Category Archives: Immunology

Immunology

Transforming coronavirus protein into a nanoparticle could be key to effective COVID-19 vaccine – UB Now: News and views for UB faculty and staff -…

A UB-led research team has discovered a technique that could help increase the effectiveness of vaccines against the novel coronavirus, the virus that causes COVID-19.

Jonathan F. Lovell, associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, is the primary investigator on the research, titled SARS-CoV-2 RBD Neutralizing Antibody Induction is Enhanced by Particulate Vaccination, which was published online today in Advanced Materials.

COVID-19 has caused a disruptive global pandemic, infecting at least 40 million worldwide and causing more than 220,000 deaths in the United States alone. Since it began spreading in early 2020, biomedical researchers have been in active pursuit of an effective vaccine.

According to Lovell, one answer might lie in designing vaccines that partially mimic the structure of the virus. One of the proteins on the virus located on the characteristic COVID spike has a component called the receptor-binding domain, or RBD, which is its Achilles heel. That is,he says, antibodies against this part of the virus have the potential to neutralize the virus.

It would be appealing if a vaccine could induce high levels of antibodies against the RBD, Lovell says. One way to achieve this goal is to use the RBD protein itself as an antigen; that is, the component of the vaccine that the immune response will be directed against.

The team hypothesized that by converting the RBD into a nanoparticle (similar in size to the virus itself) instead of letting it remain in its natural form as a small protein, it would generate higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and its ability to generate an immune response would increase.

Lovells team had previously developed a technology that makes it easy to convert small, purified proteins into particles through the use of liposomes, or small nanoparticles formed from naturally occurring fatty components. In the new study, the researchers included within the liposomes a special lipid called cobalt-porphyrin-phospholipid, or CoPoP. That special lipid enables the RBD protein to rapidly bind to the liposomes,forming more nanoparticles that generate an immune response, Lovell explains.The team observed that when the RBD was converted into nanoparticles, it maintained its correct, three-dimensional shape and the particles were stable in incubation conditions similar to those in the human body. When laboratory mice and rabbits were immunized with the RBD particles, high antibody levels were induced. Compared to other materials that are combined with the RBD to enhance the immune response, only the approach with particles containing CoPoP gave strong responses.

Other vaccine adjuvant technology does not have the capacity to convert the RBD into particle-form, Lovell notes.

We think these results provide evidence to the vaccine-development community that the RBD antigen benefits a lot from being inparticle format, he says. This could help inform future vaccine design that targets this specific antigen.

Lovells co-authors on the study include Wei-Chiao Huang, Shiqi Zhou, Xuedan He and Moustafa T. Mabrouk, all from the UB Department of Biomedical Engineering; Kevin Chiem and Luis Martinez-Sobrido, both from Texas Biomedical Research Institute; Ruth H. Nissly, Ian M. Bird and Suresh V. Kuchipudi, all from the Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at Pennsylvania State University; Mike Strauss and Joaquin Ortega from the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at McGill University; Suryaprakash Sambhara from the Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Elizabeth A. Wohlfert from the UB Department of Microbiology and Immunology; and Bruce A. Davidson from the Department of Anesthesiology and the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences at UB.

Lovell founded the Lovell Lab at UB in 2012. It is focused on developing novel nanomedicine approaches to meet unmet needs in treating and preventing disease. He is also a co-founder of POP Biotechnologies Inc., a preclinical stage biotechnology company developing next-generation drug and vaccines products.

The study was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR) at McGill University. FEMR is supported by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Quebec Government and McGill.

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Immunology

How a misconception about coronavirus immunity is causing thousand of needless deaths – Salon

The popular conceptionof a "vaccine" is that it is aninoculationthat makes you immune to a pathogen if not for life, at least for a very long time. On that principal, much of the world's hope for a return to a pre-pandemic normalcy has rested on avaccine for the novel coronavirus, the cause of COVID-19.

Yet that common conception of how vaccines work, it turns out, isn't entirely accurate. The reason relates to two concepts "transient immunity" and"durable immunity." Understanding these are the key to understanding how the pandemic will finally end.

First, a brief primer on the most common misconception about immunity: the idea that once you've contracted a virus, or once you've been vaccinated against it, you can no longer get said virus. Neither of those are necessarily true: there are viruses which people can contract multiple times, because the body's immune system essentially "forgets" how to create immunity to it after a period of time. Likewise, there are vaccines which only confer short-term immunity, and for which we have to get re-vaccinated for periodically.

Currently, we don't know for certain which category the novel coronavirus falls into although mounting evidence suggests that immunity against it won't last. Indeed, there are multiple cases of patients who have contracted the virus multiple times within a few months. While they could be outliers with poor immune systems, the more cases of re-infection that emerge suggest not.

But there's one more catch: Vaccines can actually confer different types of immunity than infections can say, long-term as opposed to short-term.

From a global public health standpoint, you can see how returning to any sense of normalcy depends on our understanding of coronavirus immunity. In other words, does coronavirus immunity last a lifetime, a year, or as short as a few months? Do those who have been infected already need a vaccine, or are they already immune?

It doesn't help that the science is constantly shifting on this, and month-to-month, scientific studies have slightly different conclusions.As Salon has previously reported, the data and research currently suggests that immunity isn't lifelong like the measles. However, it's hard to know how long immunity lasts because it's such a new virus, but here is everything that scientists currently know.

First, let's talk about immunity

There aremyriadways the human body can fight off a viral infection.Dr. Charles Chiu, a professor of infectious diseases at the University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, pointed Salon to three specific ones: passive immunity, neutralizing antibody immunity, and active immunity.

"The idea is that with any viral infection, including an infection from the novel SARS-CoV-2, is that patients who have intact or healthy immune systems will mount an immune response," Dr. Charles Chiu, a professor of infectious diseases at the University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, told Salon. This, he said, isknown as "passive immunity."

"That's really antibody-centered," Chiu said. "The idea is that the B cells, which are white blood cells in your blood, will react to the virus, and will produce antibodies."

These antibodies, Chiu said, can be used one of two different ways. One way is that the antibodies will be "neutralizing" and bind to the virus. Hence, the name, these antibodies will "neutralize," or inactivate, the coronavirus. This is called "neutralizing antibody immunity."

