Category Archives: Human Behavior

Insurance Office of America Partners with Gallaher Edge to Transform Company Culture Through the Science of Human Behavior – GlobeNewswire

ORLANDO, Fla., Oct. 28, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Gallaher Edge, a management consulting firm creating transformational change in businesses through meaningful and impactful human experiences, today announces its work with Insurance Office of America (IOA), a full service, independent insurance agency, to help the organization improve overall company culture and promote diversity and inclusion.

For many business leaders, the challenges of 2020 have created a catalyst for change when it comes to company culture, said Dr. Laura Gallaher, CEO and founder of Gallaher Edge. At Gallaher Edge, we know creating an environment of true inclusion is paramount for an effective company culture. Its not enough for business leaders to simply talk about company culture; they need to foster an environment of psychological safety, where people feel genuinely included and respected regardless of their job role or any demographic variables. Organizations like IOA are setting a great example by taking an introspective look at their culture to enhance inclusion among employees.

Gallaher Edge developed a customized program assessing IOAs current company culture and is working with leaders to create transformational change through its Growing Leaders from the Inside Out (GLIO) program. This program consists of highly experiential, customized workshops that focus on maturity, self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-accountability. Leaders will examine how their behavior impacts others, what drives them to behave the way they do, and how they can build their capacity to act more effectively.

The program positions IOA leaders to be more confident in taking their team and their organization to the next level. It allows everyone to examine their own shortcomings when creating an inclusive environment, which funnels a new culture of inclusion and self-awareness down to the rest of their team. Ultimately, this type of program results in broader perspectives, more innovation and better decision-making.

We know that culture runs deeper than perks. Its about actively creating an environment of inclusion, openness and wellbeing for all employees, said Heath Ritenour, chairman and CEO of IOA. Through this program, we are hearing from employees firsthand how they perceive our culture, so we know where to focus our goals and efforts. Using this feedback, IOAs leaders will work with Gallaher Edge to fundamentally analyze and adapt our behavior, beliefs and identity to have the greatest long-term impact on our individuals, teams and the company as a whole.

To learn more about the custom culture programs offered by Gallaher Edge, visit gallaheredge.com.

About Insurance Office of AmericaInsurance Office of America (IOA) is a full-service insurance agency founded in 1988 by John Ritenour and Valli Ritenour. Today, IOA is led by Chairman and CEO Heath Ritenour, and it is one of the fastest-growing independent agencies in the United States. IOA is ranked 13th on Insurance Journals 2020 Top 100 Independent Property/Casualty Agencies report and 25th on Business Insurances 2020 100 Largest Brokers of U.S. Business list. IOA was named a National Underwriter Agency of the Year in 2018. Headquartered in Longwood, Florida, part of the greater Orlando community, IOA has more than 1,200 associates located in over 60 offices in the U.S., Ireland, and London. For more information, visit ioausa.com.

About Gallaher EdgeGallaher Edge is a management consulting firm that creates transformational change in businesses through meaningful and impactful human experiences. The team applies the science of human behavior to an organization to create highly effective cultures. Gallaher Edge helps C-suite teams successfully take their company to the next level and does so through personalized experiences to evolve teams from the inside out, growing their capacity to lead and succeed.

Media ContactLisa RienhardtUproar PR for Gallaher Edgelrienhardt@uproarpr.com321.236.0102 x233

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Insurance Office of America Partners with Gallaher Edge to Transform Company Culture Through the Science of Human Behavior - GlobeNewswire

MasterClass Announces Class on the Power of Persuasion – PRNewswire

"Daniel has an incredible knack for taking complex concepts and making them practical and engaging," said David Rogier, founder and CEO of MasterClass. "In his MasterClass, he uses years of scientific study and research to change the way we think about sales and persuasion and teach members how these skills can be used to achieve better outcomes in any situation."

Pink is the author of four New York Times bestsellers including Drive, When, A Whole New Mind and To Sell Is Human. His provocative books share wisdom on human behavior, business and creativity and have sold more than 3 million copies worldwide. In addition to his successful career as an author, Pink was host and co-executive producer of the National Geographic TV series Crowd Control, which used behavioral science principles and design to explore and explain human nature. Prior to starting his solo career, Pink held multiple positions in politics, including serving as the chief speechwriter for Vice President Al Gore.

"We're all in the business of selling and persuading, and you want to learn how to do it well," Pink said. "In my MasterClass, I will show you how to communicate effectively and cultivate a meaningful connection because when it's done right, successful selling and persuasion makes the other person's life better and makes the world better."

In his MasterClass, Pink will reframe how members think about sales and persuasion, showing the applicability of these essential skills in everyday life, from persuading your child to influencing a group of people. His belief is that the world has changed dramatically in recent years, but our understanding of sales and persuasion has not changed with it. Using tactics grounded in years of research and scientific study, Pink will teach members a human approach to sales, showing the importance of operating with morality and authentic connection to achieve better outcomes. Demonstrating his techniques for the first time ever, he will show members how to persuade by finding common ground and using cognitive biases to their advantage. Building off that foundation, he will outline new sales skills such as attuning yourself to others to create a connection, framing your message to get people to act and becoming self-motivated. Members will also learn a variety of ways to pitch ideas, products and themselves and bounce back from rejection. Members will leave the class inspired not only to use these techniques in their professional lives, but to see the power of these tactics in their everyday personal interactions.

Embed & view the trailer here:https://youtu.be/My7hjBp4wH0

Download stills here:https://brandfolder.com/s/99bvwtgzmkhrv3jvxqhwkxjtCredit: Courtesy of MasterClass

ABOUT MASTERCLASS:Launched in 2015, MasterClass is the streaming platform where anyone can learn from the world's best. With an annual membership, subscribers get unlimited access to 90+ instructors and classes across a wide range of subjects, including Arts & Entertainment, Business, Design & Style, Sports & Gaming, Writing and more. Step into Anna Wintour's office, Ron Finley's garden and Neil Gaiman's writing retreat. Get inspired by RuPaul, perfect your pitch with Shonda Rhimes and discover your inner negotiator with Chris Voss. Each class features about 20 video lessons, at an average of 10 minutes per lesson. You can learn on your own termsin bite-size pieces or in a single binge. Cinematic visuals and close-up, hands-on demonstrations make you feel like you're one-on-one with the instructors, while the downloadable workbooks help reinforce your learning. Stream thousands of lessons anywhere, anytime, on mobile, tablet, desktop, Apple TV, AndroidTV, Amazon Fire TV and Roku players and devices.

