Category Archives: Neuroscience

Neuroscience

Meet the First Black Woman to Receive a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Rochester – Black Enterprise

Dr. Monique Mendes has become the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Rochester. The Jamaican-born, first-generation college graduate says the announcement came as a shock to her, not even realizing she had done so until informed.

I didnt know I was the first Black woman, but Im excited, said Mendes to Diversity Education. I feel empowered; I really want other students in the Rochester city schools, just around Rochester that are Black, who are people of color that know that this is possible and that they can pursue a Ph.D. in neuroscience.

Her desire to obtain her degree came after she became apart of the McNair Scholars Program at the University of Florida, a program designed to help undergraduate students from low-income and marginalized backgrounds offering financial assistance in addition to mentorship to help them prepare for their doctoral degree. From there, her interest grew and she became more immersed in studying the complexities of the brain, hoping to establish a career in neuroscience.

Mendes says her love of science goes even further back from childhood. My love for science began as a small child in Jamaica, says Mendes to the universitys alumni network. I was always the one bringing in my science projects early.

She hopes that she can encourage other young Black girls to get into the STEM field, stressing the importance of providing an environment to foster curiosity in the field. I would say create an environment that is not only diverse but inclusive and also paying attention to the cultures so that Black women can feel that this is a place for them, she says. There is a seat at the table. I just think thats probably the most important thing.

The news comes as the STEM field becomes more diverse as people from underserved backgrounds gain access through various initiatives to diversify the field.

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Meet the First Black Woman to Receive a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Rochester - Black Enterprise

Neuroscience

Mouse Studies Link Some Autism to Brain Cells That Guide Sociability and Platonic Love – Technology Networks

Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers report that new experiments with genetically engineered mice have found clear connections among a range of autism types and abnormalities in brain cells whose chemical output forges platonic (non-sexual) feelings of love and sociability.

The findings, the researchers say, could eventually fuel the development of autism therapies that target disease symptoms spurred on by abnormalities in parvocellular oxytocin neurons, which are brain cells in the hypothalamus of mammals.

A report on the experiments was published online Oct. 27 in Neuron.

The investigators pursued evidence of the connections because of long-known variations in forms and symptoms of autism spectrum disorders, and because those with Fragile X -- an inherited disorder that occurs in one in 4,000 males and one in 6,000 females -- frequently is characterized by the inability to form close social bonds.

"Autism is defined by impaired social behaviors, but not all social behaviors are the same," says Gl Dlen, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "People with autism generally have less difficulty with developing very close, family bonds than with friendships. Our experiments provide evidence that these two types of affection are encoded by different types of oxytocin neurons, and that disruption of one of these types of neurons is responsible for the characteristic social impairments seen in autism."

For more than a century, Dlen says, scientists have known there are two types of neurons in the hypothalamus. The neurons release the so-called "love hormone" oxytocin, which induces contractions during childbirth, reduces stress and fosters bonding among animals across mammalian species, including humans.

A magnocellular oxytocin neuron, which is one type of oxytocin-releasing neuron, releases huge quantities of oxytocin to the brain and body -- as much as 500 times or more than is released by parvocellular oxytocin neurons, which limit their scope and avoid flooding the body with all-consuming feelings of love.

As their name suggests, magnocellular oxytocin neurons are larger than other neurons and can send their arm-like axons beyond the blood-brain barrier. Among their functions, magnocellular oxytocin neurons stir filial love -- what Dlen calls "mad love" -- and bonding between infants and mothers, and between sexual partners.

Dlen's research shows that parvocellular oxytocin neurons, which comes from the Greek word "parvo" or "small" -- also encode social behaviors, but a different kind than the magnocellular neurons encode. While magnocellular oxytocin neurons encode social behaviors related to reproduction (pair bonding and parental bonding), parvocellular oxytocin neurons encode social behaviors related to what Dlen calls "love in moderation," or the platonic love that is important to communities (friends and colleagues).

To study if and how autism symptoms are associated with disruptions in either or both of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons, Dlen and her team first genetically engineered mice to glow a fluorescent light in all oxytocin neurons, magno and parvo. Then, knowing that magnocellular neurons project their axons and chemicals beyond the blood/brain barrier, the research team used dyes that stay within the barrier to mark only the parvocellular neurons -- which are rarer and harder to detect, as well as smaller in size.

Next, Dlen enlisted the help of Johns Hopkins scientist Loyal Goff, Ph.D., an expert in charting the genetic profile of individual cells. The technique, called single cell sequencing, specifically reads an individual cell's RNA -- a genetic cousin to DNA -- which indicates how the cell's genetic code is being read and which proteins are being produced. The way our genetic code is read makes one cell type different from another.

