Category Archives: Anatomy

Anatomy

Jesse Williams’ Favorite Iconic Line From Grey’s Anatomy – Looper

During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, the actor was asked which "Grey's Anatomy" quote is his favorite, and his answer did not disappoint. Shockingly enough, Jesse Williams' first instinct was to reference a scene his character's not even in. However, it's one of the show's most bittersweet moments.

"Cristina Yang's line to Meredith: He is not the sun, you are. It's a hell of a line."Williams said, referencing the iconic scene when Meredith and Cristina dance it out one final time before the latter leaves to run a medical center in Switzerland.

The exchange was the perfect way for the twisted sisters to say goodbye. The line also reminds Meredith to prioritize her needs in her marriage now that she won't have Cristina around. Though plenty of romantic relationships have come and gone since the show premiered, the friendship between Meredith and Cristina is one of the series' best dynamics.

They were the one pairing fans could always rely on, so it was hard to see Cristina leave Grey Sloan Memorial at the end of Season 10, even though the move felt natural for her character. Thankfully, Cristina witnessed a few of Jackson's most memorable moments before embarking on the next stage in her career.

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Jesse Williams' Favorite Iconic Line From Grey's Anatomy - Looper

Anatomy

Anatomy of a big investigative story in LA: 5 years later, a reporter and his editors remain violently at odds – Poynter

It is a familiar tale in the news business. A hard-charging investigative reporter bangs on doors, works relentlessly and resourcefully, and turns in a draft, excited to see his scoop in print.

The reporters editors say the story needs more work. That doesnt go over well. Shouted accusations ensue in meetings over the coming weeks and months.

Such acrimonious sausage-making most often stays in-house. Now, an instance has burst into the open with the publication this week of Paul Pringles Bad City: Peril and Power in the City of Angels. (An excerpt ran last week in The Hollywood Reporter)

The book chronicles Pringles work at the Los Angeles Times uncovering wrongdoing at the University of Southern California specifically the story of a medical school dean found in a hotel room in the company of a young woman who had overdosed on meth.

In media circles, the more explosive part of Pringles book is an accusation that his editors tried to kill the story, then weakened it by deleting some of his best material, before it was ultimately published three months later.

Not so, says Marc Duvoisin, then the managing editor of the Los Angeles Times and now editor-in-chief of the San Antonio Express-News. It was simply a matter of standards, he wrote in a Facebook post.

The USC story was not killed; it was sent back for more reporting, which improved it immeasurably, and it was published on the front page. The reporters who worked on the story were never blocked; they were edited. They did not fight against dark newsroom corruption; they were held to high standards and resented it.

Beyond question, the story had a big impact. The USC dean, Dr. Carmen Puliafito, lost his job and his career. The expos also paved the way to an even more damaging investigation a year later of an OB-GYN med school faculty member who had sexually abused students he treated. That professor lost his job too, as ultimately did the president of USC. The latter story, by Pringle and two other reporters, won the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting.

Two other editors slammed by Pringle, investigations editor Matthew Doig and editor-in-chief Davan Maharaj, have also offered rebuttals. Doig, now an investigations editor at USA Today, posted his detailed rejoinder on Medium. In a private Facebook post, Maharaj weighed in with a copy of Pringles draft and posted it alongside the final edited story as it ran.

Those receipts dont look good for Pringles case. Parts of his draft are sketchy and much is anonymously sourced. Among the improvements in the final version, the young woman who overdosed is identified, pictured and quoted by name. Four other reporters worked on the piece and, together with Pringle, much more detail and context was added.

As I read Pringles account, he was anxious (as many a reporter might be) that someone else would pick up on key details, break the story and undercut his work as it languished in turnaround.

The calendar bedeviled us, Pringle writes on page 178 of Bad City, as the edit, or this perversion of an edit, devolved into daily combat as we tried to inch the story to publication.

If any real damage resulted from the delay, though, I couldnt make that out from his account.

Pringle accused the editors, both at the time and in the book, of corruptly deferring to the powers that be at USC.

The editing process, as you might imagine, Duvoisin writes in his post, became uniquely contentious as a result. Clashes erupted over what constitutes adequate confirmation of damaging allegations and what doesnt; over how much to rely on anonymous sources and how to verify what they say.

Theres more. Pringle suggests that the three editors were fired soon after because of their bungling of the story (he had lodged a complaint about them with human resources). That appears to mostly be a hunch. I would bet instead that the higher-ups at Tronc, which then owned the Times, simply wanted to install a new publisher who then hired a new editor with an odd turnaround plan that never worked at all.

A second front has opened in the war over the story. The New York Times in a highly positive book review and the Los Angeles Times in both a review and a news story simply accept Pringles version of events. (The news story includes denials from Duvoisin and Maharaj.)

Duvoisin told me in an interview that he is particularly irked that his requests for correction or retraction to both papers have gone unanswered.

Its very hard to get in front of what seems like a steamroller, he said. To be on the other side of a media monolith is quite sobering.

At first, he was advised to let the matter go, Duvoisin said, and inclined to do that so as not to give it oxygen. Seeing top-of-the-line news outlets trash his reputation without checking what could easily be checked changed his mind, he said. Its really hard to find your voice, though, when youre under attack.

Duvoisin got a lawyer last December when Pringle offered a chance to comment while the book was in the final editing stages. The offer was vague, Duvoisin said, and he declined. He did not trust Pringle and was put off by pre-publication ads on Amazon blaring that Bad City would show corruption reaching all the way to the top of the masthead.

He and his lawyer sought a meeting to make their case to publisher Celadon Books, a division of Macmillan Publishing, Duvoisin said, but were rebuffed.

I expect other chapters to unfold as the dispute continues responses from the book publisher or the two newspapers, perhaps, or new moves from Duvoisin and the other editors.

My own experience in decades of editing has been that book publishers, once committed, tend to blow off challenges, even good ones, to whats in print. Their only real remedy is the atom bomb of calling copies back from book stores and shredding them.

The New York Times has been known to be slow and grudging with corrections. Duvoisin said he got his complaint in front of the organizations standards committee and hopes it is getting consideration.

