Merck & Co.s Recent Developments and Valuations PART 10 OF 11

Merck & Co.s (MRK) Immunology franchise includes Remicade and Simponi. Remicade is one of the top-selling drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, while Simponi is a once-monthly subcutaneous treatment. Both drugs reported a decline in revenues during 1Q17.

Remicades revenues fell ~34% to $229 million in 1Q17, compared to $349 million for 1Q16. This decline was due to the entry of generic competition and biosimilars following the loss of exclusivity of Remicade in the European markets in February 2015. Merck expects Remicades revenues to continue their declines, as new patients prefer biosimilars over Remicade.

While Merck has the marketing rights for Remicade in the European markets, Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) holds marketing rights of Remicade in several countries outside Europe.

Simponis revenues fell to $184 million in 1Q17, compared to $188 million in 1Q16.

Mercks Cardiovascular franchise includes the blockbuster drugs Zetia and Vytorin. These drugs are used for lowering the LDL cholesterol levels in the blood of patients with a high risk of cardiovascular disease.

The combined revenues for Zetia and Vytorin fell 35% to $575 million in 1Q17, compared to $889 million in 1Q16. Zetia competes with AbbVies (ABBV) Niaspan and Pfizers (PFE) Lipitor.

To divest company-specific risks, investors can consider the iShares Core High Dividend ETF (HDV), which holds ~3.5% of its total assets in Merck. HDV also holds 4.9% in Pfizer (PFE) and 1.5% in Eli Lilly & Co. (LLY).

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Merck's Immunology and Cardiovascular Franchise in 1Q17 - Market ... - Market Realist

Dominic McGrathDeputy Editor

FoodCloud

A Trinity professor and a Launchbox graduate have been named in a new list of Irelands top 25 most powerful women, alongside some of the biggest names in Irish society.

Prof Lydia Lynch, who is an associate professor of immunology in Trinity, was named in the Womens Executive Networks list of Irelands most powerful women. She received the award alongside Launchbox graduate and FoodCloud co-founder Iseult Ward.

The annual list, which has been published since 2012, selects the most influential and successful women in Ireland and both Lynch and Ward appear alongside some of the biggest names in Irish media, finance and law. Womens Executive Network is an international organisation that supports women with mentoring and networking and the annual list has long been used to recognise the success of Irish women across various fields.

Lynch, in a press statement, said she was proud to receive this award as a woman and mother in science.

I hope it shows that if I can do it, others can too. It doesnt matter what kind of background, gender or family youre from. Lynchs research focuses on the role that our immune systems have in regulating metabolism, with the aim being to understand how our immune systems could be used to target cancer.

Cancer immunotherapy is at an exciting time and the more we are finding out about how to reinvigorate the immune system to attack cancer, the better the chances are of it working in more people, she said.

Ward, whose company is often touted as one of the great successes of Trinitys summer-long accelerator programme, only began FoodCloud in 2014 but the company has already established itself as an important social enterprise business. The company helps businesses redistribute surplus or short-dated food to charities across Ireland. Alison Treacy, the manager of Launchbox, said in a press statement: Iseult was part of our 2014 programme, and since then has been a valuable supporter of and ambassador for LaunchBox and its student entrepreneurs. We are so pleased and proud to have been able to support her and FoodCloud in the early days of the company.

This year, Launchbox launched a campaign to encourage more women to get involved in entrepreneurship.

Other names on the list include everyone from Olympian Annalise Murphy; the Director General of RT, Dee Forbes; the CEO of Leicester City Football Club, Susan Whelan; and Justice Siofra OLeary, a judge in the European Court of Human Rights.

Both Lynch and Ward received their award in the trailblazers category.

In a press statement, Sherri Stevens, CEO of the Womens Executive Network, said: Our winners include an Olympic Silver Medallist, a Michelin-starred chef, many CEOs and entrepreneurs, a European Court of Human Rights Justice and a professor whose research is changing our understanding of obesity and immunity.

All 25 are trailblazers and role models for the generations who will follow, she added.

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Immunology Professor and FoodCloud Co-Founder Represent Trinity in List of Powerful Irish Women - The University Times

These Drugs Could Drive Celgene's Growth in 2017 PART 5 OF 8

Celgenes (CELG) Ozanimod is a selective S1P 1 and S1P 5 modulator. Data from phase three trial SUNBEAMhas demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Ozanimod as a treatment option for patients suffering from relapsing multiple sclerosis. In May 2017, Celgene (CELG) announced its success in the second pivotal (RADIANCE) phase three trial. The RADIANCE trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Ozanimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. The primary endpoint of the RADIANCE study was to reduce the annualized relapse rate (or ARR). Ozanimod demonstrated a significant reduction in ARR.