"This study is a comprehensive characterization of two types of closely-related neurons involved in the regulation of social behavior," says Goff, assistant professor of genetic medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "One of the things that makes this study so unique is the multi-modal aspect of this characterization; relating anatomical, morphological, electrophysiological, transcriptional, genetic, and behavioral features to fully define the relevant and important differences between these two types of neurons."

The research team used single cell sequencing and other gene-tracking tools and techniques to ensure that the subpopulations of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons were, indeed, distinct, so that they could genetically alter each group to determine if a change would induce autism-like behaviors in mice. What the researchers measured included how much the mice liked their social interactions and how much they preferred things associated with those social interactions (such as bedding).

To re-create a model of autism in mice, the scientists turned to the FMR1 gene, which is linked to Fragile X, an inherited disorder characterized by intellectual disability, but also one of the most commonly identified causes of autism, occurring in about five percent of people with the condition.

In humans, the FMR1 gene is silenced through a cellular process that adds chemicals called methyl groups to the gene. This same process does not occur in mice, so to replicate the FMR1 gene abnormality, the scientists genetically engineered the mice to have no functioning FMR1 gene either throughout the brain or only in parvocellular neurons.

The researchers studied how mice without FMR1 valued the rewards from forming a social bond with an adult female mouse serving as a surrogate parent. These mice learned to like bedding associated with the surrogate parent, but not bedding associated with social interactions with peer mice -- evidence that mutations in genes that cause autism selectively disrupt platonic love, but spare filial love.

When the scientists deleted the FMR1 gene in parvocellular cells only, not magnocellular cells, the mice had the same reaction: intact affinity for things associated with their surrogate parent, compared with things associated with peer mice. The scientists found no such preference in mice lacking FMR1 in oxytocin magnocellular cells.

In a further set of experiments to pin down the specificity of their findings with the oxytocin-producing neurons, the scientists studied how certain genes linked to risk for autism were turned on or off, or expressed, among the two types of oxytocin neurons. They found that significantly more autism risk genes had higher expression levels in parvocellular neurons compared with magnocellular neurons. However, when the scientists looked at genes for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes, there were no such differences in gene expression between the two oxytocin neuron types.

"This tells us that the difference we are seeing between the two types of oxytocin neurons relates to the disease that is characterized by impaired social behaviors, but not diseases where this behavior is not a defining symptom," says Dlen.

She also notes, "What may be happening in the brain is that even though all brain cells may carry a particular mutation associated with autism, some neurons are more vulnerable to the symptoms related to social bonding."

Dlen plans to conduct similar studies on genes associated with other types of autism. She says her work may indicate that drugs currently being tested for autism -- such as intranasal oxytocin -- could prove ineffective because the treatments target magnocellular neurons, which the new study indicates is not central to the disease. Instead, she says, their evidence suggests that parvocellular oxytocin neurons should be the focus of drug development for autism.

Reference:Connie Jiang, Loyal A. Goff, Gl Dlen et al. Parallel Social Information Processing Circuits Are Differentially Impacted in Autism. Neuron, 2020; DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.002

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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Mouse Studies Link Some Autism to Brain Cells That Guide Sociability and Platonic Love - Technology Networks

Neuroscience

Anxious About Election Results? Here’s What’s Happening in Your Brain as You Wait – Smithsonian Magazine

If youre feeling nervous about the looming U.S. election, and results that may take longer than a single day to resolve, youre not alone.

I joked with my friends that I wished someone would, like, knock me over the head on election morning and wake me up when the decision is made, says Kate Sweeny, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside (UCR).

Sweeny isnt your average anxious voter. She has devoted a big part of her career to studying how humans deal with uncertainty as they await the outcomes of events they deem important.

Evolutionarily, anxiety serves a purpose. Its a blaring alarm inside your head that something badlegitimately dangerouscould soon occur, and that you should try to prevent it, or at least prepare for it. But sometimes, that response goes haywire. And amid uncertainty, our brains have an especially hard time calming down.

Our data very consistently show that over basically every waiting period weve ever studied, that people get more worried, and they sort of try to cope more frantically in those moments of truth, says Sweeny, who is the principal investigator of UCRs Life Events Lab.

Waiting for results from tests, elections or anything else with an unclear outcome may feel like a special kind of torment. And not everyone responds to different waiting scenarios in the same way. Time might even seem to pass differently. Using brain imaging techniques, scientists have found that the anxiety surrounding uncertainty taps into the same brain circuitry as fear of definite threats. And with an understanding of the neuroscience behind anxiety, scientists have come up with strategies you can use to help restore a sense of calm and emotional regulation.