"The idea is that if you're immune, if there's a next time and you are reinfected, then those antibodies are already circulating and present in your blood and they will neutralize the virus immediately," Chiu explained. "So you will, you'll be less likely or you will not be reinfected."

However, not all antibodies are neutralizing. Chiu pointed to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) as an example of a virus that creates antibodies that aren't neutralizing.

"You will make antibodies in response to a viral infection, but you may not necessarily make neutralizing antibodies that will prevent you from getting reinfected," Chiu noted.

Then, there's "active immunity," which is another type of immune response that's mediated by another type of white blood cells, T cells.

"T cells will actively react to [the virus], they're memory T cells that sort of remember when you've been infected before," Chiu said. "If you get exposed again, those T cells will then kick in and help to prevent you from getting reinfected."

Understanding "durable" and "transient" immunity

Immunologists are trying to figure out whether novel coronavirus infection confersdurable immunity or transient immunity. These termsreferto the strength and period of the type of immunity. For example, if the antibodies made due to a viral infectionare durable, that means immunity is long-lasting. If they're transient, that means they only last a short while.

As mentioned above, mounting evidence suggests that immunity to the novel coronavirusis transient. But just how transient? We don't know, but there is more evidence every week. In September, researchers published a study in the scientific journal Nature Medicine suggesting that people who contract the novel coronavirus and then become immune may stay that way for up to twelve months, based on studying four different seasonal coronaviruses.

However, as Chiu noted there are a couple of differences between the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)and the seasonal ones. One is that they've been around longer, meaning they're more diverse because they've had more time to mutate.

"It hasn't had the time to mutate widely and to become very divergent," Chiu said. "And what that means is that it's possible that vaccines that are directed specifically against SARS-CoV-2 are more likely to be durable; they're more likely to last longer and be effective longer, perhaps because there's less divergence within this particular strain versus the other seasonal coronaviruses."

What does this mean for COVID-19?

There have been several studies on antibodies and SARS-CoV-2. In one study, researchers tracked COVID-19 patients over time and found that the amount of their antibodies peaked following the onset of symptoms and then began to decline. For some study participants, the antibodies were almost all undetectable within three months. A more recent study of patients in Britain showed a similar trend. But as Nature explained in an article, it could just take minute numbers of antibodies to prevent a reinfection and fight off the coronavirus again.

Most importantly, however, vaccines can confer different types of immunity than actually contracting the virus. Indeed, immunologists note that a vaccine could have durable immunity even if the natural response is transient.

"The vaccine doesn't have to mimic or mirror the natural infection," Shane Crotty, a virologist at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology, told the New York Times.

Immunologists have been pointing to the human papillomavirus (HPV) as an example of a virus that has a poor immune response and weak antibodies, but a durable vaccine immune response that lasts for at least a decade.

Considering that the coronavirus likely has transient immunity, this would make it harder for countries and cities to achieve herd immunitythrough letting the virus spread.

"It really depends on how transient it is, and how rapidly we can really ramp up to be able to vaccinate a sufficient proportion of the population to develop herd immunity," Chiu said, adding that vaccine hesitancy is another barrier if the coronavirus vaccine requires multiple doses to be effective. "We already have issues right now with adherence to the flu vaccine, and there's no reason to think that it's going to be different."

That means that humanity's best bet forachieving durable immunity is still through a vaccine. Relying on a strategy of waiting for herd immunity to be achieved is "flawed," according to a paper by a group of researcherspublished in The Lancet.

"There is no evidence for lasting protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection, and the endemic transmission that would be the consequence of waning immunity would present a risk to vulnerable populations for the indefinite future," the researchers wrote. "Such a strategy would not end the COVID-19 pandemic but result in recurrent epidemics, as was the case with numerous infectious diseases before the advent of vaccination."

In other words, political leaders who have pinned hopes of defeating the virus on achieving herd immunity will not only fail, but will needlessly kill their citizens in the process. President Donald Trump as well as UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson have both touted a strategy of achieving herd immunity through deliberate public health inaction in order to let the virus run its course through citizens.

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How a misconception about coronavirus immunity is causing thousand of needless deaths - Salon

Immunology

Video: COVID-19 Why it Matters: Part 12, Why huge COVID-19 spikes in Wisconsin? – UWGB

This video series features UW-Green Bays Immunologist Brian Merkel on COVID-19 and Why it Matters. This series empowers viewers with knowledge to help them navigate through the pandemic. Merkel has a Ph.D. in Microbiology & Immunology from the Medical College of Virginia. He is an associate professor in UW-Green Bays Human Biology & Biology programs and has an appointment at the Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Microbiology and Immunology. He will be responding to a number of questions related to COVID-19 and try to get behind the why its important to be educated in your decision-making as we navigate the pandemic together.

Video Transcript COVID-19 Why it Matters, Part 12: Why HUGE COVID-19 spikes in Wisconsin?

Hello, Brian Merkel, Microbiology and Immunology UW-Green Bay and we are here today to talk about why COVID-19 matters to you.

Specifically, we want to address the current spike that were having in COVID-19 in Wisconsin. I think one of the best examples of why we should be so concerned about the spikes that were currently dealing with in Wisconsin, has to do with the reality that we just opened up a field hospital in Milwaukee.

Now thats something as an educator at UW-Green Bay, that I used to talk about just in history books with the pandemic problem of 1918. Never in my life would I ever thought for a minute that we would be doing something like that now.

So, here we are. We have this terrible spike in Wisconsin now. In terms of explanations, it has to do with large gatherings and people not following the prescribed safeguards. The challenge is compliance and so we strongly encourage people to realize and theres empowerment to this because the more each of us does our part to comply with the prescribed safeguards, the better off were going to be, and themore likely were going to get a good handle on this virus.

We strongly encourage you to wear masks, wash your hands, and keep your distance, and avoid large gatherings and please stay at home when youre sick.