The company expects to start several pivotal trials in 2017. After the success of ozanimod in the STEPSTONE phase two trial, the company may begin phase three trials for the evaluation of the drug as a treatment for Crohns disease.

The above table indicates Celgenes different ongoing trials in inflammation, immunology, and cellular therapies.

After the success of Otezla in the marketplace, Celgene has started various other trials on the drug for label expansion in areas such as atopic dermatitis, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

Celgene has entered a strategic collaboration with Acceleron for the development of luspatercept. The drug is being investigated in phase three trials, MEDALIST and BELIEVE, to evaluate its efficacy as a therapy option for patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes and beta-thalassemia, respectively.

Celgene has started a pivotal trial to study investigational therapy GED-301 for Crohns disease, while the phase two trial for the drug in ulcerative colitis indications is expected to conclude by mid-2017. The company anticipates that ozanimod and GED-301 may turn out to be future blockbuster drugs. Celgenes revenue growth may boost the share prices of the Vanguard Health Care ETF (VHT). Celgene makes up about 2.7% of VHTs total portfolio holdings.

Celgenes peers in the inflammation and immunology drug market include Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), Amgen (AMGN), AbbVie (ABBV), and Novartis.

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What's in Celgene's Immunology and Inflammation Clinical Pipeline? - Market Realist

The report Global Immunology Drugs Market to 2022 - Increasing Prevalence, Repositioning Opportunities and Strong Uptake of Interleukin Receptor Inhibitors to Drive Growth focuses on four key indications within immunology: Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Psoriasis and Inflammatory bowel disease.

Although the patents for many of these mAbs have either already expired or are due to expire during the forecast period, the market is expected to experience continued growth, from $57.7 billion in 2015 to $75.4 billion in 2022, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.88%.

This is due to practical and regulatory barriers to entry for biosimilars that are not present for small molecule generics, and a moderately strong late-stage pipeline. There is a large pharmaceutical pipeline for immunology, consisting of 2,054 products in active development. The majority of pipeline products (73%) are in the early stages of development, at either the Preclinical or Discovery stages, but 96 (5%) are in Phase III.

The key market players, namely AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Amgen and Pfizer, are forecast to maintain their strong market shares throughout the forecast period, despite the fact that many of the approaching patent expiries - especially that of adalimumab, marketed by AbbVie, and Remicade, marketed by Johnson & Johnson - will affect these companies directly.

Key Topics Covered:

1 Introduction

2 Key Marketed Products

3 Pipeline Landscape Assessment

4 Multi-scenario Market Forecast to 2022

5 Company Analysis and Positioning

6 Strategic Consolidations

7 Appendix

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/kv7xk5/global_immunology

Media Contact:

Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager press@researchandmarkets.com

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Global Immunology Drugs Market 2017-2022 - mAbs Market Expected to Experience Continued Growth from $57.7 ... - PR Newswire (press release)

publication date: Jun. 16, 2017

In Brief Immunology expert Robert Ferris named director of UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

Robert Ferris, an expert in immunotherapy and specialist in head and neck cancer, was named director of UPMC Hillman Cancer Center.

Starting July 1, Ferris, a 15-year veteran of the UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, will have overall responsibility for all aspects of cancer research and education at the NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. His appointment follows a nationwide search after the departure of Nancy Davidson (The Cancer Letter, Oct. 14, 2016).

Ferris serves as chief of the Division of Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery in the departments of Otolaryngology and Immunology. He also serves as co-leader of the Cancer Immunology Program and most recently was appointed associate director for translational research and co-director of the Tumor Microenvironment Center.

The development and implementation of immunotherapy to treat head and neck tumors has been the primary research focus of the Ferris laboratory. The goals of this research are to boost the bodys immune response against cancer. More recently, his work focuses on how immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and can be harnessed to advance treatment.

