One-of-a-Kind Coronavirus Was Artificially Produced? – The Liberty Web English

Interview

We asked a U.S. expert, specialized in poison and biochemistry, about the origin and motive behind the coronavirus. His books include Overall View of Chemical and Biological Weapons published in 2001.

Colorado State UniversityProfessor Emeritus

Dr. Anthony Tu

Born in Taipei in 1930. After graduating from National Taiwan University under Japanese rule, Tu studied biochemistry at the University of Notre Dame, Stanford University and Yale University.

I believe theres a high possibility that the Wuhan virus was created artificially. I rule out the theory that the coronavirus was originated naturally because a bat-borne virus doesnt transfer naturally to other people.

Shi Zhenglis research team at the Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan has been researching the transmission of bat-borne SARS viruses across species. In November 2015, five years before the coronavirus pandemic, she published in Nature Medicine (*1) about her successful experiment of manipulating the SARS virus to have harmful effects on mice respirators.

Although the Wuhan virus is based on the bat-borne SARS virus, the genetic sequence is slightly different than that of SARS. Research done by Professor Pradhan of India have found that the HIV and the Wuhan virus have similar protuberances. The coronavirus has been developed to infect people easier by artificially inserting four HIV-derived gene sequences into the genetic sequence of the SARS virus.

In terms of their research motive, it certainly could be for vaccine development. However, it is unnatural to develop a vaccine for a virus that is not widespread. Another speculation in the U.S. is the biological weapons theory. Although there remains uncertainty since Chinas hasnt confessed, we can naturally assume from research articles that the Wuhan virus was developed as a biological weapon and the artificially-developed coronavirus was accidentally leaked from their research facility.

Dr. Shis paper also suggested an application on primates. At the time, this led to heated debates in Europe and the U.S. French researchers warned that if the virus escapes, nobody could predict the trajectory. (*2) The coronavirus spread all over the world just as they warned. It can also converge and become an epidemic again.

I have suggested from early on that it is best to send out hospital ships and quarantine people there. Once the hospital is infected, the infection will spread widely. There are 35 ships in the U.S., and each ship can hold 1,000 patients. Japan is demanded to take such measures.

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One-of-a-Kind Coronavirus Was Artificially Produced? - The Liberty Web English

Getting out of lockdown: Leaders from different sections of Cork society have their say – Echo Live

Taoiseach Leo Varadkar is due to announce a roadmap for the country to exit lockdown, but has said the easing of restrictions will be slow and gradual.

He said changes will be made every two to four weeks.

Unfortunately for those who would like an immediate return to a pre-Covid world, the easement of the current restrictions will be slow and gradual, said Mr Varadkar.

Today, The Echo hears from different sections of Cork society the elderly, a bar owner, construction leader, hotelier, and health expert who outline their hopes, fears and frustrations as a new normal beckons.

Pubs need to be on the same reopening timeline as restaurants and cafes, Cork City chairperson of Vintners Federation of Ireland Michael ODonovan has said.

Mr ODonovan said hospitality establishments share customers and it would be an unfair advantage to have certain sectors of the industry opening over others.

We are hoping all hospitality outlets will be on an equal footing, Mr ODonovan said.

If people have choice, it is good for the consumer. All we are asking for is a level playing field.

Mr ODonovan said many of the pubs that offer food service are possibly better able to provide enough space to socially distance.

There are a lot of pubs doing food that are bigger than restaurants and better able to physically distance.

He said any issues in relation to a lapse of social distancing was something that would be experienced across the sector regardless of the outlet. Most restaurants serve wine, spirits and craft beers, they are in direct competition with food bars, the same issues apply.

Mr ODonovan said the most important thing they would like to see come out of todays announcement is clear guidelines on what they need to do in order to reopen.

The Vintners yesterday revealed that 60% of Dublin pub owners say they will go out of business if they have to stay closed until next year.

The cocooning elderly are crumbling under the pressure of confinement and loneliness due to the current restrictions, according to older persons advocate Paddy OBrien.

Mr OBrien said he would like to see some concessions given to the elderly going forward, such as allowing them to go for a spin in their cars and walk within an extended radius of 5km or 6km.

He is very concerned about the elderly getting depressed.

People are collapsing under the pressure, it is becoming too much for them.

The loneliness is becoming depression.

