Category Archives: Neuroscience

Basketball on the brain: Neuroscientists use sports to study surprise – Princeton University

The gasp of surprise. Fans leap to their feet. Shouts ring out.

The most exciting moments in sports are often linked to surprise, an unexpected change of circumstances that abruptly shifts the anticipated outcome of the game.

Princeton neuroscientist James Antony decided to capitalize on these moments to study how human brains process surprise.

Were trying to figure out how people update their understanding of things that are occurring in the real world, based on how events unfold over time how they set up these contextually-based predictions, and what happens when those are confirmed or contradicted, said Antony, a CV Starr Fellow in Neuroscience and the first author on a paper published todayin the journal Neuron.

The researchers observed 20 self-identified basketball fans as they watched the last five minutes of nine games from the 2012 mens NCAA March Madness tournament. While they watched the games, a specialized camera tracked their eye movements and functional MRI scans measured their neural activity. The scientists chose basketball because the frequent scoring provided more opportunities to observe how the brain responded to changes.

This study has both theoretical significance, in terms of testing and refining models of how surprise affects the brain and behavior, and also popular science appeal, said Ken Norman, the senior author on the paper, who is the Huo Professor in Computational and Theoretical Neuroscience and the chair of the Department of Psychology. Sporting events like the NCAA tournament are both incredibly compelling and also hyper-quantifiable you can assess, moment-by-moment, exactly how probable an outcome will be, given what happened in previous games making them an ideal domain for studying how cognitive processes like memory, event understanding and emotional responses work in the real world. James' paper is the first to unlock the potential of this approach.

At surprising moments in the March Madness games key turnovers, last-minute three-pointers a typical participant would register rapid pupil dilation and shifts in the pattern of activity in high-level areas of the brain areas like the prefrontal cortex.

Theres a lot of nuance its not like Surprise is surprise is surprise is surprise, Antony said. Different kinds of surprises have different effects that we observed in different brain systems.

One interesting result was that shifts in the pattern of activity in high-level brain areas only happened at moments that contradicted the watchers current beliefs about which team was more likely to win. This fits with the idea that patterns in these areas reflect the story of the game, and that the chapters of this story are defined by which team has momentum, Norman said.

The researchers received help from legendary basketball statistician Ken Pomeroy to create a win-probability graph, a tracker for which team was most likely to win at any given moment. Sport websites and sports announcers have long used win-probability graphs to quantify the likely impact of any given turnover or basket.

What the scientists realized was that avid sports fans have an intuitive version of that graph in their heads, Antony said.

You can tell this by the way people react to things, he said. Were measuring it in this somewhat confined setting here, but if you imagine two friends watching a championship game, and theres a huge moment, one might get so excited that they tackle their friend over the couch. That doesnt happen at a moment that isnt eventful or only has a minimal impact on the overall outcome.

People really do have win-probability graphs in their heads, Norman said. When the win-probability graph shifts in either direction, that leads to better memory for that part of the game, and it seems to affect pupillary response in addition to memory. Theres an interesting association between those things.

Historically, neuroscientists studying surprise have created very stripped-down experiments to build a particular expectation, then violate it.

As a field, weve been eager to see whether the principles that weve come up with based on these very simplified scenarios apply in real life, Norman said. The challenge is that in real life, its hard to pinpoint the moment when the surprise occurs, or how big the surprise was. Sports let us precisely quantify surprise in a real-world setting, giving us the perfect opportunity to see whether these ideas about surprise generalize outside of the lab.

Other Princetonians on the team were Uri Hasson, a professor of psychology and neuroscience; Thomas Hartshorne, a researcher with the Bendheim-Thoman Center for Research on Child Wellbeing in the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs; and Sam McDougle, who completed his Ph.D. in psychology in 2018 and is now an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University.

Behavioral, physiological, and neural signatures of surprise during naturalistic sports viewing, by James W. Antony, Thomas H. Hartshorne, Ken Pomeroy, Todd M. Gureckis, Uri Hasson, Samuel D. McDougle and Kenneth A. Norman appears in the Jan. 20, 2021 issue of Neuron, published online Nov. 25 (DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.029). The research was supported by a CV Starr Fellowship to J.W.A. and Office of Naval ResearchMultidisciplinary University Research Initiatives grant N00014-17-1-2961 to K.A.N. and U.H.