Ferris is co-chair of the NCI Steering Committee for Head and Neck Cancer, at-large director of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, senior examiner of the American Board of Otolaryngology, and chair of the NCI Tumor Microenvironment Study Continue reading Immunology expert Robert Ferris named director of UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

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In Brief Immunology expert Robert Ferris named director of UPMC Hillman Cancer Center - The Cancer Letter Publications

Global Immunology Drugs Market to 2022 - Increasing Prevalence, Repositioning Opportunities and Strong Uptake of Interleukin Receptor Inhibitors to Drive Growth

Summary

Immunology is a therapy area characterized by disorders of the immune system, specifically an aberrant autoimmune response against healthy tissues in the body, leading to chronic or acute inflammation. Depending on the specific site affected, this can lead to various types of chronic pain and mobility loss, and have a negative impact on quality of life.

A number of therapies have been approved for immunological disorders, including the largely genericized disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) class of small molecule drugs. However, as these therapies often fail to elicit an adequate long-term response, a large second-line therapy segment has emerged in these markets, beginning with the approval of Remicade (infliximab) and Enbrel (etanercept) in 1998. There is currently no cure for immunological disorders due to the highly complex nature of the immune system and the fact that many components of the pathophysiological states of these diseases have roles in the healthy immune system.

Autoimmune disorders are currently incurable, and treatment is aimed at managing the disease, in order to reduce the severity of its symptoms and lower the risk of associated co-morbidities. Cytokines and their receptors, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor- and Interleukin-6 are the most effective and most common therapies used in immunology. This class of compounds has been the most commercially successful in the past decade, particularly in the RA market, with many clinical trials underway across various immunological indications. The market for immunological disorders is largely accounted for by premium products, with only a relatively small revenue share accounted for by generics and biosimilars.

Inflectra, a biosimilar of Remicade was recently approved by the FDA in 2016. However, the gradual uptake of biosimilars such as Inflectra is not expected to act as a strong growth driver for the biosimilar segment within the forecast period. This therefore means existing products such as Remicade are expected to maintain high revenues during the forecast period

Although there is a high degree of failure and uncertainty in R&D of immunological drugs, there are 2,054 drugs in active development in the immunology pipeline. In the long-term, this is expected to drive growth in this market in spite of the anticipated approval of biosimilars for key blockbuster drugs and resultant erosion of revenues. Cytokines and their receptors account for the largest single segment of each of the pipelines which make up the largest individual class.

The report focuses on four key indications within immunology: Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Psoriasis and Inflammatory bowel disease (The two major types of Inflammatory bowel disease covered in this report are Ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease). With no curative therapies available, symptomatic medications prescribed off-label are an important part of the treatment paradigm, especially in SLE, increasing the need for extensive R&D within this area.

Scope

- Global revenues for the immunology market are forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 3.63%, from $57.7 billion in 2015 to $74.1 billion in 2022. - Which drugs will achieve blockbuster status and how will the key player companies perform during the forecast period? - The immunological disorders pipeline is large and diverse, and contains 2,054 products. How does the composition of the pipeline compare with that of the existing market? - What molecular targets and molecule types are most commonly being trialed in pipeline products in the key indications? - Which products will contribute to market growth most significantly, and which will achieve blockbuster status? - Will the current market leaders retain their dominance over the forecast period, and how is their revenue share of the immunology market set to change?

Reasons to buy

- Understand the current clinical and commercial landscape by considering disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and the treatment options available at each stage of diagnosis - Visualize the composition of the immunology market across each indication, in terms of dominant molecule types and targets, highlighting the key commercial assets and players - Analyze the immunological disorders pipeline and stratify by stage of development, molecule type and molecular target, with a granular breakdown across key indications - Understand the growth in patient epidemiology and market revenues for the immunology market, globally and across the key players and product types - Stratify the market in terms of the split between generic and premium products, and assess the role of these product types in the treatment of the various immunological disorders. - Identify commercial opportunities in the immunology deals landscape by analyzing trends in licensing and co-development deals

