Category Archives: Neuroscience

What The Brain Inherits – Science Friday

October 30, 2020 medical

Bianca Jones Marlin (left) and one of her research assistants (right) at Columbia University. Credit: Science Friday

This article by Claudia Lpez Lloredawas originally published onMassive Science.The story is a part ofBreakthrough, a short film anthology from Science Friday and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) that follows women working at the forefront of their fields. Learn more and watch the films onBreakthroughFilms.org.

The brain contains hundreds of chemicals that control everything from our mood to how we move. One of these, the love hormone oxytocin, captured Bianca Jones Marlin, a neuroscientist seeking to merge her love for understanding behavior with social justice. Jones Marlin talked to Massive Science about what she loves about oxytocin, the process of opening her lab (coming in 2021 to Columbia University), and why science needs her.

This conversation has been edited for clarity.

Claudia Lpez Lloreda: As a neuroscientist, a lot of times I find myself asking why I decided to study something as complex as the nervous system and the brain. Why didyoudecide to study the brain?

Bianca Jones Marlin: There are always questions that I find myself asking: Why is this behavioral outcome coming from this individual? Why did this person respond way better than I would have responded? When I think about those questions, while sipping coffee and pondering life, they all go back to decision making in the brain. I am just interested in figuring it out. I get to be the first one to know the answer to that, theres something magical about that. I love studying the complexity of the brain because its interesting and its fun. Whether or not I figure out how the brain works, the brain is still going to work. Also, we can apply [the findings] to pathological situations and to individuals who may not have the same access to things that others have that leads to a more traumatizing life or a less equal life. If I can find out mechanisms and apply those to people in life, then Ive found my mission on Earth.

Related VideoBreakthrough: The Trauma Tracer

I follow you on Twitter and your bio says that you have a Ph.D. in bad parenting. Can you tell us what that means and why its important for us to understand?

Yes, I wish Twitter gave me more space to explain that, hopefully they dont just think Im a bad parent. My Ph.D. work looked at maternal behavior. When a mom mouse hears the sound of a baby crying, whether its hers or another baby crying, shell orient towards the sound and shell pick it up. When a virgin mouse, who has never given birth, hears a sound, she usually will ignore it, or shell cannibalize it. The same sound of a baby crying gives two different behavioral responses. How does the brain change to say, I no longer can eat this annoying sound, I need to take care of it?

I found that oxytocin, the love hormone, changes the way the hearing centers of the brain respond to a baby crying once a mother gives birth because once you give birth, theres a lot of oxytocin release. So, we took a virgin mouse and added oxytocin to the brain. We saw changes in the way the neurons responded, they [the neurons] stopped speaking like bad nanny, where they would fire randomly, but instead they changed it to a mothers signature of neural responses. That was really cool, because the nanny stops cannibalizing and ignoring the pup and started taking care of [it]. We made a virgin into a mom without ever experiencing birth just by adding this love hormone oxytocin.

Would you say that oxytocin is your favorite molecule? What do you like about it?

I dont want to say oxytocin is my favorite because I havent dabbled in all of them. I need to check out noradrenaline and cortisol to see whats going on. But oxytocin is amazing. The cool part is oxytocin is released during these social interactions: eye contact, soft touch, orgasms, breastfeeding. One holding a child or being caressed. Theres something beautiful about that. In that manner, I do think its a pretty cool neuromodulator.

It seems like its become a household name now. Do you have any qualms with how nonscientists talk about it?

Its a mixed response. On one hand, Im happy people are using the word oxytocin. Im really excited that people are engaging in the science. The part that scares me and [the part] that Im so happy that my work is able to inform is that you cant buy oxytocin on Amazon and use it as a drink potion on your date. Thats not the way oxytocin works. We need to understand the mechanisms before we use them as treatment. When we know how oxytocin works in the mammalian brain, then we can start talking about how it can work in society. I want to make sure that its informed engagement and people arent spending money to buy it on Amazon.

Its unfortunate that my work is driven by the evils in society, but this is my way of standing against them.

You just got appointed as an assistant professor, congratulations! Can you tell me a little bit about the process of opening your own lab?

Ill be starting my lab at the Zuckerman Institute in Columbia in the department of psychology and neuroscience. Im in the process of reaching out to figure out what I what, my first graduate student, my first postdocs, all the while engaging in social justice. How will I practice what I preach when it comes to the people I invite into my lab? All the other labs Ive been in the culture has [already] been made. I have the chance to create my own culture in the lab. What is the Marlin lab going to reflect in its scientists and society? These are things Im thinking about all the while ordering gloves and putting plant pots in my office. Its an exciting journey because it only happens once in a PIs life. Im really excited about setting the culture and making sure that it stands for the integrity that I believe it should, and what I want it to reflect with society.

Related VideoBreakthrough: The Slime Minder

Have you encountered discrepancies between what your expectations and what setting up a lab really means?

I was very concerned about no one wanting to join my lab. There are also other insecurities surrounding being a female PI, being a Black PI, insecurities are reinforced by society. After a while, I concluded that this within itself is a litmus test. This is already a filter. If you dont think Im capable of being an amazing mentor and PI because of my blackness, or because of my womanhood, then you dont belong in the lab anyway. Then it reinforces that integrity and mantra that I want my lab to be. Also, Im getting people who are reaching out to me, left and right, who are very interested in being part of the lab. Those two things together really helped ease that anxiety. If you dont think Im capable of being your PI, then you shouldnt be in my lab and I dont have to prove anything in that matter. Because if you have a problem with me being here, you could take it up with Columbia, they hired me.

Are you looking to continue the same research? Or are you looking for new avenues?