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Basketball on the brain: Neuroscientists use sports to study surprise - Princeton University

Postdoctoral Fellow in Centre for Neural Computation job with NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY – NTNU | 234854 – Times Higher…

About the position

We have a vacancy for a postdoctoral fellow.

The position is a part of the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience/Centre for Neural Computation. The Centre for Neural Computation is a centre of excellence funded for 10 years by the Norwegian Research Council. We offer an international and multidisciplinary environment in which creativity and scientific discourse is valued and stimulated. Seehttp://www.ntnu.edu/kavliandwww.spinorkavli.orgfor detailed information.

You will reportto Professor Yasser Roudi.

Duties of the position

The successful applicant will work on analyzing statisticalproperties of texts as a collaborative project between YasserRoudi (SPINOr, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience,NTNU) and Giosu Baggio (Language Acquisition andLanguage Processing Lab, Department of Language andLiterature, NTNU). The work involves applying recentlydeveloped data analysis techniques (Marsili, Mastromatteo, Roudi, 2013; Cubero et al., 2019 and 2020) to study thedistributional properties of words, collocations, and syntacticstructures in literary works and other texts, and how suchstatistics change across texts and through time.

Required selection criteria

Postdoctoral fellow:

The appointment is to be made in accordance with the regulations in force concerningState Employees and Civil Servants and national guidelines for appointment as PhD, post doctor and research assistant.

Preferred selection criteria

Personal characteristics

We offer

Salary and conditions

Postdoctoral fellowship:

The employment period is 2-4years depending on the candidate.

Postdoctoral candidates are placed in code 1352, and are normally remunerated at gross from NOK 542 400 per annum before tax, depending on qualifications and seniority. From the salary, 2% is deducted as a contribution to the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund.

The engagement is to be made in accordance with the regulations in force concerning State Employees and Civil Servants, and the acts relating to Control of the Export of Strategic Goods, Services and Technology. Candidates who by assessment of the application and attachment are seen to conflict with the criteria in the latter law will be prohibited from recruitment to NTNU. After the appointment you must assume that there may be changes in the area of work.

The position is subject to external funding.

It is a prerequisite you can be present at and accessible to the institution daily.

About the application

The application and supporting documentation to be used as the basis for the assessment must be in English

Publications and other scientific work must follow the application. Please note that applications are only evaluated based on the information available on the application deadline. You should ensure that your application shows clearly how your skills and experience meet the criteria which are set out above.

The application must include:

Joint works will be considered. If it is difficult to identify your contribution to joint works, you must attach a brief description of your participation.

In the evaluation of which candidate is best qualified, emphasis will be placed on education, experience and personal suitability.

NTNU is committed to following evaluation criteria for research quality according toThe San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment - DORA.

General information

Working at NTNU

A good work environment is characterized by diversity. We encourage qualified candidates to apply, regardless of their gender, functional capacity or cultural background.

The city of Trondheimis a modern European city with a rich cultural scene. Trondheim is the innovation capital of Norway with a population of 200,000. The Norwegian welfare state, including healthcare, schools, kindergartens and overall equality, is probably the best of its kind in the world. Professional subsidized day-care for children is easily available. Furthermore, Trondheim offers great opportunities for education (including international schools) and possibilities to enjoy nature, culture and family life and has low crime rates and clean air quality.

As an employeeatNTNU, you must at all times adhere to the changes that the development in the subject entails and the organizational changes that are adopted.

Information Act (Offentleglova), your name, age, position and municipality may be made public even if you have requested not to have your name entered on the list of applicants.

If you have any questions about the position, please contact: Yasser Roudi, Professor, Kavli/CNC

Email: yasser.roudi@ntnu.no

If you have any questions about the recruitment process, please contact Chief Executive Officer, Ole Kristian Indergrd, e-mail: ole.k.indergard@ntnu.no

Please submit your application electronically via jobbnorge.no with your CV, diplomas and certificates. Applications submitted elsewhere will not be considered. Diploma Supplement is required to attach for European Master Diplomas outside Norway. Chinese applicants are required to provide confirmation of Master Diploma fromChina Credentials Verification (CHSI).

If you are invited for interview you must include certified copies of transcripts and reference letters.

Application deadline: 20.12.2020

NTNU - knowledge for a better world

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) creates knowledge for a better world and solutions that can change everyday life.

The Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience is part of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU. It was established as a Centre of Excellence in 2002, and designated as a Kavli Foundation Institute in 2007 (www.kavlifoundation.org). The scientific goal of the Institute is to increase the understanding of neural circuits and systems along with their role in generating psychological functions.

Today, the Institute consists of the Centre for Neuronal Computation (CNC) as well as the Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to two of the Institutes professors, Edvard Moser and May-Britt Moser. The Institute is responsible for an international master's programme and is affiliated with a doctoral programme in medicine. Through our widespread network of international collaboration, we offer unique career opportunities. For further information, see: http://www.ntnu.edu/kavli.

Deadline20th December 2020EmployerNTNU - Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyMunicipalityTrondheimScopeFulltimeDurationFixed TermPlace of service

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Postdoctoral Fellow in Centre for Neural Computation job with NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - NTNU | 234854 - Times Higher...

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NEUROSCIENCE ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS Market Share Analysis and Research Report by - News by aeresearch

Jerold Chun among worlds most highly cited researchers – Newswise

Newswise Jerold Chun, M.D., Ph.D., a professor and senior vice president at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate, the global analytics company. The honor recognizes researchers who have demonstrated a significant influence in their chosen field of study through the publication of multiple works that have been cited by their peers.

This means that Chun, a renowned neuroscientist, was in the top 1% of citations for his field of study between 2009 and 2019.

Chun has made important contributions to our understanding of the brain and its diseases, including the discovery of somatic genomic mosaicism and gene recombination in the brain and its involvement in Alzheimers disease. Chun also identified the first lysophospholipid receptor, which is part of a growing class of receptors underlying new neuroscience medicines (e.g., fingolimod, siponimod and ozanimod for multiple sclerosis); and has further contributed to understanding a range of other diseases including hydrocephalus, schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, infertility and fibrosis.

Chun completed his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees through the Medical Scientist Training Program at Stanford University, postgraduate training at the Whitehead Institute/MIT and has received national and international recognition including being named a 2020 NIH Directors Transformative Research Awardee. This is the third time Chun has landed on the prestigious Highly Cited list.

The methodology that determines the whos who of influential researchers draws on the data and analysis performed by bibliometric experts and data scientists at the Institute for Scientific Information at Clarivate. It also uses the tallies to identify the countries and research institutions where these scientific elite are based, according to Clarivate.

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About Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute

Sanford Burnham Prebys is a preeminent, independent biomedical research institute dedicated to understanding human biology and disease and advancing scientific discoveries to profoundly impact human health. For more than 40 years, our research has produced breakthroughs in cancer, neuroscience, immunology and childrens diseases, and is anchored by our NCI-designated Cancer Center and advanced drug discovery capabilities. For more information, visit us atSBPdiscovery.orgor on Facebook atfacebook.com/SBPdiscoveryand on Twitter@SBPdiscovery.

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Jerold Chun among worlds most highly cited researchers - Newswise

Production of a purely Slovak COVID-19 vaccine to move abroad – The Slovak Spectator

Neuroimmunologist Norbert ilka oversees the development of the ACvac1 vaccine at Axon Neuroscience.

Slovak scientists and researchers are developing a vaccine against COVID-19. It is believed it will especially help older people whose bodies find it difficult to elicit an immune response.

Neuroimmunologist NORBERT ILKA, who oversees the development of the vaccine at Axon Neuroscience, explains when the Slovak vaccine could be available and who is financing it.

At what stage of development is the Slovak vaccine ACvac1? Have you tested it on people yet?

No, the vaccine is not yet undergoing clinical trials - the phase in which the vaccine is given to human-volunteers. We are nearing the end of the preclinical phase, which takes place exclusively in the laboratory. Here the vaccine is tested on animals or cultured cells. We are monitoring the potential of the vaccine for its further use.

26. Nov 2020 at 12:01 |Renta Zeln

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Production of a purely Slovak COVID-19 vaccine to move abroad - The Slovak Spectator

Three Washington University scholars were Rhodes finalists | The Source – Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom

Two Washington University in St. Louis students and a recent alumnus were finalists for the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship.

They are:

We are incredibly proud of our finalists, each one an accomplished leader in their respective fields, Chancellor Andrew D. Martin said. Summer, Harsh and Taylor are pursuing different goals, but they share a common belief: empathy and understanding lead to impact.