1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents 4 1.1 List of Tables 6 1.2 List of Figures 6 2 Introduction 9 2.1 Therapy Area Introduction 9 2.1.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 9 2.1.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 10 2.1.3 Psoriasis 11 2.1.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 12 2.2 Symptoms 13 2.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology 15 2.3.1 Pathophysiology 17 2.4 Epidemiology 21 2.4.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 22 2.4.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 23 2.4.3 Psoriasis 23 2.4.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 24 2.5 Co-morbidities and Complications 25 2.6 Treatment 26 2.6.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 27 2.6.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 30 2.6.3 Psoriasis 31 2.6.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 32 3 Key Marketed Products 34 3.1 Overview 34 3.2 Humira (adalimumab) 34 3.3 Enbrel (etanercept) 36 3.4 Remicade (infliximab) 38 3.5 Rituxan (rituximab) 40 3.6 Stelara (ustekinumab) 42 3.7 Simponi (golimumab) 43 3.8 Prograf (tacrolimus) 45 3.9 Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) 46 3.10 Entyvio (vedolizumab) 47 3.11 Cosentyx (Secukinumab) 49 4 Pipeline Landscape Assessment 51 4.1 Overview 51 4.2 Pipeline Development Landscape 51 4.3 Molecular Targets in the Pipeline 54 4.4 Clinical Trials 56 4.4.1 Failure Rate by Stage of Development, Indication, Molecule Type and Molecular Target 56 4.4.2 Clinical Trial Duration by Stage of Development, Indication, Molecule Type and Molecular Target 60 4.4.3 Clinical Trial Size 65 4.4.4 Aggregate Clinical Program Size 69 4.4.5 Assessment of Key Pipeline Products 72 4.5 Conclusion 80 5 Multi-scenario Market Forecast to 2022 81 5.1 Overall Market Size 81 5.2 Generic Penetration 83 5.3 Revenue Forecast by Molecular Target 84 5.3.1 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha 84 5.3.2 Interleukin Receptor 86 5.3.3 B and T Lymphocyte Antigens 86 5.3.4 Janus Kinases 87 6 Company Analysis and Positioning 89 6.1 Revenue and Market Share Analysis by Company 90 6.1.1 AbbVie Will the Patent Expiration of Humira Cause a Loss in Market Size? 94 6.1.2 Pfizer Xeljanz to Overcome Enbrel Revenue Loss 95 6.1.3 Johnson & Johnson Steady Market Leader over Forecast Period 96 6.1.4 Amgen Will the Patent Expiration of Enbrel Have an Effect on Overall Immunology Revenue? 97 6.1.5 Roche Moderate Revenue Loss Expected due to Biosimilar Competition 98 6.1.6 Eli Lilly Approval of RA Drug to Drive Revenue 99 6.1.7 Bristol-Myers Squibb Will Biosimilar Competition Affect Orencia Revenue? 100 6.1.8 Celgene Otezla and Ozanimod Hydrochloride to Become Blockbuster Drugs 101 6.2 Company Landscape 103 6.3 Marketed and Pipeline Portfolio Analysis 103 7 Strategic Consolidations 106 7.1 Licensing Deals 106 7.1.1 Deals by Region, Year and Value 106 7.1.2 Deals by Stage of Development and Value 108 7.1.3 Deals by Molecule Type, Mechanism of Action and Value 109 7.1.4 Licensing Deals Valued over $100m 111 7.2 Co-development Deals 115 7.2.1 Deals by Region, Year and Value 116 7.2.2 Deals by Stage of Development and Value 117 7.2.3 Deals by Molecule Type, Mechanism of Action and Value 118 7.2.4 Co-development Deals Valued over $100m 120 8 Appendix 124 8.1 References 124 8.2 Table of All Clinical Stage Pipeline Products 132 8.3 Abbreviations 136 8.4 Disease List 137 8.5 Methodology 138 8.5.1 Coverage 138 8.5.2 Secondary Research 138 8.5.3 Market Size and Revenue Forecasts 138 8.5.4 Pipeline Analysis 139 8.5.5 Competitive Landscape 139 8.6 Contact Us 139 8.7 Disclaimer 140

1.1 List of Tables Table 1: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Symptoms of RA, SLE, Psoriasis and IBD 14 Table 2: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Etiology of RA, SLE, Psoriasis and IBD 16 Table 3: Immunology, Global, Epidemiology of Inflammatory Immunological Disorders, 2017 22 Table 4: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Humira, 2017 35 Table 5: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Enbrel, 2017 37 Table 6: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Remicade, 2017 39 Table 7: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Rituxan, 2017 41 Table 8: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Stelara, 2017 43 Table 9: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Simponi, 2017 44 Table 10: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Prograf, 2017 45 Table 11: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Cimzia, 2017 46 Table 12: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Entyvio, 2017 48 Table 13: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Approved Indications for Cosentyx, 2017 50 Table 14: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for Key Products ($m), 20152022 82 Table 15: Immunology, Global, Usage of Generics Across Key Indications, 2017 84 Table 16: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Forecast Revenues by Company, 20152022 91 Table 17: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Licensing Deals Valued over $100m, 20062016 111 Table 18: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Co-development Deals Valued over $100m, 20062017 120