Researchers like Sweeny who have studied anxiety among voters have noticed some trends.

In a 2019 study in Motivation and Emotion, Sweeny and Kyle Rankin, a graduate student at UCR, surveyed 699 Americans who voted in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and 376 citizens who voted in the 2018 midterms. They found that voters who viewed the election as more important, those more politically engaged and those who think waiting in general is difficult, said they worried more about the election results. Interestingly, individuals level of media exposure was not significantly linked to more worry.

Not all waiting and worrying about the uncertain future is alike, however. Aspiring lawyers, for example, spend a grueling limbo periodin California, its four monthsbefore receiving scores from the bar exam. Ph.D students may have an even longer, agonizing experience searching and waiting for academic positions. And as elections approach, anticipation builds among those deeply concerned with who will lead their community, their state or their country.

These groups do not necessarily respond similarly in terms of their emotions and health behaviors while awaiting news, according to a 2019 study in Psychology and Health by Sweeny and Jennifer Howell, a health psychology researcher at University of California, Merced. Regardless of which candidate they supported, voters who were more worried about the presidential election results in 2016 tended to report drinking more alcohol than those who were not as worried. The bar exam takers showed the same pattern, but the PhD students did not. More research is needed to explore the consistency, and to check for a possible causal relationship between anxiety about uncertain news and behaviors such as alcohol consumption.

Now, Sweeny is looking at a new, timely cohort446 participants voting in the 2020 U.S. presidential election, among whom 242 are voting for former Vice President Joe Biden, 182 for President Donald Trump and 22 for a third party. Unpublished, preliminary data from this ongoing survey effort suggest that Biden supporters report feeling more anxious than Trump supporters. Sweeny has not formally delved into why.

But its no secret that amid the disruptions to daily life amid the Covid-19 pandemic and uncertainty about the fate of their nation, many Americans are on edge.

Now, the elections are something like the anti-Christmas, because people are dreading it, says Marc Wittmann, author of Felt Time: The Psychology of How We Perceive Time and a neuropsychologist at the Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health in Freiburg, Germany.

Waiting for an event you are focusing on can actually mess with your sense of time, Wittmanns research has found. In one of his studies, published in April in Acta Psychologica, subjects were told to wait in a room while the experiment was getting set up. That story was a decoy; the experiment was actually studying their perceptions of waiting over a period of seven-and-a-half minutes. When participants were asked to rate their experience, those who are usually impulsive, or who felt the most boredom and other negative emotions, overestimated the amount of time that passed.

So what is going on in the brain when you are anxious about something like your favored political candidate losing an election, and the uncertain negative consequences that may follow?

When it comes to a certain, imminent threat, such as a car racing toward you as you cross a street, neuroscientists often talk about the fight or flight response, that impulse we have to either combat a threat or run away from it. The brains key emotional center or limbic system, which includes structures called the amygdala and hippocampus, activates this response through rapid cell firing.

Hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline flood the bloodstream, which might make you sweat and your heart beat faster as your muscles engage, to prepare your body to move you to safety. But this is also what happens during heightened anxiety or a full-on panic attack, which can be triggered by a non-physical threat.

When this emotional center takes over, the front part of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex, takes the backseat, says Nii Addy, associate professor of psychiatry and of cellular and molecular physiology at Yale University. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for emotional regulation and decision-making. In situations with elements of uncertainty, such as a possible but unidentified threat, the limbic system kicks into high gear.

With more certainty theres more of that emotional control that we have, he says. Once we get toward uncertainty, those other areas of the brain take over to try to move us out of an uncertain situation, into a state where we are more certain, Addy says.

Scientists once thought of fear and anxiety as having distinct brain circuitry. Fear refers to intense, fleeting reactions to imminent and clear threatsthat flight or fight response. Anxiety is more about feeling heightened arousal or vigilance in response to uncertain or diffuse threats. Even Sigmund Freud considered fear and anxiety as different phenomena, says University of Maryland neuroscientist Alexander Shackman.

But a recent study in the Journal of Neuroscience supports the idea that the neural circuitry behind fear and anxiety are connected. The amygdala, that almond-shaped structure in the brains emotional center, has long been associated with a response to certain danger. A neighboring region called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, associated with anxiety, is part of the same network reacting to certain and uncertain threats, Shackman and colleagues find.

The researchers looked at subjects' brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner as they awaited a painful (though harmless) electric shock combined with the presentation of an unsavory image, such as a picture of a mutilated body, at the same time as a sound, such as a scream. To simulate waiting for a certain threat, experimenters gave participants a 3, 2, 1 countdown before an unpleasant shock-image-sound combination. Other subjects first viewed a random string of numbers, which created uncertainty as to when the icky stimuli would arrive.