COVID-19 Why it Matters Video Series:

Introduction with Brian Merkel https://youtu.be/M-yYPSPk30Q

Part 1: What are viruses and where did this one come from https://youtu.be/DYbiIv8ICgs

Part 2: Two main types of viruses https://youtu.be/O-OVk3rx96s Part 3: Why is this virus serious? https://youtu.be/EDFyNN8i5G4

Part 4: Why wash hands/wear mask? https://youtu.be/FlcAvlt876Y

Part 5: Im young! Why should I care? https://youtu.be/TDrEV_beY1U

Part 6: Can pandemics be stopped before they start? https://youtu.be/lgWnJZNYbFI

Part 7: Pandemic is not local, why wear a mask? https://youtu.be/IG3Sl3q-xH8

Part 8: Why does everyone need a flu shot this year? https://youtu.be/DGpBFj0fJkA

Part 9: What is the science behind a vaccine? https://youtu.be/eQ3FclkYaQo

Part 10: Where can I find accurate information? https://youtu.be/pLMlU5Xnkgo

Part 11: What type of mask should I wear? https://youtu.be/gCFHxQvkVYE

Part 12: Why HUGE COVID-19 spikes in Wisconsin? https://youtu.be/OuqmXvrDApY

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Video: COVID-19 Why it Matters: Part 12, Why huge COVID-19 spikes in Wisconsin? - UWGB

Immunology

GentiBio Expands Leadership Team and Partnership with MIGAL to Help Advance Development of Engineered Regulatory T Cell Therapies – BioSpace

BOSTON, Oct. 28, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --GentiBio, Inc., an emerging biotherapeutics company developing engineered regulatory T cells (EngTregs) programmed to treat autoimmune, alloimmune, autoinflammatory, and allergic diseases, announced today the appointments of Catherine Thut as Chief Business Officer and Thomas Wickham as Chief Scientific Officer. In these roles, Thut will be responsible for leading the company's corporate development, strategy and financing, and Wickham will drive the company's research and development activities to advance the company's scientific platform and shape research strategy. Additionally, GentiBio expanded its existing partnership with MIGAL Galilee Research Institute to further leverage the institute's expertise in synthetic immunology.

"We are excited to welcome Cathy and Tom to our team as both come at a pivotal time for the company as we advance the development of our Regulatory T cell-based therapies," said Adel Nada, Co-founder, President and CEO of GentiBio. "Catherine brings to GentiBio extensive experience and a proven track record in business development and fundraising in the biopharmaceutical space, while Tom's deep expertise in immunology and a diverse spectrum of drug and engineered cell therapy platforms will be invaluable to the company as we further the progress of our research programs and pursue moving our therapies into the clinic. Adding their leadership to GentiBio will be critical in helping us achieve our business and scientific goals."

Catherine Thut, Ph.D., MBAThut brings vast biopharmaceutical industry experience to the GentiBio team. Cathy most recently served as CEO of Makana Therapeutics, a preclinical stage company focused in alleviating organ shortage crisis through xenotransplantation, where she led the merger of Makana with Recombinetics. Prior to Makana, Cathy was Executive Director in the Business Development and Licensing group at Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), where she worked across multiple therapeutic areas and was responsible for negotiating a number of immuno-oncology partnerships. Cathy also worked at Merck Research Laboratories as Therapeutics Area group leader for Ophthalmology Research. She pursued her graduate and postdoctoral training at U.C. Berkeley and Stanford University Medical School, respectively, and received her MBA from MIT's Sloan School of Management.

"I'm excited to work with the GentiBio team to bring my corporate development and business strategy experience to the company as we work to determine how our unique therapeutic modality can directly address the underlying cause of autoimmune, alloimmune, auto inflammatory and allergic diseases," said Thut. "GentiBio's platform has the potential to realize the promise of EngTregs cell therapy products in the treatment of serious diseases, and I'm eager to help make this a reality for patients."

Tom Wickham, Ph.D.Tom brings over 25 years of experience in advancing drug platforms in a variety of therapeutic areas from discovery through clinical trials. Most recently, Tom served as Senior Vice President of Research and Development at Rubius Therapeutics, where he pioneered synthetic biology approaches using genetically engineered red cells for autoimmunity, immuno-oncology, and rare disease applications, building a full discovery and preclinical organization leading to multiple product programs and two regulatory filings. Prior to Rubius, he held senior roles at numerous leading biopharmaceutical companies, including as Vice President of R&D at Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Senior Director of Preclinical Pharmacology at EMD Lexigen (now Merck-Serono), and at GenVec, Inc. Tom holds a B.S. in chemical/biomedical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, a Ph.D. in biochemical engineering from Cornell University, and pursued his postdoctoral training at the Scripps Research Institute in the Department of Immunology.

"Understanding the limitations in existing regulatory T cell-based therapeutics, I'm motivated by the innovative approach GentiBio is taking to successfully restore immune tolerance in the body," said Wickham. "I look forward to bringing my expertise with advancing drug platforms to GentiBio as I truly believe Regulatory T cell biology coupled with smart and fit-for-purpose receptor engineering has the potential to treat and cure many patients living with serious autoimmune and inflammatory diseases."

Expanded MIGAL Galilee Research Institute PartnershipIn addition to the new executive hires, GentiBio has expanded its partnership with MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute through the exclusive licensing of its unique immune evasive technology that can potentially enable durable engraftment of allogeneic cells, including EngTregs. This proprietary technology has been conceptualized and achieved building on the long standing and pioneering insights of Prof. Gidi Gross, Head, and Dr. Hadas Weinstein-Marom, Senior Scientist, Immunology Laboratory, MIGAL and Scientific Co-Founders and Scientific Advisory Board members of GentiBio.

"Enabling durable cell therapy engraftment in immune competent patients will advance the reach of EngTregs and cell therapy platforms, positioning GentiBio to become a leader in allogeneic cell therapy," said Nada. "We are thrilled to continue partnering with a premier research organization like MIGAL to advance novel and potent engineered cell therapies with the potential to treat and cure serious autoimmune and inflammatory diseases."

"The immune evasive technology is a product of many years of synthetic immunology tinkering and engineering. We are delighted to see this technology further developed and advanced by GentiBio to make it available for the many patients who can benefit from it," said Prof. Gross.

