Category Archives: Neuroscience

Neuroscience

Emotional eating: why do I eat when I’m bored? – Big Think

We all know the feeling of being insatiably hungry, but have you ever stopped to consider what kind of hunger you're really feeling and what that means?

True hunger builds gradually, and any type of food you find will satisfy your appetite. Once you've eaten enough, you stop. There are usually no lingering feelings of shame because you're providing your body with the energy it needs, even if the meal wasn't so healthy.

Emotional hunger, on the other hand, is an unhealthy response to stress that causes cravings for various types of food. This kind of hunger isn't as easy to stop and leads to over-eating, which usually makes you feel guilty.

Boredom hunger, where you aren't hungry but snack out of boredom (most of us do this while we watch Netflix), sometimes falls under the category of "emotional eating." Even if we aren't overly emotional at the time, stress and boredom mix well together when you're avoiding a task you find difficult or some other problem you don't want to address.

Escaping self-awareness and a surge of dopamine are two main reasons people eat when they are bored.

Photo by Andrey_Popov on Shutterstock

There are many reasons why you may find yourself illuminated by the refrigerator light every time you're feeling a bit restless.

A 2015 study suggests that we eat to escape our self-awareness.

"Being bored affectively marks an appraised lack of meaning in the present situation and in life," according to the researchers of this study. "Boredom increases eating in an attempt to distract from this experience, especially among people high in self-awareness."

Three studies were conducted to see how eating habits were affected by boredom. In the first study, boredom positively predicted calorie, fat, carb, and protein intake for the participants. In the second, a high (compared to low) boredom task increased the desire to snack compared to eating something healthy. In the third study, people who had high (compared to low) self-awareness consumed the most food during their peak times of boredom. Something important to note about the final study is that the subjects with increased self-awareness liked to eat exciting healthy food as well as exciting unhealthy food.

This suggests the act of selecting or cooking healthy recipes may play a factor in decreasing boredom.

The neuroscience of eating and boredom...is dopamine to blame?

Susan Carnell, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Johns Hopkins University, believes there is another reason we may be searching out food to satisfy our bored minds.

According to Carnell, dopamine likely plays a role in the boredom-hunger paradigm. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is crucial to our motivation levels. Dopamine is present during sex, when we fall in love, and when we're satisfying an addiction it's a pleasure-reward reaction that drives our motivations to do things that give us even more dopamine.

"The release of dopamine in the brain can be so stimulating and motivating that rats will lever-press for it to the exclusion of other crucially important activities like sleeping and eating," Carnell explained.

People who have naturally lower levels of dopamine are more likely to seek out and become addicted to dopamine-producing substances or activities like alcohol, drugs, and gambling.

Tracing this back to eating out of boredom, Carnell added that it's very likely that when we are bored or unhappy, our dopamine neurons are inactive. When we eat due to boredom, this can be a way of "waking up" our dopamine neurons so we can feel excited again.

How can I stop eating when I'm bored?

Photo by Brian A Jackson on Shutterstock

Occupy yourself by doing something fun.

Whether it's checking something off your to-do list, starting a craft like scrap-booking, or going for a nice walk, one of the best things you can do when you're feeling hungry due to boredom is to cure the boredom.

Doing something to occupy your time, even just temporarily, will likely get your mind out of the fridge and focused on something else until the hunger passes.

Drink water.

Dehydration and thirst are very commonly mistaken for hunger. Instead of reaching for a bag of chips next time you're feeling hungry, have a large glass of water first. You can even add a splash of lemon or lime to the water to trick your mind into thinking this is a little treat.

Keep your mouth busy.

Sometimes pretending as though you're eating is enough to fill the need to eat, especially when you're not hungry. Chewing gum is a great replacement for eating food you don't need to be eating.

Another idea to keep your mouth occupied is to call a friend you haven't heard from in a while or start a fun conversation with your spouse or kids. Conversations are a great way to distract your mind from eating when you're not really hungry.

Do something physical.

If Dr. Carnell is right, what you need is a big surge of dopamine, so why not get physical? Exercise sends a rush of dopamine throughout your system (the same as snacking on some popcorn might), and it's way more healthy.

You can slide on your running shoes and go for a jog or you can lay on the carpet and do some ab exercises while you watch Netflix. Either one will accomplish the same goal.