There are so many things I want to study. I have a book here [shows purple notebook that says Transgenerational on it]. I have so manyEvernote, my notes on my phoneand every time Im walking around, and I see something cool to study I jot it down. Right now, Im very interested in how stress in the environment affects the brain, the body and the children and the grandchildren of those that went through the stress. And using the senses to look at this. So, smell, taste, hearing, Im using the senses to see how the brain changes and how that can affect subsequent generations. I am still looking at how parents change the lives of their offspring. As long as Im surrounding how I can use science to change society for the better, those will be where my questions will lead. And as I learn more about society, those may change.

Watch a viewing party and conversation with Jones Marlin and Black In Neuro!

Having participated inBlack in Neuro Week, what does having that community and engaging in diversity, inclusion, and justice initiatives mean to you?

I will start by saying, I am so impressed with Black in Neuro Week. [They] have made moves that universities have spoken about for generations in the span of two weeks. If any of them want to join my lab, they should talk to me. With that being said, I do remember, in 2017 there was a string of Black male killings. It was one of the days that another Black man was murdered, we had lab meeting, and no one mentioned anything. Everyone went about their day; I was so confused. What I realized is that its not [only about] serving on DI [diversity and inclusion] boards, speaking about diversity, teaching people who do not come from diverse backgrounds, [all of which] which I do, its me being present. I think a lot of racism is surrounded by lack of understanding and knowledge of another human being. So, I understand that my presence within itself is a fight for equity and justice, because people get to know me as Bianca. They understand, Oh, she is a mother. Oh man, she likes pizza. Oh my goodness, this is my favorite TV show, too. Were more similar than we are different. And shes actually cool. I do all the other things, but also bringing people to my dinner table is social justice, because they get to see that Im actually a full-on human being.

Beyond the science being interesting and valuable, what else drives you to continue studying this field?

If 2020 did not give me another boost to continue to be a neuroscientist, I dont know what would. People are suffering unnecessarily, based on the cruelty of other people. That moves me to emotion because its unnecessary, but the ramifications of it can actually be permanent. If my job could in any way, shape, or form make that part malleable, make people suffer less, then that brings me joy. Its unfortunate that my work is driven by the evils in society, but this is my way of standing against them. I can do something really cool like take neuroscience and apply it to something I feel so strongly about, which is injustice, inequity, and injustice in education.

Racial injustice and the stress it puts on black and brown people, on people who actually care is so unnecessary. But yet we know it can have ramifications for generations, which is what I study now. If I have the ability to take these evils in society and do a little bit to move in a different direction, then thats what drives me.

Is there anything that you want to say to scientists of color in this moment and specifically, Black women?

Our presence as Black women in science is so needed because our unique perspective informs all of society. Thats not to discount anyone elses perspective, but because its unique and underrepresented, its all the more needed. Our unique perspective informs science for the better, our presence makes better science. I can also speak as a first generation American; our perspective is essential in science because we think of things differently because weve been raised differently. We figure out why there are certain diseases that affect Black American populations more than others and we figure out mechanisms that inform all populations about diseases.

We decide not to fund projects surrounding this, we decide not to publish papers surrounding this, and its unfortunate that racism gets in the way of humanity. Its actually quite ignorant of science to allow racism to get in the way of progress of science. Its greedy, its self-centered. And its not what we as Black people, brown people, underrepresented people, disabled people should have to deal with. Thats my message: that our unique perspective is essential. And when were made to feel like were not essential because of racism. Remember that that perspective does not trump the truth: that in science Im needed. Science needs me.

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Claudia Lpez Lloreda

Claudia Lpez Lloreda is a neuroscience Ph.D. student at the University of Pennsylvania interested in understanding why and how neurodegeneration occurs. Through her work, she aims to understand how HIV infection can activate processes that injure the brain and the central nervous system and how we can stop them.

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What The Brain Inherits - Science Friday

Neuroscience

QurAlis Announces Appointment of New Chief Medical Officer and Formation of Clinical Advisory Board – BioSpace

October 30, 2020 medical

Oct. 29, 2020 12:00 UTC

Rare disease and neurology expert Dr. Angela Genge to lead QurAlis clinical R&D for ALS and FTD

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- QurAlis Corporation, a biotech company focused on developing precision medicines for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurologic diseases, today announced the appointment of Angela Genge, MD, FRCP(C), eMBA to the position of Chief Medical Officer (CMO). Dr. Genge is the Executive Director of the Montreal Neurological Institutes Clinical Research Unit and the Director of Montreal Neurological Hospitals ALS Global Center of Excellence.

The company also announced the formation of its Clinical Advisory Board, which will work closely with Dr. Genge on QurAlis clinical research and development programs in ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as the company prepares to move its pipeline to the clinical stage.

As QurAlis grows and advances quickly toward the clinic, we are proud to welcome to the team Dr. Genge, a world-renowned expert in ALS clinical drug development, and announce the highly esteemed group of ALS experts who will be forming our Clinical Advisory Board, said Kasper Roet, PhD, Chief Executive Officer of QurAlis. Dr. Genge has been treating patients and studying and developing therapeutics and clinical trials for ALS and other rare neurologic diseases for more than 25 years, diligently serving these vulnerable patient populations. Along with our newly formed Clinical Advisory Board, having a CMO with this extensive expertise, understanding and experience is invaluable to our success. Dr. Genge and our Board members are tremendous assets for our team who will undoubtedly help us advance on the best path toward the clinic, and we look forward to working with them to conquer ALS.

Previously, Dr. Genge directed other clinics at the Montreal Neurological Hospital including the Neuromuscular Disease Clinic and the Neuropathic Pain Clinic. In 2014, she was a Distinguished Clinical Investigator in Novartis Global Neuroscience Clinical Development Unit, and she has served as an independent consultant for dozens of companies developing and launching neurological therapeutics. Dr. Genge has served in professorial positions at McGill University since 1994.