Follow MasterClass:Twitter@masterclassInstagram@masterclassFacebook@masterclassofficial

Follow Daniel Pink:Twitter@danielpinkFacebook@danielhpinkLinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/danielpink/

Media Contacts:Alyssa Bergerson, MasterClass[emailprotected]

Emily Maroon, R&C/PMK[emailprotected]

Daniel Coffey, R&C/PMK[emailprotected]

SOURCE MasterClass

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MasterClass Announces Class on the Power of Persuasion - PRNewswire

NIH scientists discover key pathway in lysosomes that coronaviruses use to exit cells – National Institutes of Health

News Release

Wednesday, October 28, 2020

Targeting cells trash compactor could lead to new antiviral strategy to fight COVID-19.

Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have discovered a biological pathway that the novel coronavirus appears to use to hijack and exit cells as it spreads through the body. A better understanding of this important pathway may provide vital insight in stopping the transmission of the virusSARS-CoV-2which causes COVID-19 disease.

In cell studies, the researchers showed for the first time that the coronavirus can exit infected cells through the lysosome, an organelle known as the cells trash compactor. Normally the lysosome destroys viruses and other pathogens before they leave the cells. However, the researchers found that the coronavirus deactivates the lysosomes disease-fighting machinery, allowing it to freely spread throughout the body.

Targeting this lysosomal pathway could lead to the development of new, more effective antiviral therapies to fight COVID-19. The findings, published today in the journal Cell, come at a time when new coronavirus cases are surging worldwide, with related U.S. deaths nearing 225,000.

Scientists have known for some time that viruses enter and infect cells and then use the cells protein-making machinery to make multiple copies of themselves before escaping the cell. However, researchers have only a limited understanding of exactly how viruses exit cells.

Conventional wisdom has long held that most virusesincluding influenza, hepatitis C, and West Nileexit through the so-called biosynthetic secretory pathway. Thats a central pathway that cells use to transport hormones, growth factors, and other materials to their surrounding environment. Researchers have assumed that coronaviruses also use this pathway.

But in a pivotal experiment, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Ph.D., chief of the Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics at the NIHs National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and her post-doctoral fellow Sourish Ghosh, Ph.D., the studys main authors, found something different. She and her team exposed coronavirus-infected cells (specifically, mouse hepatitis virus) to certain chemical inhibitors known to block the biosynthetic pathway.

To our shock, these coronaviruses got out of the cells just fine, Altan-Bonnet said. This was the first clue that maybe coronaviruses were using another pathway.

To look for that pathway, the researchers designed additional experiments using microscopic imaging and virus-specific markers involving human cells. They discovered that coronaviruses somehow target the lysosomes, which are highly acidic, and congregate there.

That finding raised yet another question for Altan-Bonnets team: If coronaviruses are accumulating in lysosomes and lysosomes are acidic, why are the coronaviruses not destroyed before exiting?

In a series of advanced experiments, the researchers demonstrated that lysosomes get de-acidified in coronavirus-infected cells, significantly weakening the activity of their destructive enzymes. As a result, the viruses remain intact and ready to infect other cells when they exit.

These coronaviruses are very sneaky, Altan-Bonnet said. Theyre using these lysosomes to get out, but theyre also disrupting the lysosome so it cant do its job or function.

The researchers also discovered that disrupting normal lysosome function appears to harm the cells immunological machinery. We think this very fundamental cell biology finding could help explain some of the things people are seeing in the clinic regarding immune system abnormalities in COVID patients, Altan-Bonnet said. This includes cytokine storms, in which an excess of certain pro-inflammatory proteins in the blood of COVID patients overwhelm the immune system and cause high death rates.

Now that this mechanism has been identified, researchers may be able to find ways to disrupt this pathway and prevent lysosomes from delivering viruses to the outside of the cell; or re-acidify lysosomes in order to restore their normal functions in coronavirus-infected cells so they can fight COVID. The authors have already identified one experimental enzyme inhibitor that potently blocks coronaviruses from getting out of the cell.

The lysosome pathway offers a whole different way of thinking about targeted therapeutics, she said, adding that further studies will be needed to determine if such interventions will be effective and whether existing drugs can help block this pathway. She notes the findings could go a long way toward stemming future pandemics caused by other coronaviruses that may emerge.

Research reported in this study was funded by the Division of Intramural Research of NHLBI, part of the National Institutes of Health. Additionally, the research was supported by NIH grants including NIH R01 AI091985-05; NIH R01 NS36592; F32-AI113973; NIH R37GM058615; and NIH R01AI135270. All other co-authors were supported by intramural NIH and National Cancer Institute funds.

Study:-Coronaviruses use lysosomes for egress instead of the biosynthetic secretory pathwayDOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.039

This news release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research.

About the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI):NHLBI is the global leader in conducting and supporting research in heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders that advances scientific knowledge, improves public health, and saves lives. For more information, visitwww.nhlbi.nih.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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NIH scientists discover key pathway in lysosomes that coronaviruses use to exit cells - National Institutes of Health

Anti-science thinking: Why it happens and what to do about it – ASU Now

October 29, 2020

Nearly1 in 5 Americansbelieve human beings have always existed as they appear now, despite more than 100 years of scientific evidence supportingevolution by natural selection.

Evolution is not the only topic that many Americans think about in an anti-scientific way. What Americans believe about climate change is largely determined by theirpolitical party affiliationand not their knowledge of science, which isroughly equalamong Republicans and Democrats. Participants marching in support of science. The March for Science is an international grassroots movement advocating for science that began in 2017. Photo courtesy of Michael McBeath. Download Full Image

In an article just reprinted in aspecial edition of Scientific Americanthat covers truth and disinformation, four Arizona State University psychologists explain how anti-scientific thinking can happen to all of us and what to do about it.

As someone who uses evolution as a framework to study human behavior, I am personally troubled by how many Americans do not believe in natural selection, saidDouglas Kenrick, Presidents Professor of psychology and lead author on the article. My co-authors and I decided to share what is known from psychology about how people process information and suggest possible ways to overcome anti-science thinking in general.

Kenrick wrote the article withAdam Cohen, professor of psychology;Steven Neuberg, Foundation Professor of psychology and chair of the department; andRobert Cialdini, Regents Professor emeritus of psychology and marketing.

Anti-science thinking can arise as a side effect of otherwise benign strategies people use to process information. The article illustrates how this happens for three such strategies: using rules of thumb to make decisions, the tendency to reaffirm existing knowledge and social pressure.