About GentiBio, Inc.GentiBio, Inc., is an early stage biotherapeutics company co-founded by pioneers in Treg biology and synthetic immunology to develop engineered regulatory T cells (EngTregs) programmed to treat autoimmune, alloimmune, autoinflammatory and allergic diseases. GentiBio's proprietary autologous and allogeneic EngTregs platform integrates key complimentary technologies needed to successfully restore immune tolerance and overcome major limitations in existing regulatory T cell therapeutics. GentiBio is at the forefront of leveraging a unique therapeutic modality that can be used to address the fundamental cause of many diseases that result from overshooting and/or malfunctioning of the immune system. To learn more visit https://www.gentibio.com/

About MIGAL Galilee Research InstituteMIGAL Galilee Research Institute Ltd is a regional R&D center of the Israeli Science and Technology Ministry owned by the Galilee Development Company ltd. An internationally-recognized multi-disciplinary applied research institute, MIGAL specializes in biotechnology and computer sciences, plant science, precision agriculture and environmental sciences, and food, nutrition and health. Recognized as a powerhouse of applied research, for forty years MIGAL has cooperated closely with industry leaders, innovative startups, and technological accelerators. MIGALs' employees include 90 PhDs and 190 researchers distributed across 44 research groups, operating as an innovative research ecosystem that encourages collaboration across scientific, industrial, agricultural, academic and technological specialties.

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SOURCE GentiBio, Inc.

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GentiBio Expands Leadership Team and Partnership with MIGAL to Help Advance Development of Engineered Regulatory T Cell Therapies - BioSpace

Immunology

La Jolla Institute for Immunology professor receives $500 000 for COVID-19 research – COVID-19 patients around the world are experiencing lasting…

La Jolla Institute for Immunology professor receives $500,000 for COVID-19 research

San Diego Community News Group

Colorized scanning electron micropgraph of an apoptotic cell heavily infected with SARS-CoV-2. Photo Credit: NIAID.

COVID-19 patients around the world are experiencing lasting cardiovascular issues, even after they've recovered from other symptoms. In fact, one in four COVID-19 patients suffers from damage to the heart muscles, and problems with blood clotting and inflammation have been reported even in elite athletes.

"We're concerned that there could be permanent or long-term changes in these patients," says Catherine "Lynn" Hedrick, Ph.D., professor at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI).

Hedrick recently received $523,914 in funding from the National Institutes of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to study how immune cells may contribute to cardiovascular problems in COVID-19 patients. Hedrick's work will focus on how the SARS-CoV-2 virus may affect monocytes, a type of immune cell in the bloodstream.

"We know that even people with mild COVID-19 cases have changes in their monocytes," says Hedrick. "We want to know why."

Monocytes are part of the body's first line of defense against viral invaders. As COVID-19 has spread, more and more studies suggest SARS-CoV-2 affects monocytes in an unexpected way. In fact, COVID-19 symptoms like abnormal blood clotting, heart damage, and even lung inflammation can be tied to problems with monocytes.

For the new study, Hedrick's lab will measure a protein that monocytes makecalled tissue factorin blood plasma from COVID-19 patients. This work will depend on LJI's new IDEA Facility, a biosafety-level 3 laboratory designed for safe studies of highly infectious pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.

Hedrick is also collaborating with Pandurangan Vijayanand, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor at LJI, and Christian H. Ottensmeier, M.D., Ph.D., FRCP, professor at the University of Liverpool and adjunct professor at LJI, to study gene expression in monocytes from COVID-19 patients. The team will track gene expression over several months to see how the virus may affect different subtypes of monocytes.

Hedrick also plans to work with a new mouse model, developed by the lab of LJI Professor Sujan Shresta, Ph.D., to better understand how changes in monocytes may affect cells in the cardiovascular system and lungs.

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Immunology

The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs – Nursing Times

The lymphoid organs purpose is to provide immunity for the body. This second article in a six-part series explains the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and their clinical significance and structure. It comes with a self-assessment enabling you to test your knowledge after reading it

This article is the second in a six-part series about the lymphatic system. It discusses the role of the lymphoid organs, which is to develop and provide immunity for the body. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow, in which blood and immune cells are produced, and the thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature. The lymph nodes and spleen are the major secondary lymphoid organs; they filter out pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes.

Citation: Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 11, 44-48.

Authors: Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University.

This article discusses the major lymphoid organs and their role in developing and providing immunity for the body. The lymphoid organs include the red bone marrow, thymus, spleen and clusters of lymph nodes (Fig 1). They have many functional roles in the body, most notably:

The red bone marrow and thymus are considered to be primary lymphoid organs, because the majority of immune cells originate in them.

Bone marrow is a soft, gelatinous tissue present in the central cavity of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Blood cells and immune cells arise from the bone marrow; they develop from immature stem cells (haemocytoblasts), which follow distinct developmental pathways to become either erythrocytes, leucocytes or platelets. Stem cells rapidly multiply to make billions of blood cells each day; this process is known as haematopoiesis and is outlined in Fig 2.

To ensure there is a continuous production and differentiation of blood cells to replace those lost to function or age, haematopoietic stem cells are present through adulthood. In the embryo, blood cells are initially made in the yolk sac but, as development of the embryo proceeds, this function is taken over by the spleen, lymph nodes and liver. Later in gestation, the bone marrow takes over most haematopoietic functions so that, at birth, the whole skeleton is filled with red bone marrow.

Red bone marrow produces all erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets. Haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow follow either the myeloid or lymphoid lineages to create distinct blood cells (Fig2); these include myeloid progenitor cells (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, dendritic cells and platelets), and lymphoid progenitor cells (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells).

Some lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) begin life in the red bone marrow and become fully formed in the lymphatic organs, including the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. As puberty is reached and growth slows down, physiological conversion occurs, changing red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow. This entire process is completed by the age of 25years, when red bone marrow distribution shows its adult pattern in the bones.

The pattern is characterised by:

However, under particular conditions, such as severe blood loss or fever, the yellow marrow may revert back to red marrow (Malkiewicz and Dziedzic 2012).

Any disease or disorder that poses a threat to the bone marrow can affect many body systems, especially if it prevents stem cells from turning into essential cells. Those known to damage the marrows productive ability and destroy stem cells include:

A growing number of diseases can be treated with a bone marrow transplant or haematopoietic stem cell transfer; this is often achieved by harvesting suitable donor stem cells from the posterior iliac crests of the hip bone, where the concentration of red bone marrow is highest.