Wait out the boredom to see if you're really hungry.

Give yourself 30-60 minutes to determine whether what you're feeling is hunger due to boredom, or hunger due to really being hungry. Sometimes it's hard to tell the difference. True hunger will build and remain consistent, but emotional hunger (or boredom hunger) will fade as your mind becomes occupied with other things.

From Your Site Articles

Related Articles Around the Web

See original here:
Emotional eating: why do I eat when I'm bored? - Big Think

Neuroscience

Yoshua Bengio: Attention is a core ingredient of conscious AI – VentureBeat

During the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) 2020 this week, which as a result of the pandemic took place virtually, Turing Award winner and director of the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms Yoshua Bengio provided a glimpse into the future of AI and machine learning techniques. He spoke in February at the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 2020 in New York alongside fellow Turing Award recipients Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun. But in a lecture published Monday, Bengio expounded upon some of his earlier themes.

One of those was attention in this context, the mechanism by which a person (or algorithm) focuses on a single element or a few elements at a time. Its central both to machine learning model architectures like Googles Transformer and to the bottleneck neuroscientific theory of consciousness, which suggests that people have limited attention resources, so information is distilled down in the brain to only its salient bits. Models with attention have already achieved state-of-the-art results in domains like natural language processing, and they could form the foundation of enterprise AI that assists employees in a range of cognitively demanding tasks.

Bengio described the cognitive systems proposed by Israeli-American psychologist and economist Daniel Kahneman in his seminal book Thinking, Fast and Slow. The first type is unconscious its intuitive and fast, non-linguistic and habitual, and it deals only with implicit types of knowledge. The second is conscious its linguistic and algorithmic, and it incorporates reasoning and planning, as well as explicit forms of knowledge. An interesting property of the conscious system is that it allows the manipulation of semantic concepts that can be recombined in novel situations, which Bengio noted is a desirable property in AI and machine learning algorithms.

Current machine learning approaches have yet to move beyond the unconscious to the fully conscious, but Bengio believes this transition is well within the realm of possibility. He pointed out that neuroscience research has revealed that the semantic variables involved in conscious thought are often causal they involve things like intentions or controllable objects. Its also now understood that a mapping between semantic variables and thoughts exists like the relationship between words and sentences, for example and that concepts can be recombined to form new and unfamiliar concepts.

GamesBeat Summit 2020 Online | Live Now, Upgrade your pass for networking and speaker Q&A.

Attention is one of the core ingredients in this process, Bengio explained.

Building on this, in a recent paper he and colleagues proposed recurrent independent mechanisms (RIMs), a new model architecture in which multiple groups of cells operate independently, communicating only sparingly through attention. They showed that this leads to specialization among the RIMs, which in turn allows for improved generalization on tasks where some factors of variation differ between training and evaluation.

This allows an agent to adapt faster to changes in a distribution or inference in order to discover reasons why the change happened, said Bengio.

He outlined a few of the outstanding challenges on the road to conscious systems, including identifying ways to teach models to meta-learn (or understand causal relations embodied in data) and tightening the integration between machine learning and reinforcement learning. But hes confident that the interplay between biological and AI research will eventually unlock the key to machines that can reason like humans and even express emotions.

Consciousness has been studied in neuroscience with a lot of progress in the last couple of decades. I think its time for machine learning to consider these advances and incorporate them into machine learning models.

Link:
Yoshua Bengio: Attention is a core ingredient of conscious AI - VentureBeat

Neuroscience

Fund in memory of tragic teenager hits 100,000 with money from his own wallet – Yorkshire Post

HealthA group of fundraisers known as Team Jack was set up by Yorkshire teenager before he died of a tumour. Grace Hammond reports

Tuesday, 28th April 2020, 11:45 am

Jack Faulkners family and friends remember most his caring nature, warm sense of humour and his ability to time an eye-roll so well, entire rooms would descend into hysterics.

Almost two years have passed since 15-year-old Jack from Totley was diagnosed with an incurable brain tumour which would sadly end his life.

The fundraising effort which sparked the TeamJack movement was instigated by the teenager himself, as he set up a JustGiving page whilst beginning chemotherapy on the dedicated neurosciences ward, Ward 5, at Sheffield Childrens Hospital.