When people make decisions that are based on a lot of information or on complex information, they often rely on rules of thumb called heuristics. An example of a common heuristic is someone booking air travel to avoid airports where they have previously missed a connection. A past missed connection might come to mind easily but predicts very little about the future trip. This mental shortcut is called the availability heuristic, and it and other heuristics like it can lead to anti-science thinking. Today some Americans use the fact that theydo not personally know someonesickened with COVID-19 to explain why they choose not to wear a face mask, despiteevidenceshowing masks can help reduce virus spread.

Scientific recommendations often change over time, like what happened for face masks, because they are based on the best available evidence at the time. This is a good thing, not evidence that scientists just change their minds or dont know what they are talking about, Cohen said.

People naturally pay close attention to information that is familiar and supports what they already know. Psychologists and behavioral scientists call this phenomenon the confirmation bias, and a famous study from 1979 shows how difficult it is to overcome. The study had Stanford University undergraduates listen to evidence for and against the death penalty. The students heard the same information, but they selectively used it to strengthen what they already thought about the death penalty. No students changed their mind; instead, they all became more resolute in their beliefs.

When people have a lot of information coming at them, they often connect it to what they already know. This strategy can lead to people not forming a more tempered view after examining evidence for and against something their view becomes more extreme, Kenrick said.

But the same study also found a way for people to blunt the confirmation bias. Instead of asking the Stanford students to consider all information objectively, the researchers prompted the students to ask themselves what they would think if the information about capital punishment disagreed with their previous opinion. Playing devils advocate for the opposing side erased the confirmation bias.

The same motivations that compel people to get along in a group also affect how they think and act. The social pressure to remain a member of a group is so powerful thatdisagreeing activates the amygdala, a brain area that tracks negative emotions.

Everyone has biases in cognition, but no one wants to say or even think things that endanger their status in groups that are important to them, like political parties, Cohen said.

Overcoming social influences that contribute to anti-science thinking is possible when not everyone in the group agrees, as illustrated bysocial psychologist Stanley Milgrams1960s experiments on obedience. When the experimenters ordered them to, all the participants delivered what they thought was a powerful electric shock to another person even if the request made them uncomfortable or upset. But when the participants were part of a group and the others in the group refused to deliver the shock, only10% went ahead and gave the shock.

Emotions also affect how people process information, and the combination of social pressure and fear is especially potent.

Instead of scientists repeating the same facts, which does not work and can exacerbate the issue by increasing the amount of information people have to process, we need a more positively framed approach to disseminating information to avoid automatically producing an avoidance reaction in people, Kenrick said.

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Anti-science thinking: Why it happens and what to do about it - ASU Now

Does the election have you steaming? Mental health experts say to pull the plug – Journal Inquirer

With one of the most acidic presidential election races in recent history drawing to a close in just a few days, emotions are running rampant and anxieties are spiked as friends, family, strangers, protesters, politicians, and pundits are all reaching a brutal boiling point regardless of party affiliation as they fight online, in person, over the phone, and over television.

The emotional trauma of the election between incumbent Republican Donald Trump and Democrat Joe Biden has also been escalated by a pandemic that has caused a lockdown in the state for over seven months and seems to have no end in sight.

I think theres a lot of uncertainty in general about life, politics, the future, and where were headed, said Donna Schneider, a licensed clinical social worker and administrative director of inpatient behavioral health at Eastern Connecticut Health Network. Its definitely causes a lot of tension. People are overwhelmed.

She said differences of opinion have caused people to have a hard time communicating and a major influence on the communication breakdown is media consumption.

People need to get away from that, Schneider said, and unplug themselves from the day to day because it can be overwhelming.

Dr. Jamshid Marvasti, a psychiatrist with ECHN, said people tend to watch political news based on their ideology.

They watch certain news media and never anything else, he said, adding people will never watch news that people with opposing points of view watch.

I find from a psychological point of view it is human nature, he said. We like to hear the good news even if it is not fact and avoid bad news even if it is truth. This is human behavior. Some people they only watch TV on the basis of what makes them feel good. Its a conflict. What makes them good is on the basis of what matches their personality, their ideology, and their political direction.

Marvasti said some people exhibit a political stubbornness with a my way or the highway attitude.

There are people who grow up with discipline of that idea being black and white and nothing in between, he said. Its very difficult to change them. We need a culture to teach people how to appreciate each other. They need to know that if someone has a different opinion, they dont deserve to be killed or hated. That is very important. People need to tolerate the opposite ideas of someone else and not hate that someone else.

Marvasti used religion as an example of hate on a more global scale versus the microcosm of national politics, and said religious leaders should take responsibility for their actions in spreading hate.

If you are born in Saudi Arabia, youd be Sunni Muslim; in Israel, Jewish; in Ireland youd be Catholic, he said. We kill each other because mine is better than yours and you need to be like me. In some ways, religious leaders have a responsibility to tell their followers you dont need to hate someone because of a different religion.

Household concerns also escalate the anxieties that can be produced during an election, Marvasti said.

People are concerned about their job, about having food for their children, about the infection, what happens to my children if I die? he said. Its anxiety producing. It is a warning pain that something is wrong.

He said the problem with the culture of the United States, and which many psychiatrists are concerned about, is division, especially when it is encouraged by leaders; because of the COVID-19 pandemic, people arent able to address those anxieties as they normally would.

There are issues we have now that cause anxiety and depression that things are going not the way they want, he said.

What I see more are people staying at home, and not going out and venting with each other, including venting about the election, he said. Their routine is changed because of the virus. The virus becomes political and we have another problem, because their political ideology of the virus is another problem.

Schneider said she has seen a growing concern among the older population.

Social isolation has been incredibly difficult. That, compiled with the fact theyre home, day in and day out, all the political stuff back and forth on TV. It becomes scarier by the moment. I think those anxieties continue to mount. People dont have the ability to get away from it as they would have years ago when there was tension over political activities and elections. Theyre having difficulty functioning with all of this.

Schneider said people need to unplug from the media for awhile and just check in on the news periodically to recenter themselves.

I think unplugging from it, trying to make connections with family and friends through virtual means or sitting outside in the fresh air. Do relaxation techniques, maintain positivity, journaling, maintain structure to their day. Find new ways to celebrate and explore topics that will take their minds away from that, even if its momentarily. I think for people in particular who are struggling, this is exacerbated.

