Category Archives: Neuroscience

Neuroscience

Bad experience with food could impact future eating habits – News-Medical.Net

A negative experience with food usually leaves us unable to stomach the thought of eating that particular dish again. Using sugar-loving snails as models, researchers at the University of Sussex believe these bad experiences could be causing a switch in our brains, which impacts our future eating habits.

Like many other animals, snails like sugar and usually start feeding on it as soon as it is presented to them. But through aversive training which involved tapping the snails gently on the head when sugar appeared, the snails' behavior was altered and they refused to feed on the sugar, even when hungry.

When the team of Sussex Neuroscience researchers led by Dr Ildiko Kemenes looked a little closer, they discovered a neuronal mechanism that effectively reversed the snails' usual response to sugar after the conditioning training had taken place.

Dr Ildiko Kemenes, Reader in Neuroscience in the University of Sussex's School of Life Sciences, explained: "There's a neuron in the snail's brain which normally suppresses the feeding circuit. This is important, as the network is prone to becoming spontaneously activated, even in the absence of any food. By suppressing the feeding circuit, it ensures that the snail doesn't just eat everything and anything. But when sugar or other food stimulus is present, this neuron becomes inhibited so that feeding can commence.

"After the aversive training, we found that this neuron reverses its electrical response to sugar and becomes excited instead of inhibited by it. Effectively, a switch has been flipped in the brain which means the snail no longer eats the sugar when presented with it, because sugar now suppresses rather than activates feeding."

When researchers presented the trained snails with a piece of cucumber instead, they found that the animal was still happy to eat the healthy option - showing that the taps were associated with only the particular type of food they were trained to reject.

Snails provide us with a similar yet exceptionally basic model of how human brains work. The effect of the inhibitory neuron which suppresses the feeding circuit in the snail is quite similar to how, in the human brain, cortical networks are under inhibitory control to avoid 'runaway' activation which may lead to overeating resulting in obesity. In our research, the negative experience the snail had with the sugar could be likened to eating a bad takeaway curry which then puts us off that particular dish in future."

George Kemenes, Professor and Senior Member, Investigator Team, Neuroscience, University of Sussex

"We believe that in a human brain, a similar switch could be happening where particular groups of neurons reverse their activity in line with the negative association of a particular food. "

The research, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and published in Current Biology, also revealed that when the neuron was removed entirely from trained snails, they returned to eating sugar again.

Dr Ildiko Kemenes said: "This suggests that the neuron is necessary for the expression of the learned behavior and for altering the response to sugar.

"However, we cannot rule out that the sugar-activated sensory pathway also undergoes some changes, so we don't make the assumption that this is all that's happening in the brain."

Source:

Journal reference:

Pirger, Z., et al. (2021) Interneuronal mechanisms for learning-induced switch in a sensory response that anticipates changes in behavioral outcomes. Current Biology. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.072.

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Bad experience with food could impact future eating habits - News-Medical.Net

Neuroscience

The future of fashion will be shaped by these four factors – Drapers

Futurologist Shivvy Jervis, founder of innovation consultancy FutureScape 248, looks into the future for retail leaders.

As we move closer to the hope of emerging at the other end of the pandemic, retail leaders have pressing questions about the future of the sector. Will physical stores be phased out? How might creative digital solutions infuse emotion back into online shopping? Could the science behind what sparks incentive or intrigue be used to inform retail decisions?

As a futurologist studying market forces and consumer psychology, I believe four factors will be shaping retail for the long term.

One shift we are already at the cusp of today is ecommerce incorporating a more "real life" element via the use of augmented reality (AR), in turn evolving to what my forecasting lab FutureScape 248 has coined "a-commerce".

The premise does not call for expensive headsets. Consumers can fire up their mobile devices camera, point it at a visual trigger a QR code or brand logo, for instance and then at their kitchen, street or even themselves. The AR experience pushes digital information to their phone, projecting over their real world. Shoppers can visualise whether the pair of pricey sneakers they are coveting will be flattering on their feet, or how that sofa would look in their living room and if it would fit the space.

We anticipate potential revenue generation from AR ads on personal devices to stand at between $12bn-$14bn (8bn-10bn) globally by 2022 and conversion increases over traditional ecommerce methods to hit 250% for retail sites.

Reach out: elevate your employees to the status of "storyteller"

Using influencer marketing to build reach is not new. Broadening our notion of who qualifies as an influencer, however, could provide an early edge.