Both threat scenarios appeared to activate the same network in the brain, strengthening the case that fear and anxiety should not be thought of as biologically separate.

If they were totally different, you would have to develop totally different biological treatments, Shackman says. To the degree that they partially overlap, you can start to contemplate broad-spectrum biological interventions that would help with extreme fear and extreme anxiety.

This is just one neuroimaging study and only 99 subjects participated. And in real life, no one barrages you with random numbers before delivering bad news. But the study adds to mounting evidence that the brains responses to certain and uncertain threats share deep-rooted connections.

But neuroimaging studies tend to only capture human brains over 20-to-30-second periods, Shackman notes. And rodent brain-scan experiments tend to last only about 10 to 15 minutes per critter. Less is known about what exactly happens in the brain over longer periods of anxiety.

So, the neuroscience behind the pervasive distress common in anxiety disorders is still a work in progress. And no one has spent calendar year 2020 ensconced in a brain scanner (although, given all of the mayhem in the world, perhaps some would have volunteered).

But scientists do know that, as a result of heightened states of anxiety over long periods of time, the brain can change in structure, cells and activity, Addy says. Prolonged anxiety can lead humans to become hypervigilant, where they are anxious when no real threat exists. This is relevant to post-traumatic stress disorder, in which a panic or fear response is triggered in a person who experienced a traumatic event in the past.

In a lot of ways, with everything that happened with Covid throughout the world, its almost as if society, in a sense, is going through a type of collective trauma, Addy says.

Not all anxiety is bad, though. It can be a motivating agent, scientists say. You can channel your jitters from worrying about the future into political action, community building and fighting for the change you want to see. If reading endless streams of news and social media content fuels your worries, try to limit the doomscrolling and instead come up with concrete plans to help your family and community in safe ways, Shackman says.

Having a consistent daily routine is important to reengaging the prefrontal cortex, Addy says, helping to move through waves of emotion and stimulate areas of the brain that calm down your heightened reactions.

Finding activities that get you into a flow state, in which you are fully engaged in the present moment and time seems to pass quickly, can be a great way to get through times of uncertainty, Sweeny says. It might be baking, gardening, competing in video games or playing music. It might not even be recreationalSweeny feels her flow state while doing data analysis.

And dont forget, that, like at a football game, no matter how loud you scream, your emotional reaction isnt going to affect the players performance or the eventual score, Wittmann says. Your anxieties arent going to develop a Covid vaccine, or sway the outcome of the U.S. election.

Those on edge about election results may take some comfort in knowing that, according to Sweeny, anxiety decreases once the outcome arriveseven if its not the result you wanted.

Disappointment and other negative emotions may flood in, of course. But bad news is, in its way, an antidote to anxiety because it squashes uncertainty. The agony of the wait itself evaporates.

It is a relief to just know what were dealing with, Sweeny says.

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Anxious About Election Results? Here's What's Happening in Your Brain as You Wait - Smithsonian Magazine

Neuroscience

Meet The First Black Woman To Earn a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Rochester – Because of Them We Can

She's a whole scholar!

Dr. Monique Mendes just made history as the first Black woman to earn a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Rochester, Diverse Education reports.

Mendes is a native of Jamaica who had to make several adjustments to get used to the American culture and education system when moving to the United States. Nonetheless, she persisted, attending public schools and eventually pursuing her undergraduate education at the University of Florida, where she majored in biology. It was during that time, working in the lab, where she discovered her love for neuroscience.

"[The lab] is where I had real hands-on experiences working on a project from the beginning all the way to the end. I had to do all the experiments, and I helped with writing the paper. That was where I realized that it was really exciting to be a part of science," Mendes told Diverse Education.

While at the University of Florida, she joined the McNair Scholars Program, which supports undergrad students with mentorship, financial assistance, and other resources in preparation for a doctoral degree. After earning her bachelor's degree, she enrolled at the University of Rochester Medical Center's (URMC) Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience to pursue her doctorate. As a first-generation college student, she depended on mentorship from faculty members and credited them with her success.

"I definitely had no idea what was going on in the beginning. I was fortunate to have a number of mentors throughout my career that really put my success as a priority. Throughout the years, I gained the experience and the resources I needed to succeed," Mendes told reporters.