In a quick partial read, I could see that Bad City is engagingly told and convincing not necessarily inviting a reaction of, Hey, wait a minute

The situation brings to mind a juncture in classics of the genre like All the Presidents Men or the best-picture movie Spotlight, where the intense reporters are told by editors they dont have it yet. They are unhappy as they head back for more arduous reporting but not as unhappy as Pringle remains.

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Anatomy of a big investigative story in LA: 5 years later, a reporter and his editors remain violently at odds - Poynter

Anatomy

5 Things We Learned From The Musical Anatomy Of A Superhero: Film And TV Composer Comic-Con Panel – /Film

It might not seem like it to the uninitiated, but composers would maintain that they're just as much storytellers as any writer, director, or actor on a television series or movie. The only difference is that their medium of choice is purely auditory and, unless their name happens to be Hans Zimmer, their tireless efforts may not seem as readily apparent. Thankfully, a handful of some of the most talented and distinctive composers in the business gathered together at this year's San Diego Comic-Con for the eighth installment of The Musical Anatomy Of A Superhero: Film And TV Composer Panel, hard on the heels of their current super-secret upcoming projects that, well, they mostly weren't able to talk about yet.

But that's not to say that this panel was lacking in fascinating insights imparted upon us eager attendees, mind you. Moderated by none other than prolific musical artist Michael Giacchino, the panel featured the likes of Amie Doherty ("Battle at Big Rock," "She-Hulk"), Christophe Beck ("The Hangover" trilogy, the "Ant-Man" movies, "WandaVision," "Shazam! Fury of the Gods"), Christopher Lennertz ("Supernatural," "Agent Carter,""The Boys"), Nami Melumad ("Thor: Love and Thunder," "Star Trek: Prodigy," "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds"), and Natalie Holt ("Loki," "Obi-Wan Kenobi").

During the course of the hour-long panel, the composers answered several wide-ranging questions about the nitty-grittyspecifics of their own unique compositional processes, repeatedly collaborating with specific filmmakers, hiding Easter eggs in their scores, and much, much more.

Marvel and Sony's "Spider-Man" trilogy has quickly become one of the most well-liked and successful movies in the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe, with last year's "Spider-Man:No Way Home" taking this particular franchise to even greater heights. The added value of Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield reprising their roles as their respective versions of Peter Parker essentially the industry's most obvious open secret for months upon months played like gangbusters among eager audiences worldwide.

One of the more nostalgia-driven pleasures of their extended cameos stemmed from MichaelGiacchino's decision to incorporate Danny Elfman and James Horner's memorable themes from Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" trilogy and MarcWebb's "The Amazing Spider-Man" movies, respectively. As you can imagine, it wasn't as easy as simply plugging in those motifs during certain moments and calling it a day.When asked about the decision-making process of how and when to push our buttons with those themes, Giacchino immediately pointed to the story.

Of all the reasons that Prime Video's superhero satire "The Boys" has exploded in popularity in recent years,Christopher Lennertz's composing has perhaps flown under the radar the most. Crafting a great score for a movie is one thing, but doing so for multiple seasons on a series provides a singular opportunity for composers not to mentiona unique challenge, as well. Original plans and intentions for certain motifs may end up changing in unanticipated ways over the course of a series ... though, sometimes, it's for the best.

That certainly was the case withLennertz's work on "The Boys." Back in season 1, he crafted a specific theme for protagonist Hughie Campbell (Jack Quaid) during a pivotal and highly emotionally-charged moment of crisis a meltdown, basically. Lo and behold, when season 2 came around and the much more unhinged character of Homelander (Antony Starr) experienced a similar moment where he, too, went "off the rails," that theme found itself reused once more. According toLennertz, though it came somewhat as a surprise, it proved to be an eye-opening moment.

It goes to show that even for composers who have worked for years and years in the industry, it's not always a bad thing to zig when they expected to zag.

Few characters in the MCU could ever hope to compare to the over-the-top theatrics that fans have come to love and expect from the sometimes-villain, sometimes-antihero Loki (Tom Hiddleston). Even in "death," Loki has managed to live up to his "God of Mischief" title and maintain more than his fair share of grandiosity that director KennethBranagh brought to the original "Thor" in 2011. After all, what else would you call it when our main Loki variant ended up falling in love with the female version of, well, himself during the events of "Loki"?

When it came time to bring over thatoperatic heft into the streaming series, composerNatalie Holt looked to perhaps the very definition of epic: Wagner's classic composition of Ride of the Valkyries. She explained the process of arriving at such an inspiration:

It's no secret that Michael Giacchino and MattReeves have formed something of a tightknit dynamic over the years: from "Cloverfield" to "Let Me In" to the "Planet of the Apes" movies to, of course, "The Batman." Many would claim that their most recent work represents their high-water mark together, resulting in one of the most unforgettable main themes in recent memory.

Naturally, it didn't take long for the topic of conversation to shift towards why Giacchino's favorite part of the composing process involves that back-and-forth, give-and-take "symbiotic relationship" at the heart of his work with Reeves:

It's almost a clich to note that film is inherently a collaborative medium, but few have proven the truth of that saying more than Giacchino and Reeves.

The nature of making movies and television means that the more noticeable a certain aspect feels, the more praise (or criticism!) that element will receive. Remember, it's rarely the bestedited film that wins the Academy Award every year in that category, but the mostedited film. It's easy to see how that would apply to music as well, with the loudest and most bombastic scores (why, hello again, Mr. Zimmer) receiving all the credit. To Natalie Holt, there's room for both extremes to exist. When Giacchino posed the question of what laypeople should try to listen for in a particular score, Holt's response was particularly fascinating.

To her credit, there's ample evidence of both of these seemingly incompatible approaches coexisting in Holt's own work. Her "Loki" compositions rely on quieter mood pieces and epic, all-expansive motifs while her contributions to "Obi-Wan Kenobi" operate on very much the same wavelength. As much as film or television scores can get graded on how noticeable they are or not, composers like Holt continue to show that subtlety and maximalist tendencies and everything in between all have a place.