Considering the long-term impacts of Covid on the industry, retailers would do well to think beyond partnering with typical market influencers crucial as they might be and invest time and resource into their own workforces. This could be by encouraging users to engage using a brand challenge or hashtag, or supporting employees who create brand profiles themselves to showcase products more editorially, or even an intimate day in the life that reveals pressures and pleasures of the brand alike.

FutureScape 248 predicts employee advocacy will surge by as much as 30%-40% over the next two years alone. Retailers that elevate their own employees to storyteller status will also result in attracting more diverse new talent.

Ease off: it is important to ensure the shopper does not feel "pushed" to buy

Traditional market research can be riddled with bias and skewed figures. Bringing neuroscience into the mix gives us more intimate insights, and can tell us what happens to the actual neurotransmitters or signals in our brain when we face a choice overload, abandon a decision or feel stimulated.

For example, it has been discovered that just before we give up on an activity say, a search for a certain product our brains emit nociceptin. This chemical suppresses dopamine the "feel-good" neurotransmitter, which is frequently associated with motivation. The crisp and clear takeaway? Ensure the customer does not feel manipulated or "pushed" during the buyer journey (on or offline) and keep rewards a mix of short-term and long-term goals. Doing this prevents the nociceptin being emitted in too great a quantity and keeps the right amount of dopamine flowing.

For retail to thrive far into the rest of this decade, it will need to keep abreast of neuroscience discoveries more closely. Our analysis reveals brands that make scientifically backed decisions stand to triple revenue over others.

Finally, we may enjoy the ease of use of virtual browsing, but by and large the public have a deep-seated, often romantic view of bricks-and-mortar stores as an experience in themselves. The social aspect of shopping milling around in a store with great ambience simply cannot be undervalued.

Despite physical presence being scaled down as a response to the pandemic, the stores still standing that are prepared to embrace digital developments will see these human-centred advances augment and accentuate, rather than replacingthe shopping experience for many.

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The future of fashion will be shaped by these four factors - Drapers

Neuroscience

Researchers discover the role of a gene involved in cardiac rhythm – News-Medical.Net

Researchers have used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify the role of a gene involved in cardiac rhythm, which could help explain the fundamentals of what it takes to make a human heartbeat.

The University of Melbourne study also found that mutation of the gene, Tmem161b, causes potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia. 2.5 per cent of Australians are living with cardiac arrhythmia (ABS). In 2019, it took 3090 years of potential life. Mutations in this gene may be contributing to the cause of this.

Published in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), the research could lead to better understanding and treatment of the condition in humans.

University of Melbourne Associate Professor Kelly Smith said the research discovered what Tmem161b does, when previously we had no idea of its function.

Zebrafish eggs were used as they have complex beating hearts, similar to humans. Eighty per cent of zebrafish genes are like ours and both use the same basic 'equipment'."

Kelly Smith, Associate Professor, University of Melbourne

The researchers used naturally produced eggs to observe organ development under a microscope. The eggs are translucent, which allowed observation without interference.

Associate Professor Smith said this important discovery would improve our knowledge of the heartbeat.

"What's important is, it describes a new gene in cardiac rhythm, which helps us to understand the fundamentals of what it takes to make a heartbeat," Associate Professor Smith said.

"Until now, no-one has known what it does, which makes this research so exciting.

"We screened thousands of zebrafish families and found one with inherited arrhythmia. Working backwards from there, we found which gene was mutated to cause the arrhythmia. It turned out to be a gene that was completely uncharacterized."

Associate Professor Smith said she suspected the finding would be relevant in humans.

"Given the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia in Australia, the more we know about how the heart works, the better," she said.

"The gene described in the research appears to play a central function, so we expect it to be important in more than just controlling heart rhythm. But that will take time to explore.

"If this turns out to be significant in humans, it will provide a new candidate for genetic screening of patients with cardiac arrhythmias."

The project also involved the University of Queensland, the Hubrecht Institute at Utrecht University, Amsterdam Medical Centre and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health.

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Researchers discover the role of a gene involved in cardiac rhythm - News-Medical.Net

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Explains What Happens to the Brain When One is in Love – Science Times

Love makes someone feel euphoric, foolish, happy, distracted, exhausted, obsessed, passionate, and many more. In other words, love does so much that in the brain that it can control one's behavior.