We are in a position to exaggerate this election because it is mixed with the virus, mixed with the isolation, Marvasti said. We cant go to the movies; we cant go to the bars. The TV and news media is the only pleasure and involvement they have. I would tell people that they need a vacation from TV, from news media.

He also said our perspective tends to cloud what the truth is.

We dont see things as they are, we see things as we are, he said. Ideology is the glasses that we have. Clean your glasses. I would say to people who are very anxious that you are focusing outside focus inside. Your brain creates the anxiety. There are some techniques people can use; not changing their ideology, or religion, but changing the way they look outside. You cannot control the outside. You need to focus on the inside. We have control of how we perceive it. The kind of feeling they create is not the news media, its me. My central nervous system. The transmitters in my brain. That is what you need to control, what you need to master. You can be hateful, or you can analyze yourself. Why does this news make me want to scream and run in the street? You need to tell yourself that this is me other than the news media.

Marvasti said some people will turn to substance abuse such as alcohol to try to gain that control, but people need to find healing from inside, and not from outside substances.

We are sensitive, he said. We should be sensitive. We need to control. We need to master. We need to not be controlled by this feeling of hate and rage. Were killing each other. We are talking about ordinary people. Ordinary people need to focus on themselves and their own feelings and consider themselves responsible for part of that feeling rather than blaming the news media. The feeling is coming from the inside of me. The news media only brings it to the surface.

Marvasti said the first thing that needs to take place is self-observation.

You need to look inside of yourself. Its feeding from me, not the news media. Someone else can look at the news media and not get this feeling or get the opposite feeling. We need to have a self-perception. We have a certain amount of power over this feeling.

It is very difficult because we project the blame: They made me angry. They made me upset. He really insulted me. He put me down. These things are internal feelings. I will not take responsibility for my feelings, its him or her who made me angry or upset.

This is not to say that negative feelings arent justifiable or unwarranted, Marvasti said, but that its the behavior associated with those feelings that people should be in control of, a psychological medicine practice called cognitive behavioral therapy.

It is their interpretation of events that caused that feeling, he said. If they are able to change the interpretation, then that feeling will not be there.

Some people get violent, he said. Some people get aggressive. Its behavior we need to control. I can get angry at someone, but I dont punch him. People need to have self-analysis. To teach people if you analyze yourself and see how you feel rather than the outside.

Since the advent of social media, behavior may not be perceived as aggression as physical violence isnt an immediate option during an argument. Schneider said the best thing to do instead of getting dragged into vitriolic environments is to unplug from it.

Theres nothing good from going back and forth in that kind of way, she said.

I see sometimes people insulting each other with very bad words, Marvasti said. He said not to get mixed up in commentary with people having extreme opinions.

I see a lot of these things in social media, he said. That is the culture. It has nothing to do with freedom of information. Its culture. We are going beyond that. Leaders need to set the limit, to put the boundary of how far you can go in insulting someone else. I believe that in the future people can come in the middle.

Schneider said if someone realizes they are becoming self-destructive in their behavior because of their interaction on social media or with family or from the consumption of news media, its important to reach out and get help from family or a therapist.

When it gets to that point, it gets beyond just self-help. It would be great for people to reach out and get the help that they need.

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Does the election have you steaming? Mental health experts say to pull the plug - Journal Inquirer

See it in person: Exhibits postponed earlier this year at the Eric Carle Museum resurface – GazetteNET

Who wouldnt want to escape into an imaginary world these days, given the pandemic, an ugly election season, a struggling economy, and environmental catastrophes sprouting like mushrooms?

Even if that world is aimed at children?

The Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art, which reopened for limited visitation in August, has a number of exhibits now on view, two featuring the work of its namesake artist and a third that takes a look at whats long been a popular theme for childrens literature: anthropomorphism.

Lets Talk! Animals from the Collection features some 80 works from the museums vaults that showcase a wide range of animals displaying human characteristics. Its a colorful and extensive exhibit with artwork ranging as far back as the late 1800s and early 1900s, with plenty of more contemporary examples, including some from a number of Valley artists.

From Winnie-the-Pooh to Peter Rabbit, to the Frog and Toad of Arnold Lobels perennially popular 1970s book series of the same name, the exhibit also highlights artwork using a range of materials watercolor, pen and ink, oil, gouache to illustrate stories in which animal characters are part of enjoyable tales that also expose human foibles, teach proper behavior, and help children navigate a complex world, as exhibit notes put it.

Ellen Keiter, the Carles chief curator, says Lets Talk! was scheduled to open this past spring but was then postponed due to the pandemic. She and exhibit co-curator Cathy Mercier, a Carle trustee and a professor of childrens literature at Simmons University in Boston, culled the show from some 300 artworks at the Carle, a process that Keiter says was fun but also a little painful. Its always difficult to have to leave some things out that youd like to include.

The exhibit is divided into four thematic sections that examine subjects such as unlikely friendships, like the bond that develops between a mouse and a whale in William Steigs 1971 book Amos and Boris. Another themed section, Home and Away, considers the far-flung adventures animal characters experience before returning to the comfort of home, while Tales of Tails highlights animals from classic texts think Peter Rabbit and Little Red Riding Hood and looks at the different ways anthropomorphic animals can tell stories to young readers.

The show includes an original watercolor from The Tale of Peter Rabbit, the 1902 story by English childrens author and illustrator Beatrix Potter about a mischievous bunny who gets into trouble after trespassing in the garden of his dour neighbor, Mr. McGregor. Other older art examples include work by E.H. Shepard, who illustrated the original Pooh stories by A.A. Milne in the 1920s as well as later expansions of the books.

Then theres work by regional artists such as Tony DiTerlizzi, Barry Moser, David Costello and Astrid Sheckels. The latter, who lives in Greenfield, is the author and illustrator of Hector and the Giant Quest, a 2014 book about a group of animal pals a fox, bear, skunk, marten, rabbit and chipmunk who take to a wooden boat to explore a mysterious swamp. As well, theres an illustration from a 1988 book by the late Amherst childrens writer Julius Lester, illustrated by New York artist Jerry Pinkney, that revisits the Uncle Remus stories of the 19th century.

We wanted to get as wide a range of work as possible, said Keiter. But we also have to recognize that there are some limitations in what we can show.

She notes that some older childrens artwork is considered racist by todays standards and thus had to be excluded from the show. In addition, the appropriateness of using animals to depict human behavior and activities and to do that to entertain readers has come into question for some due to human destruction of animal habitats and populations, Keiter said.

