Category Archives: Neuropathology

Neuropathology

Variation along P2RX7 interacts with early traumas on severity of … – Nature.com

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Variation along P2RX7 interacts with early traumas on severity of ... - Nature.com

Neuropathology

How to Treat Dementia No Matter What Age You Are – DISCOVER Magazine

Search the term preventing dementia online, and a list of possible precautions pop up. One story describesa new studythat finds older Americans who used the Internet but not too much have a lower risk of dementia. Other stories suggest that taking vitamin D, getting a good nights sleep or learning a second language are key to combating dementia.

Scientists dont fully understand what causes dementia, a degenerative neurological condition that impacts memory, speech and basic functioning. But they do know thatas many as 40 percentof cases could be slowed or prevented by making certain lifestyle changes.

In 2020,The LancetCommission on Dementia identified 12 risk factors. Although some of these factors, like air pollution, are out of a persons control, there are many lifestyle changes a person can make to reduce their risk. Problematically,studies find that mostpeople arent aware of the risk factors and what they can do to protect themselves.

As more people live longer, the threat of developing this condition increases. By 2050, an estimated 135 million peoplewill be living with dementia. The bulk of these diagnoses, about 71 percent, will come from lower and middle-income countries where education and healthcare are more limited.

Scientists have learned that preventing dementia is a lifelong process that begins in childhood with access to education.The LancetCommission identified not having an educationbeyond age 12as an important risk factor.

Lack of education is a widespread problem as many people worldwide cannot read or have a limited education.About 14 percentof the worlds population aged 15 and over are illiterate, and although younger generations are becoming more literate, young girls are less educated than their male peers.

Literacy is increasing, but access to education past age 12 is not. Dropout rates were made worse during the COVID-19 pandemic whenmore older children left school, particularly girls.

Reading and engaging in intellectual challenges can reduce a persons risk for dementia later in life. Scientists believe education helps build apersons cognitive reserve, allowing the brain to endure neuropathology. A stronger cognitive reserve can mean a persons dementia is less noticeable or progresses more slowly.

Maintaining a cognitive reserve starts early in life but has to be worked at over the years. This is why studies suggest a person who challenges themselves mentally through puzzles or language learning could stave it off.

Social ties are also a way to maintain a persons cognitive reserve.The LancetCommission noted that hearing loss typically begins in middle age (after age 45) and can threaten a persons interest in socializing and, in turn, minimize their cognitive reserve but more on that later.

During the middle years, a person can also start to develop other dementia risk factors related to vascular brain damage. Having diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, and obesity all create the potential for vascular brain damage. Similarly, smoking and drinking alcohol excessively also risk brain damage associated with the condition.

The Lancetcategorized the above conditions asmodifiable factorsthat could be changed through interventions. Exercising, eating aMediterranean diet, getting hearing aids if needed, managing cholesterol and hypertension, drinking in moderation and not smoking can all help reduce or prevent dementia.

There were other identified risk factors. However, the commission identified that a person could likely not control, including head injury and vascular damage from air pollution.

As people enter later life (after age 65), dwindling social contact and depression can be painful risk factors for dementia. Researchers havelinked social isolationto a decline in cardiovascular health and an increase in depression and dementia.

Social isolation increases a persons risk for dementia because it limits how they engage with others and maintain their cognitive reserve. Similarly, as mentioned above, hearing loss can also stop older adults from socializing or challenging themselves mentally.About one-thirdof U.S. adults have hearing loss, which makes it difficult for them to speak on the phone, follow conversations or enjoy listening to the TV or radio.Only about one-fifthof older adults with hearing loss actually have a pair of hearing aids.

Interventions like hearing aids, exercise and community-supported social events can help older people get the socialization they need to maintain their cognitive reserve and fend off dementia. Such interventions demonstrate how managing modifiable factors is a lifelong need that follows a person from their earliest to their oldest years.