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5 Things We Learned From The Musical Anatomy Of A Superhero: Film And TV Composer Comic-Con Panel - /Film

Anatomy

Anatomy Of The CeFi Implosion – Forbes

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I have been and still am a big fan of DeFi (decentralized finance) and for that matter CeFi (centralized finance) but the recent implosion highlights the issues for all financial services. Celsius and Lehman went down for the same reason, too much risk. This sounds innocuous but you can rewrite this sentence: Celsius and Lehman went down for the same reason, too much greed.

In a boom the greedy win, the insanely greedy win biggest. And with the biggest winners it is insanity that sets them on their pedestal of fame and wealth. Then a boom turns to a bust and brings about a shattering fall. The insanely greedy are the first to go in a crash.

The fundament of banking is to borrow money offering low risk to the lender and some payment for their deposit as an incentive and then lend that money out at a higher risk to capture a profit. The higher the risk up to a point, the greater the profit, but there is a tipping point where greater risk equals diminished profit and then a point where more risk creates losses.

You can see this at work analogically in the Kelly Optimization, a way of maximizing returns from a winning game process it could be backing horse, it could be funding unsecured credit cards.

The Kelly Optimisation - a way to maximise returns

There is an optimal point in a range of risk, where profit is maximized. Kelly expresses this outcome in terms of position sizes but it is true also for simple risk. As I say about buying certain high risk stocks, There is no real risk, you are certain to lose all your money. Normally above a certain level of elevated risk you simply cannot win.

So in a boom, which is not normality, the insanely greedy will do incredibly well because every gamble, however risky, wins. So they double up their bets, they leverage them, they leverage the profits from the leverage, some will turn to fraud to raise their expose to the maximum. A giant tower of risk is created. Then when the bubble stops, they begin to lose then start to lose heavily, then the tower comes crashing down, smashing into other palaces of the insanely greedy causing a cascade.

CeFi and DeFi was and is built on depositors funds, but not the ones you might think. Exchanges park their customer funds in these platforms (remember not your keys, not your crypto?) and use them to earn free money and balance their books on the huge short positions they often carry.

These shorts get settled over time either at a profit or from a stop drive. (Would you like a stop loss with that leverage? Oops somehow the market spiked and now your crypto is ours.) An exchange can deposit USDc from its depositors balances and borrow a coin its short of, to cover redemption or any other operation it fancies. Exchange depositors money has been flowing around DeFi, CeFi and on to operations like 3AC that went bust days ago, and its ended up in all sorts of nooks and crannies and as we now know with Celsius $1 billion-plus deficit, its not coming back.

The broker/bucket shop takes your crypto, puts it at risk for yield and the DeFi/CeFi system churns it on. It is how capitalism works. The thing to remember is capitalism is a boom and bust cycle and crypto is now in the bust cycle.

When the prices go up, many brokers get short, so they borrow tokens on DeFi/CeFi to cover the hole and by doing so push up annual percentage yields (APYs), and money flows in to capture that APY. The opposite is true, when prices fall exchanges get long and repay and deposit and APYs fall.

There is however, a critical difference between decentralized finance and centralized finance. While the inflexibility of DeFi protects it from the boom bubble cycle and constrains it in a bubble, CeFi is exposed by the flexibility of the human element in a crash but unrestrained in a boom. Humans expose CeFi to gamblers ruin and that is what we have seen. (Gamblers ruin is when someone over-bets and loses it all and thereby is unable to continue to play the game even if long term it is a winning game.)

APYs collapsed on DeFi platforms like Aave AAVE and Compound (COMP), because the APY is mainly driven by APY algos. To fix that collapsing APY and keep it unsustainably high, code would need to be forked and its false nature exposed in the code. That might take weeks of coding or risk some huge bug vulnerability and people would be exposing it in hours. So as the APY falls the management is left staring glumly as market forces take their toll. Volumes fall, money is pulled, TVL nosedives and everyone can see that. However, that is the way it is, that is reality. Code keeps management from temptation, a temptation that leads management so often in finance to catastrophic failure.

In CeFi, management can willingly suspend its disbelief and pretend its APYs are sustainable and hope the tide turns. Its a strategy of doom but its common. I must disclose I pulled my funds from Celsius months ago because when BlockFi dropped its rates, Celsius didnt. Meanwhile DeFi rates were plummeting, so I saw this as a huge red flag.

Then there is another bigger weakness in CeFi and it is again people-based.

CeFi management works to keep APYs up, its not the job of an algo on a take it or leave it basis, so the humans go looking for ways to get yield for its deposits and in the boom, methods however wild and weird are everywhere and lucrative. They can even hand out equity investors funds to grab market share. In a bust opportunities dry up, redemptions rise and you are left with illiquid assets and a legacy of busted investments. This is an old story in funds of all shapes and the demise of many a classic hedge fund.

So when the insanely greedy show up at the door of a yield-hungry CeFi enterprise still shimmering with the afterglow of superstardom, offering to borrow at high yields, the CeFi outfit bites the borrowers arm off on covenant-light terms.

Meanwhile a DeFi contract still needs its inflexible robotic terms met and cant be charmed, bullied or negotiated with. If business is done the protocol is well covered, unlike the CeFi company that has lent and is now praying.

The soon to be ex-crypto-superstar doesnt repay. Boom the CeFi outfit is bust and those that lent them money go pop next and in turn those they owed money to go foop!

If the market crashes, CeFi has to call up the borrower and request margin they might not have and might not deliver, then CeFi has to do deals to get out of the mess, and if they cant its all over.

DeFi simply liquidates over-collateralized positions.

DeFi can default but only at a code level, a DeFi has to fork its code to pull a fast one. People can breeze into disaster, smart contracts are inhumanely ridged and only extreme transparent actions can bend them. That is DeFis strength which make DeFi robust in crashes. This robustness can be seen in the low APYs of Aave and Compound which makes no one happy in the short term but in the long term is key to survival and prosperity.

The crypto crash is defining the strengths and weaknesses of decentralization and its polar opposite, centralization. Centralization is almost always safe, ingloriously opaque but subject to catastrophic failure; decentralization is always risky, gloriously transparent but resistant to catastrophic failure.

So in a boom you want to ride the comforts of centralization and in a bust you want to be a denizen of decentralization.

Neither is going away and like in risk, position size and most other spectrums, there is an optimal mix.

Another crypto leg down will certainly test both.