The money raised quickly exceeded all expectations. Supporters took on a host of events, from races, sponsored walks and triathlons to bake sales and charity stalls. Local pubs held collections, long-lost friends reconnected to pledge support and hospital staff wore special Team Jack badges emblazoned on their uniforms.

More than 500 people attended the Totley teens funeral; and in the months since, an incredible group of men, women and children Jacks family, friends and local community raised nearly 100,000 in his name, far more than the 20,000 target originally set.

Inspired by the teenagers remarkable resilience, #TeamJack led by mumSally, and dadDan are determined that the life of their lovely boy will be an ongoing force for good, with every penny raised going to Sheffield Childrens Hospitals neurosciences ward.

As the latest milestone approached, the cancellation of planned events left the fundraising just short of their 100,000 target, which is when Sally thought of a fitting way Jack could round up what he began.

It makes me quite emotional to talk about it, but when Jack became ill, he sold his old phone to his Grandpa for 80. We had just left the money in his wallet I couldnt bring myself to touch it, says Sally.

When I found out we were short, I knew what we had to do. As well as being the joker everyone remembers, he also had a very caring side. Dan and I were sobbing down the phone when I suggested it, but it felt right. This has always been about him and its fitting that it was Jacks own money got us here.

Dan added: Having Jack take us across the line really hit home, it was a moving moment. What we have been able to achieve together has been nothing short of incredible. I would never have dreamed to raise so much, all in the name of a very courageous young man.

The money raised has been split between two causes close to Jacks heart, The Childrens Hospital Charity and CLIC Sargant. At Jacks request, the money raised for Sheffield Childrens Hospital has been dedicated to Ward 5 which provided his treatment.

The fundraising is already having a positive impact at Sheffield Childrens Hospital. Jack spent 79 nights continuously on the neurosciences ward and three of his suggestions for improvement; video games consoles, new curtains and two specially adapted wheelchairs have already been funded.

Its great that the ward now has some nicer surroundings and weve helped to make things brighter, says Sally. The Childrens Hospital Charity listened to Jacks suggestions and theyre already making a difference. For Jacks parents, the fundraising effort has helped them deal with the loss of their son.

After everything that happened when Jack passed, I felt lost, continues Sally. The fundraising gave us a sense of purpose and focus, to build on Jacks legacy and continue helping other people. Its just been amazing how many people have stepped forward and asked can I join Team Jack? Jacks friends have been phenomenal too. The support they have given his younger sister Emily at school has been amazing, its such a relief to know they will always look out for her.

Dan added: Being able to fundraise and train for events has personally allowed me to keep my focus. Without that kind of structure in my life, I honestly dont know what would have happened.

The Childrens Hospital Charitys team have been great, and TeamJack as a community has provided a sense of normality and allowed us to get to a point where we are in a good place. I know for sure, that what weve been through has brought us closer together and made us stronger.

We will continue to raise as much money as we can. The next milestone might take a little longer to reach, but it will be just as important.

As well as the fundraising, the family also held a TeamJack Snowflake Charity Ball in November. The nurses and doctors who cared for Jack attended free of charge as a gesture of thanks from the family. Mum Sally was also involved in organising last summers Neuroscience Family Fun Day at Graves Park in Sheffield, which raised over 4,700.

Rachael Thomas, events fundraising officer at The Childrens Hospital Charity added: I was really moved to find out that Jack himself helped the fundraising in his name reach this incredible total.

Were so thankful to everyone in TeamJack who continues to dedicate themselves tirelessly to this effort, which has already achieved so much. It is lovely to know that the fundraising has already been used to help improve the wards surroundings, particularly for older patients, in a legacy that is sure to last for generations to come.

Continue reading here:
Fund in memory of tragic teenager hits 100,000 with money from his own wallet - Yorkshire Post

Neuroscience

Scientists Reveal How General Anesthesia Works in the Brain – Technology Networks

Hailed as one of the most important medical advances, the discovery of general anesthetics compounds which induce unconsciousness, prevent control of movement and block pain helped transform dangerous and traumatic operations into safe and routine surgery. But despite their importance, scientists still dont understand exactly how general anesthetics work.Now, in a study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, researchers from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) and Nagoya University have revealed how a commonly used general anesthetic called isoflurane weakens the transmission of electrical signals between neurons, at junctions called synapses.