She excelled during her time in graduate school. Mendes received several accolades, including "being appointed as a fellow of the Neuroscience Scholars Program by the Society for Neuroscience. She [became] the first URMC graduate student to receive the F99/K00 NIH Blueprint Diversity Specialized Predoctoral to Postdoctoral Advancement in Neuroscience fellowship from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders in Stroke, and receiving the Edward Peck Curtis Award for Excellence in Teaching by a graduate student."

This past summer, Mendes defended her dissertation, "The Kinetics of Microglial Ontogeny and Maturation in the Adult Brain," a study about how cells renew and mature in the brain. Upon graduation, she was surprised to discover that she was the first Black woman in the history of URMC to receive a Ph.D. in neuroscience.

"I felt really incredibly empowered because I felt like I was setting the stage for more Black women to come to Rochester where they can feel like this is something they can do and something they can be successful at. Hopefully, I showed other women that this was possible," she told Diverse Education.

Mendes said that in hindsight, she didn't have one other person who looked like her in any of her classes during her time at the University. She found community elsewhere, finding other Black women in her field through social media campaigns like #BlackInNeuro. She hopes her journey can inspire other women to get into the field and says the burden is on schools and companies to create more opportunities for Black women in the sector.

"I would say create an environment that is not only diverse but inclusive and also paying attention to the cultures so that Black women can feel that this is a place for them. There is a seat at the table. I just think that's probably the most important thing," Mendes told reporters.

The neuroscientist is currently a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, where she plans to study how glia cells impact memory and learning. She hopes to transition to a faculty position in the future and become an advocate and mentor for other students.

When she's not working in the lab, she plays violin and plans to join a community orchestra. Mendes began playing violin at the Immaculate Conception High School in Jamaica. She has played at weddings and the Florida Youth Orchestra, the Brighton Symphony Orchestra, and the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra here in the United States.

"It is a sense of community," Mendes told reporters. "It is nice to have something outside of science to relax. Surprisingly, orchestra is relaxing for me. People would think otherwise. But it feels good to have like a cohort of people that you can talk about something that you are all passionate about. I have had a lot of fun over the years."

Congratulations, Dr. Mendes!

Photo Courtesy of URMC Rochester

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Meet The First Black Woman To Earn a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Rochester - Because of Them We Can

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Market Extensive Growth Opportunities to Be Witnessed by 2020-2028 – The Think Curiouser

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Breakdown Data by Type

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Table of Contents : Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Market

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope Of The Report

Part 03: Research Methodology

Part 04: Market Landscape

Part 05: Pipeline Analysis

Part 06: Market Sizing

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Part 08: Market Segmentation

Part 09: Customer Landscape

Part 10: Regional Landscape

Part 11: Decision Framework

Part 12: Drivers And Challenges

Part 13: Market Trends

Part 14: Vendor Landscape

Part 15: Vendor Analysis

Part 16: Appendix

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience Market 2020-2025 | Comprehensive Study COVID19 Impact Analysis | Global Key Players: GE Healthcare, Siemens Healthineers, Noldus…

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Market Segmentation by Type:

Market Segmentation by Applications:

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Neuroscience

What Does the Future Hold for Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Market? – Zenit News

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segment by Type, the product can be split into2D Cell Models3D Cell ModelsCommercial 3D Cell ModelsInhouse 3D Cell Models

Market segment by Application, split intoDrug ScreeningToxicology3D Model DevelopmentBasic ResearchPhysiologic ResearchStem Cell ResearchRegenerative Medicine

Based on regional and country-level analysis, the Lungs in Vitro market has been segmented as follows:North AmericaUnited StatesCanadaEuropeGermanyFranceU.K.ItalyRussiaNordicRest of EuropeAsia-PacificChinaJapanSouth KoreaSoutheast AsiaIndiaAustraliaRest of Asia-PacificLatin AmericaMexicoBrazilMiddle East & AfricaTurkeySaudi ArabiaUAERest of Middle East & Africa

The market research report is classified into the types of products and is analyzed in a detailed manner. Moreover, it includes potential future products that are expected to open new market avenues and can change the dynamics of the market. Each product type is analyzed on the basis of their developments, growth, and threats in the different regions.

This report covers all the applications of the afore-mentioned products and also provides information on the potential applications in the foreseeable future. The dedicated research team has to look into all possible parameters and analyzed the applications that drive the growth of the market.

By Region

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Asia Pacific (India, China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, Rest of Asia Pacific)

Europe (Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Central & Eastern Europe, Rest of Europe)

Middle East & Africa (GCC, Turkey, Rest of the Middle East & Africa)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)

One country of interest can be added with no additional cost on the report. Moreover, if more than one needs to be added, the regional segment quote may vary. In this report, the questions such as which country/region is expected to witness a steep rise in CAGR & year-on-year (Y-o-Y) are also covered.