The thymus gland is a bi-lobed, pinkish-grey organ located just above the heart in the mediastinum, where it rests below the sternum (breastbone). Structurally, the thymus resembles a small bow tie, which gradually atrophies (shrinks) with age. In pre-pubescents, the thymus is a relatively large and very active organ that, typically, weighs around 40g, but in a middle-aged adult it may have shrunk sufficiently to be difficult to locate. By 20 years of age, the thymus is 50% smaller than it was at birth, and by 60years of age it has shrunk to a sixth of its original size (Bilder, 2016); this is called thymic involution

Each of the two lobes of the thymus is surrounded by a capsule, within which are numerous small lobules typically measuring 2-3mm in width which are held together by loose connective tissue. Each lobule consists of follicles that are composed of a framework of thyomsin-secreting epithelial cells and a population of T-lymphocytes; these cells are commonly referred to as T-cells (the T denotes their origin as mature cells from the thymus). Lobules have two distinct areas:

In addition to being a major lymphoid organ, the thymus is also recognised as part of the endocrine system because it secretes a family of hormones collectively referred to as thymosin; this is a group of several structurally related hormones secreted by the thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are essential for normal immune function and many members of the thymosin family are used therapeutically to treat cancers, infections and diseases such as multiple sclerosis (Severa et al, 2019).

T-cells originate as haematopoietic stem cells from the red bone marrow (Fig2). A population of these haematopoietic stem cells infiltrate the thymus, dividing further within the cortical regions of the lobules then migrating into the medullary regions to mature into active T-cells; this process of T-cell maturation is controlled by the hormone thymosin. A proportion of these mature T-cells continually migrate from the thymus into the blood and other lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes), where they play a major role in the bodys specific immune responses (which will be discussed in detail in part 3 of this series). The importance of these cells is apparent in patients who have depleted T-cell populations, such as those infected with HIV.

One of the most important functions of the thymus is programming T-cells to recognise self antigens through a process called thymic education. This process allows mature T-cells to distinguish foreign, and therefore potentially pathogenic, material from antigens that belong to the body. It has been demonstrated that removal of the thymus may lead to an increase in autoimmune diseases, as this ability to recognise self is diminished (Sherer et al, 1999).

Diseases of the thymus include thymic cancer and myasthenia gravis (MG). MG occurs when the thymus produces antibodies that block or destroy the muscle-receptor sites, causing the muscles to become weak and easily tired. It most commonly affects muscles that control the eyes and eyelids, resulting in droopy eyelids and difficulty making facial expressions; chewing, swallowing and speaking also become difficult. MG can affect people of any age, but typically starts in women aged <40years and men aged >60years.

In most cases of either MG or thymic cancer, thymectomy is recommended. Patients who have had a thymectomy may develop an immunodeficiency known as Good syndrome, which increases their susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral opportunistic pathogens; this condition is, however, relatively rare.

The spleen and lymph nodes are two major secondary lymphoid organs that play key roles in:

When foreign antigens reach these organs, they initiate lymphocyte activation and subsequent clonal expansion and maturation of these important white blood cells. Mature lymphocytes can then leave the secondary organs to enter the circulation, or travel to other areas, and target foreign antigens.

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. Situated in the upper left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity, between the diaphragm and the fundus of the stomach, it primarily functions as a filter for the blood, bringing it into close contact with scavenging phagocytes (white blood cells in the spleen that will seek out and eat any pathogens in the blood) and lymphocytes.

Due to its extensive vascularisation, the spleen is a dark-purplish oval-shaped organ; in adults it is approximately 12cm long, 7cm wide and weighs around 150g. However, the size of the spleen can vary with circumstance: it diminishes in starvation, after heavy exercise and following severe haemorrhage (Gujar et al, 2017), and recent investigations indicate an increase in size in well-fed individuals and during the ingestion of food (Garnitschnig et al, 2020).

The spleen (Fig3) is enclosed in a dense, fibro-elastic capsule that protrudes into the organ as trabeculae; these trabeculae constitute the organs framework. Blood enters the spleen from the splenic artery and leaves via the splenic vein, both of which are at the hilum; the splenic vein eventually becomes a tributary of the hepatic portal vein.

The spleen is made up of two regions:

White pulp is a mass of germinal centres of dividing B-lymphocytes (B-cells), surrounded by T-cells and accessory cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells; these cells are arranged as lymphatic nodules around branches of the splenic artery. As blood flows into the spleen via the splenic artery, it enters smaller, central arteries of the white pulp, eventually reaching the red pulp. The red pulp is a spongy tissue, accounting for 75% of the splenic volume (Pivkin et al, 2016); it consists of blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic cords.

Splenic cords are made up of red and white blood cells and plasma cells (antibody-producing B-cells); therefore, the red pulp primarily functions as a filtration system for the blood, whereas the white pulp is where adaptive T- and B-cell responses are mounted. The colour of the white pulp is derived from the closely packed lymphocytes and the red pulps colour is due to high numbers of erythrocytes (Stewart and McKenzie, 2002).

The spleen has three major functions:

The spleens main immunological function is to remove micro-organisms from circulation. The lymphatic nodules are arranged as sleeves around the blood vessels, bringing blood into the spleen. Within the white pulp are splenic nodules called Malpighian corpuscles, which are rich in B-cells, so this portion of lymphoid tissue is quick to respond to foreign antigenic stimulation by producing antibodies. The walls of the meshwork of sinuses in the red pulp also contain phagocytes that engulf foreign particles and cell debris, effectively filtering and removing them from circulation.

In the spleens destruction of old and senescent red blood cells, they are digested by phagocytic macrophages in the red pulp. The haemoglobin is then split apart into haem and globin. The globin is broken down into its constituent amino acids, which can be utilised in the synthesis of a new protein. Haem consists of an iron atom surrounded four non-iron (pyrrole) rings.

The iron is removed and transported to be stored as ferritin, then reused to make new haemoglobin in the red bone marrow; macrophages convert the pyrrole rings into the green pigment biliverdin and then into the yellow pigment bilirubin. Both are transported to the liver bound to plasma albumin. Bilirubin, the more toxic pigment, is conjugated in the liver to form a less toxic compound, which is excreted in bile.