It is very serious, a lot of sad, depressed people are definitely affected by this. I am concerned about people living with no contact.

Contact is vital and I am very concerned about the effect it is having on people.

They are confined and must adhere to the guidelines, as we all have a role to play, but if there were some changes made it might be easier to manage.

Mr OBrien said a month ago, people were saying it would be grand, now the gardening is done, the house is cleaned, the presses are organised, there is nothing left to do. People know they are negative, they have no zest, their heart is gone out of them.

A large number of people over 70 are driving and they are telling me they would give anything to be able to go for a spin.

Ireland must double its Covid-19 testing capacity and ensure reliable results are available within 24 hours to safely reopen society, an expert in biochemistry at University College Cork (UCC) has said.

Tom Cotter has been professor of biochemistry at UCC since 1995.

He says for society to safely reopen, there must be a dramatic increase in testing capacity for Covid-19 and an effective antibody test to determine whether people had the virus and have now recovered.

When society is opened up once again, we have to be able to test people very, very quickly, he said.

There are two things the Government needs to do before they start opening up everything again theyll need a very good antibody test and theyll need a PCR [polymerise chain reaction] test for the virus, and they will need to be available within a 24 hour period.

When lockdown is released and people are out and about, if anyone gets sick they need to be tested along with everybody theyve come into contact with, within 24 hours, he added.

PCR testing and antibody testing are the main methods of testing being used across the globe in the fight against Covid-19.

The antibody test will tell you whether youve had the coronavirus before or not, and are therefore probably immune or not, said Prof Cotter.

The PCR test will tell you if you have the virus and are infected. These two tests need to be streamlined with a turnaround time of 24 hours so that if there is another outbreak of the virus, we can catch it straight away, he added.

Some of the antibody tests that are available now are good while others are bad we need to make sure we have a really good one to tell if people have been infected and have recovered.

This test tells you if you have antibodies from the virus which means you had it and are now OK.

Then youre immune to it but for how long, we actually dont know at the moment.

Prof Cotter said that the Government is likely to release some parts of industry in Ireland on a step-by-step basis.

Theyll loosen low-risk areas like construction and hardware stores, and then theyll watch to see what happens, he said.

If the infection rates dont go up, theyll release another sector or group of jobs, and theyll watch again then theyll keep going like that.

Its a watching and waiting game because we cant afford to have another outbreak of this, he added.

CLARITY and financial support are what the hotels of Cork want to hear from Taoiseach Leo Varadkar today as the roadmap to a new normal is announced.

Chairperson of the Cork branch of the Irish Hotels Federation, Fergal Harte, said for the duration of the pandemic, the landscape of the hospitality sector will be significantly altered.

Social and physical distancing in its current guise is extremely difficult, there is no question about it.

All of the things that we want to promote in our hotels, in terms of a nice atmosphere, enjoyable ambience, and a social element are all becoming difficult to create if people are confined and cant mix, and even from the perspective of a restaurant or a bar, you have to restrict the numbers and space people out.

All the things we associate with hotels will be changed for this period anyway.

Mr Harte said there were a number of challenges to face, but that the Irish Hotels Federation was looking at it with an open mind.

We are making plans and looking to the future, hotels are anxious to reopen, but we need clarity and support, financial supports to make the industry viable.

In terms of financial assistance, the Mr Harte said the organisation was calling on the Government to waive local authority rates and water charges for 12 months as well as a reduced Vat rate of 0% for 12 months, business interruption grants, and work to provide support from the banks.

The managing director of Blackwater Motors, Denis Murphy, says he is frustrated and angry by the ongoing lockdown.

Mr Murphy said he did not understand why they could not go back to work next Tuesday, May 5.

As it goes on, it is becoming more difficult, people are becoming more and more disillusioned, they are not afraid of the virus anymore, they are afraid for their livelihoods, said Mr Murphy.

He said his staff are worried about what is going to happen in the industry if they do not get up and running soon.

Eighty-five per cent of businesses are closed or substantially reduced. That is colossal, he said.

The guys making the decisions dont own businesses, they are still getting paid, they still have their pensions.

Mr Murphy said he would like to see more transparency in the decision-making process.

He said that the reason for the lockdown was to prevent a surge and if hospitals are managing at the moment, surely then businesses should be allowed to recommence in line with strict social distancing and other guidelines.