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Anatomy Of The CeFi Implosion - Forbes

Anatomy

Nervous system 6: the autonomic nervous system anatomy and function – Nursing Times

This article discusses the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for involuntary reactions such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.This is a Self-assessment article and comes with a self-assessment test.

NT Self-assessment articles offer bitesize CPD and are accompanied by multiple-choice assessments with feedback. Test yourself on this article or click here to choose other subjects from the Self-assessment archive.

This article the sixth in a series about the nervous system discusses the function of the autonomic nervous system, which is a component of the peripheral nervous system. It regulates involuntary processes including heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, body temperature, digestive processes and urinary functions. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Citation: Bayram-Weston Z et al (2022) Nervous system 6: the autonomic nervous system anatomy and function. Nursing Times [online]; 118: 8.

Authors: Zubeyde Bayram-Weston is senior lecturer in biomedical science; Maria Andrade-Sienz is honorary associate professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate professor in biomedical science; all at the College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University.

The first article in this series introduced the nervous system, which comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The next two articles focused on the CNS, and the following two on the PNS. This sixth and final article of the series continues to discuss the PNS, focusing on the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

As its name suggests, the ANS is primarily the self-regulating division of the nervous system. It consists of motor neurons that convey information from the spinal cord and brain stem to the cardiac tissues and multiple regions of smooth muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. In this way, the ANS regulates involuntary functions including:

Although the ANS is regarded as part of the PNS, it has active components that reside in both the CNS and the PNS.

The dendrites and neuronal cell bodies of some autonomic neurons are in the grey matter of the spinal cord or brain stem. Their axons extend from these structures and terminate in a ganglion, which is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS. The peripheral autonomic nerves mainly carry efferent fibres. As shown in Fig 1, the motor component of the ANS consists of two neurons:

This organisation differs significantly from the somatic nervous system, where only a single motor neuron travels from the CNS to an innervated structure, such as a skeletal muscle, for example allowing one to wiggle a toe.

The ANS is separated both structurally and functionally into two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). When in balance, these two systems work together well in the body. However, they cannot both work at the same time: one must be switched off for the other to work (Kiernan and Rajakumar, 2014).

As discussed in the previous article in this series, the spinal cord consists of a roughly H-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by white matter; the autonomic areas are located in the lateral horn of the grey matter. The cardiovascular and respiratory centres are in the brain stem (in the reticular formation). Both the SNS and the PSNS are ultimately controlled and regulated by the hypothalamus, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control. Complex neural pathways within the CNS interconnect and relay information between the hypothalamus and sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The SNS is so called because it acts in sympathy with the emotions. In association with rage or fear, the SNS triggers the stress response (fight or flight response), preparing the body for movement by causing increased heart and breathing rates, dilated pupils, slowed digestion, sweaty skin and increased blood flow to muscles. The SNS is therefore an energy-demanding system (VanPutte et al, 2017).

The sympathetic divisions cell bodies are located in the spinal cord, between the first thoracic region (T1) and the second lumbar region (L2); it is therefore also called the thoracolumbar division. The preganglionic axons of the SNS make synapses shortly after leaving the spinal cord in the sympathetic (paravertebral or sympathetic chain) ganglia. These preganglionic axons travel in a variety of ways:

If the preganglionic axons pass through the sympathetic chain ganglion and synapse in collateral ganglia (Fig 1c), these fibres are called splanchnic nerves. The splanchnic nerves contribute to the innervation of the internal organs and are named according to the region they are innervating. For example, those innervating the thorax and abdomen are named thoracic, lumbar or sacral splanchnic nerves. Those innervating the aorta are named after the branches the ganglions are closest to and named celiac, superior mesenteric or inferior mesenteric nerves.

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that supply the adrenal medulla also travel in the splanchnic nerves and do not synapse before reaching the gland. Therefore, the secretory cells in the adrenal medulla are regarded as modified postganglionic neurons. Because preganglionic neurons axons are all myelinated, transmission of action potentials to the adrenal medulla is extremely quick and initiates the rapid release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are mediators of the stress response. This explains why being suddenly frightened triggers the sympathetic stress response almost instantly.

The PSNS counterbalances the sympathetic system. It initiates the rest and digest responses and causes the opposite effects to those of the SNS, including reduced heart and breathing rates, constricted pupils, and secretion by the salivary glands and many other organs of the digestive tract. While the SNS is energy-demanding, the PSNS conserves energy by promoting physiological effects associated with the resting state.

The neuron cell bodies of the PSNS are located in the cranial nerve nuclei and in the sacral region of the spinal cord (Fig 2); this division is therefore also known as the craniosacral division. Unlike in the SNS, in the PSNS the preganglionic fibres travel close to the organ they innervate before making synapses with relatively short postganglionic neurons. The dendrites and cell bodies of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are in the parasympathetic ganglia (terminal ganglia). These are near the effector they innervate, and their short axons spread out into the walls of the organs. As a result, each parasympathetic postganglionic neuron synapses to a single effector, for example innervation of the lacrimal glands or salivary glands (Patton and Thibodeau, 2016).

Parasympathetic fibres arising from the brain stem travel to viscera of the head, thorax and abdomen, whereas parasympathetic fibres arising from the sacral region (S2, S3 and S4) run either separately or together with spinal nerves. The preganglionic fibres unite to form the pelvic nerve, which innervates the viscera of the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder, pelvic genital organs and part of the urethra.

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres emerge in four cranial nerves:

Parasympathetic stimulation though the oculomotor nerve synapses in the ciliary ganglion (Fig 2). Postganglionic fibres innervate the smooth muscle sphincter of the pupil and the ciliary muscle to produce the accommodation reflex.

The facial nerve synapses in the:

The glossopharyngeal nerve synapses in the otic ganglion, which innervates the parotid salivary gland (Fig 2).

Strong parasympathetic stimulation though the vagus nerve reduces heart rate and cardiac output, lowering blood pressure and increasing secretion of digestive juices and insulin (Fig 2) (Thibodeau, 2018).