The red pulp partly serves to store a large reserve of the bodys platelets up to a third of the total platelet supply. In some animals particularly athletic mammals such as horses, greyhounds and foxes the spleen is also an important reservoir of blood, which is released into circulation during times of stress to improve aerobic performance. In humans, however, the spleen contributes only a small percentage of blood cells into active circulation under physiological stress; the total stored blood volume is believed to be only 200-250ml (Bakovic et al, 2005). The capsule of the spleen may contract following haemorrhage, releasing this reserve into circulation in the body.

The spleen also plays a minor role in haematopoiesis: usually occuring in foetuses of up to five months gestation, erythrocytes, along with the bone marrow, are produced by the spleen.

As the spleen is the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, infections that cause white blood cell proliferation and antigenic stimulation may cause germinal centres in the organ to expand, resulting in its enlargement (splenomegaly). This happens in many diseases for example, malaria, cirrhosis and leukaemia. The spleen is not usually palpable, but an enlarged spleen is palpable during deep inspiration. Enlargement may also be caused by any obstruction in blood flow, for example in the hepatic portal vein.

The anatomical position of the spleen coincides with the left tenth rib. Given its proximity to the abdominal wall, it is one of the most commonly injured organs in blunt abdominal trauma. The spleen is a fragile organ and, due to its highly vascularised nature, any injury causing rupture will rapidly lead to severe intraperitoneal haemorrhage; death may result due to massive blood loss and shock.

A moderate splenic injury may be managed conservatively, but an extensively burst or ruptured spleen may be treated by complete and prompt removal (splenectomy). However, current data supports successful non-operative management of many traumatic splenic injuries, with the intention of reducing the need for complete removal (Armstrong et al, 2019).

Patients being treated for certain malignant diseases may also require a partial or total splenectomy and, although other structures such as the bone marrow and liver can take over some of the functions that are usually carried out by the spleen, such patients may be at increased risk of infection. With an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, there is also an increased risk of sepsis, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection is usually with encapsulated pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. Clinical guidelines to help reduce the risk of infection advocate education about infection prevention, vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis (Arnott et al, 2018).

Swollen lymph nodes and a fever are sure signs that the body is mounting an effective immune response against an offending pathogen

Lymph nodes vary in size and shape, but are typically bean-shaped structures found clustered at specific locations throughout the body. Although their size varies, each node has a characteristic internal structure (Fig4).

The central portions of the lymph node are essential to its function; here, there are large numbers of fixed macrophages, which phagocytose foreign material such as bacteria on contact, and populations of B- and T-cells. Lymph nodes are crucial to most antibody-mediated immune responses: when the phagocytic macrophages trap pathogenic material, that material is presented to the lymphocytes so antibodies can be generated.

Each lymph node is supplied by one or more afferent lymphatic vessels, which deliver crude, unmodified lymph directly from neighbouring tissues. A healthy, fully functioning node removes the majority of pathogens from the lymph before the fluid leaves via one or more efferent lymphatic vessels. In addition to its lymphatic supply, each lymph node is supplied with blood via a small artery; the artery delivers a variety of leucocytes, which populate the inner regions of the node.

When infection is present, the lymph nodes become increasingly metabolically active and their oxygen requirements increase. A small vein carries deoxygenated blood away from each node and returns it to the major veins. In times of infection, this venous blood may carry a variety of chemical messengers (cytokines) that are produced by the resident leucocytes in the nodes. These cytokines act as general warning signals, alerting the body to the potential threat and activating a variety of specific immune reactions.

The structure of a lymph node is not unlike that of the spleen. Each lymph node is divided into several regions:

During infection, antibody-producing B-cells begin to proliferate in the germinal centres, causing the affected lymph nodes to enlarge and become palpable and tender. Some of the cytokines released are pyrogenic (meaning they cause fever) and act directly on the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus to increase body temperature. As the majority of human pathogens divide optimally at around 37C, this increase in body temperature serves to slow down bacterial replication, allowing the infection to be dealt with more efficiently by the immune system. Swollen lymph nodes and a fever are both sure signs that the body is mounting an effective immune response against the offending pathogen; this will be discussed in more detail in part 3 of this series.

Other types of lymphatic tissue also exist. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is positioned to protect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts from invasion by microbes. The following are made up of MALT:

The tonsils are aggregates of lymphatic tissue strategically located to prevent foreign material and pathogens from entering the body. The palatine tonsils are in the pharynx, the lingual tonsils in the oral cavity and the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are at the back of the nasal cavity; as a result of this, the tonsils themselves are at high risk of infection and inflammation (tonsillitis). This will also be discussed further in part 3.

Armstrong RA et al (2019) Successful non-operative management of haemodynamically unstable traumatic splenic injuries: 4-year case series in a UK major trauma centre. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery; 45: 5, 933-938.

Arnott A et al (2018) A registry for patients with asplenia/hyposplenism reduces the risk of infections with encapsulated organisms. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 67: 4, 557-561.

Bakovi D et al (2005) Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology; 32: 11, 944-951.

Bilder G (2016) Human Biological Aggin: From Macromolecules to Organ Systems. Wiley.

Garnitschnig L et al (2020) Postprandial dynamics of splenic volume in healthy volunteers. Physiological Reports; 8: 2, e14319.

Gujar S et al (2017) A cadaveric study of human spleen and its clinical significance. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy; 6: 1, 35-41.

Makiewicz A, Dziedzic M (2012) Bone marrow reconversion: imaging of physiological changes in bone marrow. Polish Journal of Radiology; 77: 4, 45-50.

Pivkin IV et al (2016) Biomechanics of red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for physiology and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 113: 28, 7804-7809.

Severa M et al (2019) Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; 27: 52-60.

Sherer Y et al (1999) The dual relationship between thymectomy and autoimmunity: the kaleidoscope of autoimmune disease. In: Paul S (ed) Autoimmune Reactions. Contemporary Immunology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

Stewart IB, McKenzie DC (2002) The human spleen during physiological stress. Sports Medicine; 32: 6, 361-369.

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Immunology

Comprehending contagion: 5 things to know about vaccines | News – The College of New Jersey News

Amanda Norvell, TCNJs resident immunology expert.

With the race to a COVID-19 vaccine well underway, TCNJs resident immunology expert helps break down what it all means.

Amanda Norvell, biology professor and interim dean of TCNJs School of Science teaches courses in molecular immunology, and the biology of human disease and prevention.

Here are five things she says we should know about what vaccines are, how immunization works, and how we should approach a potential COVID-19 vaccine.