Importantly, we found that isoflurane did not block the transmission of all electrical signals equally; the anesthetic had the strongest effect on higher frequency impulses that are required for functions such as cognition or movement, whilst it had minimal effect on low frequency impulses that control life-supporting functions, such as breathing, said Professor Tomoyuki Takahashi, who leads the Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function (CMSF) Unit at OIST. This explains how isoflurane is able to cause anesthesia, by preferentially blocking the high frequency signals.

At synapses, signals are sent by presynaptic neurons and received by postsynaptic neurons. At most synapses, communication occurs via chemical messengers or neurotransmitters.

When an electrical nerve impulse, or action potential, arrives at the end of the presynaptic neuron, this causes synaptic vesicles tiny membrane packets that contain neurotransmitters to fuse with the terminal membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters into the gap between neurons. When enough neurotransmitters are sensed by the postsynaptic neuron, this triggers a new action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

The CMSF unit used rat brain slices to study a giant synapse called the calyx of Held. The scientists induced electrical signals at different frequencies and then detected the action potentials generated in the postsynaptic neuron. They found that as they increased the frequency of electrical signals, isoflurane had a stronger effect on blocking transmission.

To corroborate his units findings, Takahashi reached out to Dr. Takayuki Yamashita, a researcher from Nagoya University who conducted experiments on synapses, called cortico-cortical synapses, in the brains of living mice.

Yamashita found that the anesthetic affected cortico-cortical synapses in a similar way to the calyx of Held. When the mice were anesthetized using isoflurane, high frequency transmission was strongly reduced whilst there was less effect on low frequency transmission.

These experiments both confirmed how isoflurane acts as a general anesthetic, said Takahashi. But we wanted to understand what underlying mechanisms isoflurane targets to weaken synapses in this frequency-dependent manner.

The scientists therefore examined whether isoflurane affected calcium ion channels, which are key in the process of vesicle release. When action potentials arrive at the presynaptic terminal, calcium ion channels in the membrane open, allowing calcium ions to flood in. Synaptic vesicles then detect this rise in calcium, and they fuse with the membrane. The researchers found that isoflurane lowered calcium influx by blocking calcium ion channels, which in turn reduced the probability of vesicle release.

However, this mechanism alone could not explain how isoflurane reduces the number of releasable vesicles, or the frequency-dependent nature of isofluranes effect, said Takahashi.

The scientists hypothesized that isoflurane could reduce the number of releasable vesicles by either directly blocking the process of vesicle release by exocytosis, or by indirectly blocking vesicle recycling, where vesicles are reformed by endocytosis and then refilled with neurotransmitter, ready to be released again.

By electrically measuring the changes in the surface area of the presynaptic terminal membrane, which is increased by exocytosis and decreased by endocytosis, the scientists concluded that isoflurane only affected vesicle release by exocytosis, likely by blocking exocytic machinery.

Crucially, we found that this block only had a major effect on high frequency signals, suggesting that this block on exocytic machinery is the key to isofluranes anesthetizing effect, said Takahashi.

The scientists proposed that high frequency action potentials trigger such a massive influx of calcium into the presynaptic terminal that isoflurane cannot effectively reduce the calcium concentration. Synaptic strength is therefore weakened predominantly by the direct block of exocytic machinery rather than a reduced probability of vesicle release.

Meanwhile, low frequency impulses trigger less exocytosis, so isofluranes block on exocytic machinery has little effect. Although isoflurane effectively reduces entry of calcium into the presynaptic terminal, lowering the probability of vesicle release, by itself, is not powerful enough to block postsynaptic action potentials at the calyx of Held and has only a minor effect in cortico-cortical synapses. Low frequency transmission is therefore maintained.

Overall, the series of experiments provide compelling evidence to how isoflurane weakens synapses to induce anesthesia.

Now that we have established techniques of manipulating and deciphering presynaptic mechanisms, we are ready to apply these techniques to tougher questions, such as presynaptic mechanisms underlying symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, said Takahashi. That will be our next challenge.