Brown, McKenna and Moolani were among an elite group of scholars from across the globe competing for the scholarship, which provides winners an opportunity to earn an advanced degree at Oxford University. On Nov. 21, the Rhodes Trust selected 32 American scholars to join the program. Washington University has had 29 Rhodes Scholars since the program began in 1902.

Years of service

Age: 23Studies: Social work at the Brown SchoolHome: Paragould, Ark.

Taylor Brown is an advocate for children.

I envision a world where our childrens welfare is our main priority and where our social welfare systems prevent vulnerability, not merely treat the symptoms, he wrote in his scholarship application.

This scholarship would allow me to take the next steps in continuing my fight for children. Ive built this vision through years of service.

Taylor advises the assistant secretary of the U.S. Administration for Children and Families which administers most of the social services in the country, including all federal policy related to child welfare on policy and politics. Previously, he served as an ordained minister at a homeless shelter for three years while earning a bachelors degree in social work from Harding University in Arkansas.

I dreamed of becoming a clinician specializing in childhood trauma therapy, he said.

After he worked for two weeks as a caseworker, the director of the Arkansas Division of Children and Family Services promoted Brown to serve as a legislative aide, setting him on the path of social policy and politics. He then moved to working on childrens policy issues in the governors office.

After moving to St. Louis to begin the Master of Social Work program at the Brown School, Brown has served as legislative aide in the Missouri Legislature; continued his ministry by fighting for racial equity in the city; and served as director of policy and analysis for Ella Jones, the first African American and female mayor of Ferguson, Mo.

These positions have allowed me to create innovative solutions to social issues, he said. Most importantly, however, these experiences have elucidated critical gaps in advancing childrens welfare in the face of a multitude of impending global challenges. Ive already begun to fill those gaps, but this scholarship is the next step.

When youre working with vulnerable people, they become the center of your world, Brown said.

We forget that these people exist amid a myriad of interconnected systems, he said. I led an international child welfare summit between the United States and England, which was so impactful that our countries requested another. I successfully led the Global Children in Care Summit, where government and nonprofit leaders from 30 other countries joined the assistant secretary of the Arkansas Division of Children and Family Services to learn about comparative child-welfare policy by listening to the lived experiences of nine young people who had been in care in various countries around the world.

I envision a formal coalition of countries who are so committed to the welfare of their children that they set aside their differences to better serve their most vulnerable, he said.

Taylor is precisely the kind of person who is likely to make a positive and profound change in our world, said Brett Drake, professor at the Brown School. His combination of intellect, superior interpersonal skills and his genuine and deep commitment to transformative change make him uniquely well suited to take full advantage of any opportunities he is offered.

The world needs more people like Taylor Brown, Chancellor Andrew D. Martin said. He is a champion for children all over the world and is using the knowledge gained at the Brown School to help ensure lasting, positive change for young people everywhere.

Taylor plans to earn a PhD in social policy.

Education isnt born of inertia. Its a tool and a passion, Brown said. I was the first in my family to graduate from a four-year college, and I used that knowledge to escape generational poverty and abuse in the rural South, ultimately to help kids who come from homes like mine.

Nuanced care, big-picture thinking

Age: 21Studies: Philosophy-neuroscience-psychology and modern Middle Eastern studies in Arts & SciencesHome: San Antonio

Summer McKenna, 21, is committed to ending decades of distrust and hostility between America and the Middle East through cultural competency and conflict mediation.

My mission is to neutralize our militarys greatest enemy: a glaring lack of cultural, linguistic and historical competency, McKenna wrote in her scholarship application. I am not hungry for war. I am starving for education for our troops, diversification of our Armed Forces, acknowledging the humanness in another and making space for women as warriors of peacebuilding.

McKenna serves as Cadet Battalion Commander, the top cadet leader of the Gateway Battalion, a Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program composed of more than 100 cadets from nine local colleges and universities.

McKenna knew little about the Middle East before she arrived at Washington University to study philosophy-neuroscience-psychology and run track. But two key experiences set her on her current path. The first occurred in 2018, when she traveled to Morocco as part of Project Global Officer, a Department of Defense program to teach cadets critical languages. McKenna had never traveled outside of the United States, nor did she know Arabic. But she learned quickly from her Moroccan host sisters.

We spent a lot of time talking about their views of America both how they wanted to come here to study but also their anger about its role in the region, McKenna recalled. Hearing the perceptions of women my age made me realize that I have a role to play in how the world sees our country.