I cant see why we are not opening next Tuesday, he said. They must think we are totally irresponsible and unable to follow these social distancing guidelines.

CORK developer Michael OFlynn believes now is the right time for construction work across the country to restart.

He said that if social housing has been deemed safe to be built, private housing can be dealt with similarly.

His company was in the process of delivering around 200 houses in Cork and Dublin at the time construction was deemed non-essential, and he had to lay off around 500 people who were either directly employed or subcontracting at a number of sites around the country.

However, with an updated announcement expected today on restrictions, Mr OFlynn said he sees no reason why construction couldnt restart with adequate procedures in place.

We have all embraced the restrictions for five weeks now. I absolutely understand that the health issue has to come first, but I think part of our industry can restart in a safe way, he said.

Mr OFlynn outlined a number of steps the industry has taken, including the development of new operating procedures and manuals being circulated, in preparation for a safe return to work.

Im very hopeful, especially given that social housing sites have been back for the last week now.

Private housing is the same method of construction as social housing, so if someone could form a conclusion that social housing is safe, then private housing must be safe, but only on the basis that theres total adherence to the HSE guidelines, Mr OFlynn told.

I think housing is a special case. In a lot of countries housing never closed. I appreciate the decision here was to do that, and for all the right reasons, he said.

Having said that, everything has to be considered, and I think now is the time to consider easing back, but only if it can be done safely.

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Getting out of lockdown: Leaders from different sections of Cork society have their say - Echo Live

Prof Dr Asghar appointed Dean Faculty of Sciences at UAF – UrduPoint News

FAISALABAD, (UrduPoint / Pakistan Point News - 1st May, 2020 ) -:Governor Punjab has appointed Senior Professor of Biochemistry Department Prof Dr Muhammad Asghar Bajwa as Dean Faculty of Sciences for a period of thee-year.

Dr Bajwa, who was a senior tenured professor of the varsity, had many distinctions on his credit.

He had vast experience of serving as member of almost all statutory bodies of the varsity. He had produced around 20 PhDs and 90 MPhil under his guidance.

Earlier, he had served as Chairman Biochemistry Department, Dean Faculty of Sciences, member Syndicate, Finance & Planning committee, Affiliation Committee, sports board, and Affiliation Committee etc.

UAF Vice Chancellor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf has congratulated Prof. Dr. Asghar Bajwa on his appointment.

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Prof Dr Asghar appointed Dean Faculty of Sciences at UAF - UrduPoint News

Inverness lab to lead Scotland’s testing of Covid-19 antibodies – Strathspey Herald

Health secretary Jeane Freeman during a visit to Inverness earlier this year.

NHS Highland and a lab in Inverness are to lead the way in Scotland for antibody testing for Covid-19, health secretary Jeane Freeman has just confirmed.

The tests will measure the population who have had the virus with little-to-no symptoms with a view to developing a full antibody test for wider use at a later date.

So far no such test has been validated as demonstrating sufficient reliability, frequently throwing up false positives for those who have taken it.

The move places the Highlands firmly at the forefront of what Ms Freeman said was another significant step forward in our understanding of the virus.

It will allow the government to monitor the proportion of people exposed to Covid-19 and help tackle its spread across populations by indicating whether a person has had the virus or not.

Once those tests are gathered they will be sent to Inverness for analysis to determine how many antibodies there are in the blood before being verified and used to inform how far the virus has spread in the population.

To begin with there will only be six health boards taking part by collecting and sending blood samples, they are Lothian, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Lanarkshire, Tayside, Highland and Grampian.

Ms Freeman said: The test indicates if a person has had the infection or not by looking at the antibody people produce in response to the virus. The test uses blood samples drawn at random from a range of everyday blood testing processes. These are then passed to our NHS lab in Inverness and the threshold of antibodies in the blood sample is detected with the results recorded.

These results are then verified and analysed against wider population information to produce population estimates of Covid-19 prevalence. Health Protection Scotland has already been gathering blood samples in anticipation of a fully validated antibody test becoming available and this is now being operationalised.

Approximately 500 residual samples from biochemistry labs submitted from primary care will be tested per week at the Scottish microbiology reference lab laboratory in Inverness.

To achieve a fair representation of the Scottish population the initial samples will be distributed across six participating health boards both by age group and sex, the participating health boards are Lothian, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Lanarkshire, Tayside, Highland and Grampian.