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

The rest is here:
Scientists Reveal How General Anesthesia Works in the Brain - Technology Networks

Neuroscience

Can Rats AI Rats, That is Shed Light on How Neural Networks Work? – HPCwire

Rats have long been highly-valued model organisms helping researchers better understand biology and pursue drug development. Now, researchers from Harvard and DeepMind say AI-versions of rats can help humans better understand how AI neural networks learn and develop and how their counterparts in real life work. An interesting account of their work appear on IEEE Spectrum today.

Heres brief excerpt from the article written by Edd Gent:

[A]uthors ofa new paperdue to be presented this week at theInternational Conference on Learning Representationshave created a biologically-accurate 3D model of a rat that can be controlled by a neural network in a simulated environment. They also showed that they could use neuroscience techniques foranalyzing biological brain activityto understand how the neural net controlled the rats movements.

The platform could be the neuroscience equivalent of a wind tunnel, saysJesse Marshall, co-author and postdoctoral researcher at Harvard, by letting researchers test different neural networks with varying degrees of biological realism to see how well they tackle complex challenges.

Typical experiments in neuroscience probe the brains of animals performing single behaviors, like lever tapping, while most robots are tailor-made to solve specific tasks, like home vacuuming, he says. This paper is the start of our effort to understand how flexibility arises and is implemented in the brain, and use the insights we gain todesign artificial agents with similar capabilities.

Its a fascinating idea. The researchers built the AI rat model (muscles, joints, vision, movement. Etc.) based on observing real rats and then trained a neural network to guide the rat through four tasksjumping over a series of gaps, foraging in a maze, trying to escape a hilly environment, and performing precisely-timed pairs of taps on a ball.

As the rats improved at the tasks the researchers were abler to watch the controlling neural networks develop. Its early work, and the researchers agree that because they built the model much of what they learned was expected. One interesting insight, though, was that the neural activity seemed to occur over longer timescales than would be expected if it was directly controlling muscle forces and limb movements, according to Diego Aldarondo, a co-author and graduate student at Harvard.

He is quoted in the article, This implies that the network represents behaviors at an abstract scale of running, jumping, spinning, and other intuitive behavioral categories, he says, a cognitive model that has previously been proposed to exist in animals. This kind of work, says the researchers, will help understand both how neural networks evolve and also provide insight into how biology neural networks work.

Link to the IEEE Spectrum article by Ed Gent: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/artificial-intelligence/machine-learning/ai-powered-rat-valuable-new-tool-neuroscience

Link to the paper: https://openreview.net/forum?id=SyxrxR4KPS

Original post:
Can Rats AI Rats, That is Shed Light on How Neural Networks Work? - HPCwire

Neuroscience

Study Reveals New Role of Astrocytes in Brain Function | Neuroscience – Sci-News.com

Astrocytes play a direct role in the regulation of neuronal circuits involved in learning and memory, according to new research from Baylor College of Medicine and M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Huang et al reveal region-specific transcriptional dependencies for astrocytes and identify astrocytic NFIA as a key transcriptional regulator of hippocampal circuits. Image credit: Huang et al, doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.025.

Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

They have unique cellular, molecular and functional properties and outnumber neurons by over fivefold. They occupy distinct brain regions, indicating regional specialization.

There is evidence suggesting that transcription factors proteins involved in controlling gene expression regulate astrocyte diversity.

A team led by Professor Benjamin Deneen from Baylor College of Medicine looked to get a better understanding of the role transcription factor NFIA, a known regulator of astrocyte development, played in adult mouse brain functions.

The researchers worked with a mouse model they had genetically engineered to lack the NFIA gene specifically in adult astrocytes in the entire brain.

They analyzed several brain regions, looking for alterations in astrocyte morphology, physiology and gene expression signatures.

We found that NFIA-deficient astrocytes presented defective shapes and altered functions, Professor Deneen said.

Surprisingly, although the NFIA gene was eliminated in all brain regions, only the astrocytes in the hippocampus were severely altered. Other regions, such as the cortex and the brain stem, were not affected.

Astrocytes in the hippocampus also had less calcium activity calcium is an indicator of astrocyte function as well as a reduced ability to detect neurotransmitters released from neurons.

NFIA-deficient astrocytes also were not as closely associated with neurons as normal astrocytes.

Importantly, all these morphological and functional alterations were linked to defects in the animals ability to learn and remember, providing the first evidence that astrocytes are to some extent controlling the neuronal circuits that mediate learning and memory.