At this pivotal period in its journey, QurAlis is equipped with a strong, committed leadership team and promising precision medicine preclinical assets, and I look forward to joining the company as CMO, said Dr. Genge. This is an exciting opportunity to further strengthen my work in ALS and other neurological diseases, and I intend to continue innovating and expanding possibilities for the treatment of rare neurological diseases alongside the dedicated QurAlis team.

QurAlis new Clinical Advisory Board Members are:

Dr. Al-Chalabi is a Professor of Neurology and Complex Disease Genetics at the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Head of the Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, and Director of the Kings Motor Neuron Disease Care and Research Centre. Dr. Al-Chalabi trained in medicine in Leicester and London, and subsequently became a consultant neurologist at Kings College Hospital.

Dr. Andrews is an Associate Professor of Neurology in the Division of Neuromuscular Medicine at Columbia University, and serves as the Universitys Director of Neuromuscular Clinical Trials. She currently oversees neuromuscular clinical trials and cares for patients with neuromuscular disease, primarily with ALS. Dr. Andrews is the elected co-chair of the Northeastern ALS (NEALS) Consortium and is also elected to the National Board of Trustees of the ALS Association.

Dr. Cudkowicz is the Julianne Dorn Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Neurology and Director of the Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass General Hospital. As co-founder and former co-chair of the Northeast ALS Consortium, she accelerated the development of ALS treatments for people with ALS, leading pioneering trials using antisense oligonucleotides, new therapeutic treatments and adaptive trial designs. Through the Healey Center at Mass General, she is leading the first platform trial for people with ALS.

Dr. Shaw serves as Director of the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Translational Neuroscience for Chronic Neurological Disorders, and the Sheffield Care and Research Centre for Motor Neuron Disorders. She also serves as Consultant Neurologist at the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Since 1991, she has led a major multidisciplinary program of research investigating genetic, molecular and neurochemical factors underlying neurodegenerative disorders of the human motor system.

Dr. Van Damme is a Professor of Neurology and director of the Neuromuscular Reference Center at the University Hospital Leuven in Belgium. He directs a multidisciplinary team for ALS care and clinical research that is actively involved in ALS clinical trials, but is also working on the genetics of ALS, biomarkers of ALS, and disease mechanisms using different disease models, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells.

Dr. van den Berg is a professor of neurology who holds a chair in experimental neurology of motor neuron diseases at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands. He also is director of the centers Laboratory for Neuromuscular Disease, director of the Netherlands ALS Center, chairman of the Neuromuscular Centre the Netherlands, and chairman of the European Network to Cure ALS (ENCALS), a network of the European ALS Centres.

About ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrigs disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. ALS breaks down nerve cells, reducing muscle function and causing loss of muscle control. ALS can be traced to mutations in over 25 different genes and is often caused by a combination of multiple sub-forms of the condition. Its average life expectancy is three years, and there is currently no cure for the disease.

About QurAlis Corporation

QurAlis is bringing hope to the ALS community by developing breakthrough precision medicines for this devastating disease. Our stem cell technologies generate proprietary human neuronal models that enable us to more effectively discover and develop innovative therapies for genetically validated targets. We are advancing three antisense and small molecule programs addressing sub-forms of the disease that account for the majority of patients. Together with a world-class network of thought leaders, drug developers and patient advocates, our team is rising to the challenge of conquering ALS. http://www.quralis.com

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201029005203/en/

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QurAlis Announces Appointment of New Chief Medical Officer and Formation of Clinical Advisory Board - BioSpace

Neuroscience

Neuroscience study finds political attitudes can influence how the brain responds to information – PsyPost

October 28, 2020 medical

Neuroimaging research provides new insights into the neural underpinnings of how information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found differences in activity in a key brain region among conservatives and liberals who watched an identical set of videos about immigration policy.

I think most of us have seen some demonstration of this phenomenon, or even witnessed in real life show the same news footage to people with different political affiliations, and they see something different, said researcher Yuan Chang Leong, a postdoctoral researcher at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley.

As an example, he pointed to a recent segment on CBS This Morning, in which conservatives and liberals were shown the same videos but had very different perceptions of who was the aggressor.

Why do people perceive and respond to the same political information differently? As a neuroscientist, I was curious as to how partisan biases relate to information processing in the brain, Leong said.

The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record the brain activity of 38 American participants as they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. The videos were about 1 to 2 minutes long and were selected to represent both liberal and conservative viewpoints on immigration policy.

Prior to being scanned, the participants completed a questionnaire that assessed their support for six immigration policies.

After each video, the participants rated on a scale of one to five how much they agreed with the general message of the video, the credibility of the information presented and the extent to which the video made them likely to change their position and to support the policy in question.

To calculate group brain responses to the videos, the researchers used a measure known as inter-subject correlation, which can be used to measure how similarly two brains respond to the same message.

As expected, political ideology was unrelated to sensory processing. Leong and his colleagues found that the videos resulted in neural responses in the auditory and visual cortices that were shared across participants regardless of the their political attitudes.

But the researchers observed a divergence between conservative-leaning and liberal-leaning participants in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex . The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a broad range of complex cognitive functions, including episodic memory retrieval, impression formation, and reasoning about other peoples mental states, the researchers said.

This divergence, which the researchers dubbed neural polarization, was increased by the use of risk-related and moral-emotional words in the videos. It was also related to whether the participants changed their views.

Brain responses diverged between conservatives and liberals watching the same videos about immigration policy. For a given individual, the closer their brain activity resembled that of the average conservative or average liberal person, the more likely they were to adopt that groups position after watching the videos, Leong told PsyPost.

This suggests that the more participants adopt the conservative interpretation of a video, the more likely they are to be persuaded to take the conservative position, and vice versa. The divergence in brain responses was strongest when the videos used language that highlighted threat, morality and emotions, suggesting that certain words are more likely to drive polarization.

Together, these results suggest a neural basis for partisan biases in interpreting political messages and the effects these biases have on attitude change. The results also highlight the type of language most likely to drive biased interpretations, Leong said.