There are a lot of changes in the brain of a person in love that affects the body, making the person feel both desirable and undesirable feelings at the same time.

As Valentine's Day comes close, take a moment to marvel and appreciate the incredible effect of your partner on your brain! Here are the things that happen within your brain when you are in love according to neuroscience.

According to Science Focus, scientists use functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and Event-related potentials (ERPs), two brain scanning techniques, to understand what is happening inside the brain when a person is in love.

The fMRI creates an image of the brain that shows which parts of the brain are activated when in love and when a person is in different circumstances.

Meanwhile, the ERPs measure the changes in brain activity as it responds to different stimuli. It is very time-specific that gives signals on a millisecond timescale.

Behavioral neuroscientist Dr. Sandra Langeslagexplains that the ERPs are mostly used to study attention. In an experiment to see how brains work when the person is in love, the researchers presented a photo of the participant's partner and recorded the brainwaves present.

They found two brainwaves with ERP components that indicate immediate and sustained attention and are usually larger in people who are in love.

"This is the example of 'if you know your beloved drives a red Ford, you'll see those everywhere because they remind you of them'. We're getting a picture of the brain to help us understand these experiences," Langeslag explains.

In another experiment, she measured the influence of love on one's attention on tasks and found out thatattention tends to be diverted to the other person, slowing the performance of tasks.

Then a 2017 study also found "neural synchrony" was higher in romantic couples compared to those paired with strangers. The researchers found synchronized patterns between the brains of people in a romantic relationship.

ALSO READ: Infidelity From the Previous Relationship Lowers Quality in Current Relationship

According to HuffPost, falling in love causes a major hormone rush. That means that when people first fall in love, they experience a Bush of their hormones to the brain. These hormones are oxytocin, dopamine, and adrenaline.

Oxytocin is said to be the love hormone that mediates the reward and motivation systems in the brain. It is also associated to be the reason for forming longer bonds with other people.

While dopamine is called the pleasure hormone that that fire up relationships and maintain them. In the love language, this hormone responds to falling in love, staying in love, and breaking up.

Meanwhile, other hormones activated when in love are adrenaline that makes the heart beat faster, creating that fluttery excitement, attraction, and euphoria.

RELATED TOPIC: Forever Lovers: Lemurs Shed Some Light On Monogamous Relationships

Check out more news and information on Neuroscienceand Relationshipon Science Times.

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Neuroscience Explains What Happens to the Brain When One is in Love - Science Times

Neuroscience

Laboratory of programmable functional materials headed by Kostya Novoselov is to open at MIPT – Newswise

Newswise The laboratory of MIPT alumnus, 2010 Nobel Prize laureate Kostya Novoselov will become the first project of the new center for research in the field of brain, neuroscience and consciousness under the leadership of Professor Tagir Aushev, head of the MIPT Laboratory of High Energy Physics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The goal of the center is to carry out fundamental research about the functioning of the human brain, the nature of consciousness, and development of appropriate technologies. The activities of the laboratory of Novoselov, which will be operating at MIPT, will be focused on inventing new methods to study the human brain. Among them there are high-sensitivity sensors, brain-computer interfaces, as well as development of a technological basis for future neuromorphic processors.

The donation of 500 million rubles (6.7 million US dollars) of Vladimir Potanin, billionaire investor and philanthropist, allows to open the laboratory and cover all the costs of the first five years. During this period researchers plan to make the first simple devices based on two-dimensional materials and then continue with the physical imitation of neural communication, neuromorphic computing networks and "smart membranes". The development of these technologies will enrich our knowledge about the brain and the nature of consciousness, which can help a large number of people in the future.

The goal of the new center for research in the field of brain, neuroscience and consioucness is the development of one of the most prospective areas of research brain studies. It involves physics, mathematics, biology, psychology and other disciplines. The project is designed for the next 10-15 years, and the Center's laboratories will be formed in the next 2-3 years in various areas of neuroscience. The first one is the laboratory of programmable functional materials which will be located in the Phystech.Digit building of the MIPT Dolgoprudny campus . We are planning to cooperate closely with the MIPT Center for Photonics and Two-Dimensional Materials.. The laboratory will be set up by the end of this year, said Aushev.

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Laboratory of programmable functional materials headed by Kostya Novoselov is to open at MIPT - Newswise

Neuroscience

UTEP Professors Study May Lead to Solutions for Overeating – Newswise

Newswise EL PASO, Texas Science is a step closer to a new response to obesity, thanks in part to a study conducted by a team that included Sergio Iiguez, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology at The University of Texas at El Paso.