Astrocytes in the brain are physically close to and communicate with neurons. Neurons release molecules that astrocytes can detect and respond to, Professor Deneen said.

We propose that NFIA-deficient astrocytes are not able to listen to neurons as well as normal astrocytes, and, therefore, they cannot respond appropriately by providing the support needed for efficient memory circuit function and neuronal transmission. Consequently, the circuit is disrupted, leading to impaired learning and memory.

The findings were published online in the journal Neuron.

_____

Anna Yu-Szu Huang et al. Region-Specific Transcriptional Control of Astrocyte Function Oversees Local Circuit Activities. Neuron, published online April 21, 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.025

Go here to read the rest:
Study Reveals New Role of Astrocytes in Brain Function | Neuroscience - Sci-News.com

Neuroscience

Cover Corona outbreak: NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market Size Consumption Comparison by Application (2020-2025) – Cole of Duty

Recent report on NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market Size by Application, By Types, By Regional Outlook Global Industry Analysis, Share, Growth, Opportunity, Latest Trends, and Forecast to 2025.

NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYSMarket is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during 2020-2026

Download Premium Sample Copy Of This Report:Download FREE Sample PDF!

Global NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market to reach USD 5.1 billion by 2025.

Global NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market valued approximately USD 2.1 billion in 2016 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 10.3% over the forecast period 2017-2025. The increasing automation of high-throughput screening and the availability of robust data management software tools, which enable researchers to develop systemic and process-oriented approaches toward neuroscience antibodies and assays techniques are some of the factors contributing to the growth of this segment.

The objective of the study is to define market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values to the coming eight years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within each of the regions and countries involved in the study. Furthermore, the report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, the report shall also incorporate available opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with the detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:

By Product oReagents oInstrumentsBy TechnologyoImmunoassayoMolecular DiagnosticsBy End UseroResearch InstitutesoHospitalsBy Regions:oNorth AmericaoU.S.oCanadaoEuropeoUKoGermanyoAsia PacificoChinaoIndiaoJapanoRest of the World

Furthermore, years considered for the study are as follows:

Historical year 2015Base year 2016Forecast period 2017 to 2025

Some of the key manufacturers involved in the market are. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, Bio-Rad, Merck KGAA, Cell Signaling Technology, Genscript, Rockland Immunochemicals. Bio Legend, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Tecan, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Siemens. Acquisitions and effective mergers are some of the strategies adopted by the key manufacturers. New product launches and continuous technological innovations are the key strategies adopted by the major players.

Target Audience of the Global NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS in Market Study:

oKey Consulting Companies & AdvisorsoLarge, medium-sized, and small enterprisesoVenture capitalistsoValue-Added Resellers (VARs)oThird-party knowledge providersoInvestment bankersoInvestors

Have Any Query Or Specific Requirement?Ask Our Industry Experts!

Table of Contents:

Study Coverage:It includes study objectives, years considered for the research study, growth rate and NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS market size of type and application segments, key manufacturers covered, product scope, and highlights of segmental analysis.

Executive Summary:In this section, the report focuses on analysis of macroscopic indicators, market issues, drivers, and trends, competitive landscape, CAGR of the global NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS market, and global production. Under the global production chapter, the authors of the report have included market pricing and trends, global capacity, global production, and global revenue forecasts.

NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market Size by Manufacturer: Here, the report concentrates on revenue and production shares of manufacturers for all the years of the forecast period. It also focuses on price by manufacturer and expansion plans and mergers and acquisitions of companies.

Production by Region:It shows how the revenue and production in the global market are distributed among different regions. Each regional market is extensively studied here on the basis of import and export, key players, revenue, and production.

About Us:

We publish market research reports & business insights produced by highly qualified and experienced industry analysts. Our research reports are available in a wide range of industry verticals including aviation, food & beverage, healthcare, ICT, Construction, Chemicals and lot more. Brand Essence Market Research report will be best fit for senior executives, business development managers, marketing managers, consultants, CEOs, CIOs, COOs, and Directors, governments, agencies, organizations and Ph.D. Students.