But this neural polarization does not imply that conservatives and liberals are hardwired to disagree, Leong continued. Our experiences, and the media we consume, likely contribute to the polarized neural responses.

Future research should also examine whether the results generalize to other political issues.

We scanned participants watching videos about a single issue immigration. It would be important to study if the results would generalize to other polarizing issues, e.g., abortion, gun control. Given that those issues are also often framed in threat, moral, and emotional terms, we believe this would be the case, but we would need to run the study to know with greater certainty, Leong said.

Future research could also examine how neural polarization influences sharing behavior and the distribution of information. Leong hopes to use his findings to inform interventions aimed at narrowing the divide between conservatives and liberals.

Political beliefs have a powerful influence over how people perceive, interpret and respond to new information. People can watch the same news footage and draw completely opposite conclusions. I think this highlights why it is so difficult to bridge the partisan divide, and that trying to persuade partisans with more information might not be the most effective strategy, he explained.

If our goal is to reduce polarization and change minds, we need to think carefully about how we frame and structure political information, for example, by framing messages to appeal to the core values of the respective voter (for e.g., see Feinberg and Willer, 2012, The Moral Roots of Environmental Attitudes published in Psychological Science).

The study, Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content, was authored by Yuan Chang Leonga, Janice Chen, Robb Willer, and Jamil Zaki.

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Neuroscience study finds political attitudes can influence how the brain responds to information - PsyPost

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Market To Play On The Revenue Pulse Of Healthcare Vertical – PharmiWeb.com

October 28, 2020 medical

Persistence Market Research (PMR), with its latest publication entitled Neuroscience Market, is there to provide a whale of time to the key stakeholders with its drivers, restraints, opportunities, and the corrective/preventive steps suggested to sail through the uncertainties amidst any natural calamities.

Market Report Summary

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With healthy CAGR of 6.4%, the globalneuroscience marketis likely to grow from US$ 301.6 Mn in 2016 to US$ 520.8 Mn by 2025 end. This growth is mainly fuelled by advancement in neuroimaging and increasing R & D in neuroinformatics. Neuroscience Market: Global Industry Analysis (2012-2016)and Forecast (2017-2025),is the new publication of Persistence Market Research that focuses on merger and acquisition, strategic collaborations and technology, and technology transfer agreements, which play a vital role in the global neuroscience market.

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Company Profiles

North America and Europe are expected to dominate the global neuroscience market in the assessed period of 8-years that is between 2017 and 2025.

Global Neuroscience Market: Relevance and Impact of Factors

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Global Neuroscience Market: Forecast by Component Type

On the basis of component type, the global neuroscience market is segmented into instrument, software and services. Instrument segmented is sub-segmented into MRI imaging systems and neuromicroscopy, while services segmented divided into consulting services, installation services and maintenance services.

Instrument segment dominated the global neuroscience market in revenue terms in 2016 and is projected to continue to do so throughout the forecast period. Instrument segment is the most attractive segment, with attractiveness index of 2.6 over the forecast period.

Instrument segment was valued at US$ 221.6 Mn in 2016 and is projected to be valued at US$ 408.1 Mn in 2025 growing at a CAGR of 7.2% during the forecast period. This segment is expected to accounts for high revenue contribution to the global neuroscience market as compared to software and services segments over the forecast period.

Software segment is expected to be the second most lucrative segment in the global neuroscience market, with attractiveness index of 0.3 during the forecast period. This segment was accounted for 15.4% value share in 2017 which is expected to drop down to 12.9 % revenue share in 2025.

Global Neuroscience Market: Forecast by End User

On the basis of end user, global neuroscience market is segmented into hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, research institutes, and academic institutes.

Diagnostics laboratory segment is expected to be the second most lucrative segment in the global neuroscience market by 2025 end. However, in terms of CAGR and revenue share, hospitals segment is expected to lead he market throughout the estimated period. In 2025, hospital segment is likely to grab 40.2% market share in 2025, expanding at a robust CAGR of 7.3% during the estimated period.

Research institutes segment is expected to be the least attractive segment in the global neuroscience market, with attractiveness index of 0.7 during the forecast period.

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Global Neuroscience Market: Forecast by Region

On the basis of region, global neuroscience market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Europe, APAC and MEA. North America dominated the global neuroscience market in revenue terms in 2016 and is projected to continue to do so throughout the forecast period.

North America is projected to be the most attractive market with attractiveness index of 2.3 during the forecast period. Europe is expected to be the second most lucrative market, with attractiveness index of 1.1 respectively during the forecast period.

Europe Neuroscience market accounted for 23.9% share in 2017 and is projected to account for 23.1% share by 2025 end.

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Neuroscience Market To Play On The Revenue Pulse Of Healthcare Vertical - PharmiWeb.com

Neuroscience

PerkinElmer Launches No-Wash Immunoassay for Neuroscience Disease and Therapeutics Research – Technology Networks

October 28, 2020 medical

PerkinElmer, Inc., today launched the life science industrys first no-wash Ubiquitin phosphorylation at Serine 65 immunoassay for studying defective mitophagy biological mechanisms that have been broadly associated with diseases such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers. The new PerkinElmer Cisbio HTRF Phospho-Ubiquitin (Ser65) Cellular Kit takes analysis efficiency and accuracy to the next level compared to existing techniques such as Western blot and is aimed at helping scientists discover new therapeutic candidates earlier in the disease cycle.

The innovative assay leverages TR-FRET technology to bring high sensitivity across a wide range of analytes and greater study specificity to the Phospho-Ubiquitin (Ser65) intersection point that has been shown to play a key role in mitophagy dysfunction and breakdowns in the complex network between neurons and glial cells which can lead to neurodegenerative disease.

Efficient and streamlined workflows and accelerated data delivery are also provided by the immunoassays mix and read method approach and compatibility with microplate readers such as PerkinElmers VictorTM Nivo or EnVision systems. Analysis can also be automated and run in high throughput formats.