An explanatory note to that effect is part of the exhibit, as is another that says the shows content also largely reflects the history of a persistently white and male-dominated publishing industry. The Carle is working to expand its collection to include more work by artists of other cultures and color, exhibit notes say.

Lets Talk! Animals From the Collection is on view through Jan. 24, 2021.

Keitner says the Carle continues to feel its way through the pandemic. Visitation has been limited to about 40% capacity, she noted, by requiring people to reserve admission tickets in advance, and hand sanitizer stations and a new air filtration system have been added as additional safety measures. Face masks are mandatory for all visitors and staff.

Were not where we were before the pandemic, she said. Some people obviously still have concerns about being in enclosed places. But were happy to have people back just the same.

One potential draw for visitors, Keiter hopes, is a new exhibit of work by Eric Carle, whos now 91. Eric Carle: Just For Laughs features artwork from throughout the celebrated artists career that takes a particular delight in the absurd and off-beat.

For instance, there are several of his trademark collage creations painted tissue paper and other materials from his 1984 book The Mixed-Up Chameleon, in which the chameleon in question is so eager to change shape that it adopts a number of parts from other animals. With a turtle shell on its back, an elephants head and trunk, the webbed feet of a duck and other disparate parts, the critter turns itself into a mess.

Exhibit notes say Carle credits countless schoolchildren as co-authors of the book because many of them delighted in creating these kinds of hybrid animals when he led art workshops in classrooms over the years.

Another display likely to get a laugh from kids is from the 1993 book Today is Monday, in which three illustrations depict animals taking an unusual approach to eating. A porcupine has green beans stuck to its quills, a snake is ensnared in multiple strands of spaghetti, and a cat sits ready to dine at a table, a bib tied across its front and a knife and fork positioned in its front paws.

The exhibit also includes artwork from a now out-of-print 1971 book, The Scarecrow Clock, as well as some blown-up prints of humorous thank-you letters Carle sent to people who had written him, including someone who gifted him an automatic card shuffler. In that letter, Carles hand-drawn picture shows a white-bearded man haloed in a flurry of playing cards, with a note saying This is what shuffling used to look like at our house.

Eric Carle: Just For Laughs, which was also postponed in spring, will be on view through Feb. 28, 2021. A smaller Eric Carle exhibit, An Homage to Paul Klee, is on view through Nov. 29. In addition, two virtual exhibits, Art in Place and Now & Then, can also been seen at the museums website, carlemuseum.org.

Steve Pfarrer can be reached at spfarrer@gazettenet.com.

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See it in person: Exhibits postponed earlier this year at the Eric Carle Museum resurface - GazetteNET

How Facebook Can Easily Swing the Presidential Election – msnNOW

Provided by The Daily Beast Sloan Science on Screen

As millions of Americans cast their votes for the next president of the United States, all 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, and 35 contested seats in the U.S. Senate, its important to remember just how slim the margin of victory was in 2016, with the election decided by roughly 107,000 votes spread across three statesPennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsinand the outsized role Facebook played in swinging things in the direction of one Donald J. Trump.

In 2017, Facebook itself estimated that 126 million users were served content by Russian troll farms; that the Trump team harvested the private information of over 50 million Facebook users without their knowledge via the firm Cambridge Analytica; and that the Trump campaign brilliantly exploited Facebooks digital ads, running 5.9 million ad variations in the final months of the election compared to Hillary Clintons 66,000. Facebooks impact was so profound that the data-mining company even boasted of being responsible for Trumps victory in an internal memo.

Filmmaker Shalini Kantayyas new documentary Coded Biaspremiering Nov. 11 in virtual cinemasexamines the work of MIT Media Lab researcher Joy Buolamwini, who uncovered how facial-recognition AI discriminates against people of color, as well as the disturbing ways technology and social media are shaping the world that we live in.

In one alarming scene, Zeynep Tufekci, one of the worlds leading social scientists, illustrated just how big Facebooks impact can be on our democratic processor as she puts it, their power to manipulate.

Tufekci recounted how in 2010, Facebook partnered with a team of researchers at the University of California, San Diego to conduct an experiment on 61 million users ahead of the 2010 U.S. congressional elections by showing them different variations of a clickable I Voted button. Ultimately, they determined that the social message drove approximately 340,000 people to the polls.

Video: Facebook, Twitter and Google face Congress over free speech (CNET)

Facebook, Twitter and Google face Congress over free speech

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One Facebook message, shown just once, could easily turn out three times the number of people who swung the U.S. election in 2016, Tufekci says in Coded Bias. With a very light touch, Facebook can swing close elections without anybody noticing. Maybe with a heavier touch, they can swing not-so-close elections. And if they decided to do that, right now we are just depending on their word.

In recent months, the powers-that-be at Facebook (translation: Mark Zuckerberg) have made a more concerted effort to crack down on Russian disinformation surrounding the election as well as dangerous pro-Trump conspiracy-mongering. But the fight is far from over, and Facebook is still giving right-wing pundits a competitive advantage on its platform.

Weve not yet reckoned with the invisible hand of big tech in shaping human behavior, and reshaping democracy, argues Kantayya. The study results show that the subtle difference in messages shown by Facebook directly influenced the real-world voting behavior of millions of people.

Coded Bias, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, opens theatrically through virtual cinema release at New Yorks Metrograph cinema on November 11th and over 50 theaters nationally (all listings here) through Sloan Science on Screen program in the following weeks.

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The role of data in a world reshaped by COVID-19 | Penn Today – Penn Today

The year 2020 will go down in history as one drastically shaped by a virus that, as of late October, had infected more than 40 million people worldwide. Apt assessments have compared whats happening now to the devastations of the 1918 flu pandemic. But whats different today is how technology has allowed us to see, almost in real time, where the virus is spreading, how its mutating, and what effect its having on economies across the world.

This detailed view of COVID-19 is made possible thanks, in part, to a new generation of huge datasetshundreds of genomes, millions of tweetsalong with advances in computing power and the analytical methods to study them. Of course, massive datasets play different roles depending on the field using them. To provide some context, Penn Today spoke to experts across the University about how they and others are employing data to identify patterns and find solutions to the many challenges raised by the ongoing pandemic.

Seemingly subtle differences in individual-level human behaviorwhether you stay in your house, leave and go for a walk, get on a train, go to workall have profound consequences for how COVID-19 spreads. If you want to model that, its helpful to have granular, individual-level movement data. Were working on doing that exact thing, taking standard epidemiological models and inferring very detailed networks, breaking down the city of Philadelphia into small chunks, then estimating contact rates between groups based on individuals visiting individual locations. Then we can run these models forward and try all kinds of control strategies on future caseload data.