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In the competitive analysis section of the report, leading as well as prominent players of the global Lungs in Vitro market are broadly studied on the basis of key factors. The report offers comprehensive analysis and accurate statistics on revenue by the player for the period 2015-2020. It also offers detailed analysis supported by reliable statistics on price and revenue (global level) by player for the period 2015-2020.The key players covered in this studyATCCLonzaEpithelixMattekEmulateMimetasTissuseInspheroCn Bio

Note: Additional companies can be profiled in the report.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the report

1) Does the report cover COVID-19 impact and future market projections?

Yes. The market research report covers the detailed analysis of COVID-19 impact on the market. Our research team has been monitoring the market closely while it has been conducting interviews with the industry experts to get better insights on the present and future implications of the COVID-19 virus on the market.

The market report provides vital information on the strategies deployed by industry players during the COVID-19 crisis to maintain their position in the market. Along with this, it also shares crucial data on product developments due to the inevitable pandemic across the globe.

2) Can the report be customized according to the requirements?

Yes. The Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays market report can be customized according to your needs. For instance, the company can be profiled you ask for while specific region/country analysis can be focused that meets your interests. You can talk to our research analyst about your exact requirements and UMR will accordingly tailor the required report.

3) Can we narrow the available business segments?

Yes, the market report can be further segmented on the basis of data availability and feasibility. We can provide a further breakdown in product types and applications (if applicable) by size, volume, or revenue. In the market segmentation part, the latest product developments and customer behavior insights are also included to give an in-depth analysis of the market.

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What Does the Future Hold for Neuroscience Antibodies and Assays Market? - Zenit News

Neuroscience

Here’s What Sugar Really Does to Your Brain, According to a Neuroscience Expert – msnNOW

Aleksandra Medvedeva - Getty Images A donut for breakfast, sweetened yogurt for lunch, a mid-afternoon syrupy latte here's how sugar affects your bain.

Sugar rush. Sugar high. Sugar buzz. Sugar slump.

Weve all heard these phrases that describe what our brains feel like when weve had too much of a sweet treat. But heres the thing about sugar and your brain: Your noggin needs it because sugar is its main fuel. Our brains run on glucoseit fuels our cells, including our brain cells. Were evolutionarily programmed to like sweets since theyre a great energy source. And when glucose levels are low in the blood (say, if you have hypoglycemia, or sometimes if it's just been a while since youve had something to eat), brain fog sets in, you fumble for words, you forget where you put down your phone, you look for a place to curl up for a quick nap.

When theres too much sugar in the system, however, that can set off some really bad stuff in your body and your brain.

When sugar hits our tongue, it activates certain taste buds that send a signal up to the brain, including the cerebral cortex, says Nicole Avena, Ph.D., assistant professor of neuroscience at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, who wrote a book about sugar addiction. The signal activates the brains reward system; dopamine (a feel-good brain chemical) is released and the behavior is reinforced, which makes us want to repeat it (mmmm, thats nice, give me more!).

Sugar is rare among dopamine-producing foods, Avena points out. Most of the time when we eat something new and tasty, dopamine is released the first time we taste it, she explains. This is an evolutionary advantage to help us to pay attention to new and different tastes, in case they make us sick. If we eat something new and dont get sick, typically the dopamine response then goes away the next timeso basically we only release dopamine in response to eating new foods. However, sugar is different. Its more like what happens with a drug of abuse, where dopamine is released every single time its consumed. Eating lots of sugar will continue to feel rewarding because the dopamine level doesnt balance out, which it does when eating healthier foods. So sugar does act a bit like a drug in our systemwhich is why people get hooked on sugary foods.

Gallery: 8 Healthy Eating Habits for Men (Eat This, Not That!)

We used to have to forage for sweet foodsbut no more, of course. Our world is filled with sugary foodsand not just the obvious donuts and super-sweetened, super-large latte drinks. A host of surprising foodsfrom ketchup to salad dressing to marinara sauce have sugar added to them. But our brains still function like sugar is a rarity.

When you repeatedly activate that reward system, your brain adapts and actually rewires itself, and you crave more and more. And research on rats turned up this finding: When they were fed high-sugar diets, the rats brains released less of a certain chemical that helps bodies put on the brakes, so they were less able to stop eating it.

Those sugar-saturated rats also werent as good at certain memory tasks, which showed that certain brain functions in the prefrontal area and hippocampus (an important area for memory formation and retention) were impaired. Other rat studies showed that a high sugar diet increased inflammation in this area, which also affected short term memory.