With over 70 Million people around the world living with Alzheimers and Parkinsons and the sheer complexity of how neurodegenerative disease develops in the brain, it is critical that scientists have the tools they need to help unlock promising avenues of study such as modulating mitophagy impairment, said Alan Fletcher, VP and GM of Life Sciences, PerkinElmer. With this new immunoassay, researchers now have a more efficient and effective way to study a key biomarker which could lead to exciting new therapeutic candidates.

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PerkinElmer Launches No-Wash Immunoassay for Neuroscience Disease and Therapeutics Research - Technology Networks

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Refutes Free Will? Addressing an Objection – Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence

October 28, 2020 medical

In reply to a post in which I pointed out that neuroscience strongly supports the reality of free will, commenter AaronS1978 makes a point at Uncommon Descent:

First Michael Egnor is wrong about there being no brain wave activity with free wont Patrick Haggard in 2014 discovered accidotal brain waves to free wont

I feel he kind of makes declarations, I understand his position philosophically and I do agree with a lot of it, but saying there is no activity before free wont and saying its immaterial is incorrect

Furthermore why wouldnt there be brain activity when exercising your will?

Wouldnt that just mean that your soul was using your brain?

Isnt consciousness and conscious experience (hard problem of the consciousness) inherently immaterial? This experience is almost inherently immaterial yet is has a direct material component. Nobody as of yet has answered this question hence why its hard, but its hard because we cant find direct neural correlates to experience per say and this experience includes those Appetites he speaks of

Ill get to Haggard et als research shortly. but first lets discuss AaronS1978s point about the complexity inherent to neuroscience of free will. Hes right. The neuroscience of free will faces enormously complex problems.

We have two kinds of appetites (the term that describes our inclinations and decisions to act): sensitive appetite and rational appetite. Sensitive appetite is appetite motivated by particular things like perceptions of objects, images in imagination, emotions, etc.

Included in sensitive appetite is lust, anger, fear, joy, etc. These desires are not will, and they are not free. They are not free because they are driven by material states of our brainan injection of adrenaline can make us angry or afraid, and an aphrodisiac can make us lustful.

For all animals except man, all appetites are sensitive appetites. Animals have no free will. Sensitive appetites are not what is meant by free will.

Free will is appetite based on abstract reason. By reason, I mean the ability to contemplate abstract concepts without particular material objects in mind. I can contemplate morality as an abstraction just as I can contemplate logic or mathematics without any particular physical object in mind. Rational appetite that arises from abstract rational thought is what I mean by free will. I mean it is free in the sense that it is not caused by matter. Free willfree rational appetiteis free because it is immaterial. Intellect and will are immaterial powers of the human soul.

This understanding of appetites is the classical understanding of Plato, Aristotle, and Aquinas and it makes beautiful sense of human motivation. We are beset by sensitive appetitestemptations that arise involuntarily from our brain. Yet we, as human beings, retain rational appetitesdesires and decisions based on reason. It is these rational appetites that are our free will. Our moral life is a balance between sensitive appetites which we do not directly control, and our free will, which we do control. We are beset continuously by temptations, and although tempted we are free to choose.

So how can we test this classical understanding of human free will using neuroscience? In this respect, commenter AaronS1978 is right: It is a difficult and subtle question. Only two researchers have addressed this real question of free will with any rigor.

The first was Wilder Penfield, who was the first neurosurgeon to systematically operate on the brains of people while they were awake (he used local anesthetics). He found that he could stimulate all sorts of things that we would call the sensitive appetitesanger, joy, lust etc. But he could not stimulate rational will. He also noted that epileptic seizuresspontaneous abnormal electrical discharges from the braincould evoke sensitive appetites but not rational appetite. Seizures never evoke the willwe dont have morality seizures or seizures that make us do mathematics or logic. Seizures only evoke physical things like movements or sensations or passions. Penfield concluded that the will (and the intellect) are immaterial powers of the soul. In this sense of freedom from materiality, the will is free.

The second was Benjamin Libet, who studied volunteers making choices to push buttons. When Libet measured the brain waves of volunteers, he found that, while the unconscious predisposition to push a button was associated with a specific brain wave, a veto of the decision was not associated with any new brain wave. That is, it seemed that we are tempted to do things based on material processes in our brains but we retain the immaterial ability to veto (or accept) compliance with the temptation. Libet interpreted his research as supportive of free will.

Many neuroscientists have attempted to replicate the Libet-type button-pushing experiments but nearly all of them have used fMRI instead of measuring brain waves. That is the research Haggard and his collaborators have done, to which AaronS1978 referred.

But fMRI is worthless in the neuroscience of free will. To understand why, note that fMRI has very poor temporal resolution. fMRI measures changes in blood flow in the brain in response to activity of neurons, and these changes lag neuronal activity by at least several seconds. Peak fMRI response seems to occur about 6 seconds after neuronal activity occurs, and may persist for up to 40 seconds. fMRI is best though-of as a long-time exposure of brain activity rather than a snapshot, which the measurement of brain waves (EEG) provides. Libets experiments were using brain waves and the time interval in which the immaterial free wont veto occurred was on the order of 200 milliseconds1/5 of a second. fMRI is at least an order of magnitude too insensitive to timing to record this level of change, which is why it is worthless in the neuroscientific study of free will.

Libets work was the bestand essentially onlymeaningful neuroscientific exploration of free will associated with timing of decisions to perform simple acts and his research clearly supports the reality of free will. There is no doubt that these issues are subtle and complexafter all, both sensitive appetite and rational appetite ordinarily occur together. We have emotions (sensitive appetite) associated with reasoning (rational appetite) and it is difficult to tease out the neural correlates of both. But unfortunately, nearly all neuroscientists (except Libet) have tried to tease out these questions using fMRI which, because of poor temporal resolution, is worthless in assessing the reality of free will.