1.2 List of Figures Figure 1: Immunology, Global, Epidemiology Patterns for Rheumatoid Arthritis (000), 20162023 22 Figure 2: Immunology, Global, Epidemiology Patterns for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (000), 20162023 23 Figure 3: Immunology, Global, Epidemiology Patterns for Psoriasis (000), 20162023 24 Figure 4: Immunology, Global, Epidemiology Patterns for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (000), 20162023 25 Figure 5: Immunology, Global, Key Marketed Products and Approved Indications, 2016 34 Figure 6: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Humira ($bn), 20062022 36 Figure 7: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Enbrel ($bn), 20062022 38 Figure 8: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Remicade ($bn), 20062022 40 Figure 9: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Enbrel ($bn), 20062022 42 Figure 10: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Stelara ($bn), 20062022 43 Figure 11: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Simponi ($bn), 20062022 44 Figure 12: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Prograf ($bn), 20062022 46 Figure 13: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Cimzia ($bn), 20062022 47 Figure 14: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Entyvio ($bn), 20062022 49 Figure 15: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Annual Revenues for Cosentyx ($bn), 20062022 50 Figure 16: Antibacterial Drug Market, Global, Overall Pharmaceutical Industry Pipeline by Therapy Area, 2017 51 Figure 17: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Pipeline for Immunology by Stage of Development, Molecule Type and Program Type, 2017 52 Figure 18: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Pipeline for Key Immunology Indications by Stage of Development, 2017 53 Figure 19: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Pipeline for Key Immunology Indications by Molecule Type, 2017 54 Figure 20: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Pipeline by Mechanism of Action (%), 2017 55 Figure 21: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Pipeline for Key Immunology Indications by Molecular Target, 2017 56 Figure 22: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Attrition Rates by Stage of Development (%), 20062017 57 Figure 23: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Attrition Rates by Stage of Development and Indication (%), 20062017 58 Figure 24: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Attrition Rates by Stage of Development and Molecule Type (%), 20062017 59 Figure 25: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Attrition Rates by Stage of Development and Molecular Target (%), 20062017 60 Figure 26: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Duration by Stage of Development (months), 20062017 61 Figure 27: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Duration by Stage of Development and Indication (months), 20062017 62 Figure 28: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Duration by Stage of Development and Molecule Type (months), 20062017 63 Figure 29: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Duration by Stage of Development and Molecular Target (months), 20062017 64 Figure 30: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Size by Stage of Development (patients), 20062017 65 Figure 31: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Size by Stage of Development and Indication (participants), 20062017 66 Figure 32: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Size by Stage of Development and Molecule Type (participants), 20062017 67 Figure 33: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Trial Size by Stage of Development and Molecular Target (participants), 20062017 68 Figure 34: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Program Size by Stage of Development (months), 20062017 69 Figure 35: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Program Size by Stage of Development and Indication (participants), 20062017 70 Figure 36: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Program Size by Stage of Development and Molecule Type (participants), 20062017 71 Figure 37: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Clinical Program Size by Stage of Development and Molecular Target (participants), 20062017 72 Figure 38: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Revenue Forecast for sarilumab ($bn), 20162022 74 Figure 39: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Revenue Forecast for sirukumab ($m), 20152022 75 Figure 40: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for baricitinib ($bn), 20152022 77 Figure 41: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for upadacitinib ($m), 20152022 78 Figure 42: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for ozanimod ($bn), 20192022 79 Figure 43: Immunology, Global, Market Size ($m), 20152022 81 Figure 44: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for Key Products ($m), 20152022 83 Figure 45: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors ($bn), 20152022 85 Figure 46: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for Interleukin Inhibitors ($bn), 20152022 86 Figure 47: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for B and T Lymphocyte Antigens ($bn), 20152022 87 Figure 48: Immunology, Global, Annual Revenue Forecast for Janus Kinases ($bn), 20152022 88 Figure 49: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Cluster by Growth and Market Share, 20152022 89 Figure 50: Immunology Therapeutics Market, Global, Forecast Market Share by Company (%), 20152022 92 Figure 51: Immunology, Global, Companies by Compound Annual Growth Rate (%), 20142022 93 Figure 52: Immunology, Global, Revenues by Product Type, 20152022 94 Figure 53: Immunology, Global, AbbVie Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 95 Figure 54: Immunology, Global, Pfizer Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 96 Figure 55: Immunology, Global, Johnson & Johnson Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 97 Figure 56: Immunology, Global, Amgen Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 98 Figure 57: Immunology, Global, Roche Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 99 Figure 58: Immunology, Global, Eli Lilly Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 100 Figure 59: Immunology, Global, Bristol-Myers Squib Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 101 Figure 60: Immunology, Global, Celgene Annual Revenue Forecast ($bn), 20152022 102 Figure 61: Immunology, Global, Companies by Type, 2017 103 Figure 62: Immunology, Global, High-Activity and Late-Stage Pipeline Developers by Level of immunology specialization, 2017 104 Figure 63: Immunology, Global, Proportion of Company Revenue Attributed to immunology, 20152022 105 Figure 64: Immunology, Global, Licensing Deals, 20062017 107 Figure 65: Immunology, Global, Licensing Deals by Indication and Value, 20062017 108 Figure 66: Immunology, Global, Licensing Deals, 20062017 109 Figure 67: Immunology, Global, Licensing Deals by Molecule Type and Mechanism of Action, 20062017 110 Figure 68: Immunology, Global, Co-development Deals, 20062017 116 Figure 69: Immunology, Global, Co-development Deals by Indication and Value, 20062017 117 Figure 70: Immunology, Global, Co-development Deals, 20062017 118 Figure 71: Immunology, Global, Co-development Deals by Molecule Type and Mechanism of Action, 20062017 119 Figure 72: Immunology, Global, Table of all Clinical Stage Pipeline Products, Part I, 2017 132 Figure 73: Immunology, Global, Table of all Clinical Stage Pipeline Products, Part II, 2017 133 Figure 74: Immunology, Global, Table of all Clinical Stage Pipeline Products, Part III, 2017 134 Figure 75: Immunology, Global, Table of all Clinical Stage Pipeline Products, Part IV, 2017 135