Top Trending Reports:

https://brandessenceresearch.com/medical-device/global-disposable-medical-gloves-market-size

https://brandessenceresearch.com/medical-device/global-electrosurgical-devices-market-size

Excerpt from:
Cover Corona outbreak: NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market Size Consumption Comparison by Application (2020-2025) - Cole of Duty

Neuroscience

Forming New Habits in the Era of the Coronavirus – ScienceBlog.com

With the coronavirus pandemic upon us, people are readily forming new habits, such as washing their hands more frequently and communicating with colleagues over video platforms like Zoom. Which of these habits will stick when the pandemic is over and which will pass?

Colin Camerer, the Robert Kirby Professor of Behavioral Economics and the T&C Chen Center for Social and Decision Neuroscience Leadership Chair in the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience at Caltech, is looking into this question of habit formation, or what scientists call habitization. He says that the coronavirus pandemic may have ripple effects that lead to lasting behavioral changes in the arenas of public health, education, and more.

Camerer is apioneer in the field of behavioral economics, which combines economics, psychology, and neuroscience to better understand the choices people make. For example, in 2018, he and his colleagues performeda study showing that people prefer somewhere between eight and 15 choiceswhen it comes to making shopping decisions; more than that, and they experience what psychologists call choice overload.

Now, Camerer has turned his attention to the habits people are forming in the midst of the coronavirus outbreak. We spoke with him about these habits, if they will persist, and his plans for future studies.

When people get up in the morning, for the first five minutes, they do things that are very routine. They may go to the refrigerator and look for some iced tea or make coffee. Thats when the motor system is taking over for the brain, and you have a habit. The habits are saving time and energy. For instance, right now because of the coronavirus, people are washing their hands more than they ever did before. This may become even more habitized in the future. Youll go to the bathroom or the kitchen and see soap, or a sanitizer dispenser when youre at an airport, and the sight of those things will act as what we call a cue. Its basically classical conditioning. Youll see that cue and think, Oh, in the past, when I saw that cue, I washed my hands. It can be very automatic.

Fighting the virus on the front lines is critically important, but its also relevant to think about changing behaviors. Take the washing-hands example. People have come to understand in this pandemic that the regular flu kills a lot of people, and these are mostly the same types of people who are vulnerable to COVID-19: older people and those with weakened immune systems. For decades, doctors have been saying, Please wash your hands at home and after you shake hands, etc. Its essentially the same advice we are receiving for COVID-19. If people become habitized to hand washing more regularly in the future, this could save a lot of lives from the flu for many years into the future. Of course, this is just speculation at this point, but it is something we want to look into further.

In general, our team is planning to do research on what gets habitized and what doesnt. There often are unintended consequences or ripple effects from outbreaks like this. We want to know if there are positive spillover effects of behavior that we should have been doing all along. Funding agencies like the NSF [National Science Foundation] and NIH [National Institutes of Health] realize this and know that changing behavior is an important part of the equation.

There is always a big social science behavior component with outbreaks. With AIDS, we saw behavioral changes, such as people wearing condoms and programs for needle exchanges. Studying these behavioral patterns is important because its about public health and, ideally, addressing them can be cheaper and more effortless than using financial incentives.

We also want to look at education at the college level. Universities, including Caltech, have transitioned to online learning, which has many advantages. Students can watch lectures online whenever they want, and when theyre most attentive and not sleepy or stressed, and they can press rewind. I think that going forward a lot of professors will adopt a flipped classroom model, where they will make videos for their lectures and use the classroom for discussion. Weve already seen that, in many cases, students like this better. The open question we want to look at is: What habits formed during this pandemic will continue into the physical classroom?

I think a lot of knowledge work, for example writing jobs or those in law and tech, will move to telecommuting. If you ask people what makes them happy and unhappy and what drives them crazy, the worst things are losing a job, losing a spouse, and other obvious things that are really terrible. If you ask about everyday things, youll hear a lot of people complain about commuting. They want to be able to work from home. The big fear for a lot of businesses in letting people work at home is that they think people will sit in their pajamas and goof off. And theres often somebody in an organization who resists the change.

But now the change has been forced upon us. Companies will realize telecommuting is actually a valuable perk, and employees are happier and efficient. This is called forced experimentation. Forced experiments have a benefit for behavioral economists, because they let us ask questions: Are there things we should have been doing before that, if forced to try now, will make a really, really big difference in how we work and live and teach?