The physiological effects of autonomic stimulation depend on the nature of the receptors on the target cells. In addition, released neurotransmitters influence the action of the next cell. Drugs are available that either induce or suppress sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. This can be achieved using:

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres and parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibres release acetylcholine (Fig 3); this is the same neurotransmitter released by somatic efferent neurons. These fibres are characterised as cholinergic, because they release acetylcholine. Most sympathetic postganglionic fibres release norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and therefore are referred to as adrenergic (Fig 3). Only a few sympathetic postganglionic fibres release acetylcholine, such as those that innervate the sweat glands (Marieb and Hoehn, 2018).

Broadly, two major types of adrenergic receptor are recognised: the and receptors (Fig 3). Cells of the effector organs may have only one or both types. The adrenergic receptors are subdivided according to the action produced 1 adrenergic activity is associated with excitation or stimulation, whereas 2 adrenergic activity is associated with inhibition or relaxation. Most adrenergic receptors on effector organs belong to the 1 class. The receptors are also subdivided 1 receptors increase heart rate and contractility and cause the release of renin from the kidney, while 2 receptors assist all remaining effects of the receptors.

Norepinephrine stimulates all 1 and 1 receptors and only certain 2 receptors. The main response to norepinephrine is stimulation of 1 adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction (blood vessel narrowing). In response to vasoconstriction in the extremities, norepinephrine sends blood to essential organs such as the brain and heart. It also creates greater resistance for the heart to beat against, thereby increasing blood pressure. If blood pressure drops dangerously low, norepinephrine can be used to return it to normal.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is produced in the adrenal glands and stimulates all four types of receptor; it induces general vasodilation due to most of the receptors in the muscle vasculatures. In effect, epinephrine directly activates and upregulates the SNS (McCorry, 2007).

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two main types of cholinergic receptors, and both are activated by acetylcholine. However, nicotinic receptors are present on the plasma membrane of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland and the motor endplate (neuromuscular junctions), whereas muscarinic receptors present on the plasma membrane of all effectors, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands. Although the same neurotransmitter binds to both types of receptor, the mechanism of action is different in each (McCorry, 2007).

Many organs are innervated by both the SNS and the PSNS (Fig 2), but the two divisions generally cause opposite responses. For example, in the small intestine the SNS reduces peristalsis and the PSNS increases peristalsis. However, there are exceptions. For example, peripheral vascular resistance is increased dramatically by sympathetic action but not altered by parasympathetic action.

The SNS favours body function that can support energetic physical activity, whereas the PSNS regulates body function that can conserve and restore energy (Table 1). The effects of sympathetic stimulation are longer-lasting and more widespread than those of parasympathetic stimulation.

Generally, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that protect the body, for example increased blood glucose levels, temperature and blood pressure. In emergency situations, a general and widespread response of the sympathetic system occurs. Regulation of vasomotor tone is considered the single most important function of the sympathetic nervous system (Thibodeau, 2018).

Increased parasympathetic activity promotes rest and digestion. It is characterised by reduced heart rate and enhanced organ function, especially in the digestive system. Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the gastrointestinal tract increases peristalsis and secretion and relaxes the sphincters. Activation of the PSNS in the head provided by the oculomotor, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves causes pupil constriction, tear secretion and increased salivary gland secretion. Stimulation of the sacral division of the PSNS contracts the urinary bladder and assists the process of genital erection (Fig 2) (Tortora and Derrickson, 2014).

Most blood vessels involved in the control of blood pressure are innervated by sympathetic fibres, so to decrease blood pressure, it is more important to block or paralyse the continuous discharge of the SNS than to promote the activity of the PSNS.

The variety and number of effectors innervated by the ANS means that autonomic disorders have diverse and widespread consequences. Autonomic dysfunction develops when the nerves of the ANS are damaged; this is known as autonomic neuropathy or dysautonomia. It can affect part of or the entire ANS and can range from mild to life-threatening.

People can experience different symptoms depending on the cause, and the effects may be mild to severe. Symptoms of an autonomic nerve disorder include:

Some patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus develop a condition called gastroparesis, in which damage to autonomic nerves leads to poor emptying of the stomach; food remains for long periods and begins to ferment.

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension is also often related to improper regulation of the ANS. This is a condition in which the body is affected by changes in position. After standing up suddenly from a sitting position, the blood pressure in the upper body (including the brain) is temporally reduced due to a shift of blood to the lower part of the body. This can cause dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, sweating and fainting. Lying down improves symptoms. People with diabetes or syphilis often experience orthostatic hypotension, because these conditions cause damage to the sympathetic nerves (Siegel and Sapru, 2010). Orthostatic hypotension also becomes more common in old age, as the ANSs efficiency and ability to respond quickly decreases. It is therefore often recommended that older patients rise from chairs, beds and the toilet slowly to allow the age-compromised ANS time to respond.

Spinal shock can occur in response to physical damage to the spinal cord. Because the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord between T1 and L2, spinal shock causes a temporary suppression of all reflex activity below the level of injury. However, because the vagus nerve is a cranial nerve and not part of the spinal column, it is not affected. Spinal shock can last from a few hours to a few weeks (Atkinson and Atkinson, 1996).

Spinal shock may lead to a condition called neurogenic shock (vasogenic shock). This is a sudden loss of the sympathetic nerves system signals, and the critical features are:

Collectively, the drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to the brain, causing fainting (Fig 4).

This final article in the series about the CNS has explained that almost every organ system depends on ANS control through its two divisions. The SNS is referred to as the fight or flight division because it works under conditions of increased physical activity or stress. The PSNS is known as the rest and digest division, because it has more effect under conditions of rest.

References

Atkinson PP, Atkinson JL (1996) Spinal shock. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 71: 4, 384-389.

Bayram-Weston Z (2020) The nervous system. In: Knight J et al (eds) Understanding Anatomy and Physiology in Nursing. Sage.

Dave S, Cho JJ (2022) Neurogenic Shock. StatPearls Publishing.

Huether SE, McCance KL (2017) Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier.

Kiernan JA, Rajakumar N (2014) Barrs the Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint. Wolters Kluwer.

Marieb E, Hoehn K (2018) Human Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition. Pearson.

McCorry LK (2007) Physiology of the autonomic nervous system. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education; 71: 4, 78.

Mtui E et al (2016) Fitzgeralds Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Elsevier.