An extra 270 samples will also be collected from smaller boards with further expansion into other boards being planned. The samples are then grossed-up to derive the full population estimates.

Health Protection Scotland (HPS) is using only the tests which are currently validated for use but they will of course look at other tests. To ensure compatibility with UK data, we will be using a similar methodology to that of Public Health England, HPS is anticipating that this testing will stay on May 6, which is next Wednesday, and will run for at least 16 weeks.

What this then gives us is information from that testing over that 16 starting from the middle of May and going forward the work will provide statistically robust estimates of the share of the population that has antibodies, including those who have not reported symptoms or had only experience of mild symptoms.

It is important to stress that this is at a population level, we have some way to go before we have an antibody test in place which can be used on a widespread basis for the clinical testing of individuals.

But this testing approach is suitable for surveillance purposes and has been fully verified it adds to the information already being collected in hospitals about more severe illnesses and through community testing with those with mild to moderate symptoms.

Click for more news

In these testing times, your support is more important than ever. Thank you.

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Inverness lab to lead Scotland's testing of Covid-19 antibodies - Strathspey Herald

Inverness lab to lead Scotland’s testing of coronavirus antibodies – Northern Times

Health secretary Jeane Freeman during a visit to Inverness earlier this year.

NHS Highland and a lab in Inverness are to lead the way in Scotland for antibody testing for Covid-19, health secretary Jeane Freeman has just confirmed.

The tests will measure the population who have had the virus with little-to-no symptoms with a view to developing a full antibody test for wider use at a later date.

So far no such test has been validated as demonstrating sufficient reliability, frequently throwing up false positives for those who have taken it.

The move places the Highlands firmly at the forefront of what Ms Freeman said was another significant step forward in our understanding of the virus.

It will allow the government to monitor the proportion of people exposed to Covid-19 and help tackle its spread across populations by indicating whether a person has had the virus or not.

Once those tests are gathered they will be sent to Inverness for analysis to determine how many antibodies there are in the blood before being verified and used to inform how far the virus has spread in the population.

To begin with there will only be six health boards taking part by collecting and sending blood samples, they are Lothian, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Lanarkshire, Tayside, Highland and Grampian.

Ms Freeman said: The test indicates if a person has had the infection or not by looking at the antibody people produce in response to the virus. The test uses blood samples drawn at random from a range of everyday blood testing processes. These are then passed to our NHS lab in Inverness and the threshold of antibodies in the blood sample is detected with the results recorded.

These results are then verified and analysed against wider population information to produce population estimates of Covid-19 prevalence. Health Protection Scotland has already been gathering blood samples in anticipation of a fully validated antibody test becoming available and this is now being operationalised.

Approximately 500 residual samples from biochemistry labs submitted from primary care will be tested per week at the Scottish microbiology reference lab laboratory in Inverness.

To achieve a fair representation of the Scottish population the initial samples will be distributed across six participating health boards both by age group and sex, the participating health boards are Lothian, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Lanarkshire, Tayside, Highland and Grampian.

An extra 270 samples will also be collected from smaller boards with further expansion into other boards being planned. The samples are then grossed-up to derive the full population estimates.

Health Protection Scotland (HPS) is using only the tests which are currently validated for use but they will of course look at other tests. To ensure compatibility with UK data, we will be using a similar methodology to that of Public Health England, HPS is anticipating that this testing will stay on May 6, which is next Wednesday, and will run for at least 16 weeks.

What this then gives us is information from that testing over that 16 starting from the middle of May and going forward the work will provide statistically robust estimates of the share of the population that has antibodies, including those who have not reported symptoms or had only experience of mild symptoms.

It is important to stress that this is at a population level, we have some way to go before we have an antibody test in place which can be used on a widespread basis for the clinical testing of individuals.

But this testing approach is suitable for surveillance purposes and has been fully verified it adds to the information already being collected in hospitals about more severe illnesses and through community testing with those with mild to moderate symptoms.

Click here for more news

In these testing times, your support is more important than ever. Thank you.

The rest is here:
Inverness lab to lead Scotland's testing of coronavirus antibodies - Northern Times

Human Behavior – mycfibook.com

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and human behavior. Human behavior is studied in an attempt to explain how and why humans function the way they do.