Read More: The 4 Main Types of Dementia

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How to Treat Dementia No Matter What Age You Are - DISCOVER Magazine

Neuropathology

UC Irvine study shows traffic-related air pollution in Irvine weakens … – EurekAlert

Irvine, Calif., May 11, 2023 Researchers from the University of California, Irvine have found that exposure to traffic-related air pollution in Irvine led to memory loss and cognitive decline and triggered neurological pathways associated with the onset of Alzheimers disease.

The link between air pollution and Alzheimers disease is concerning, as the prevalence of toxicants in ambient air is not just on the rise globally, but also hitting close to home here in Irvine, said corresponding and senior author Masashi Kitazawa, Ph.D., associate professor of environmental and occupational health in UCIs Program in Public Health. Our findings are just one example of what particulate matter can do to brain function.

The studys results are published in the journal Toxicological Sciences.

Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly and is a growing public health crisis in the U.S. as well as several other countries. Despite extensive research on all aspects of Alzheimers disease, its exact origins remain elusive. Although genetic predispositions are known to play a prominent role in disease progression, growing bodies of evidence suggest that environmental toxicants, specifically air pollution, may cause the onset of Alzheimers disease.

Kitazawa and his team compared mouse models at two ages. Researchers exposed a group of 3- and 9-month-old mouse models to ultrafine particulate matter for 12 weeks via ambient air collected in Irvine. A second group was exposed to purified air. The differing ages were used to determine the potential impact of particulate matter exposure during highly vulnerable life stages: developing youth and the elderly.

Researchers conducted testing related to memory tasks and cognitive function and found that both benchmarks were impaired by exposure to particulate matter. Notably, they also discovered that their older models (12 months at the time of analysis) showed brain plaque build-up and glial cell activation, which are both known to increase inflammation associated with the onset of Alzheimers disease.

Air pollution is one of the very few prominent, modifiable environmental risk factors in Alzheimers disease, said co-author Michael Kleinman, Ph.D., adjunct professor of environmental and occupational health in UCIs Program in Public Health. Public and environmental regulatory agencies need to accelerate efforts to reduce particulate matter levels in order to reduce the risk of Alzheimers disease and other serious health conditions.

Kitazawa added, This evidence is alarming, and its imperative that we take action to adopt effective and evidence-based regulations, spread awareness on lifestyle changes and work together to improve our air quality.

This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health under awards R21 ES028496 and RF1 NS130616 and by UCI MINDs Womens Alzheimers Movement Womens Initiative grant.

Additional authors include Jason G. Kilian, Marina Mejias-Ortega, Heng-Wei Hsu, David A. Herman, Janielle Vidal, Rebecca J. Arechavala, Samantha Renusch, Hansal Dalal, Irene Hasen, Amanda Ting, Carlos J. Rodriguez-Ortiz, Siok-Lam Lim, Xiaomeng Lin and Joan Vu, all currently or formerly with the UCI Program in Public Healths Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; professor Takashi Saito of Japans Nagoya City University; and team leader Takaomi C. Saido of the RIKEN Center for Brain Science in Wako, Japan.

About the University of California, Irvine:Founded in 1965, UCI is a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities and is ranked among the nations top 10 public universities byU.S. News & World Report. The campus has produced five Nobel laureates and is known for its academic achievement, premier research, innovation and anteater mascot. Led by Chancellor Howard Gillman, UCI has more than 36,000 students and offers 224 degree programs. Its located in one of the worlds safest and most economically vibrant communities and is Orange Countys second-largest employer, contributing $7 billion annually to the local economy and $8 billion statewide.For more on UCI, visitwww.uci.edu.

Media access: Radio programs/stations may, for a fee, use an on-campus ISDN line to interview UCI faculty and experts, subject to availability and university approval. For more UCI news, visit news.uci.edu. Additional resources for journalists may be found at communications.uci.edu/for-journalists.

Toxicological Sciences

Exposure to quasi-ultrafine particulate matter accelerates memory impairment and Alzheimers disease-like neuropathology in the AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model

19-Apr-2023

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UC Irvine study shows traffic-related air pollution in Irvine weakens ... - EurekAlert