This type of epidemiological modeling is a dramatic leap forward. Before, researchers would create these complex, agent-based models, but they would have to use indirect data like airline traffic or school attendance. Now, you have data on real people moving around. You can see what theyre actually doing and how their behavior changes when lockdown policies go into place. Its drastically improving our ability to model the spread of disease and could have profound consequences for future pandemic response.

What happened this year with COVID couldve happened in 2003 with SARS and any given year in between. The threat of novel viruses jumping from animals to humans is something weve been worrying about for decades. It turns out, we were really right to be worried and maybe we werent worried enough. Its really important to do the best possible job we can of using models to make predictions and then using those to design optimal policies.

Im an economist by training and I think about data all the time. In my area of content expertise, student absenteeism and truancy, Im thinking about how we measure if kids are coming to school, and whether that is a good measurement. I had a book that came out in 2019 [Absent from School: Understanding and Addressing Student Absenteeism] on these two questions: How do we know if were measuring attendance correctly and how do we know if were seeing effects on student performance?

Now with the pandemic, its brought up a whole huge list of measurement issues and effects issues. How do we know if kids are coming to school if its online? What counts as attending? What happens if the kid is there with the screen on but he or she has to take care of younger siblingswho are in the house? What it means to come to school is all of a sudden really different.

What would be an amazing big data project is to use the sign-in data and even more so the movement datawhen theyre turning their screen off, for instanceto see how theyre responding to online instruction. Theres going to be a huge COVID boom in research, but I think the conclusions from the most impactful research will actually say more about the conditions in our education system pre-COVID. Thats what Im excited to see.

Data is a huge part of elections and campaigning. More recently, starting in the 2004 election, candidates in both presidential and local elections started putting together teams of data people (that was before they were called data scientists) because they recognized the potential data could play in how to run a campaign. Campaigns use national voter registration databases, combined with consumer-level data to figure out a voters political leanings, to target voters who are persuadable as well as voters who like a candidate but are on the fence about voting.

Now, because of the pandemic, the process of reaching out to voters is different. Political rallies, for example, require you to register as a mechanism for campaigns to get lists of people who like a candidate enough to come to a rally. One anecdote from this year is Trumps Tulsa rally, which had underwhelming numbers because there were people who registered with no intent on going, which contaminated their database.

In terms of the pandemics impact on the future, one question will be if individuals will keep voting by mail. It may be that levels will come down from what we see this fall but maybe they will settle higher, which could impact how campaigns target voters in the future.

Data science is a powerful tool that can help answer difficult questions about society. It provides impartial methods for drawing conclusions about crime, poverty, and a host of pressing social issues. But as with any powerful tool, it involves risks, partially because a fallible human being is always doing the analysis.

As a statistician, I believe data science should happen transparently. In statistics, we go from a sample of observed data to an inference about whats happening generally to predictions from those data. But what assumptions did the researcher make to draw those conclusions and how realistic are the assumptions? How certain can we be about the conclusions? What are the datas biases?

For example, we cant observe everyone who has contracted COVID-19. We only know about patients who have been tested and who have positive results. Even within those, we dont know which arefalse positives. We might not even know how common false positives are if test providers arent transparent about error rates. So, we know the dataset will have biases, and we have to work with that. The key is transparency andproviding a clear measure ofuncertaintyin the results. Whether policymakers use data science to inform their decisions is a different question.

In terms of crime, questions of causality are interesting: Have lockdowns increased shootings during the past few months? Or did crime rise because of increased unemployment, warm temperatures, a combination of these, or something else? With the pandemic, its hard to answer these questions because so much changed at once. Answering them properly will require clever research designs, longer-term data collection, and careful data analysis. It will likely be some time before we have a true sense of why certain social changes happened during the pandemic.

COVID has led to many changes that present an opportunity for natural experiments to evaluate the built environment of a city. For example, remote working is reducing car usage and freeing up urban space, such as restaurants using parking lanes for outdoor terraces. These changes give us the opportunity to see if, for example, outdoor terraces lead to more vibrancy.

COVID has also increased the prominence of the technologies that are used for getting high-resolution data on cities. Studies of social distancing using cell phone data have made people more cognizant of movement tracking, and how these tracking metrics can be used to study the use of public spaces in general.

In addition, the Black Lives Matter movement has increased awareness of the inherent biases contained in quantitative approaches to crime, such as predictive policing. There is a wider understanding that algorithms trained on biased data can disadvantage certain subpopulations.In the future, I hope there will be an increased call for thinking about the discriminatory biases that can result from using big data to make cities more efficient. Viewing justice as an equally desirable paradigm to efficiency is something that Im hopeful comes out of the trauma that has been 2020.

Within Penn Medicine Ive been part of a team led by Chief Research Information Officer Danielle Mowery and our Information Services that is putting together a COVID-19-specific data warehouse, called I2B2, used by institutions around the world. Lets say an investigator at Penn wants to do a query to find out how many COVID patients over the age of 60 on a certain medication there are. They can do that and find out which institutions have those patients and then collaborate with them. Its what we call a federated model, so patient data stays at each site, which helps with data privacy and security.

We also participate in an international COVID consortium, 4CE, that has data standardized so were all talking about the same thing. Theres a common set of analytic tools so if someone in France sees something interesting in their data, they can run their analysis on our Penn data to see if that pattern holds here. Weve already published a research paper using that platform and have five or six more in the works.

And personally, Im very interested in the heterogeneity of the disease: why there is so much diversity in symptoms and health outcomes. Were actively developing machine learning, artificial intelligence methods to better understand the patterns at play.

I think by January were going to be in a really strong position to settle into a structured, rigorous scientific approach to COVID. This disease isnt going away, and were going to be able to use these data resources to ask the right questions and get the right data and collaborators to find some helpful answers.

Our work takes whole genomes, finds variants between them, and uses computational statistical approaches to determine if there are signatures of natural selection acting on them. Thats what we did in a recent study, looking at four genes that play a role in the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells. Our findings uncovered some variants that have been under natural selection in the past.

We also incorporated data science, working with Anurag Verma, to use electronic medical record data from patient samples from the Penn Biobank. We found some interesting correlations between what we found genetically and a patients clinical course of COVID. So that gives us a little bit of a clue about the functions of these variants.