The most convincing neuroscientific evidence for free will is Penfields conclusion that abstract will has never been evoked by brain stimulation or seizure. Thats true. No seizure documented in medical history has involved abstract reasoning or rational will as part of the seizure itself. There are no morality seizures, no logic seizures, no mathematics seizures. Seizures can be complexthere is a whole category of seizures called complex partial seizures that entail walking and a host of complex movements. But there are no free will seizuresno seizures that entail motives based on reason.

If the human will is not free, and is driven entirely by brain processes, then some seizureswhich are spontaneous brain processesshould evoke the will. But seizures never invoke the will, and the obvious interpretation is that the will is not caused by brain processes. In that sense, the will is free.

Has Psychotherapy Lost Its Mind? – Psychotherapy.net

October 28, 2020 medical

Losing Our MindIts happening so slowly that we are almost unaware of it. Little by little, psychotherapists seem to be losing their minds. Recent progress in neuroscience has led to the opinion that the mind is out and the brain is in.

recent progress in neuroscience has led to the opinion that the mind is out and the brain is in

The growing prominence of the brain and the body is not only happening within psychosomatic medicine, biological psychiatry, and neuropsychology. Psychotherapists of all persuasions have also been influenced by this paradigm change. Having lost faith in natural observation studies and self-administered tests, an increasing number of mental health professionals have gradually adopted data from biochemistry laboratories and neuroimaging data to explain why people do what they do. Psychological theories are now disposed of as primitive and unfounded folk psychology and have been replaced by scientific evidence from neuroscientific discoveries. The recent popularization of epigenetics has only reinforced this conviction. At every stage of these new findings, it seems as though psychotherapists are gradually losing another piece of their minds. Perhaps large-scale genomic analysis will deliver the final death blow to the mind?

psychotherapy should be informed by neurobiology and become neuropsychotherapy

Such neuro-talk is highly appealing to us because we have always had a problem with words such as the soul, spirit, consciousness, self, and personality. Neuronal circuits, on the other hand, or specific parts of the brain, can be observed and investigated. It is, therefore, easier for us to accept that they may in fact regulate what we do, think, and feel. This new language has been extended to everything that is happening in psychotherapy. As a substitute for talking about unconscious childhood trauma that causes later emotional problems, we now search for the various long-term biological effects of early life stress. Instead of talking about the id, ego, and superego, we now regard them as functions of the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Instead of suggesting that the unconscious is running our lives, we now investigate how the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neural circuits in various parts of our brains are affecting us. Freuds recommendation of putting the ego in the place of the id is now replaced with advocating a better homeostatic balance within all physiological systems. To remain relevant, neuro-psychoanalysis has assimilated this new language into its work.

As a result of this embracing of the brain, more hands-on avenues of healing are now called for when people feel down; psychopharmacological solutions, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), or neurosurgical interventions, to name a few. Anything might work that takes the mind out of the equation. If classical psychotherapy is nevertheless recommended, the goal is no longer to achieve an open mind, but a well-regulated body in balance with environmental stress. It should be firmly based on a medical model of diagnosis, with a focused treatment plan and a follow-up outcome evaluation. Only evidence-based approaches that have been scientifically proven to be effective for specific disorders are recommended. Psychotherapy should be brief, focused, and goal-directed. Even the names of the recommended methods are abbreviated with only a few acronyms (e.g. ACT, CBT, DBT, EMDR, NLP, PE, PT, or SIT). They require following a strict protocol in which the therapist is implementing specific interventions to achieve the desired neurobiological results. If consciousness is at all endorsed, it is achieved through the manipulation of neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glutamate), rather than by gaining more personal insights. Everything should work quickly, efficiently, andmindlessly. Therapists have no patience with a prolonged process of analyzing abstract dreams or unconscious fantasies. When the word head-shrinking is at all mentioned today, it refers to a reduction of brain cells and the decrease of synaptic connections in aging. It has even been suggested that a neuroscience-based diagnostic approach would be more useful than the present descriptive approach.

Personal memories, which were regarded as the most important parts of our minds, remain relevant only insofar as they can be neuroanatomically located. Such memories have been reduced to engrams: the electrochemical nerve-endings that store and deliver messages between one another. They are now studied as either explicit or implicit and in terms of their affiliation to the old reptilian brain, the limbic system, or the neo-cortex. Rather than talking about past traumatic experiences, episodic memories of fear are assumed to be located in the hippocampus. Nothing escapes such neuroscientific investigations. Even the location of consciousness itself has been sought. Contradicting Descartes view that it was situated in the pineal gland, some researchers have suggested that it may be found within the posterior cortical hot zone.

Whereas classical psychology was separated from the physiology of the nervous system, it now seeks to explain how the brain makes us behave, think, and feel. As a result,

neuroscience has also become dominant in academic psychology

In our overstimulated world, we are not even asked to keep things on our minds anymore. Its all stored in our computers and smartphones, before disappearing into the cloud. As our lives have become less mindful (and less meaningful), many have turned to mindfulness training. But as long as it is practiced as a quick fix within a biological and evidence-based framework, its effectiveness will be more doubtful than mindful.

Humanistic psychology, group therapy, and family therapy have been out of fashion for a long time. The interpersonal feedback promoted in these approaches has been replaced by bio-feedback, such as brainwaves, skin conductance, and heart rate monitors. This feedback is now regarded as more reliable than a compilation of biased human beings.