The next moment occurred in the class The U.S. War in Iraq taught by Krister Knapp, teaching professor of history in Arts & Sciences. The topic was Abu Ghraib, the Iraqi prison where U.S. soldiers tortured Iraqi detainees.

I was wearing my uniform that day and I felt incredible shame, McKenna said. But I also felt this determination to fix the broken trust that occurred in Iraq.

Jennifer R. Smith, dean of the College of Arts & Sciences, said McKennas strength as an interdisciplinary scholar and sensitivity to interpersonal dynamics makes her a natural diplomat.

If I could design the person I would most want engaged in complex, fraught and exceedingly consequential decision-making within international affairs scenarios, particularly as regarding use of military force, it would be Summer, Smith wrote in her recommendation. She combines a nuanced care for individuals with big-picture strategic thinking and an ultimately pragmatic mindset.

McKenna is currently an honors intern at the U.S. Department of Justice. Upon graduation, she will be commissioned as a military intelligence officer in the U.S. Army Reserve.

On campus, McKenna also served as education chairwoman for Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and as member of the Catholic Leadership Development Cohort.

But her proudest accomplishment is the creation of Interchange for Language & Mentorship, which pairs Syrian refugee high school students with Washington University undergraduates. Before the pandemic, McKenna and fellow tutors would accompany students to class to help them better understand English as well as American concepts like Thanksgiving.

Helping in these minute moments makes a big difference in their education, McKenna said. Students who once felt excluded now feel included.

Always looking to innovate

Age: 22Studied: Neuroscience in Arts & SciencesHome: Owensboro, Ky.

Harsh Moolani understood the devastating consequences of social isolation on older adults long before the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. During his years as a hospice volunteer, Moolani befriended many older adults, each with a unique story to tell, each longing to be heard.

Deep human needs require the comfort and confidence of belonging, Moolani wrote in his Rhodes application. The psychosocial challenges like loneliness and social determinants of health for older adults are given little attention despite grave consequences. Seeing how research aligned with my in-person experience of witnessing a shortage of caregivers, inadequate reimbursement systems, poor aging policy and social perceptions as contributors to the challenges in elder care only compounded my fascination for the field and obsession with its intricacies.

In response, Moolani founded Create Circles while still an undergraduate at Washington University. The nonprofit organization strives to reduce social isolation and cognitive decay by pairing young volunteers with older adults in long-term care facilities to produce creative projects such as articles, videos and podcasts.

A lot of programs are about providing companionship, and that, certainly, is important, Moolani said. But we look to give them an opportunity to create after years of losing parts of themselves that are fundamental to their identity. We want to help craft a sense of purpose with them.

Moolani has trained more than 600 volunteers, who assist older adults in 13 states. Currently, volunteers meet virtually, a logistical feat that amazes his mentor, Rajendra S. Apte, MD, PhD, the Paul A. Cibis Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the School of Medicine.

Harsh is constantly looking to innovate, whether it is through tools anyone can use to engage their family members or online training to better equip pre-existing organizations, Apte wrote in his recommendation. His journey of learning from physicians, administrators, policymakers and, most importantly, the older adult population he is serving, led him to understand the essence of medicine: to allow people to live life on their own terms for as long as possible. With this realization comes Harshs fascination with the social determinants of health and how he can address this component of health care today.

In addition to his role leading Create Circles, Moolani also is a product manager and analyst for Briocare, where he is developing technology that can be used with Alexa and Google Assistant devices to improve older adults well-being. He also continues his work as a research assistant in Aptes lab, where he is studying age-related macular degeneration.

Moolani also remains a volunteer at Unity Hospice, the Alzheimers Association and VOYCE St. Louis, which advocates for quality long-term care.

Moolani also co-founded Compare Medical Schools, a website that helps students from underrepresented populations find best-fit medical programs.

At Washington University, he served as a residential advisor and was captain and choreographer of WashU Chaahat, a Bollywood-fusion dance team.

To learn more about the Rhodes Scholarship, visitrhodesscholar.org.

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Three Washington University scholars were Rhodes finalists | The Source - Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom

UNC scientists identify brain cells that help drive bodily reaction to fear, anxiety – WRAL Tech Wire

CHAPEL HILL Strong emotions such as fear and anxiety tend to be accompanied and reinforced by measurable bodily changes including increased blood pressure, heart rate and respiration, and dilation of the eyes pupils. These so-called physiological arousal responses are often abnormally high or low in psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety disordersand depression. Now scientists at the UNC School of Medicine have identified a population of brain cells whose activity appears to drive such arousal responses.