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Global Immunology Drugs Market to 2022 - Increasing ...

Once the libraries are sequenced, it is possible to pair the alpha and beta sequences from each individual cell. The 10x Genomics Cell Ranger bioinformatics pipeline assembles V(D)J short sequence reads into consensus alpha and beta chain annotated full-length paired V(D)J profiles.

The Cell Ranger pipeline filters the reads based on shared homology with germline V, D, J, constant segments and assembles the filtered reads within each barcode producing contigs, then annotates the contig sequences with the best germline V, D, J, constant, and UTR matches, detecting and translating the CDR3 sequence. It then groups cells into clonotypes, which share all productive CDR3 sequences, building a consensus for each chain in each clonotype.

To validate the Chromium Single Cell V(D)J Solution performance, the product was used to profile a variety of samples containing T cells. In one experiment, two samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same healthy individual were sequenced to confirm that the two independently run samples would exhibit similar behavior. Since the samples came from a healthy individual with no known challenges to the immune system, researchers expected to see high T-cell diversity and low antigen specificity.

Cell Ranger software grouped the T cells into clonotypes and calculated the percent that each clonotype was represented in the sample. In the first sample, 2,809 clonotypes were detected, and 2,949 were detected in the second sample. As expected, no clonotype made up >0.5% of either sample, demonstrating a very high diversity and low specificity in the sample.

To determine antigen specificity, an experiment was performed using T cells exposed to the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in cell culture (Figure 3). The EBV-specific T cells captured and sequenced by the Chromium System were sorted into clonotypes. It was found that 55% of the sequenced T cells shared one major alpha and beta chain, TRAV12-3:J20 (CDR3: CATQGSNDYKLSF), TRBV9:D1:J1-4 (CDR3: CASSTGQVATNEKLFF); 9% shared a second, unrelated clonotype, TRAV5:J15, TRBV14:D2:J2-1; 4% had two related clonotypes that shared a common beta chain3% with TRAV5:J15, TRBV29-1:D1:J1-4 and 1% with TRAV5:J23, TRBV29-1:D1:J1-4.

After the antigen specificities and frequencies of each of the four most dominant clonotypes were determined, limit-of-detection (LOD) experiments were performed using 1:99 dilutions of the EBV-specific T cells mixed into replicate samples of PBMCs from a healthy donor (Figure 3).

In this experiment, one would expect the most dominant clonotype (55%) from the EBV-specific T cells to be observed at a frequency of 0.55% when spiked into the PBMC background. Consistent with these expectations, 16 cells (0.4%) and 7 cells (0.3%) were found to express the major EBV-specific clonotype (TRAV12-3:J20, TRBV9:D1:J1-4) in the first and second spike-in replicates, respectively.