Human behavior is defined as:

Personality is the combination of traits that form a persons distinctive character. An individuals personality can indicate the behaviors that will likely show over time.

Many different personality assessments can be used to classify an individuals personality type. Each assessment categorizes patterns of human behavior in different ways. To benefit an instructor, the assessment should provide information about the students preferred learning style.

The mother-daughter team of Katharine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers pioneered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test in 1962. The MBTI categorizes human behavior into 16 personality types, primarily based on the way individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment.

The MBTI can be taken online, and optionally, a certified interpretation of the results can be obtained.

After determining the personality type with the MBTI, the preferred learning styles can be evaluated.

Human needs are the things that humans require for normal growth and development. These needs may be simple, such as the need for food and water. They can also be complex, such as the need for respect and acceptance.

The reward for meeting basic human needs is a feeling of satisfaction, also called satiation. For example, humans are motivated to eat so that they no longer feel hungry. When basic human needs are met, students can devote more attention to their studies.

More complex motivations, such as the desire for personal achievement, are rewarded by a rush of dopamine in the brain. Fulfillment of these needs can be a powerful motivation in complex learning situations.

Abraham Maslow developed a pyramid-style model which is useful for explaining human motivations. He organized human needs into a series of levels. Once the requirements of one level are satisfied, humans are motivated to reach the next level.

Note: After decades of refining his theory, Maslow proposed that the order in the hierarchy is not rigid.

Physiological (1): The need for air, food, water, and maintenance of the human body. Unless these needs are met, a person cannot concentrate fully on learning, self-expression, or other tasks.

Safety and Security (2): Once the physiological needs are met, the need for security becomes active. If a student does not feel safe, he or she cannot concentrate on learning.

Love and Belonging (3): When individuals are physically comfortable and do not feel threatened, they seek to satisfy their social needs of belonging. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection, and the sense of belonging.

Self-Esteem (4): When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the need for esteem can become dominant. Humans need a stable, high level of self-respect and respect from others.

Humans get esteem in two ways: internally or externally. Internally, a person judges himself or herself worthy by personally defined standards. High self-esteem results in achievement, competence, and knowledge. Most people seek external esteem through social approval and admiration from other people.

Self-Actualization (5): Maslow described self-actualization as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Being self-actualized is not commonplace since most people are working to meet more pressing needs.

Self-actualized people are characterized by:

A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. Abraham Maslow

Cognitive needs refer to the desire that humans have to understand what is going on around them. The brain even reinforces this need by giving a rush of dopamine whenever something is learned, which accounts for that satisfying eureka moment.

Aesthetic needs connect directly with human emotions, which are not universal in nature. When someone likes another person or an object, the reasons are not examined. He or she simply likes it. If an instructor does not like a student, this subtle feeling may affect the instructors ability to teach that student.

Cognitive and aesthetic needs were placed immediately before self-actualization (i.e., between 4 and 5 in the pyramid).

Transcendence needs are motivations that go beyond the personal self (e.g., service to others, the pursuit of science, or faith). Maslow placed transcendence needs at the top of the pyramid but noted that they could be reached from any level.

Human nature refers to the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits shared by all humans. Motivation is the reason one acts or behaves in a certain way and lies at the heart of goals. Because it is human nature to be motivated, the responsibility for discovering how to realize the potential of the student lies with the instructor.

Building on Maslows hierarchy of needs, social psychologist Douglas McGregor set out two opposing assumptions about human nature and motivation in 1960: Theory X and Theory Y.

Theory X assumptions:

McGregor believed these assumptions were false, that the role of managers (instructors) is to develop the potential in employees (students) and help them to release that potential toward common goals. This view of humans he termed Theory Y.

Theory Y assumptions:

Defense mechanisms are subconscious defenses against the realities of unpleasant situations. They soften feelings of failure, alleviate feelings of guilt, help an individual cope with reality, and protect ones self-image.

Defense mechanisms:

A perceptive instructor can identify defense mechanisms and help a student by discussing the problem. The main objective should be to restore motivation and self-confidence.

Biological defense mechanisms are a bodily response that protects or preserves organisms. An example is the fight or flight response that results from experiencing a danger or a threat.

Psychological defense mechanisms are unconscious mental process to protect oneself from anxiety or unpleasant emotions. People use these defenses to prevent unacceptable ideas or impulses from entering the conscience.