All of this is, of course driven, by technological progress. Sophisticated machines, such as large computers, optogenetics, electron microscopy, and fMRI, can uncover parts of our minds that were previously hidden. Neuroscientists all over the world are searching vigorously for the neural correlates of all mental phenomena and publish their findings in neuroscience journals such as Psychoneuroendocrinology or Cerebral Cortex, where they later become popularized through the online access of neuroscience blogs.

despite all the recent signs of humankind losing their minds, the mind is still very much alive and kicking

If we can completely lose our minds, we will be able to celebrate the creation of a true bionic human-machine: a mindless zombie without any complex human spirit. Weve heard this before. In Vance Packards 1959 The Hidden Persuaders, he predicted that eventually, the depth of manipulation of the psychological variety will seem amusingly old-fashioned, and the biophysicists will take over with biocontrol, the new science of controlling mental processes by bio-electrical signals.

Researchers couldnt find the source of Einsteins genius by analyzing his brain. Nor have they been able to diagnose or treat the personal beliefs, feelings, and thoughts of people by analyzing their brains. While a brain scan (or any other biomedical assessment procedure) may detect electrical currents and anatomical irregularities, they dont necessarily add much additional information about our subjective vital force.

With all neuroscience researchs progress, we would assume that it could significantly improve the diagnosis and therapy of various mental disorders. However, at least until now, the data gathered from neuroscience have not made a substantial contribution to psychiatry. Most psychiatric disorders cannot be validated by laboratory tests, and diagnostic biomarkers are absent from psychiatry.

psychotherapists still need a more integrative bio-psycho-social explanatory model in their efforts to understand their clients

The mind and body are probably interconnected and interdependent. And even though neuroscience cannot prove the existence of consciousness itself, it has presented valuable data on how our brains function. But at the end of the day, psychotherapists still need a more integrative bio-psycho-social explanatory model in their efforts to understand their clients.

References

1. Schmidt, U., Vermetten, E. (2017). Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into PTSD Research. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 38, 69-91. doi:10.1007/7854_2017_1

2. Kellermann, N.P.F. (2018). The search for biomarkers of Holocaust trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders and Treatment, 7(1), 1-13.

3. Chalmers, D. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2(3), 200-219.

2020, Psychotherapy.net

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Has Psychotherapy Lost Its Mind? - Psychotherapy.net

Neuroscience

PerkinElmer Launches Industry First No-Wash Immunoassay For Phospho Ubiquitin Ser65 to Help Drive Neuroscience Disease and Therapeutics Research…

October 28, 2020 medical

The new PerkinElmer Cisbio HTRF Phospho-Ubiquitin (Ser65) Cellular Kit, joins PerkinElmers range of immunoassay kits and reagents for neuroscience applications across HTRF, Alpha, LANCE and DELFIA. For more information please visit: https://learn.cisbio.com/lp/guide-neurodegenerative-diseases-and-neuroinflammation-pathways; https://uk.cisbio.eu/dd/by-universe/neuroscience

About PerkinElmer

PerkinElmer enables scientists, researchers and clinicians to address their most critical challenges across science and healthcare. With a mission focused on innovating for a healthier world, we deliver unique solutions to serve the diagnostics, life sciences, food and applied markets. We strategically partner with customers to enable earlier and more accurate insights supported by deep market knowledge and technical expertise. Our dedicated team of about 13,000 employees worldwide is passionate about helping customers work to create healthier families, improve the quality of life, and sustain the wellbeing and longevity of people globally. The Company reported revenue of approximately $2.9 billion in 2019, serves customers in 190 countries, and is a component of the S&P 500 index. Additional information is available through 1-877-PKI-NYSE, or at http://www.perkinelmer.com.

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Neuroscience

Conservative and Liberal Brains Might Have Some Real Differences – Scientific American

October 28, 2020 medical

In 1968 a debate was held between conservative thinker William F. Buckley, Jr., and liberal writer Gore Vidal. It was hoped that these two members of opposing intellectual elites would show Americans living through tumultuous times that political disagreements could be civilized. That idea did not last for long. Instead Buckley and Vidal descended rapidly into name-calling. Afterward, they sued each other for defamation.

The story of the 1968 debate opens a well-regarded 2013 book called Predisposed, which introduced the general public to the field of political neuroscience. The authors, a trio of political scientists at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Rice University, argued that if the differences between liberals and conservatives seem profound and even unbridgeable, it is because they are rooted in personality characteristics and biological predispositions.

On the whole, the research shows, conservatives desire security, predictability and authority more than liberals do, and liberals are more comfortable with novelty, nuance and complexity. If you had put Buckley and Vidal in a magnetic resonance imaging machine and presented them with identical images, you would likely have seen differences in their brain, especially in the areas that process social and emotional information. The volume of gray matter, or neural cell bodies, making up the anterior cingulate cortex, an area that helps detect errors and resolve conflicts, tends to be larger in liberals. And the amygdala, which is important for regulating emotions and evaluating threats, is larger in conservatives.

While these findings are remarkably consistent, they are probabilities, not certaintiesmeaning there is plenty of individual variability. The political landscape includes lefties who own guns, right-wingers who drive Priuses and everything in between. There is also an unresolved chicken-and-egg problem: Do brains start out processing the world differently or do they become increasingly different as our politics evolve? Furthermore, it is still not entirely clear how useful it is to know that a Republicans brain lights up over X while a Democrats responds to Y.

So what can the study of neural activity suggest about political behavior? The still emerging field of political neuroscience has begun to move beyond describing basic structural and functional brain differences between people of different ideological persuasionsgauging who has the biggest amygdalato more nuanced investigations of how certain cognitive processes underlie our political thinking and decision-making. Partisanship does not just affect our vote; it influences our memory, reasoning and even our perception of truth. Knowing this will not magically bring us all together, but researchers hope that continuing to understand the way partisanship influences our brain might at least allow us to counter its worst effects: the divisiveness that can tear apart the shared values required to retain a sense of national unity.