Interestingly, the Chromium V(D)J Solution was able to detect two cells (0.05%) and one cell (0.05%), respectively, of the second most abundant EBV-specific clonotype, resulting in an LOD of <0.1%. This limit of detection is likely to be pushed even lower as future experiments using more input T cells and greater sequencing depths enable the detection of even more rare known clonotypes.

The V(D)J Solution supports diverse basic and translational research studies of applied immunology and will ultimately accelerate our understanding of human health and disease. Particularly exciting application areas that will be propelled by the V(D)J Solution include T cellbased immunotherapies and with the addition of a planned B-cell-specific VDJ solution, vaccine development.

The V(D)J Solution will do this by enabling the identification of the true paired diversity of antigen receptors on a single-cell basis and thereby more effectively enable functional studies into the molecular genetic determinants of antigen specificity.

When coupled with assessments of immune repertoire diversity across experimental contexts of normal healthy tissues, longitudinal or case/control studies, and shared immune responses to common exposure histories, the V(D)J Solution will elucidate the adaptive immune system with greater resolution than ever before

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High-Definition Immunology - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

non-specific immune system with a rapid reaction time to keep

skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, sweat, etc. ... -epithelial

functional barrier where cilia sweeps mucus and secretes antim

secretes mucus, traps microbes, and prevents adhesion. (part o

Innate Immune System

non-specific immune system with a rapid reaction time to keep

1st line of defense in non-specific def

skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, sweat, etc. ... -epithelial

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Immunology is a branch of biomedical sciences that deals with the study of the physiology, molecular biology and genetics of the immune system and its componentsduring the state of wellbeing as well as illness. It studies and implies the physiological, chemical, physical characteristic features of the system towards comprehending the underlying pathophysiology of diseased conditions and developing suitable treatment practices. Immunological research involves study of the structure and function of Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsil, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin and liver. Classical Immunology is intricately tied with epidemiology and medicine and helps in the study of the relationship between the body system and pathogens, and the role of immune system in safeguarding the body from such attacks.

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Immunology Journals Journals - OMICS International

The 2017Warren Alpert Foundation Prizehas been awarded to five scientists for transformative discoveries in the field of cancer immunology.

Collectively, their work has elucidated foundational mechanisms in cancers ability to evade immune recognition and, in doing so, has profoundly altered the understanding of disease development and treatment. Their discoveries have led to the development of effective immune therapies for several types of cancer.

The 2017 award recipients are:

The honorees will share a $500,000 prize and will be recognized at a day-long symposium on Oct. 5 at Harvard Medical School.

The Warren Alpert Foundation, in association with Harvard Medical School, honors trailblazing scientists whose work has led to the understanding, prevention, treatment or cure of human disease. The award recognizes seminal discoveries that hold the promise to change our understanding of disease or our ability to treat it.

The discoveries honored by the Warren Alpert Foundation over the years are remarkable in their scope and potential, said George Q. Daley, dean of Harvard Medical School. The work of this years recipients is nothing short of breathtaking in its profoundimpacton medicine. These discoveries have reshaped our understanding of the bodys response to cancer and propelled our ability to treat several forms of this recalcitrant disease.

The Warren Alpert Foundation Prize is given internationally. To date, the foundation has awarded nearly $4 million to 59 scientists. Since the awards inception, eight honorees have also received a Nobel Prize.

Wecommend these five scientists.Allison, Chen, Freeman,Honjoand Sharpe are indisputable standouts in the field ofcancer immunology, said Bevin Kaplan, director of the Warren Alpert Foundation. Collectively,they are helping to turn the tide in the global fight against cancer. We couldn'thonor more worthy recipients for the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize.

The 2017 award: Unraveling the mysterious interplay between cancer and immunity

Understanding how tumor cells sabotage the bodys immune defenses stems from the collective work of many scientists over many years and across multiple institutions.

Each of the five honorees identified key pieces of the puzzle.

The notion that cancer and immunity are closely connected and that a persons immune defenses can be turned against cancer is at least a century old. However, the definitive proof and demonstration of the steps in this process were outlined through findings made by the five 2017 Warren Alpert prize recipients.

Under normal conditions, so-called checkpoint inhibitor molecules rein in the immune system to ensure that it does not attack the bodys own cells, tissues and organs. Building on each others work, the five award recipients demonstrated how this normal self-defense mechanism can be hijacked by tumors as a way to evade immune surveillance and dodge an attack. Subverting this mechanism allows cancer cells to survive and thrive.