A bigger project were in the early stages of pursuingwill involveworking with the African immigrant and African American communities in West Philadelphia. Were hoping to understand the prevalence of COVID-19 in those communities and to look for correlations between the risk of severe disease and individual risk factors: social, genetic, and geographic. Weve been reaching out to community organizations and local leaders, and were including a whole host of experts from Pennbioethicists, social scientists, epidemiologists, and more. We want to make sure that the community members are true partners in this effort and that we have a way to get the information back to them. Its going to be a huge undertaking but its so important to understand the risk factors for disparities in prevalence and severity of COVID-19, and to use them to try to improve public health.

This is one of the first times weve seen this close of a feedback loop between data science and public policy, with reopening plans and policies all being informed in real-time by data. Data is also being used to develop therapies and vaccines; now, during the approval process, theres going to be much more public scrutiny on the data, so the role of a statistician to help the public interpret results is crucial.

Theres also a huge amount of personal data were releasing because we want to fight COVID, and we have opened the door to allowing our data to be surveilled in ways we never would have allowed in the past. Data ethics is something that has always been important, and that people have been studying, but its going to become even more important to make sure were using this personal data for the right purposes.

Penn has always had close connections between Engineering and other schools, but I think that the current crisis presents new opportunities for increased engagement and collaboration. The education of students in data science is also imperative. There are data science courses cropping up all across campusfor example, this falls Big Data Analytics course has 400 students from 50 different majors across campuswhich shows that theres a huge interest in data science from many different perspectives across campus.

The keys for data science to succeed are interdisciplinarity and the desire to work together, and Penn is a great place for doing that.

Homepage image: Apt assessments have compared whats happening with COVID-19 to the devastations of the 1918 flu pandemic, but whats different today is how technology has allowed us to see, almost in real time, what its many wide-ranging impacts have been.

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Former NFL Player Returns Home to Open ‘Disneyland of Schools’ in Fresno – gvwire.com

Robert Golden knows what its like to be an inner-city kid in Fresno who lives only an hour or two from mountains and ocean but has never seen Yosemite Falls or swum in the Pacific. Like many of them, Golden dreamed as a child of playing professional sports when he grew up.

He made it Golden played six years in the NFL but he was the exception.

I always tell people I want to create the Disneyland of schools, where every child will want to be and succeed. Robert Golden, president and CEO of Golden Charter Academy

Not every kid can grow up to be a pro athlete or pop music star, and Golden says they need to know that they can have other dreams. First, they need to broaden their horizons.

The Fresno native, who has returned to his hometown after playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs, wants to build a new charter school that would expose students to different occupations and ways of learning ina different kind of classroom Fresno Chaffee Zoo.

I always tell people I want to create the Disneyland of schools, where every child will want to be and succeed, said Golden, the schools president and CEO. If theyre engaging at school and theyre loving what theyre doing, when theyre enjoying themselves while theyre at school, then the skys the limit for them to be willing to learn and also take those risks and be the first one in their family to make it to college.

Golden said the charter petition for Golden Charter Academywas presented Friday to Fresno Unified School District. He hopes the School Board may schedule a public hearing on the petition at the Nov. 18 board meeting and then vote on it at the Dec. 9 meeting.

Barring any unforeseen delays, Golden said, the K-8 charter school will open next August with students in kindergarten through third grade. Son Robert Jr., now 4, will be one of the kindergartners.

From a very early age, we get them to love education and learning, using animals as a foundation for that. Fresno Chaffee Zoo CEO Scott Barton

Fresno Chaffee Zoo has long been looking for opportunities to expand its role in education, and Goldens charter school proposal looks to be an ideal partnership, said Scott Barton, the zoos CEO.

The zoo already works with local school districts to bring students for zoo field trips and also hosts Fresno State research projects, including analyzing water quality.

Experiential learning is important for students of ages, but especially for younger students in the K-8 range who can develop a love for learning when they are inspired by their surroundings, Barton said.

Theyll learn science, such as biology, chemistry, and the environment, but also will have the opportunity for art, writing stories, internet research, nutrition, geography, and a host of other academic disciplines, he said.

There are so many ways we can use the natural interest that children have in animals, he said. From a very early age, we get them to love education and learning, using animals as a foundation for that.

And Fresno Chaffee Zoo can widen childrens horizons with its international links, which have included video conferences with partner biologists studying elephants in Tanzania and tapirs in Brazil, Barton said.

Widening horizons is one of Robert Goldens goals for his namesake school.

Golden said he went on occasional field trips to Fresno Chaffee Zoo while he was attending Lincoln Elementary and Carver Middle School. But for his family, as it is for many families in southwest Fresno, regular zoo trips werent in the budget.

As a standout football player at Edison High School who was being recruited by a number of colleges and universities, Golden started traveling and getting exposure to different people, places, and cultures.

I was able to see what life was like outside of my rough neighborhood that I grew up in, he said. It kind of just inspired me to want more in life. And thats kind of why I wanted to put this school together, to be able to give our children that same exposure to life that is outside of their neighborhood.

He enrolled at the University of Arizona, played cornerback and safety on the football team, earned a bachelors degree in general studies with an emphasis on social and human behavior, and then played for the Steelers from 2012 to 2017.

Golden Charter Academys website includes photos of what classes at Fresno Chaffee Zoo could look like. (Golden Charter Academy)

He wrapped up his NFL career after a few months with the Kansas City Chiefs and was already eyeing his next goal starting a charter school to provide new academic opportunities for children from disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Golden said the schools environmental curriculum is being shaped in part by Rosanna Ruiz, a Fresno State College of Health and Human Services lecturer, with a focus on STEM coursework science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Parent engagement will be mandatory.

The charter is being guided by local educators with broad experience as Fresno-area education consultants, including project manager Brad Huff and senior adviser Ed Gonzalez.

Huff was the founding head of school for University High School and project director of the Valley Arts and Science Academy, a K-8 charter in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood just north of downtown Fresno. Gonzalez is a former Madera Unified superintendent who previously worked as a Fresno Unified associate superintendent.

The charter boards vice president is Keshia Thomas, president of the Fresno Unified School Board and Goldens mother-in-law.

Students will learn through place-based education and universal design for learning, an educational framework that personalizes education for each child. For example, Golden said, students would have options besides writing a five-page book report about a book theyve read.

They would now have the ability to demonstrate what they have learned from that book in different ways, whether thats doing a speech, a PowerPoint or a drawing, he said. Whatever their strengths are for learning, they will be able to demonstrate that. And I believe that is the access that were going to be creating for children to have a successful future, by not setting them up for failure at school.