The 10-member team led by Brandon Warren, Ph.D., assistant professor of pharmacodynamics at the University of Florida, made discoveries about a specific area of the brain tied to recollection and the desire to seek and consume food. It could lead to a way to inhibit the desire to overeat.

Iiguez, who directs UTEPs Iiguez Behavioral Neuroscience Lab and helped design novel experimental techniques for the research, said that people tend to overeat when exposed to cues or environments that remind them of treats, which is one reason why people opt for dessert even after a filling meal. The study showed that neurons in a specific part of the brain control the link between the cue (seeing the dessert) and the action (ordering the dessert). Iiguez and team found that animal subjects consumed fewer treats when they regulated that region of the animals brain.

The techniques and the data eventually could help overcome some issues linked to obesity such as stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high levels of bad cholesterol, and coronary heart disease.

This is a big discovery because we now have experimental tools that allow us to turn off neurons while the subjects engage in a specific behavior, Iiguez said. This research shows that a specific part of the prefrontal cortex of the brain is important for the initial stages of learning to seek food.

Research results were published recently in eNeuro, a journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

The latest journal publication comes on the heels of a successful 2020 for Iiguez, when his research was published in three top journals: Neuropsychopharmacology, Biological Psychiatry and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

The University of Texas at El Paso is one of the largest and most successful Hispanic-serving institutions in the country, with a student body that is 83% Hispanic. It enrolls nearly 25,000 students in 166 bachelors, masters and doctoral programs in 10 colleges and schools. With more than $100 million in total annual research expenditures, UTEP is ranked in the top 5% of research institutions nationally and fifth in Texas for federal research expenditures at public universities.

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UTEP Professors Study May Lead to Solutions for Overeating - Newswise

Neuroscience

Can Robots Be Engineered To Actually Feel Pain? – Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Recently, an article in Neuroscience News made some confusing claims, especially the claim that robots can have experiences in the same sense as living entities can. Lets look at some of them:

In an article from HSE University in Russia about about developing robotic intelligence based on the human brain, we read:

Today, neuroscience and robotics are developing hand in hand. Mikhail Lebedev, Academic Supervisor at HSE Universitys Centre for Bioelectric Interfaces, spoke about how studying the brain inspires the development of robots.

One identified goal is to merge biological organisms with machines, to create cybernetic organisms (cyborgs). Given that the human brain does not really behave like a computer and that many functions of human thought are non-computational, there may be limits to how far that can go. But we shall see.

We then read,

In addition, a robot can experience the sense of touch just like a human a robot can have skin, it can feel touched. And then it doesnt just move randomly in space: if it touches an obstacle, it senses it and reacts to it just like a human does. It can also use this artificial tactile information to grip objects.

Robots can even simulate sensations of pain: some forms of physical contact feel normal and some cause pain, which drastically changes the robots behaviour. It starts to avoid pain and develop new behaviour patterns, i.e. it learns like a child who has been burned by something hot for the first time.

Note how the text slides effortlessly from can experience the sense of touch down to simulate sensations of pain.

Lets be clear about this: The robot feels no actual pain. A dog feels pain if you inadvertently step on his tail. That is because he is a living creature and pain is something his self experiences.

Granted, his is a minimal self, in the sense that he lacks reason and moral choice. But it is a self. He experiences life as a dog and he has feelings and opinions generated by that experience. A robot is not alive and does not have a self of any kind. There is no known way to cause a robot to have a subjective consciousness, which the dog naturally does. So roboticists resort to fudging between simulations of feeling and actual feeling.

Further from the same article:

In addition, robots can learn from humans. A robot can perform actions in an infinite number of ways, but if it wants to mimic a human, it must observe the human and try to repeat their movements. When it makes mistakes, it compares itself with how a human performs the same action.

Yes, provided that that is what the robot was programmed to do. There is no self in there. Not in the sense that, when a puppy is trained to heel or fetch, or avoid jumping up on guests, we are communicating with his self, to instill proper social behavior. We dont program the puppy. We teach him, the way his mother would except that we teach him different things.