Patton K, Thibodeau G (2016) The Human Body in Health and Disease. Elsevier.

Siegel A, Sapru HN (2010) Essential Neuroscience. Wolters Kluwer.

Thibodeau P (2018) Anthonys Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. Elsevier.

Tortora GJ, Derrickson B (2014) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley.

VanPutte CL et al (2017) Seeleys Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill.

Don't miss more great clinical content from Nursing TimesNT Bitesize learning videos helping you to organise learning to fit in with your scheduleClinical zones keep up to date with articles in your clinical subject or nursing role/settingCPD zone user-friendly online learning units on fundamental aspects of nursingJournal Club clinical articles with discussion handouts for participatory CPDPractical Procedures 'how to' guides and teaching materials for clinical proceduresSelf-assessment clinical articles with linked online assessments for bitesize CPDSystems of Life applied anatomy and physiology to support your practice

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Nervous system 6: the autonomic nervous system anatomy and function - Nursing Times

Anatomy

1984, the year that changed everything: review of The Anatomy of Loss by Arjun Raj Gaind – The Hindu

A tale of the 1984 pogrom and survivors guilt, The Anatomy of Loss is raw and occasionally dramatic

A tale of the 1984 pogrom and survivors guilt, The Anatomy of Loss is raw and occasionally dramatic

It will soon be 40 years, yet the crucial events of 1984 the attack on the Golden Temple that was codenamed Operational Bluestar, the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the call for a pogrom by Rajiv Gandhi, and the Sikh riots still remain amongst the pivotal moments that have shaped the history of independent India. For many of us now in our 40s-60s, there are many emotions involved: the horror of either losing loved ones or hearing the horrific stories of those who had; the feeling of abandonment of knowing that people elected to look after us had chosen to kill with impunity instead; and survivors guilt for those of us who heard the mobs braying on the roads of Delhi at night and woke each morning to a litany of deaths amongst their family and friends.

Perhaps why 1984 still resonates is because it wasnt an isolated incident. It was the result of 300 years of history. The Sikhs were amongst the few enemies that the British respected enough to induct into the British Indian army. As a result, despite the annexation of Punjab in 1849, many Sikhs chose to fight on the British side in 1857 and helped them win WWII.

Read | A searing look into the 1984 anti-Sikh riots

While the Sikhs accepted both keshdhari(with long hair) and sahajdhari(slow converts) as Sikhs, the British started counting them separately in their censuses. After 1849, they also allowed Sikh religious property to be registered in the name of the managers. This misuse of revenues caused major concern and, by 1920, militant reformers took matters into their own hands and began the forcible takeover of Sikh shrines. This created conflict with the law, and after many deaths, finally culminated in 1925 with the Sikh Gurdwaras Act, which provided an institutional framework for the Sikh communal consciousness and separatism from the Hindus that still continues.

A photo exhibition on the 1984 Sikh genocide, at Palika Park in Connaught Place, New Delhi| Photo Credit: Shiv Kumar Pushpakar

The agitation also saw the formation of the SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee) and its political wing,theAkali Dal. Theformergot access totheleadership of the Sikh communityand the resources from religious properties, while the latterremained committed to the idea of a separate Sikh identity. This grew into the conflict that had one culmination in 1984.

Read |One Maharaja too many: a short story by Arjun Raj Gaind

The Anatomy of Loss is about this survivors guilt, as well as generational trauma that of the narrators and his grandfathers. It starts on October 31, 1984, when eight-year-old Himmat is visiting his maternal grandparents at their farm near Amritsar and Indira Gandhis death is announced. His grandfather, a well-known poet and professor named Gobind, immediately shaves his beard to hide his identity. That night, Gobinds best friend asks him to save his son who has been taken away by the police. Gobind refuses, but then decides to go the next morning and is taken into custody and tortured.

Anatomy of Loss

Arjun Raj Gaind

Bloomsbury

599

Worried about Himmat and his own safety, he refuses to save another boy being tortured by the police, and this sours the grandfathers and grandsons relationship to the extent that Himmat refuses to meet him ever again. But it also alienates Himmat from all sense of connection.

The second part of the book, post-1984, is more narrative, self-indulgent, and frankly dramatic like the parts where Himmat finds a copy of his grandfathers book dedicated to him in a bookshop at Heathrow, which the bookseller hands to him for free. But the parts about 1984 are gut-wrenching.Many are true incidents that we remember, like Usha Albuquerque breaking down on All India Radio. Ironically, however, much of the second half is also real. Gaind studied at SOAS in London and was almost recruited by youngsters trying to revive the idea of Khalistan (the book is heavily anti-Khalistan), but for me, the author, and the publishing house, its interesting that the horror of 1984 hangs over us like a miasma that is never to be let go off. Other pogroms have come and gone, but all of us who survived 1984 are still to make our peace with it.

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1984, the year that changed everything: review of The Anatomy of Loss by Arjun Raj Gaind - The Hindu

Anatomy

Senior Lecturer Anatomy and Physiology job with UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | 301696 – Times Higher Education

Location:ParkvilleRole type:Full time/ContinuingFaculty:Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesDepartment/School:Department of Anatomy and PhysiologySalary: Level C $135,032 - $155,698 p.a. plus 17% super

The University of Melbourne would like to acknowledge and pay respect to the Traditional Owners of the lands upon which our campuses are situated, the Wurundjeri and Boon Wurrung Peoples, the Yorta Yorta Nation, the Dja Dja Wurrung People. We acknowledge that the land on which we meet and learn was the place of age-old ceremonies, of celebration, initiation and renewal, and that the local Aboriginal Peoples have had and continue to have a unique role in the life of these lands.

About the Department of Anatomy and Physiology

The Department is widely recognised for our innovation in teaching, both through the development of online resources and in the use of active learning approaches in face-to-face teaching. Constant review and refinement of the curriculum and educational methods ensures that we best prepare students for scientific independence as they enter graduate and postgraduate professional and research careers.