Denial is a refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening. It is the refusal to acknowledge what has happened, is happening, or will happen. It is a form of repression through which stressful thoughts are banned from memory.

Repression is the defense mechanism whereby a person places uncomfortable thoughts into inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind. Things a person is unable to cope with now are pushed away, to be dealt with at another time, or hopefully never because they faded away on their own accord.

Displacement results in an unconscious shift of emotion or desire from an object to a more acceptable, less threatening substitute. Displacement avoids unpleasant feelings and puts them somewhere other than where they belong.

Rationalization is a subconscious technique for justifying actions that otherwise would be unacceptable. For example, a student may justify a poor exam grade by claiming there was not enough time to learn the information.

Compensation is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other areas. Through compensation, students often attempt to disguise the presence of a weak or undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one.

Projection occurs when an individual blames his or her personal shortcomings, mistakes, and transgressions on someone else.

Reaction formation results when a person fakes a belief opposite to the actual belief because the actual belief causes anxiety. For example, a student who wants to fit in, but is not accepted by other class members may develop a who-cares-how-other-people-feel attitude to cover up feelings of loneliness and hunger for acceptance.

Fantasy occurs when a student engages in daydreams about how things should be rather than doing anything about how things are.

It is helpful for a flight instructor to learn how to analyze student behavior before and during each flight lesson. This ability helps a flight instructor develop and use appropriate techniques for instruction.

Stress is a term to describe the bodys nonspecific response to demands placed upon it. When a threat is perceived, the brain triggers the fight or flight response.

Normal individuals react to stress by:

Abnormal responses to stress include:

Anxiety is a reaction to stress that produces a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease. It results from fear, real or imagined, which threatens the person who experiences it and may inhibit the ability to learn from perceptions.

Anxiety is often a healthy emotion. Some people affected by anxiety react appropriately, adequately, and more rapidly than they would in the absence of threat. However, chronic anxiety impairs a persons ability to function.

Adverse responses to anxiety include:

Anxiety can be countered by:

A flight instructor who believes a student may be suffering from a serious psychological abnormality has a responsibility to refrain from instructing that student. Instructors should not enable such a person to continue flight training or become a certified pilot.

Signs of serious psychological abnormalities include:

If an instructor believes that a student may have a disqualifying psychological defect, arrangements should be made for another instructor, who is not acquainted with the student, to conduct an evaluation flight. If both instructors believe that the student has a psychological deficiency, endorsements and recommendations must be withheld.

Instructors should contact their local FSDO to report hazardous behaviors that affect airmen certification.

Note: The average age of a student pilot is 34.

As an individual matures, his or her mode of action moves from dependency to self-direction. Since the age of students can vary, the instructor needs to offer a curriculum that addresses the varying degrees of self-direction.

Adult learners:

When training adults, instructors should:

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Human Behavior - mycfibook.com

Human Behavior Model; General Theory of Human Behavior

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Human Behavior Model; General Theory of Human Behavior

Robots use game theory to understand how we think – Marketplace

This is part of our Econ Extra Credit project, where we read anintroductory economics textbookprovided by the nonprofitCore Econtogether with our listeners.

Robots are doing their part during the COVID-19 pandemic. They whiz around our hospitals and grocery stores, taking patient temperatures, sanitizing high-touch surfaces and restocking shelves and they help minimize the amount of human contact required to accomplish it all.

Part of a robots job is navigating around the people it encounters.

The thing about these environments our roads, our hospital floors is that theyre not empty. Theyre full of people. And so these robots need to choose their actions carefully, said Anca Dragan, a computer science professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Because you dont want these robots bumping into people.

Which means that robots need to get smart enough about our actions to anticipate what were going to do next. They need to understand us, to a certain extent a tall order if we dont always understand ourselves.

To model human behavior for these robots, engineers might start with the basic goals that motivate us as we move about public spaces: We walk down the produce aisle looking for asparagus, or were trying to get through an intersection before the light turns red.

This is very much borrowed from economics, where we model human behavior there as responding to these incentives or utilities, Dragan told Marketplace Morning Report host David Brancaccio.

But our environment can influence our behavior. If a car turns into our lane up ahead, we might slow down, even if it means missing that light.

The easiest thing to do is what traditional economics does, which is to assume that people are these perfect little game players; theyre perfect optimizers; theyre perfect utility maximizers and were not.