A robot can interact with the nervous system through a bi-directional interface: the nervous system can send a command signal to the robot, and the robot from its sensors can return sensory information to the human, causing real sensations by stimulating nerves, nerve endings in the skin, or the sensory cortex itself. Such feedback mechanisms make it possible to restore the sensation of a limb if it has been lost. They are also necessary for more precise movements of the robotic limb, since it is on the basis of sensory information received from the arms and legs that we correct our movements.

Absolutely, and the discover that the human brain can manipulate electronic signals quite efficiently if the interface is delicate enough is the most promising development in prosthetics in many decades. But, to be clear, it is the human who is experiencing the sensation; the robotics is merely obeying commands from the central nervous system.

The paper requires a subscription.

Recently, a Japanese research team created a child robot called Affetto, for which claims are made that it can feel pain. The theory is that it could help robots understand and empathize with their human companions:

Scientists from Osaka University have developed a synthetic skin that contains sensors to subtly detect changes in pressure, whether its a light touch or a hard punch. This artificial pain nervous system was then hooked up to a life-like android robot child that was able to react to the sensations using a variety of facial expressions.

At least the report put feel in quotation marks.

At Science News, we learn more: If robots can experience pain themselves, they might understand human pain better, too:

Sensors embedded in soft, artificial skin that can detect both a gentle touch and a painful thump have been hooked up to a robot that can then signal emotions, Minoru Asada reported February 15 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This artificial pain nervous system, as Asada calls it, may be a small building block for a machine that could ultimately experience pain (in a robotic sort of way). Such a feeling might also allow a robot to empathize with a human companions suffering.

Agan, empathize is in quotation marks. Because, the reality, unwilling as the roboticists are to admit it, is that only life forms can empathize because only life forms can actually suffer. A robot can be programmed cleverly to appear to empathize or suffer. But there is nothing in there but programming.

The most recent project with Affetto is a body, complete with artificial skin covered-skeleton covered in the new tactile sensor.

Why do this?

Japan has already rolled out robots in nursing homes, offices, and schools as a way to deal with its aging population and shrinking workforce The theory goes that these robots will able to communicate with humans more authentically and effectively if they give the impression they are capable of feeling like us.

Life forms human, animal, plant, fungus communicate in various ways, usually with others of their kind. They are alive and they have needs. The robots will not communicate at all. They only carry out their programming. Its unfortunate if seniors living in institutions are stuck with robots for company but lets not delude ourselves about what is happening.

One person who senses this is prominent University of Southern California neuroscientist Antonio Damasio:

A robot with tactile sensors that can detect touch and pain is along the lines of having a robot, for example, that smiles when you talk to it, Damasio says. Its a device for communication of the machine to a human. While thats an interesting development, its not the same thing as a robot designed to compute some sort of internal experience, he says.

Damasio believes that it might be possible to program a robot to actually have feelings, through homeostasis. But there is no known way to give something that isnt alive the actual experiences of liveness, only ever more clever simulations.

Expect, however, to see a good deal of carefully articulated confusion on that point.

You may also enjoy: How far have we come in giving robots feelings? Pretty far in our own imagination.

and

Consumers were not buying robots as friends this year. (2018) But robotic pets are helpful for patients with dementia in long-term care. A live animal might not be safe or well-looked after in that situation.

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Can Robots Be Engineered To Actually Feel Pain? - Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Neuroscience

BioXcel Therapeutics to Host Virtual Key Opinion Leader Event to Highlight BXCL501 as a Potential Treatment for Agitation and Opioid Withdrawal…

NEW HAVEN, Conn., Feb. 12, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc. (BioXcel or the Company) (Nasdaq: BTAI), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company utilizing artificial intelligence approaches to develop transformative medicines in neuroscience and immuno-oncology, today announced that the Company will host a virtual Key Opinion Leader (KOL) event on Friday, February 19, 2021 from 11:00 am ET to 2:00 pm ET. The event aims to highlight BXCL501, the Companys investigational, proprietary, orally dissolving thin film formulation of dexmedetomidine (Dex), and its potential as a treatment option for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions.

BioXcels management team will be joined by leading experts for each indication to discuss the significant unmet medical need and BXCL501s potential to change the treatment paradigm.

KOL Presenters Include:

Schizophrenia/Bipolar Related Agitation

Dementia Related Agitation

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

Delirium Related Agitation

A live webcast of the event will be accessible through the Investors section of the Companys website at http://www.bioxceltherapeutics.com on February 19th at 11:00 am ET. Following the event, the webcast will be archived on the Companys website for at least 30 days.