The scientists, whosestudy is publishedinCell Reports, found that artificially forcing the activity of these brain cells in mice produced an arousal response in the form of dilated pupils and faster heart rate, and worsened anxiety-like behaviors.

Pnoc neurons in the BNST shown in green (Photo credit Hiroshi Nomura, PhD)

The finding helps illuminate the neural roots of emotions, and point to the possibility that the human-brain counterpart of the newly identified population of arousal-related neurons might be a target of future treatments for anxiety disorders and other illnesses involving abnormal arousal responses.

Focusing on arousal responses might offer a new way to intervene in psychiatric disorders, said first authorJose Rodrguez-Romaguera, PhD, assistant professor in the UNC Department of Psychiatry and member of the UNC Neuroscience Center, and co-director of the Carolina Stress Initiative at the UNC School of Medicine.

Jose Rodrguez-Romaguera (UNC-CH photo)

Rodrguez-Romaguera and co-first author Randall Ung, PhD, an MD-PhD student and adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry, led this study when they were members of the UNC laboratory of Garret Stuber, PhD, who is now at the University of Washington.

This work not only identifies a new population of neurons implicated in arousal and anxiety, but also opens the door for future experiments to systematically examine how molecularly defined cell types contribute to complex emotional and physiological states, Stuber said. This will be critical going forward for developing new treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Anxiety disorders, depression, and other disorders featuring abnormally high or low arousal responses affect a large fraction of the human population, including tens of millions of adults in the United States alone. Treatments may alleviate symptoms, but many have adverse side effects, and the root causes of these disorders generally remain obscure.

Untangling these roots amid the complexity of the brain has been an enormous challenge, one that laboratory technology has only recently begun to surmount.

Rodrguez-Romaguera, Ung, Stuber and colleagues examined a brain region within the amygdala called the BNST (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis), which has been linked in prior research to fear and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Increasingly, scientists view this region as a promising target for future psychiatric drugs. In this case, the researchers zeroed in on a set of BNST neurons that express a neurotransmitter gene,Pnoc, known to be linked to pain sensitivity and more recently to motivation.

The team used a relatively new technique called two-photon microscopy to directly image BNSTPnocneurons in the brains of mice while the mice were presented with noxious or appealing odors stimuli that reliably induce fear/anxiety and reward behaviors, respectively, along with the appropriate arousal responses. In this way, the scientists found that activity in these neurons tended to be accompanied by the rapid dilation of the pupils of the mice when the animals were presented with either of these odor stimuli.

The researchers then used another advanced technique called optogenetics using light to control genetically engineered cells to artificially drive the activity of the BNSTPnocneurons. They found that spurring on BNSTPnocactivity triggered a pupillary response, as well as increased heart rate. Optogenetically driving the neurons while the mice underwent an anxiety-inducing maze test (traditionally used to assess anxiety drugs) increased the animals signs of anxiety, while optogenetically quieting the neurons had the opposite effect.

Essentially we found that activating these BNSTPnocneurons drives arousal responses and worsens anxiety-like states, Rodrguez-Romaguera said.

The discovery is mainly a feat of basic neuroscience. But it also suggests that targeting arousal-driving neurons such as BNSTPnocneurons with future drugs might be a good way to reduce abnormally strong responses to negative stimuli in anxiety disorders, for example, and to boost abnormally weak responses to positive stimuli in depression.

The study uncovered evidence that BNSTPnocneurons are not all the same but differ in their responses to positive or negative stimuli, and the researchers are now cataloguing these BNSTPnocneuron sub-groups.

Even this small part of the amygdala is a complex system with different types of neurons, Ung said. Teasing this apart will help us understand better how this system works.

The other co-authors of the study were Hiroshi Nomura, James Otis, Marcus Basiri, Vijay Namboodiri, Xueqi Zhu, Elliott Robinson, Hanna van den Munkhof, Jenna McHenry, Louisa Eckman, Oksana Kosyk, Thomas Jhou, Thomas Kash, and Michael Bruchas.