The plan is to open with students in kindergarten through third grade and then add a grade level each subsequent year until the school has grades kindergarten through eight, topping off with an enrollment of about 400 students, Golden said. Each grade level will have two classes of no more than 22 students with a teacher and assistant or mentor overseeing each class, he said.

When it opens the school will be in leased facilities near the zoo, but Goldens goal is to build a state-of-the-art, high tech building across the street from the zoo so students can walk there every day. Once the charter is approved, he said, the school can start looking for its first principal, hiring staff, and seeking grants to help underwrite the new school.

As a public charter, Golden Charter Academy would be open to all students, but Golden wants to make sure that students from southwest Fresno and neighborhoods around the zoo have priority for enrollment.

When I talk about the school, I talk about the matrix, he said. A matrix is an environment in which something is developed. And if youre talking about children that come from underserved communities that are living in poverty and their families grew up in these underserved communities and in poverty, how can we expect those children to have hope for their future when all they know is all they see?

But we think that when theyre engaged with their interests, theyre going to be more motivated students. And weve seen that many times, where they might struggle at another school, but when they come here, they do very well. James Blake, Lincoln, Neb. Zoo School principal

Golden Charter Academy is not the first charter with a zoo connection in California, according to Ana Tintocalis, director of media relations and research for the California Charter Schools Association. The Los Angeles Zoo had a charter school on site some years ago, but it has since closed, she said.

North Hollywood High School is the host school for a Zoo Magnet Centerthats located in an overflow parking lot of the Los Angeles Zoo and is one of hundreds of Los Angeles Unified School District specialty programs, center coordinator Brie-anna Molina said.

The program, which has been operating there since 1981, is open to all Los Angeles Unified high school students, some of whom travel by bus two hours each day to reach the campus, said Molina, a graduate of the magnet program who returned seven years ago as a science teacher.

The Zoo Magnet is popular about 300 apply each year for one of the first-year student spaces that can range from 65 to 95 students, with a few older students joining upper classes when there is room. The programs total enrollment this year is 315 students, Molina said.

Because they are already interested in science, they connect more readily with their teachers and classwork, which can include assistant zookeeper internships when they are seniors, she said. The majority of Zoo Magnet graduates head off to a University of California or California State University campus and major in science, she said.

Elsewhere in the U.S., Asheboro High School in North Carolina has a Zoo School for about 130 students who take some classes on the high school campus and others at the North Carolina Zoo. It was modeled on the Lincoln, Neb. Public Schools Science Focus Program, otherwise known as Zoo School, at the Lincoln Childrens Zoo.

James Blake, director of Strategic Initiativesand Focus Programs for Lincoln Public Schools and principal of the Science Focus Program, said the school system decided 23 years ago to provide more choices to students by creating focus programs that have smaller classes, focused curriculum, and strong connections between students and their teachers over the four years of high school.

View of Lincoln Childrens Zoo from science classroom in Zoo School in Lincoln, Neb. (Science Focus Program/James Blake)

Lincolns high schoolers start their day at their home schools and then take a bus to the zoo grounds and their new state-of-the-art classroom building, which opened two years ago. Right now there are 93 students but there are plans to expand the enrollment to 125, Blake said.

There are no academic requirements to enroll, but the program does tend to attract more gifted students 40% compared to the districts average of about 11%, Blake said. About 90% of the programs graduates head off to college, compared to the districts average of about 60%, he said.

We have students of various abilities here, so their grades may not be the best, or their attendance may not be the best. But we think that when theyre engaged with their interests, theyre going to be more motivated students, Blake said. And weve seen that many times, where they might struggle at another school, but when they come here, they do very well.

Golden said he expects the same thing will happen with Golden Charter Academys students.

With us being an environmental school, were going to be able to teach them what is out there in life and also how to make our world a better place and give them that exposure to the mountains, to the San Joaquin River, to the Yosemite National Park, to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo and every other conservation entity that is around our Valley, just to let kids know whats out there and whats out there for them to dream of.

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Former NFL Player Returns Home to Open 'Disneyland of Schools' in Fresno - gvwire.com

The Science of Nerdiness – Scientific American

Do you get excited and energized by the possibility of learning something new and complex? Do you get turned on by nuance? Do you get really stimulated by new ideas and imaginative scenarios?

If so, you may have an influx of dopamine in your synapses, but not where we traditionally think of this neurotransmitter flowing.

In general, the potential for growth from disorder has been encoded deeply into our DNA. We didnt only evolve the capacity to regulate our defensive and destructive impulses, but we also evolved the capacity to make sense of the unknown. Engaging in exploration allows us to integrate novel or unexpected events with existing knowledge and experiences, a process necessary for growth.

Dopamine production is essential for growth. But there are so many misconceptions about the role of dopamine in cognition and behavior. Dopamine is often labeled the feel-good molecule, but this is a gross mischaracterization of this neurotransmitter. As personality neuroscientist Colin DeYoung (a close colleague of mine) notes, dopamine is actually the neuromodulator of exploration. Dopamines primary role is to make us want things, not necessarily like things. We get the biggest rush of dopamine coursing through our brains at the possibility of reward, but this rush is no guarantee that well actually like or even enjoy the thing once we get it. Dopamine is a huge energizing force in our lives, driving our motivation to explore and facilitating the cognitive and behavioral processes that allow us to extract the most delights from the unknown.

If dopamine is not all about feeling good, then why does the feel-good mythpersist in the public imagination? I think its because so much research on dopamine has been conducted with regard to its role in motivating exploration toward our more primal appetitive rewards, such as chocolate, social attention, social status, sexual partners, gambling or drugs like cocaine.

However, in recent years, other dopamine pathways in the brain have been proposed that are strongly linked to the reward value of information. People who score high in the general tendency toward exploration arenot only driven to engage in behavioral forms of exploration, but also tendto get energized through the possibility of discovering new information and extracting meaning and growth from their experiences. These cognitive needs, as the humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow referred to them, are just as important as other human needs for becoming a whole person.

How active is your nerdy dopamine pathway? If some or all of these statements describe you, dopamine might well be flowing strongly to your prefrontal cortex:

Dont understand why everyone else around you is so interested in sex, drugs and money, and why you get so turned on by stimulating ideas and learning new and interesting things? Now you have a potential answer: You may be highly sensitive to the reward value of information.

This essay is adapted from Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization.

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The Science of Nerdiness - Scientific American