About BXCL501

BXCL501 is an investigational, proprietary, orally dissolving thin film formulation of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha-2a receptor agonist for the treatment of agitation and opioid withdrawal symptoms. BioXcel believes that BXCL501 directly targets a causal agitation mechanism, and the Company has observed anti-agitation results in multiple clinical studies across several neuropsychiatric disorders. BXCL501 has been granted Fast Track Designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the acute treatment of agitation in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and dementia. BXCL501 has been studied in two Phase 3 trials (SERENITY I and II) for the acute treatment of schizophrenia related agitation and bipolar disorder related agitation, respectively, and in a Phase 1b/2 trial (TRANQUILITY) for the acute treatment of dementia related agitation. This product candidate is also currently being evaluated in a Phase 1b/2 study (RELEASE) for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms, with plans to initiate a Phase 2 trial in hospitalized patients suffering from delirium related agitation within the next several months.

BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc.

BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc. is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company utilizing artificial intelligence approaches to develop transformative medicines in neuroscience and immuno-oncology. BioXcels drug re-innovation approach leverages existing approved drugs and/or clinically validated product candidates together with big data and proprietary machine learning algorithms to identify new therapeutic indices. BioXcels two most advanced clinical development programs are BXCL501, an investigational, proprietary, orally dissolving thin film formulation of dexmedetomidine for the treatment of agitation and opioid withdrawal symptoms, and BXCL701, an investigational, orally administered, systemic innate immunity activator in development for the treatment of aggressive forms of prostate cancer and advanced solid tumors that are refractory or treatment nave to checkpoint inhibitors. For more information, please visit http://www.bioxceltherapeutics.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements in this press release include but are not limited to BXCL501s potential as a treatment option for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. When used herein, words including anticipate, being, will, plan, may, continue, and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements or information that refer to expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, performance, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking. All forward-looking statements are based upon BioXcels current expectations and various assumptions. BioXcel believes there is a reasonable basis for its expectations and beliefs, but they are inherently uncertain.

BioXcel may not realize its expectations, and its beliefs may not prove correct. Actual results could differ materially from those described or implied by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including, without limitation, its limited operating history; its incurrence of significant losses; its need for substantial additional funding and ability to raise capital when needed; its limited experience in drug discovery and drug development; its dependence on the success and commercialization of BXCL501 and BXCL701 and other product candidates; the failure of preliminary data from its clinical studies to predict final study results; failure of its early clinical studies or preclinical studies to predict future clinical studies; its ability to receive regulatory approval for its product candidates; its ability to enroll patients in its clinical trials; undesirable side effects caused by BioXcels product candidates; its approach to the discovery and development of product candidates based on EvolverAI is novel and unproven; its exposure to patent infringement lawsuits; its ability to comply with the extensive regulations applicable to it; impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic; its ability to commercialize its product candidates; and the other important factors discussed under the caption Risk Factors in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020, as such factors may be updated from time to time in its other filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov and the Investors section of our website at http://www.bioxceltherapeutics.com.

These and other important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements made in this press release. Any such forward-looking statements represent managements estimates as of the date of this press release. While BioXcel may elect to update such forward-looking statements at some point in the future, except as required by law, it disclaims any obligation to do so, even if subsequent events cause our views to change. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing BioXcels views as of any date subsequent to the date of this press release.

Contact Information:

BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc.

http://www.bioxceltherapeutics.com

Investor Relations:

Mary ColemanBioXcel Therapeutics, VP of Investment RelationsMColeman@bioxceltherapeutics.com1.475.238.6837

John GrazianoSolebury Troutjgraziano@soleburytrout.com1.646.378.2942

Media:

Julia DeutschSolebury Troutjdeutsch@soleburytrout.com1.646.378.2967

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BioXcel Therapeutics to Host Virtual Key Opinion Leader Event to Highlight BXCL501 as a Potential Treatment for Agitation and Opioid Withdrawal...

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Market Growth Factor with Key Drivers Analysis till 2026 | GE Healthcare, Siemens Healthineers, Noldus Information Technology, Mightex…

The Global Neuroscience Market share held by the notable professionals of the business and conveys a full perspective on the focused scene. This Neuroscience market is ordered into various sections with the complete examination of each concerning the topography for the investigation time frame. In focus of the verifiable investigation and evaluations of future prospects depend on top to bottom research. This Neuroscience report quickly gives the market patterns, size, development, and estimation for the period 2021-2026.