(C) UNC-CH

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UNC scientists identify brain cells that help drive bodily reaction to fear, anxiety - WRAL Tech Wire

Virtual meets: Poppy Crum on the path from music through neuroscience to technology – E&T Magazine

Watch Poppy Crum discuss with E&T how everyone experiences the world differently and what that means for technology development.

"We have different experiences of the same stimulus, whether it's a physical stimulus or it's a sensory stimulus," says Poppy Crum, chief technologist for Dolby Laboratories, yet "a lot of technology has been built frankly for white men." So engineers and developers need to think about everyone, just as an artist would, or a Hollywood producer wants as manypeople as possible to enjoy their work. "If you're going to build something, don't you want it to work the way it should?"

Crum talks toE&T science writer Hilary Lamb about her transition from violinist to technology (and why they may have more in common than you might think), absolute pitch and neuroscience, innovation and awards. Crum is also on the advisory panel for the E&T Innovation Awards, which take place online this evening (19 November).

Sign up to the E&T News e-mail to get great stories like this delivered to your inbox every day.

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Virtual meets: Poppy Crum on the path from music through neuroscience to technology - E&T Magazine

MedRhythms, Roux Institute Partner in the Fields of Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence – AiThority

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MedRhythms, Roux Institute Partner in the Fields of Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence - AiThority

Neuroscience Meets Astrophysics: Does the Human Brain Resemble the Universe? – SciTechDaily

Left: section of cerebellum, with magnification factor 40x, obtained with electron microscopy (Dr. E. Zunarelli, University Hospital of Modena); right: section of a cosmological simulation, with an extension of 300 million light-years on each side (Vazza et al. 2019 A&A). Credit: University of Bologna

In their paper published in Frontiers of Physics, Franco Vazza (astrophysicist at the University of Bologna) and Alberto Feletti (neurosurgeon at the University of Verona) investigated the similarities between two of the most challenging and complex systems in nature: the cosmic network of galaxies and the network of neuronal cells in the human brain.

Despite the substantial difference in scale between the two networks (more than 27 orders of magnitude), their quantitative analysis, which sits at the crossroads of cosmology and neurosurgery, suggests that diverse physical processes can build structures characterized by similar levels of complexity and self-organization.

The human brain functions thanks to its wide neuronal network that is deemed to contain approximately 69 billion neurons. On the other hand, the observable universe can count upon a cosmic web of at least 100 billion galaxies. Within both systems, only 30% of their masses are composed of galaxies and neurons. Within both systems, galaxies and neurons arrange themselves in long filaments or nodes between the filaments. Finally, within both systems, 70% of the distribution of mass or energy is composed of components playing an apparently passive role: water in the brain and dark energy in the observable Universe.

Starting from the shared features of the two systems, researchers compared a simulation of the network of galaxies to sections of the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. The goal was to observe how matter fluctuations scatter over such diverse scales.

We calculated the spectral density of both systems. This is a technique often employed in cosmology for studying the spatial distribution of galaxies, explains Franco Vazza. Our analysis showed that the distribution of the fluctuation within the cerebellum neuronal network on a scale from 1 micrometer to 0.1 millimeters follows the same progression of the distribution of matter in the cosmic web but, of course, on a larger scale that goes from 5 million to 500 million light-years.

The two researchers also calculated some parameters characterizing both the neuronal network and the cosmic web: the average number of connections in each node and the tendency of clustering several connections in relevant central nodes within the network.

Once again, structural parameters have identified unexpected agreement levels. Probably, the connectivity within the two networks evolves following similar physical principles, despite the striking and obvious difference between the physical powers regulating galaxies and neurons, adds Alberto Feletti. These two complex networks show more similarities than those shared between the cosmic web and a galaxy or a neuronal network and the inside of a neuronal body.

The encouraging results of this pilot study are prompting the researchers to think that new and effective analysis techniques in both fields, cosmology, and neurosurgery, will allow for a better understanding of the routed dynamics underlying the temporal evolution of these two systems.

This study was published in Frontiers of Physics with the title The quantitative comparison between the neuronal network and the cosmic web. Its authors are Franco Vazza from the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Bologna, and Alberto Feletti from the Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement of the University of Verona.

Reference: The Quantitative Comparison Between the Neuronal Network and the Cosmic Web by F. Vazza and A. Feletti, 16 November 2020, Frontiers of Physics.DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2020.525731

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Neuroscience Meets Astrophysics: Does the Human Brain Resemble the Universe? - SciTechDaily