About the Role

The Department of Anatomy and Physiology is seeking to appoint a highly skilled and motivated Senior Lecturer who will develop and maintain a high-level research program in a field of muscle biology that is complementary to existing areas of research strength in the Department. The Department is particularly seeking expertise in the following areas as they relate to muscle biology: cell/molecular biology; stem and/or developmental biology; metabolism; and/or neurobiology. We particularly value contributions to interdisciplinary research, an innovative mindset, and high-quality research that has led to novel discoveries relevant to human health.

Responsibilities include:

About You

You will have a PhD in biomedical sciences or a related discipline with a demonstrated strong track record in performing independent and team-based research in an area of research as it relates to muscle biology.You are highly organised with excellent time management skills, and can simultaneously work on multiple tasks independently and be flexible and responsive to changing priorities.

You will also have:

About the University

The University of Melbourne is consistently ranked amongst the leading universities in the world. We are proud of our people, our commitment to research and teaching excellence, and our global engagement.

Benefits of Working with Us

In addition to having the opportunity to grow and be challenged, and to be part of a vibrant campus life, our people enjoy a range of rewarding benefits:

To find out more, visithttps://about.unimelb.edu.au/careers/staff-benefits.

Be Yourself

We value the unique backgrounds, experiences and contributions that each person brings to our community and encourage and celebrate diversity. First Nations people, those identifying as LGBTQIA+, females, people of all ages, with disabilities and culturally and linguistically diverse people are encouraged to apply. Our aim is to create a workforce that reflects the community in which we live.

Join Us!

If you feel this role is right for you, please submit your application including a brief cover letter, your resume and your responses against the selection criteria^ (found in the Position Description) for the role.

^For information to help you with compiling short statements to answer the selection criteria and competencies, please go tohttp://about.unimelb.edu.au/careers/selection-criteria

We are dedicated to ensuring barrier free and inclusive practices to recruit the most talented candidates. If you require any reasonable adjustments with the recruitment process, please contact us athr-talent@unimelb.edu.au

The University of Melbourne is required to comply with applicable health guidance and directions issued from the Victorian Health Minister. All University of Melbourne employees are to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19, unless an exemption order applies. Applicants must meet this requirement when submitting an application.

Applications close:17 Aug 2022 11:55 PMAUS Eastern Standard Time

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Senior Lecturer Anatomy and Physiology job with UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | 301696 - Times Higher Education

Anatomy

Presented at SCCT – New Plaque Clinical Data Provides Additional Insights on Anatomy and Physiology in Clinical Decision Making for Patients -…

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MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., July 21, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- HeartFlow, Inc., the leader in revolutionizing precision heart care, released two datasets utilizing its HeartFlow AI-based Plaque technology* (referred in below as HeartFlow Plaque). The first dataset - HeartFlows largest study to date - studied over 11,800 patients and enables physicians to understand a patient's burden of coronary plaque compared to their age and sex-matched peers. The second dataset demonstrated that HeartFlow Plaque* may be a reasonable non-invasive alternative to invasive angiography for assessment of coronary plaque.1 Both studies were presented at the 17th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) in Las Vegas, NV, July 15-17th, 2022.

The Nomographic CT Quantitative Plaque Data from a Large International Population, presented by Georgios Tzimas, MD, University of British Columbia, Providence Health Care supported the clinical utility of being able to distinguish patients with high or low volumes of plaque across a population. HeartFlow Plaque* was applied to over 11,800 coronary computed tomography angiograms (CCTAs) and atherosclerotic plaque burden data were stratified by age and sex. Understanding how an individual patients plaque volume compares to that of the general population can provide context for physicians as they consider the best treatment plan for an individual patient. The information may also help motivate patients to adhere to recommended medications or lifestyle modifications.

The Quantitative Assessment Of AI-based CCTA Plaque Volume Compared With IVUS2 presentation by Kersten Petersen, PhD, Senior Manager, Research, showed that HeartFlow Plaque* agreed well with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measures of plaque volume (correlation coefficient of 0.92). This confirms that HeartFlow Plaque* from CCTA is accurate when compared to IVUS and shows a strong correlation across a wide range of plaque volumes and types. By accurately quantifying the amount of plaque present in a patients coronary arteries, physicians can be provided with meaningful quantitative plaque information from CT images.

Weve known for years that atherosclerosis and coronary risk are multifactorial, reflecting aspects both of plaque burden and composition, as well as physiological influences. Understanding both plaque burden and physiology are imperative to assessing patient risk and optimizing treatment plans for patients with coronary artery disease, said Campbell Rogers, MD, FACC, Chief Medical Officer, HeartFlow. The new data reflect the companys belief in the value of precise plaque information being additive to the critical physiological data we provide through FFRCT. We look forward to introducing HeartFlow Plaque* and working with physicians to understand better the interplay of plaque and physiology across the spectrum of coronary disease.

*Currently pending 510(k) clearance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Not available for sale.

About the HeartFlow FFRct Analysis

Starting with a standard coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA), the HeartFlow Analysis leverages algorithms trained using deep learning (a form of AI) and highly trained analysts to create a digital, personalized 3D model of the heart. The HeartFlow Analysis then uses powerful computer algorithms to solve millions of complex equations to simulate blood flow and provides FFRct values along the coronary arteries. This information is used by physicians in evaluating the impact a blockage may be having on blood flow and determine the optimal course of treatment for each patient. A positive FFRct value (0.80) indicates that a coronary blockage is impeding blood flow to the heart muscle to a degree which may warrant invasive management.

Data demonstrating the safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the HeartFlow Analysis have been published in more than 500 peer-reviewed publications, including long-term data out to five years.1 The HeartFlow Analysis offers the highest diagnostic performance available from a non-invasive test.3 To date, clinicians around the world have used the HeartFlow Analysis for more than 130,000 patients to aid in the diagnosis of heart disease.1

About HeartFlow Plaque* Overview

The HeartFlow Plaque* overview will provide plaque volume and characterize the type of plaque present. The HeartFlow Plaque* feature is based on a fully automated deep-learning (a form of AI) algorithm for characterizing and quantifying plaque. In an internal study, the HeartFlow Plaque* technology was found to be more reliable than expert CT readers in identifying different types of plaque and quantifying total plaque volume.4 By adding the plaque overview to the physiological information currently provided by the HeartFlow Analysis, physicians will gain a more comprehensive understanding of a patients coronary disease burden and support efficient risk stratification of patients who may be at high risk of death from a heart attack.

