence found in the rape cases linking Williams to not just the Dinwiddie murder case, but to possibly many others. Eventually, Williams would admit to Pappas that he was there the night Michele was killed, but denied doing the killing.

But the erosion of time presented investigators a problem. Incredibly, Williams was only 14 when Dinwiddie was killed. Could someone so young have done this? Could a case, more than 20 years old, lacking witnesses and before DNA, be brought to a jury?

WithWilliams already behind bars for most of the rest of his life,and Missouri not having a death penalty when Michele was murdered, it became a moot point. For police and the family, Williams admitting to being at the scene was as close to a confession as they were going to get.

It was partial closure for the family, more than 20 years after Michele's murder.

"The police department there never gave up," said Cheryl. "We were very grateful."

For the sisters, solving the case was a blessing, but it wasn't quite closure.

Cheryl wonders if Williams knew Michele. Was he one of the young people she was working to help?

The sisters also remained shocked by Williams' age. Had their sister been murdered by an 8th grader?

"It was very hard to believe that someone so young could have done this," Cheryl said, echoing the sentiment.

And for Pam, there are other questions.

"I would like to meet him just once," Pam said. "I would like to know why he picked her out. How could he hurt someone as kind as Michele? I would ask him what was his life like? Violence is impeded in upbringing. What caused this violent streak? I'm sure he has a story."

Williams does have a story. Quite a lengthy one. KMOV reached out to Williams for his side of the story. He declined.

Today he sits in a Jefferson City prison, eligible for parole in 2039, when he turns 78, 64 years after Michele Dinwiddie was murdered.

But this story does not end here. Sadly, it only begins. As the years unfolded, Williams would come to be the prime suspect in numerous other murders.

Among them, Gina Dawn Brooks, who is profiled in our upcoming cold case story.

.........The men and women of our Homicide Division work diligently with the families of homicide victims each and every day in hope to bring justice and closure.No case is too old and no tip is too small. Regardless of the age of an incident, we always encourage individuals to reach out to our Homicide Division. It could be the missing piece to solving a case........

- St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department

Go here to read the rest:
'She was the best of us': The murder of Laura 'Michele' Dinwiddie and the anatomy of a cold case - KMOV.com

Anatomy

Jaicy Elliot of ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ on Season 16 Picking Back Up – Cheddar

How "For the People's" Cast Got Up to Speed on Legal Jargon

She's made the medical, political, and educational worlds steamier than anyone could have ever imagined, now Shonda Rhimes is taking on the legal industry with her new show, "For the People." Stars Ben Rappaport and Susannah Flood join Cheddar, and tell us about the most interesting real trials they observed to prepare for their TV roles.

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Jaicy Elliot of 'Grey's Anatomy' on Season 16 Picking Back Up - Cheddar

Human Behavior

Three Ways To Warm Up Sales Leads Using The Power Of Reciprocity – Forbes

When sales prospects are unresponsive, you can exploit a well-known cognitive bias to warm them up. Called reciprocity, this societal rule has governed human behavior for millennia and was (and still is) fundamental to our survival as a species.

Celebrated psychologist Robert Cialdini describes reciprocity as a situation where I am obligated to give back to you a form of behavior that you first give to me.

Reciprocity, therefore, plays to our ideas of fairness. If someone buys you a coffee, youll feel obliged to buy them one in return. To do otherwise would violate a societal norm.

The same thing applies to business. Give a prospect something of value, and theyll feel obliged to return the favor perhaps in agreeing to meet you or try your product even if the gift in question is unwanted or unsolicited.

Todays world is noisy. To sell, you need a sharp tool to cut through the chaos. Cold emailing is still useful, but less so, with some response rates as low as 1.7%. Cold calling fares a little better at 2%, perhaps because its harder to reject or ignore a person. With such high demand for your prospects attention, how can you harness reciprocity to warm up leads and boost responses?

Here are three examples:

Mail them something.

People love receiving personal, handwritten mail. Think of the last time you received a postcard or thank-you note remember that warm, fuzzy feeling it gave you? In a world of smartphones and digital marketing, the personal touch is often neglected. Americans receive just 10 items of personalized mail a year, despite it being one of the most thoughtful and endearing ways to communicate.

Mailing your prospects a handwritten, personalized letter or card will make them feel good. Theyll become warm and receptive to you.

Dont believe me? Direct mail has made a comeback: Responses average around 9% for subscribers and have been increasing every year since 2003. This is partly due to its novelty, but also the reciprocal response to the pleasure of receiving something through the mail.

Of course, you need to send something meaningful and personal. Otherwise, theyll simply see it as another piece of junk mail.

Importantly, avoid asking for more than the perceived value of the letter in return. Otherwise, you risk inducing the opposite effect. Its a good way to invite a call, for example, but dont use it to ask a stranger to hand over their cash.

Gift them something personal.

Salespeople have been employing this technique for years. Think of the fragrance and shampoo samples in fashion magazines, or the cocktail-stick testers given away in food stores. Businesses hope that giving you something relevant for free will make you feel obligated to buy. Its a simple tactic, but it works: Gifting can increase response rates by 17%.