Social scientists who observe behaviors in the political sphere can gain substantial insight into the hazards of errant partisanship. Political neuroscience, however, attempts to deepen these observations by supplying evidence that a belief or bias manifests as a measure of brain volume or activitydemonstrating that an attitude, conviction or misconception is, in fact, genuine. Brain structure and function provide more objective measures than many types of survey responses, says political neuroscientist Hannah Nam of Stony Brook University. Participants may be induced to be more honest when they think that scientists have a window into their brains. That is not to say that political neuroscience can be used as a tool to read minds, but it can pick up discrepancies between stated positions and underlying cognitive processes.

Brain scans are also unlikely to be used as a biomarker for specific political results because the relationships between the brain and politics is not one-to-one. Yet neurobiological features could be used as a predictor of political outcomesjust not in a deterministic way, Nam says.

To study how we process political information in a 2017 paper, political psychologist Ingrid Haas of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and her colleagues created hypothetical candidates from both major parties and assigned each candidate a set of policy statements on issues such as school prayer, Medicare and defense spending. Most statements were what you would expect: Republicans, for instance, usually favor increasing defense spending, and Democrats generally support expanding Medicare. But some statements were surprising, such as a conservative expressing a pro-choice position or a liberal arguing for invading Iran.

Haas put 58 people with diverse political views in a brain scanner. On each trial, participants were asked whether it was good or bad that a candidate held a position on a particular issue and not whether they personally agreed or disagreed with it. Framing the task that way allowed the researchers to look at neural processing as a function of whether the information was expected or unexpectedwhat they termed congruent or incongruent. They also considered participants own party identification and whether there was a relationship between ideological differences and how the subjects did the task.

Liberals proved more attentive to incongruent information, especially for Democratic candidates. When they encountered such a position, it took them longer to make a decision about whether it was good or bad. They were likely to show activation for incongruent information in two brain regions: the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, which are involved in helping people form and think about their attitudes, Haas says. How do out-of-the-ordinary positions affect later voting? Haas suspects that engaging more with such information might make voters more likely to punish candidates for it later. But she acknowledges that they may instead exercise a particular form of bias called motivated reasoning to downplay the incongruity.

Motivated reasoning, in which people work hard to justify their opinions or decisions, even in the face of conflicting evidence, has been a popular topic in political neuroscience because there is a lot of it going around. While partisanship plays a role, motivated reasoning goes deeper than that. Just as most of us like to think we are good-hearted human beings, people generally prefer to believe that the society they live in is desirable, fair and legitimate. Even if society isnt perfect, and there are things to be criticized about it, there is a preference to think that you live in a good society, Nam says. When that preference is particularly strong, she adds, that can lead to things like simply rationalizing or accepting long-standing inequalities or injustices. Psychologists call the cognitive process that lets us do so system justification.

Nam and her colleagues set out to understand which brain areas govern the affective processes that underlie system justification. They found that the volume of gray matter in the amygdala is linked to the tendency to perceive the social system as legitimate and desirable. Their interpretation is that this preference to system justify is related to these basic neurobiological predispositions to be alert to potential threats in your environment, Nam says.

After the original study, Nams team followed a subset of the participants for three years and found that their brain structure predicted the likelihood of whether they participated in political protests during that time. Larger amygdala volume is associated with a lower likelihood of participating in political protests, Nam says. That makes sense in so far as political protest is a behavior that says, Weve got to change the system.

Understanding the influence of partisanship on identity, even down to the level of neurons, helps to explain why people place party loyalty over policy, and even over truth, argued psychologists Jay Van Bavel and Andrea Pereira, both then at New York University, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences in 2018. In short, we derive our identities from both our individual characteristics, such as being a parent, and our group memberships, such as being a New Yorker or an American. These affiliations serve multiple social goals: they feed our need to belong and desire for closure and predictability, and they endorse our moral values. And our brain represents them much as it does other forms of social identity.

Among other things, partisan identity clouds memory. In a 2013 study, liberals were more likely to misremember George W. Bush remaining on vacation in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and conservatives were more likely to falsely recall seeing Barack Obama shaking hands with the president of Iran. Partisan identity also shapes our perceptions. When they were shown a video of a political protest in a 2012 study, liberals and conservatives were more or less likely to favor calling police depending on their interpretation of the protests goal. If the objective was liberal (opposing the military barring openly gay people from service), the conservatives were more likely to want the cops. The opposite was true when participants thought it was a conservative protest (opposing an abortion clinic). The more strongly we identify with a party, the more likely we are to double down on our support for it. That tendency is exacerbated by rampant political misinformation and, too often, identity wins out over accuracy.

If we understand what is at work cognitively, we might be able to intervene and try to ease some of the negative effects of partisanship. The tension between accuracy and identity probably involves a brain region called the orbitofrontal cortex, which computes the value of goals and beliefs and is strongly connected to memory, executive function and attention. If identity helps determine the value of different beliefs, it can also distort them, Van Bavel says. Appreciating that political affiliation fulfills an evolutionary need to belong suggests we should create alternative means of belongingdepoliticizing the novel coronavirus by calling on us to come together as Americans, for instance. And incentivizing the need to be accurate could increase the importance accorded that goal: paying money for accurate responses or holding people accountable for incorrect ones have been shown to be effective.

It will be nearly impossible to lessen the partisan influences before the November 3 election because the volume of political information will only increase, reminding us of our political identities daily. But here is some good news: a large 2020 study at Harvard University found that participants consistently overestimated the level of out-group negativity toward their in-group. In other words, the other side may not dislike us quite so much as we think. Inaccurate information heightened the negative bias, and (more good news) correcting inaccurate information significantly reduced it.

The biology and neuroscience of politics might be useful in terms of what is effective at getting through to people, Van Bavel says. Maybe the way to interact with someone who disagrees with me politically is not to try to persuade them on the deep issue, because I might never get there. Its more to try to understand where theyre coming from and shatter their stereotypes.

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Antibody or Research Reagents Market By Business Outlook, Segmentation and Top Key Players NEOBIOSCIENCE, Genscript, Thermo Fisher…

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