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You may not be aware that theres a strong connection between our gut and our brainand sugar comes into play here as well. When that sugary thing youve eaten hits your gut, Avena says, it activates sugar receptors there too, which signal the brain to release insulin to deal with the extra sugar youve eaten. To explain further: Excess sugar drives the pancreas to produce extra insulin, a hormone involved in blood sugar regulation. The insulin signals fat cells to store excessive amounts of glucose, fatty acids, and other calorie-rich substances. As a result, too few calories remain in the bloodstream, so the brain thinks its now low on fuel (since it has those very high energy needs). So your hunger level rises quickly. And sugar is appealing then because it provides quick energy. Thus, the cycle begins again. And thus, cravings for more and more brownies or ice cream or candy.

Want to get your brain in line with a healthier sugar level? Your brain can readapt when you cut back on sugar, and you wont crave it as much, says Avena. However, it can take awhile, even months, for this to happen, depending on the severity of dependence on sugar that one has.

To find out more about how to start cutting back on sugar and shake off a sugar dependence, try a 7-day detox plan. When you can successfully cut back, there's a payoff, besides a much healthier body: Just a small taste of, say, that delicious chocolate brownie will be enough of a sweet treat to satisfy you.

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Here's What Sugar Really Does to Your Brain, According to a Neuroscience Expert - msnNOW

Neuroscience

International virtual technology in neuroscience conference to be held in Saudi Arabia – Arab News

JEDDAH: Saudi health chiefs on Monday warned members of the public to prepare for an increase in the number of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in the Kingdom.With infection rates on the rise throughout the world, changing weather conditions, and people dropping their guard over safety precautions, Ministry of Health officials predicted an upsurge in cases was inevitable.Dr. Hani Joukhadar, the ministrys undersecretary for public health, said: Cases began to increase in most countries around the world, reaching unprecedented numbers in the US, England, France, Italy, and Spain.After numbers in these countries reached a stable status during the virus first wave, numbers in other countries began to increase, and this is expected to happen again.He added that a second wave of COVID-19 in many countries had come about following an easing of restrictions and people failing to adhere to precautionary measures.In Saudi Arabia, we expect an increase in cases as the weather is changing and more people are encouraged to go out and gather in homes. We also notice that people are less committed to wearing masks in public places, Joukhadar said.He hoped that awareness among Saudis and expats would help prevent a major second wave in the Kingdom but warned that the number of cases was still expected to increase.Saudi Arabia announced 381 new COVID-19 cases on Monday, meaning that 348,037 people in the country had so far contracted the disease. There were 7,928 active cases receiving medical care, of which 755 patients were in serious or critical condition.

FASTFACTS

Saudi Arabia announced 381 new COVID-19 cases on Monday.

436 more patients have recovered, raising the total number of recoveries in the Kingdom to 334,672.

In addition, 436 patients have recovered, raising the total number of recoveries in the Kingdom to 334,672. The death toll now stands at 5,437 after 17 more people were reported to have died.Saudi Arabia has so far conducted 8,151,353 polymerase chain reaction tests since the outbreak of COVID-19 in the country, and 53,819 were carried out in the last 24 hours.Meanwhile, the Saudi Red Crescent Authority organized 216 ambulance volunteer teams, consisting of 1,744 helpers, to work at the Prophets Mosque in Madinah to tackle medical cases in the past two weeks.Around 257 reports were initiated in the Prophets Mosque and its squares, 243 cases were handled, and 86 cases were transferred to the emergency teams stationed in the Prophets Mosque or nearby health centers.

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International virtual technology in neuroscience conference to be held in Saudi Arabia - Arab News

Neuroscience

Hyperloop Health – Dominion Post – The Dominion Post

WVU researchers making sure future hyperloop travel is safe for its riders

WVU Today

Before the first Virgin Hyperloop ride takes off, the brains behind pioneering neuroscience research at West Virginia University will help ensure the health and well-being of its passengers and operators.

After all, theyll be traveling in pods through a vacuum tube at speeds breaking 600 mph.

It sounds like science fiction. But it will be a reality grounded in science, as engineers develop and tweak the mover system that will disrupt modern transportation as we know it.

Tried-and-tested science wont end there. Virgin Hyperloop plans to collaborate with the Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute at WVU to study how traveling at excessive speeds may impact the brain and body.

The RNI, led by Dr. Ali Rezai, has heralded numerous breakthroughs in recent years, ranging from first-of-its-kind procedures treating Alzheimers disease patients with focused ultrasound and those recovering from substance abuse through deep brain stimulation to predicting viral infections symptoms such as those associated with COVID-19 three days in advance through the use of wearable technology, a mobile app and artificial intelligence.