Norvell explains that a vaccine is something thats introduced into the body to induce an immune response. A vaccine shouldnt make you sick, but it will trigger your body to mount an immune response to fight off the disease-causing agent, and remember it so youll be able to efficiently and effectively attack the pathogen if it is ever introduced into your body again.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

A good vaccine should induce long-lived, specific immunity to a particular pathogen, she says.

Norvell explains that within any population, there will be individuals with immune systems that, for a variety of reasons, arent capable of mounting the desired immune response to a particular pathogen.

Good immunizations should induce protective immunity in most people, but vaccines likely do not induce protective immunity in every member of the population.

When most of the people in a population are immune to a specific disease-causing agent, person-to-person spread of that pathogen becomes much less likely. As a result, members of that population will be less likely to encounter the disease and should therefore be protected even those who arent immune or those who havent been vaccinated.

This phenomenon is called herd immunity.

Norvell says that to provide optimal protection of everyone in the population, a threshold of individuals needs to be immune.

For highly contagious diseases like measles, estimates are that greater than 90 percent of a population needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity, she says.

The major goal of vaccination is to prevent illness, so the gold standard for effectiveness is that an immunized individual does not get sick, Norvell says.

But protection could be more nuanced. For example, a vaccine may not prevent individuals from getting sick, but it may decrease the severity of their symptoms.

Perhaps a new vaccine may not decrease the absolute number of infected individuals, but it might decrease the fatality rate or the number of individuals who need to be placed on ventilators, Norvell says. If such a vaccine conferred enough protection to limit the severe effects of the disease, then it could be considered effective.

As the trials forge ahead and vaccines make their way to market, Novells best advice is to educate yourself, and ask questions.

Everyone should try to use reliable sources about our current understanding of the benefits and potential risks of each therapeutic candidate, Norvell says. Seek input from your physician and dont be afraid to speak up.

Emily W. Dodd 03

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Comprehending contagion: 5 things to know about vaccines | News - The College of New Jersey News

Immunology

The Immunology Drug market to witness non-linear transition from 2017 to 2025 – TechnoWeekly

The immune system is an assembly of structures and processes inside the body to protect against possibly damaging foreign bodies and diseases. It identifies various threats like bacteria, viruses, and parasites and distinguishes them from bodys healthy tissues. When the immune system weakness and lose the capability to detect and destroy the abnormal cells or body attacks and damages its tissues lead to diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy is a process which includes the treatment by inducing, enhancing or suppressing an immune system to fight against the diseases.

For more insights into the Market, request a sample of this report @https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/15259

According to American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, autoimmune disease affects up to 50 million Americans. Autoimmune diseases are of 80 types out of which most prevalent are rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematous (Lupus),Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis and affects different body organs like joints, muscles, skin, red blood cells, blood vessels, connective tissues and endocrine glands. Immunology drug is becoming the choice of several oncologists as they provide long-lasting affect by activating the immune system to identify cancerous cell and kill them through the natural process as well as improve the quality of survival. Some of the cancer treatment vaccines approved by FDA are bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG), Sipuleucel-T which propel the growth of the Immunology Drug market.

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Immunology Drug Market: Drivers and Restraints

The increase in the prevalence rate of the different type of cancer and rheumatoid cancer, rising government initiatives, increasing funding from the various government and non-government organization is driving the immunology drug market. Patients with poor prognosis are expected to drive the growth of the immunology drugtrial evidence reveals that after preparing the immune system to fight against cancer immunology, drug effects last for a long time even after the reduction of the tumor. High costs of immunology drug and lack of awareness could be the possible restraints for the immunology drug market. Also, the introduction of generic drugs in some regions and slower pipeline development are the challenges for the immunology drug market.

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Immunology Drug Market: Segmentation

Immunology drug market is segmented by drug class and the end users.

To the date most clinically and effective drugs in monoclonal antibodies are Humira (adalimumab) and Remicade (infliximab).

Immunology Drug Market: Overview

Development of some new drugs with success rate is expected to offer the good opportunity for immunology drug market. Wide-ranging scope of Immuno-oncology agents in different cancer treatments would provide the maximum share to immunology drug market in the forecast period. pharmaceutical companies and R&D are showing increased interest in this field and is expected to offer better potential for immunology drug market. Companies involved in partnership and R&D for efficient technologies are some of the latest trends that have been observed in immunology drug market. Currently, most of the immunology drugs are in clinical trial and are expected to rise the immunology market after clearance or success of these products from clinical trials.

Immunology Drug Market: Region-wise Outlook

North America has the largest share globally in immunology drug market because of the availability of better reimbursement policies, high potential to invest the huge amount of money in the development of immunology drug and the advancement in the technologies. Europe is the second largest region regarding value because of the easy accessibility to the immunology drug, and also the affordability for the cost of treatment is high. Increase in awareness, rising economy, increasing government initiatives and large patient pool in Asia-Pacific regions also demonstrates the higher growth in Immunology Drug Market.

Immunology Drug Market: Key Market Participants

Some of the major players in Immunology drug market are Abbott Laboratories, Active Biotech, Eli Lilly and Company, Autoimmune Inc., Pfizer, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Genentech, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Eisai Co., Bayer AG and Sanofi Aventis LLC.

The immune system is an assembly of structures and processes inside the body to protect against possibly damaging foreign bodies and diseases. It identifies various threats like bacteria, viruses, and parasites and distinguishes them from bodys healthy tissues. When the immune system weakness and lose the capability to detect and destroy the abnormal cells or body attacks and damages its tissues lead to diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy is a process which includes the treatment by inducing, enhancing or suppressing an immune system to fight against the diseases.

According to American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, autoimmune disease affects up to 50 million Americans. Autoimmune diseases are of 80 types out of which most prevalent are rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematous (Lupus),Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis and affects different body organs like joints, muscles, skin, red blood cells, blood vessels, connective tissues and endocrine glands. Immunology drug is becoming the choice of several oncologists as they provide long-lasting affect by activating the immune system to identify cancerous cell and kill them through the natural process as well as improve the quality of survival. Some of the cancer treatment vaccines approved by FDA are bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG), Sipuleucel-T which propel the growth of the Immunology Drug market.