A foundational discovery made in the 1980s elucidated the role of a molecule on the surface of T cells, the bodys elite assassins trained to seek, spot and destroy invaders.

A protein called CTLA-4 emerged as a key regulator of T cell behaviorone that signals to T cells the need to retreat from an attack. Experiments in mice lacking CTLA-4 and use of CTLA-4 antibodies demonstrated that absence of CTLA-4 or blocking its activity could lead to T cell activation and tumor destruction.

Subsequent work identified a different protein on the surface of T cellsPD-1as another key regulator of T cell response. Mice lacking this protein developed an autoimmune disease as a result of aberrant T cell activity and over-inflammation.

Later on, scientists identified a molecule, B7-H1, subsequently renamed PD-L1, which binds to PD-1, clicking like a key in a lock. This was followed by the discovery of a second partner for PD-1the molecule PD-L2which also appeared to tame T-cell activity by binding to PD-1.

The identification of these molecules led to a set of studies showing that their presence on human and mouse tumors rendered the tumors resistant to immune eradication.

A series of experiments further elucidated just how tumors exploit the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 to survive. Specifically, some tumor cells appeared to express PD-L1, essentially wrapping themselves in it to avoid immune recognition and destruction.

Additional work demonstrated that using antibodies to block this interaction disarmed the tumors, rendering them vulnerable to immune destruction.

Collectively, the five scientists findings laid the foundation for antibody-based therapies that modulate the function of these molecules as a way to unleash the immune system against cancer cells.

Antibody therapy that targets CTLA-4 is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have already shown efficacy in a broad range of cancers and have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma; kidney; lung; head and neck cancer; bladder cancer; some forms of colorectal cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma and Merkel cell carcinoma.

In their own words

"I am humbled to be included among the illustrious scientists who have been honored by the Warren Alpert Foundation for their contributions to the treatment and cure of human disease in its 30+ year history.It is also recognition of the many investigators who have labored for decades to realize the promise of the immune system in treating cancer. -James Allison

The award is a great honor and a wonderful recognition of our work. -LiepingChen

I am thrilled to have made a difference in the lives of cancer patients and to be recognized by fellow scientists for my part in the discovery of the PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L2 pathway and its role in tumor immune evasion. I am deeply honored to be a recipient of the Alpert Award and to be recognized for my part in the work that has led to effective cancer immunotherapy. The success of immunotherapy has unleashed the energies of a multitude of scientists to further advance this novel strategy. -Gordon Freeman

Iam extremely honored to receive the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize.I am very happy that our discovery of PD-1 in 1992 and subsequent 10-year basic research on PD-1 led to its clinical application as a novel cancer immunotherapy. I hope this development will encourage many scientists working in the basic biomedical field. -TasukuHonjo

I am truly honored to be a recipient of the Alpert Award. It is especially meaningful to be recognized by my colleagues for discoveries that helped define the biology of the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. The clinical translation of our fundamental understanding of these pathways illustrates the value of basic science research, and I hope this inspires other scientists. -Arlene Sharpe

Previous winners

Last years awardwent to five scientists who were instrumental in the discovery and development of the CRISPR bacterial defense mechanism as a tool for gene editing. They wereRodolpheBarrangouof North Carolina State University,Philippe Horvathof DuPont inDang-Saint-Romain, France,JenniferDoudnaof the University of California, Berkeley,EmmanuelleCharpentierof the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin andUmeUniversity in Sweden, andVirginijusSiksnysof the Institute of Biotechnology at Vilnius University in Lithuania.

Other past recipients include:

The Warren Alpert Foundation

Each year theWarren Alpert Foundationreceives between 30 and 50 nominations from scientific leaders worldwide. Prize recipients are selected by the foundations scientific advisory board, which is composed of distinguished biomedical scientists and chaired by the dean of Harvard Medical School.

Warren Alpert (1920-2007), a native of Chelsea, Mass., established the prize in 1987 after reading about the development of a vaccine for hepatitis B. Alpert decided on the spot that he would like to reward such breakthroughs, so he picked up the phone and told the vaccines creator, Kenneth Murray of the University of Edinburgh, that he had won a prize. Alpert then set about creating the foundation.

To award subsequent prizes, Alpert asked DanielTosteson(1925-2009), then dean of Harvard Medical School, to convene a panel of experts to identify scientists from around the world whose research has had a direct impact on the treatment of disease.

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Warren Alpert Foundation Honors Five Pioneers in Cancer Immunology - Harvard Medical School (registration)