RNI researchers have already established the framework and tools that Virgin Hyperloop can apply at its certification center, which will span nearly 800 acres in Tucker and Grant counties.

Construction of the Hyperloop Certification Center will begin in 2021 with a planned Welcome Center, Certification Track and Operations Center, Pod Final Assembly Facility, Production Development Test Center and Operations, Maintenance and Safety Training Center.

Thats where the tinkering until perfection takes place before the system goes prime time. The plan is for Hyperloop to connect cities such as Pittsburgh and Chicago in 41 minutes, or New York City to Washington, D.C. in just 30 minutes.

Imagine zooming along at those 600 mph speeds in a tube with no windows. Or, better yet, operating the system itself.

These are super-high fast trains, said Rezai, executive chair, vice president of neuroscience and associate dean of RNI. Fundamentally, the RNI can collaborate with Virgin Hyperloop with a focus on safety, functionality and performance, for example, the neuroscience of workload, stress, cognitive ability and all other functions that can be quantified and measured, with respect to system users like passengers and operators.

Human functions may be impacted by high speed and the perception of knowing how fast you are moving. Without windows and a frame of reference, a persons balance, sensor, motor and other nervous systems function may be impacted as well. Well be looking at all of these factors in an integrated framework that measures physiological function and performance of the team and system operators and the passenger.

When the NBA restarted its 2019-20 season at Walt Disney World Resort over the summer, players had the option to wear a wedding band-like smart ring that could detect early COVID-19 symptoms. Months earlier, at the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, the RNI teamed up with the ring maker, Oura Health, to develop a digital health platform to predict viral illness symptoms such as with COVID-19.

More than 600 healthcare professionals and first responders participated in the first phase of the RNI study. The rings worked. They monitored physiological data including temperature, breathing and heart patterns, and when coupled with the RNI mobile app and its Digital Health platform, effectively predicted viral illness symptoms such as those associated with coronavirus for up to three days before appearing, with over 80 percent accuracy.

The RNI has all kinds of wearable gadgets, from wristwatches to even clothing, that constantly monitor a persons vitals and collect health data. By applying artificial intelligence and machine-learning to the data collected, the RNI team has predicted health outcomes and behaviors, such as cravings of patients recovering from substance abuse. In fact, before the COVID-19 pandemic, a large chunk of wearable technologies deployed by the RNI were geared toward patients overcoming opioid addiction and chronic pain.

Now the RNI may help to test these smart technologies for the Virgin Hyperloop project.

We are going to use wearable technologies to quantify the physiology of humans, Rezai said. From eye trackers to body sensors to electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms, we can measure, quantify and make sense of whats happening to the human body at 600 mph.

We will apply technologies that we have validated as state-of-the-art to measure physiological, cognitive, social, subjective and performance indicators, said Dr. Scott Galster, director of applied research at RNI.

Galster came to WVU in 2017 to head up human performance research at RNI after an extensive background with the Air Force Research Laboratory and working with NCAA and professional sports teams. He is the mind behind the muscle.

At the RNI, he and his team have continued work with military personnel and athletes, including WVU sports teams, to study fatigue, resilience and recovery.

Similarly, Virgin Hyperloop operators are like athletes and soldiers. Theyll have a specific quest and must train to be fit, mentally and physically, to achieve that target.

We want to optimize operator performance by creating competency-based training systems, applying our knowledge of interactions with complex automated systems examining factors such as decision-making, mental models and trust, Galster said.

RNI will also apply neuroergonomics the study of the human brain in relation to behavioral performance in natural environments and settings and cognitive engineering in the design and flow for the control center, Galster continued.

We have, either internally or through our existing collaborator network, the ability to offer assistance in all aspects of the operational space for this exciting project, he said.

Galster, too, emphasized that Virgin Hyperloop will provide two unique experiences one for the passenger and one for the operator.

For passengers, the RNI can examine and offer recommendations on the point-to-point experience that Virgin Hyperloop will offer, he said. Examples include digital infrastructures to help from purchasing to arriving at your destination, environmental factors such as vibration, lighting, ergonomics, motion sickness, and the use of advanced recovery modalities during ride times.

The ultimate goal, Galster said, is to make the entire system operate safely and securely with maximum efficiency and enjoyment now and in the future.

The ecosystem weve established at West Virginia University Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute is already impacting individuals across different walks of life in improving not only their health and wellness, but job performance, recovery and readiness, Rezai said. At the Hyperloop Certification Center, we will be providing a scientific leadership role and guidance in characterizing and optimizing human safety and function related to this innovative hyperloop technology.

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Hyperloop Health - Dominion Post - The Dominion Post