Immunology Drug Market: Drivers and Restraints

The increase in the prevalence rate of the different type of cancer and rheumatoid cancer, rising government initiatives, increasing funding from the various government and non-government organization is driving the immunology drug market. Patients with poor prognosis are expected to drive the growth of the immunology drugtrial evidence reveals that after preparing the immune system to fight against cancer immunology, drug effects last for a long time even after the reduction of the tumor. High costs of immunology drug and lack of awareness could be the possible restraints for the immunology drug market. Also, the introduction of generic drugs in some regions and slower pipeline development are the challenges for the immunology drug market.

Immunology Drug Market: Segmentation

Immunology drug market is segmented by drug class and the end users.

To the date most clinically and effective drugs in monoclonal antibodies are Humira (adalimumab) and Remicade (infliximab).

Immunology Drug Market: Overview

Development of some new drugs with success rate is expected to offer the good opportunity for immunology drug market. Wide-ranging scope of Immuno-oncology agents in different cancer treatments would provide the maximum share to immunology drug market in the forecast period. pharmaceutical companies and R&D are showing increased interest in this field and is expected to offer better potential for immunology drug market. Companies involved in partnership and R&D for efficient technologies are some of the latest trends that have been observed in immunology drug market. Currently, most of the immunology drugs are in clinical trial and are expected to rise the immunology market after clearance or success of these products from clinical trials.

Immunology Drug Market: Region-wise Outlook

North America has the largest share globally in immunology drug market because of the availability of better reimbursement policies, high potential to invest the huge amount of money in the development of immunology drug and the advancement in the technologies. Europe is the second largest region regarding value because of the easy accessibility to the immunology drug, and also the affordability for the cost of treatment is high. Increase in awareness, rising economy, increasing government initiatives and large patient pool in Asia-Pacific regions also demonstrates the higher growth in Immunology Drug Market.

Immunology Drug Market: Key Market Participants

Some of the major players in Immunology drug market are Abbott Laboratories, Active Biotech, Eli Lilly and Company, Autoimmune Inc., Pfizer, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Genentech, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Eisai Co., Bayer AG and Sanofi Aventis LLC.

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To support companies in overcoming complex business challenges, we follow a multi-disciplinary approach. At PMR, we unite various data streams from multi-dimensional sources. By deploying real-time data collection, big data, and customer experience analytics, we deliver business intelligence for organizations of all sizes.

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The Immunology Drug market to witness non-linear transition from 2017 to 2025 - TechnoWeekly

Immunology

Harnessing the Microbiome to Understand Rheumatic Diseases – Rheumatology Advisor

Home Multimedia Rheum Advisor on Air

Subscribe for more episodes: Apple Podcasts |Spotify|Stitcher| Google Podcasts |RSS feed

There is growing evidence both in animal models and humans to suggest the significant role of the microbiome in the etiology of rheumatic diseases. Over the years, multiple microbial agents and changes in the composition of the microbiota have been associated with specific autoimmune diseases, only emphasizing the importance of the microbiome in rheumatology research today.

To give us further insight, we are joined in this episode by Maximilian Konig, MD, Division of Rheumatology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and Veena Taneja, PhD, associate professor of immunology in the Department of Immunology and Rheumatology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

Maximilian Konig, MD, is a rheumatologist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, and a postdoctoral fellow at the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics & Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. He received his medical degree from Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin and completed his residency training in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School in Boston, before pursuing a fellowship in rheumatology at Johns Hopkins.

Dr Konig has a long-standing interest in mechanisms underlying the initiation of autoimmunity in rheumatic diseases. As a postdoctoral fellow working with Felipe Andrade, MD, PhD, he studied mechanisms by which microbial species associated with periodontitis induce protein citrullination. His work proposed a role for the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Dr Konigs current research is focused on adoptive cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy in autoimmune rheumatic disease and cancer.

Veena Taneja, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Immunology with a joint appointment in the Division of Rheumatology at Mayo Clinic. She is a member of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, and a member of the Clinical Immunology Committee of the American Association of Immunologists. Dr Taneja serves on various study sections for the National Institute of Health and Canadian Institute of Health Research and is also an academic editor for PLOS One and Autoimmune Diseases.

The focus of research in her laboratory is on investigating the immunopathology of aging-related chronic conditions, including RA and associated diseases, with her laboratory making seminal discoveries in these areas of research. To simulate human autoimmune diseases and sex bias, her laboratory has generated a mouse model that mimics human RA in sex bias and autoantibody profile. Her laboratory has been at the forefront of developing microbial markers for pathogenicity as well as therapy.

Dr Taneja and her colleagues have isolated the bacterium Prevotella histicola from a human gut biopsy and are directing their efforts toward investigating the basis for therapeutic potential of the gut microbiome. P histicola was found to be successful in phase 1 trials. In addition, her laboratory is exploring ways to use this research and technology for comorbidities like lung fibrosis and emphysema that are associated with rheumatic diseases to ensure healthy aging for patients.

Dr Taneja has received numerous awards and honors for her work. She recently received the Excellence in Research award from the Military Health Research for her work in delineating the use of gut microbiome for treating arthritis. Her research has been funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, the Department of Defense, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, the Regenerative Medicine Minnesota, and the Arthritis Foundation.

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Harnessing the Microbiome to Understand Rheumatic Diseases - Rheumatology Advisor

Immunology

R&D Activities to Fast-track the Growth of the Immunology Drug Market Between 2017 2025 – Zenit News

In 2018, the market size of Immunology Drug Market is million US$ and it will reach million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of from 2018; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.

In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2018 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Immunology Drug .

This report studies the global market size of Immunology Drug , especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).

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This study presents the Immunology Drug Market production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. Immunology Drug history breakdown data from 2014 to 2018, and forecast to 2025.

For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2018.

In global Immunology Drug market, the following companies are covered:

key players and products offered

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The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Immunology Drug product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Immunology Drug , with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Immunology Drug in 2017 and 2018.

Chapter 3, the Immunology Drug competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Immunology Drug breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2018.

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2018.

For any queries get in touch with Industry Expert @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/ask-an-expert/15259

Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2018.

Chapter 12, Immunology Drug market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2018 to 2024.

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Immunology Drug sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

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R&D Activities to Fast-track the Growth of the Immunology Drug Market Between 2017 2025 - Zenit News