About HeartFlow

HeartFlow is the leader in revolutionizing precision heart care, uniquely combining human ingenuity with advanced technology. HeartFlows non-invasive HeartFlow FFRct Analysis leverages artificial intelligence to create a personalized three-dimensional model of the heart. Clinicians can use this model to evaluate the impact a blockage has on blood flow and determine the best treatment for individual patients. HeartFlows technology is reflective of our Silicon Valley roots and incorporates over two decades of scientific evidence with the latest advances in artificial intelligence. The HeartFlow FFRct Analysis is commercially available in the United States, UK, Europe and Japan. For more information, visit http://www.heartflow.com.

Contact

For Investors:Leigh Salvo or Jack DrooganGilmartin Group[emailprotected]

For Media:Linly KuHeartFlow[emailprotected]

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Anatomy

‘Severance’ star Tramell Tillman has read what people write about his ‘anatomy’ on Reddit – Entertainment Weekly News

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Severance star Tramell Tillman has read what people write about his 'anatomy' on Reddit

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Anatomy

The anatomy of a rumor: Fact checking abortion claims – The Dickinson Press

DICKINSON Dr. Thomas Arnold is a practicing gynecologist and obstetrician at CHI St. Alexius Health in Dickinson who also volunteers at Connect Medical Clinic. Arnold earned his degree from the Uiversity of North Dakota, School of Medicine, in 1984 and has been a practicing OBGYN for decades.

Arnold explained how an ectopic pregnancy occurs, noting that it is defined as those rare instances when a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus usually in the fallopian tubes. He said that both legally and medically, this is completely different from an abortion.

Ectopic pregnancies most commonly occur in the fallopian tubes, and they can be life threatening to the mother because of rupture and bleeding that can occur. They're not pregnancies that can be sustained in the woman's body. The fallopian tubes cannot accommodate a pregnancy like that, Arnold said. If you have a patient that has an ectopic pregnancy, that can be managed within the environment of the Catholic Health System.

Public commons photo

He explained the distinction between an elective abortion and the termination of a non-viable pregnancy and how the two are widely recognized throughout the medical community.

Colleagues of mine, physicians and medical personnel in general, consider an abortion to be the termination of a live pregnancy. I just read an article about someone who had a fetal demise about seven months into the pregnancy and she was told that if if they intervene that it was an abortion. Well, I don't think most medical professionals will look at management of a fetal demise, where you have a baby that's non-viable, as an abortion, he said.

Among those who have spread misinformation on this topic, one of the most seemingly credible sources was Daily Beast Columnist Wajahat Ali. He incorrectly conflated abortion with ectopic pregnancies and further spread a commonly misunderstood legal liability concern to his nearly 300,000 followers on social media both assertions being incorrect.

Do I abort this ectopic pregnancy to literally save my life or do I go to jail? Question women in America now have to ask, Ali stated in a viral tweet. Also, doctors who have taken an Oath to save lives now have to risk jail as well. It's a mess.

Reuters reports that only abortionists, those who perform clandestine abortions, or pharmacists who illegally distribute abortion inducing pills to end life in the womb can suffer prosecution under these state laws. Thirteen states, including North Dakota, have trigger laws that subsequently banned abortion after Roe v. Wade was overturned. The states trigger law took effect on June 28, as the 2007 statute behind it included a 30-day waiting period after Roe being struck down.

Five other states had statutory abortion bans prior to 1973 that now go back into effect.

Of all 18 states, each has an exception to allow procedures to terminate pregnancies in the event the mothers life is in danger. No state penalizes women who seek abortions, and anti-abortion activist groups overwhelmingly oppose prosecuting said women.

Prominent New York Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also made misleading claims about reproductive health care in a viral Instagram video to her millions of followers.

A bunch of men who are very ignorant about medicine, biology, rape culture and the misogyny that they were raised in, including legal liability and how it factors in with the medical field people who are ignorant to all of that are the ones that are writing these laws, Ocasio-Cortez argued in an Instagram video. "Some of them were even written in the 1800s So dont tell me that people in the 1800s knew what an ectopic pregnancy was."

Despite the seemingly primitive medical technology of the era, not only were medical professionals impressively able to identify ectopic pregnancies, but by the final decades of that century they were even treating them.

In 1883 British surgeon Robert Lawson Tait performed the first successful procedure terminating an ectopic pregnancy, a condition which then had a 60% mortality rate. Tait lost only two of the 42 women he performed this surgery on.

Miscarriages have also been a hot topic of misinformation in light of some states moving to bans on abortion in the wake of the Supreme Court ruling. In a June 24 Facebook post , Lillian Jones, a Democratic NPL nominated candidate for state house in District 41, shared her opposition to the Dobbs v. Jackson decision.

I lost an unexpected child to miscarriage and endured a procedure that saved my life. A womans Constitutional right to choose just got struck down, along with a familys right to make decisions regarding health and household composition, Jones said in the post, implying that such procedures may no longer be available to women who need them.

CHI St. Alexius, an ardently "pro-life institution of the Catholic church," has been providing surgery and medication to treat miscarriages nearly since its inception, and Arnold said they will continue to do so. As previously explained by Arnold, no abortion ban in any state hinders doctors from treating miscarriages.

Arnold categorized a miscarriage as a medical condition that is more common than most people realize, and most often occurs before the woman realizes shes pregnant.

Miscarriages are most often due to a genetic abnormality, where the pregnancy progresses inside the uterus to a certain gestational stage. Then for reasons we don't always find out, the pregnancy becomes non-viable, he said. The body perceives this at some point. It will usually respond by trying to eliminate the pregnancy by contracting, bleeding and passing over the tissue naturally. That's not a perfect system however, and in some cases, the bleeding and cramping can be severe enough where women will come into the clinic or the emergency room for a surgical evacuation of the uterus.

He reiterated that his and most definitions of abortion only include viable pregnancies.

Most people will say the difference between a miscarriage and a termination or an abortion would be that one is a non-viable pregnancy and the other is a viable pregnancy, Arnold said.

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The anatomy of a rumor: Fact checking abortion claims - The Dickinson Press