The report identifies the market share/size and factors controlling the evolution of the market. Additionally, the Neuroscience market research report studies the market scope, industry segment, key drivers for development, major segments, and SWOT Analysis. Moreover, this complete research report provides value in terms of segmental analysis and estimations on the market across regional levels as well as from a universal perspective. Additionally, this report provides insights on the factors that are driving and restraining the demand of Neuroscience market.

Major players covered in this report:

GE HealthcareSiemens HealthineersNoldus Information TechnologyMightex BioscienceThomas RECORDING GmbHBlackrock MicrosystemsTucker-Davis TechnologiesPlexonPhoenix Technology GroupNeuroNexusAlpha Omega

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Segmentation by Product:

Whole Brain ImagingNeuro-MicroscopyElectrophysiology TechnologiesNeuro-Cellular ManipulationStereotaxic SurgeriesAnimal BehaviorOthers

Segmentation by Application:

HospitalsDiagnostic LaboratoriesResearch InstitutesOthers

Major regions covered in the report:

North America [U.S., Canada, Mexico]Europe [Germany, UK, France, Italy, Rest of Europe]Asia-Pacific [China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific]South America [Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America]Middle East & Africa [GCC, North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa]

Why buy a market analysis report on Neuroscience?: Comprehensive and comfortable for our viewers to understand the market report Neuroscience by offering in-depth information through in-depth analysis: The report includes a market scenario, a market structure, market constraints, a study statistics in a market-based market.: It allows tank buffer stainless steel key players to obtain informative data on market trends, upstream and downstream of the upcoming market.: Historical and futuristic information taken into account when running on the Neuroscience types of products, applications and geographical areas: Detailed information on market classification, main opportunities and market developments, as well as on market restrictions and the major challenges facing the market.: Neuroscience Report includes events associated with manufacturing and distribution networks, as well as cost analysis.

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Table of Contents Chapter 1: The report starts with an overview of the global Neuroscience market and highlights of the research study. Chapter 2: Here, the report provides a detailed study of growth driving factors, market challenges, trends, and opportunities. Chapter 3: This chapter offers complete segmental analysis where product and application segments are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4: This section of the report deals with key regions and their potential for growth in the global Neuroscience market. Chapter 5: Here, the report provides deep company profiling of leading players. This chapter also provides an extensive study of the competitive landscape. Chapter 6: Readers are provided with accurate forecasts of production and production value growth in the global Neuroscience market. Chapter 7: The report also provides projections related to consumption in different regions and across the globe. Chapter 8: Here, the authors of the report have discussed about key sales channels and the industry value chain. This chapter also includes comprehensive customer and distributor analysis. Chapter 9: This part of the report sheds light on significant aspects of the global Neuroscience market through Porters Five Forces analysis and PESTLE analysis. Chapter 10: Finally, the report concludes with a summary of important findings about the global Neuroscience market.

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Neuroscience Market Growth Factor with Key Drivers Analysis till 2026 | GE Healthcare, Siemens Healthineers, Noldus Information Technology, Mightex...

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Major | Temple University

Study the human bodys nervous system and how it affects behavior with the Bachelor of Science inNeuroscience: Systems, Behavior and Plasticityin the College of Liberal Arts at Temple University. Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that addresses neural and brain function at multiple levels.

In theNeuroscienceBS program, youll observe and participate in ongoing studies taking place on campus and at external research sites. Youll also have access to state-of-the-art equipment and techniques to study fundamental brain processes, and learn to apply your knowledge and experience to the treatment of neuropathologies.

In your coursework, youll study

Courses for the Neuroscience Major also focus on cell structure and function, cellular and molecular neuroscience, chemistry, cognitive neuroscience, and neurobiology. Small class sizes provide students with personal attention from faculty mentors as well as valuable networking opportunities with neuroscience experts. In addition, the Neuroscience Major allows you the flexibility to design a multidisciplinary curriculum that meets your specific area of interest and helps you gain experience in a diverse range of professional programs.

Neuroscience majors are prepared for professional schools in the health sciences, such as medicine and dentistry, and graduate programs in biology, chemistry, psychology and more. Graduates may also find their skills in demand in fields such as law and business where issues of public policymay require an understanding of brain sciences and human behavior.

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Neuroscience Major | Temple University