Personalization amplifies this effect. If your prospect has been tweeting about a Lakers game, send them some team merchandise. If they recently came back from vacation in Napa Valley, send them a bottle of wine from the region. The initial cost might be higher than, say, a handwritten note, but thats the point. A personal gift induces a much stronger reciprocal response and, in turn, a warmer lead.

Of course, you dont need to stalk your prospects. Just a little background info is enough even something simple like their hometown or alma mater will generate ideas. Remember, the more personal the gift, the higher the perceived value, because people, even those in business, love to be recognized as individuals.

Send them some swag.

Swag is an ordinary item with a brand emblazoned upon it. Offices all over the world even homes are filled with swag. From notepads to keyrings, beermats to water bottles, swag can be almost anything it all. Its usually low-cost, mass-produced stuff, given away for free or handed out at promotional events.

Is it effective?

Well, the industry is worth around $17.4 billion. So all those little gifts that clutter homes and offices around the world must be doing something right. And smart or unique swag, like the Land Rover Escape key, provides utility as well as subtly reinforcing your brands selling points.

Swag works because it appeals to everyone. Whos going to throw away a notepad or pen? Swags value lies in its immediate, universal utility. Its cheap and effective, and it might be the key to opening conversations with your sales leads.

Reciprocity is fundamental in business. Be kind, generous and interested in your prospects, and you can expect the same behavior in return (most of the time).

While no reciprocal strategy guarantees a response, its certainly better than cold calling or emailing alone. So next time your prospects go cold, see if the power of reciprocity warms them up.

Read the rest here:
Three Ways To Warm Up Sales Leads Using The Power Of Reciprocity - Forbes

Human Behavior

Australia’s Wildfire Catastrophe Isn’t the New Normal. It’s Much Worse Than That. – Mother Jones

One of the most prominent scientists studying climate change is Michael Mann, a climatologist and atmospheric science professor at Penn State University who has been a leader in explaining the contribution that human behavior has made in creating and exacerbating the climate crisis. He was one of the scientists who created the hockey stick graph, a popular visualization of mean global temperatures of the past several centuries, showing a sudden jump starting in the 20th century.

During his sabbatical year, Mann decided to visit Australia to study the effects of climate change on the scene of bleaching coral reefs and extreme weather events. He didnt plan for his visit to coincide with the catastrophic wildfires, but hes now found himself at what he calls the front lines.

There is no precedent for the scale and speed at which these brushfires are spreading, Mann tells the Mother Jones Podcast. Its almost like were being given a vision for our future if we dont act on climate.

To better understand the forces behind this seasons fires, Mother Joness James West, who happens to be Australian, spoke with Mann for this weeks edition of Mother Jones Podcast:

Since September, the combination of soaring temperatures and a severe drought has triggered wildfires across Australia that have enveloped more than six times the land burned during Californias devastating 2018 wildfire season. The current blazes encompass an areaabout the size of Scotland and have released an estimated 200 million tons of carbon dioxideequivalent to about 40 percent of the countrys annual average carbon emissionsinto the atmosphere above the state of New South Wales, where the fires have been the most devastating. With more than 100 separate fires still burning, the end isnt anywhere in sight. Some estimates have wildfires continuing for months into 2020.

The consequences are only starting to be tallied: At least 25 people have been killed, and about 3,000 military personnel have mobilized to assist in the evacuation of about 100,000 residents across NSW and Victoria. The toll on the ecosystem remains less clear, but a widely reported estimate puts the number of wildlife killed at 480 million, not including frogs, bats, or insects.

Meanwhile, the Australian government is led by conservative Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who has deep ties to the coal industry and a history of indifference toward climate change. His government, critics say, belatedlyhas allocated $1.4 billion to fire recovery efforts, buttressed with a promise that whatever it costs, we will ensure the resilience and future of this country. For many Australians, the fire has diminished the value of the prime ministers wordhes been criticized for vacationing in Hawaii while the wildfires were in full force in December. During public appearances, hecklers havent minced words, calling him an idiot. Morrisons indecisive behavior on the fires flies in the face of the scientific assessment that climate change has been a major contributor to their intensity.

A transcript of theMother Jones Podcast interview has been edited for clarity and length below:

Michael Mann, thanks for joining the Mother Jones Podcast. Now it just happens that youre in Australia. Tell us why.

Im going to be doing research here with some other climate scientists at the University of New South Wales trying to understand the linkages between climate change and extreme weather. Of course, Ive arrived at a time when Australia is seeing unprecedented extreme weather. Its a tragedy whats playing out here. And yet it feels oddly fortuitous that Im here on the front lines to observe and talk about it.

This is like a real-life everyday laboratory for you to see this extreme, unprecedented event take place.

Absolutely. Its one thing to make model projections and study data, but its something else when you see it up front, playing out in real time. Australia may soon break new all-time records [for heat]. Its not going to help that wildfires continue to spread across this continent.

Well get to this science in more detail in a moment, but I just wanted to get what you saw and what you felt when you were in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, somewhere Im really familiar with. As a kid Id go there quite a lot. You were there, and what did you see?