Ill tell you a story thats a small bit of evidence that there are better ways to do things or better routines that people dont always explore. There was a study about the London subway, the Tube. Its a huge sprawling system, and lots of people commute on the Tube in the morning. The Tube workers went on strike because they didnt think they were treated well, but the strike was only 48 hours and only took place on part of the Tube system.

From a scientific point of view, this is a natural experiment: you can look at what happened to the people who commuted during the strike areas where there were no trains running and the people had to find a different train route to get to work, and you can compare them to people who, on the same days, could keep their regular commute. The result of this forced experiment was that 5 percent of the workers found a slightly better commute.

The whole point of a habit is that youre on autopilot, you dont try out new things. But trying out new things can be beneficial.

One email, each morning, with our latest posts. From medical research to space news. Environment to energy. Technology to physics.

Thank you for subscribing.

Something went wrong.

Read more:
Forming New Habits in the Era of the Coronavirus - ScienceBlog.com

Neuroscience

COVID-19: Potential impact on Surge in the Adoption of Neuroscience to Fuel the Growth of the Neuroscience Market Through the Assessment…

In this report, the global Neuroscience market is valued at USD XX million in 2019 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2019 to 2025.

Persistence Market Research recently published a market study that sheds light on the growth prospects of the global Neuroscience market during the forecast period (20XX-20XX). In addition, the report also includes a detailed analysis of the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on the future prospects of the Neuroscience market. The report provides a thorough evaluation of the latest trends, market drivers, opportunities, and challenges within the global Neuroscience market to assist our clients arrive at beneficial business decisions.

The Neuroscience market report firstly introduced the basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the worlds main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the Neuroscience market report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.

Request Sample Report @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/samples/13390

Resourceful insights enclosed in the report:

The major players profiled in this Neuroscience market report include:

Company Profiles

For any queries get in touch with Industry Expert @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/ask-an-expert/13390

The market report addresses the following queries related to the Neuroscience market:

The study objectives of Neuroscience Market Report are:

To analyze and research the Neuroscience market status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

To present the Neuroscience manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.

To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications

To analyze the global and key regions Neuroscience market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.

To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions

To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the Neuroscience market.

Request Report Methodology @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/methodology/13390

The rest is here:
COVID-19: Potential impact on Surge in the Adoption of Neuroscience to Fuel the Growth of the Neuroscience Market Through the Assessment...

Neuroscience

Starr elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences – Claremont Courier

by Steven Felschundneff steven@claremont-courier.com

Pomona College President G. Gabrielle Starr has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, according to a news release from the college. Ms. Starr joins two former Pomona College presidents who were previously elected to the 240-year-old academy.

Ms. Starr is one of 276 inductees announced on Thursday by the Cambridge Massachusetts based academy. Other new members include singer Joan C. Baez, former Attorney GeneralEric H. Holder Jr., author Ann Patchett, and former Pomona College professor, poet Claudia Rankine.

The academy is led by Pomona College President Emeritus David Oxtoby who was inducted into the academy in 2012 and was named its presidentin 2018. He served as president of Pomona College from 2003 until 2017. David Alexander, who served as president of Pomona from 1969 to 1991, was inducted into the academy in 2006.

The members of the class of 2020 have excelled in laboratories and lecture halls, they have amazed on concert stages and in surgical suites, and they have led in board rooms and courtrooms, Mr. Oxtoby said in a statement announcing the inductees. With todays election announcement, thesenew members are united by a place in history and by an opportunity to shape the future through the Academys work to advance the public good.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent research center that is committed to multidisciplinary, nonpartisan research that engages experts in various fields and professions. The research carried out includes six areas of work: arts and humanities; democracy and justice; energy and environment; science and technology; education, and global affairs. Academy members are elected on the basis of their leadership in academics, the arts, business, or public affairs.

To join the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as part of this impressive 2020 class of new members is an honor that renders me profoundly grateful. The Academy is a venerable institution whose members are some of the individuals I most admire. It is truly a great gift to join the ranks, Ms. Starr said to Pomona Colleges office of communications.

Starr is a scholar of English literature whose work reaches into neuroscience and the arts. Her research looks closely at the brain, through the use of fMRI, to help get to the heart of how people respond to paintings, music and other forms of art.

Continued here:
Starr elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences - Claremont Courier