Enter game theory, a bedrock principle of behavioral economics.

Game theory comes from the fact that neither the human nor the robot make decisions about what to do in pursuit of their goals in a vacuum. Theyre aware of each other, Dragan said. There comes this tension: What people do influences what the robot does; what the robot does influences what people do. Its this back and forth. Its kind of a negotiation.

The tools of game theory allow robots to account for the ways people might change course because of the presence or actions of others. And anticipating human action efficiently enables robots to make progress toward their own goals, too.

But game theory relies on rational actors and sometimes, human behavior can seem irrational to the onlooker.

One thing that makes all of this very challenging is that once you think about it in this game theoretic terms, the easiest thing to do is what traditional economics does, which is to assume that people are these perfect little game players; theyre perfect optimizers; theyre perfect utility maximizers and were not. And behavioral economics has told us that for a long time, Dragan said.

Take, for example, somebody who sells their stocks when the stock market crashes. Instead of assuming that they are fundamentally irrational, or they dont care about losing money, we might instead consider the beliefs that could have motivated the action. We might need to tweak our model. Selling your stocks when the market is down appears far more rational if you think the market will fall even further in the future.

Dragan says it is important to teach robots how to follow this sort of reasoning.

They should look at an action and not impart their own understanding of the world on the person, [or] expect the person to be rational under the robots view of the world, she said.

Itll help robots understand us better, so they can help us better.

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Robots use game theory to understand how we think - Marketplace

The Best of This Week – MIT Sloan

Weekly Recap

The weeks must-reads for managing in the digital age, curated by the MIT SMR editors.

The Best of This Week is a roundup of essential articles for managers in the digital age, including content from MIT Sloan Management Review and other publications around the globe, curated by MIT SMR editors.

During the COVID-19 crisis, we at MIT SMR want to support our readers by offering free resources to help during the pandemic.

Escalating work demands and chronic overload can leave employees burned out as they struggle to meet expectations, but employers can address the issue by making reasonable and feasible changes to how work is done. How can companies address overload and its consequences while avoiding the flaws inherent in flexibility as an accommodation? Consider three research-based conditions organizations should foster.

National Geographic explores why Zoom calls leave us with a perplexing sense of being drained while having accomplished nothing. The fact is, perceiving subtle social cues takes little conscious effort in person, but virtual interactions can be exhausting. Hyperfocused on searching for nonverbal cues that it cant find, the brain becomes overwhelmed, particularly when using the Brady Bunch-style gallery view. (Anyone else need a nap?)

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Working from home during a pandemic isnt easy for anyone, but it can be even tougher for working parents. Left unchecked, the challenges faced by employees trying to work in managed chaos could torpedo their productivity and creativity. Leaders and companies need to move rapidly to gain quick wins to help employees manage their work lives now and to prepare for longer-term changes.

Behavioral science is a powerful tool that can be used to direct human behaviors toward sustainable outcomes. But too often, it focuses downstream, on changing end users behavior, rather than upstream, on earlier design processes. A recent panel report explores the untapped potential of design behavior for sustainability and why engaging with diverse stakeholders is critical.

Sustainability and digitization, two significant global business trends over the past several years, have developed more or less independently of each other and are too often treated as distinct concerns. But sustainable practices are good for the environment and beneficial for business, too. Spanning four areas social, economic, technological, and environmental corporate digital responsibility merges sustainability and digitization.

I dont think of resilience as bouncing back. There is no back. Clocks dont go backwards. Calendars dont go backwards. Were moving forward. And the ability for people to move forward with hope is when you see resilience helping them bounce forward through that and then building trust. Every action, every decision you make throughout this crisis, is either going to build trust or degrade from it.

Eric McNulty, associate director of the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative at Harvard University, in this weeks Three Big Points podcast episode, Leading Through a Crisis Day by Day

The Best of This Week is a roundup of essential articles for managers in the digital age, including content from MIT Sloan Management Review and other publications around the globe, curated by MIT SMR editors.