We were saddened to arrive, expecting to see these remarkable vistas, this expanse of temperate rainforest thats framed by these ridges and mountains in the background. And the bluish tinge comes from the so-called terpenes,chemicals that are emitted from the eucalyptus trees that actually absorb and scatter light in a particular way that gives it sort of this bluish tint. But all we saw was brown smoke looking down into the valleys.

It was surreal to arrive at this. Now, there is a postscript. The morning that we were getting ready to leave, the wind directions shifted and we actually did finally get those views. But most of the time, we were looking at brown smoke rather than Blue Mountains.

Is there a sense in your science that some weather predictions are a bit broken because the fires themselves are creating weather? Are we in uncharted territory?

Thats right. There are surprises in store and theyre not going to be welcome. One of the things we worry about is sort of a tipping point.

You cross this threshold where you enter into this new regime of catastrophic wildfire. There is the possibility that there are processes playing out in nature that arent actually contained within our models. You allude to one, the fact that these wildfires can actually create their own weather and feedback on themselves.

You get these towering pyrocumulus clouds that produce thunder and lightning, but theyre actually created by heating from the fire beneath the atmosphere. And those lightning strikes can beget additional fires. Theres the very real possibility that we are under-predicting with our current models how bad things can actually get, because some of these things cascade. All of a sudden, things get far worse because a whole new set of processes enters the playing field. These are what keep us up at night as climate scientists who care about the impact of climate change.

I have people in my Twitter mentions who are basically saying its the drought. Australia is indeed in a historic drought. Its devastatingits drier than Ive ever seen it. And that cannot be separated from climate. Am I right on that?

We cant isolate. We cant just say, Hey, its in drought. People get bogged down with all this stuff and misattribute the problem: Its just nature behaving the way it behaves. But thats not true because these processes have been in operation for decades and centuries and millennia, and yet we have never witnessed the sorts of catastrophic impacts that were seeing right now. Yes, there is natural variability in the system that can cause Australia to be drier at some times or wetter at other times. But those natural variations are riding on a steady ramp of warming and drying. And its that steady ramp thats leading us to ever more extreme drought patterns.

Politics isnt too far away, particularly in Australia. Youve been doing media conversations and reflecting on the political reality in Australia. What are some of your top-line thoughts on that?

There are parallels and differences here relative to the United States when it comes to the politics of climate change. Of course, we have a [US] president who literally denies that climate change is real. Hes dismissed it as a hoax perpetrated by the Chinese and is doing everything to dismantle all of the progress that weve made on climate. Here things are a little more subtle. The current prime minister, Scott Morrison, is not really a climate change denier. [Hes] not literally dismissing the reality of climate change, but dismissing its significance.

Australia has basically joined Russia and the United States under Trump and Saudi Arabia and a small number of petroleum states who stand against the will of the rest of the world. [They] literally tried to sabotage the latest international climate negotiations in Madrid. Australia under this administration is certainly not demonstrating good faith when it comes to the international efforts to act on climate. Its different from what we have in the United States. Its not outright denial of the science, but its still the same sort of basic policies of inaction.

One of the similarities to being an Australian living here in the States is the Murdoch press, which you might be seeing around you in Australia. It has such a vast publication power in Australia that I think Americans underestimate.

Thats right. With the exception of Australian Broadcast Corporation, the Sydney Morning Herald, and a small number of independent media organizations, [Murdoch] essentially owns the print and television media here in Australia.

Whats remarkable to me is how resilient the people of Australia have proven to be in light of that. There are deniers here in Australia and there are contrarians, but the person on the street seems to get it, to understand that there is a real problem and we need to do something about it. Theyre demanding action, and theyve got a government right now that refuses to engage in that action.

The real challenge is going to be channeling that concern and that outrage. You can feel it here. Australians are outraged at whats happening, [and they must] find a way to channel that when it comes time to vote.

Read the rest here:
Australia's Wildfire Catastrophe Isn't the New Normal. It's Much Worse Than That. - Mother Jones

Human Behavior

How to set a goal to save more money this year – The Boston Globe

If you want to save more money, please know there isnt just one perfect way. Instead, find what works for you. Heres how in four steps:

1) Make a list of all the actions you might take to save money. Youre not committing to any of theseyoure just making a list. Be creative and have fun. Try to come up with 15 items.

2) Put a star by each item that would be effectivethe action would lead to more savings. Dont think about if you want to do the action, just think about impact.

3) Now shift gears and be realistic. Circle each item on your list you could get yourself to do. Youll see most of the items you circle will be easy.

4) Finally, find all the items with both stars and circles. I call those golden behaviors. You focus on those, and you forget the rest.

_____________

BJ Fogg founded the Behavior Design Lab at Stanford University and teaches industry innovators about human behavior. He is the author of the new book Tiny Habits: The Small Changes that Change Everything, and has created the Tiny Habits Academy to help people around the world. Send comments to magazine@globe.com.

See more here:
How to set a goal to save more money this year - The Boston Globe