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Unpacking Covid-19 and the Connections Between Ecosystems, Human Health, and Security – New Security Beat

What are the underlying drivers of risk that created the conditions for Covid-19 to emerge, and how do we better address them? said Lauren Herzer Risi, Project Director for the Environmental Change and Security Program, in this weeks Friday Podcast, recorded during a recent Wilson Center Ground Truth Briefing on the Covid-19 pandemic. This question framed the discussion, which explored the intersection of the environment, public health, and national security. Although the global pandemic came as a shock to many, the novel coronavirus was not a surprise to epidemiologists and experts who had been sounding the alarm for decades. There have been clear signals of the risks we face from animal-to-human virus transmission, including Ebola, SARS, and other regional epidemics, said Risi. These zoonotic diseases, especially now, are creating concerns about food safety, wildlife conservation, and public health. But the risks dont just come from wet markets and our increasingly connected world.

Rapid urbanization and population growth created a ticking time bomb, as we have increasingly intruded into natural habitats. The loss and fragmentation of wildlife ecosystems has brought humans into closer contact with animals than ever before. While the exact origins of coronavirus have yet to be confirmed, we know that this amplified opportunity for virus transmission is a major factor. An estimated 70 percent of new human infectious disease outbreaks come from pathogens that originated in animals, said Sharon Guynup, Global Fellow at the Wilson Center and a National Geographic Explorer.

We are constantly expanding our interaction with animals and nature. We need to be very, very clear that this is a human-made problem, a humanity-made problem, said Dr. Ellen Carlin, Assistant Research Professor at the Center for Global Health Science and Security and Director of the Graduate Program in Global Infectious Disease at Georgetown University. Its really all of us collectively making decisions about the way that we live. Human behavior puts pressure on natural ecosystems through land use and development, mass urbanization, agricultural intensification, extractive industries, and the growing global demand for commodities. Climate change further exacerbates the environmental degradation. Overall this trend is accelerating the emergence of zoonotic diseases in human populations.

Another aspect of this close contact between humans and animals is the prevalence of illegal wildlife trade and consumption. Some have called for bans in China, but wildlife trade and wet markets arent unique to China, and a solution will require global efforts, said Guynup. It will also be crucial to uphold and enforce the bans put into place, as Chinas actions will have a ripple effect on the policies of neighboring consumer and hub countries. For progress to be made, she said, countries must develop multi-pronged approaches, including strengthening policies and enforcement at national levels, raising public awareness, promoting community involvement, and changing consumer behavior. While Covid-19 is much bigger than just a wildlife trade issue, it is a critical piece of the puzzle.

The cascading impacts of the pandemic on human health, national economies, and society has elevated the coronavirus tonot just a public health crisis, but a national security threat as well. There is currently a disconnect between environmental threats and security paradigms, said Rod Schoonover, founder and CEO of Ecological Futures Group. Unfortunately, U.S. national security is outdated and needs to be recalibrated, I think, to reflect the threats that the country faces, he said. Topics like climate change, land use, and biodiversity need to be core national security concerns instead of add-ons to geopolitical goals, said Schoonover, who was Director of Environment and Natural Resources for the National Intelligence Council. Security dialogues need to involve experts such as epidemiologists, ecologists, and climate scientists in order to establish a climate-smart, ecologically informed pandemic preparedness policy. If you understand the deep connectedness of the planet, he said, you understand that the very support system of humanity is in jeopardy.

How to solve the current pandemic is a priority, but developing long-term plans for how we can better prepare for next pandemic is also important. Given the deep interconnectedness of our world, this coronavirus will not be the last outbreak, said Guynup. Among the many scientific and global health initiatives looking to develop solutions, the Global Virome Project is working to discover unknown zoonotic viral threats and stop future pandemics before outbreaks occur. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness is coordinating the development of vaccines against coronavirus and emerging infectious diseases. Although there is no binding global legal agreement on wildlife crime, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), is scaling up enforcement efforts and incorporating the consideration of health risks.

We need to tackle the drivers of the pandemic to ultimately achieve prevention, said Dr. Carlin. A shift of epic proportions will be needed to reduce environmental and ecosystem harm. We have a choice to ignore recommendations and continue on with business as usual, or we can recognize our vulnerability to these emerging viral threats, Guynup said. Our well-being is inextricably linked with that of the planets web of life, she said. In fact, one could argue that the state of the world can be measured by the state of the wild.

Sources: Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Global Virome Project.

Photo credit:River of Development,March 18, 2005. Courtesy of Flickr userPeter Morgan.

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Unpacking Covid-19 and the Connections Between Ecosystems, Human Health, and Security - New Security Beat