Category Archives: Anatomy

Anatomy

The room of the dead: how a museum became a halfway house for bones and spirits – The Guardian

WARNING: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers are warned that the following article contains descriptions of deceased Indigenous persons.

An unnerving echo cracks the silence as the key turns the tumblers inside the heavy lock a brassy, rasping click, click before the door opens on to a pitch-black temporary ossuary for thousands of lost and restless dead.

The overhead fluorescents flicker on in this small space, perhaps no bigger than a cramped classroom, that is enclosed at the centre of a warehouse on Adelaides undulating industrial outskirts. White light illuminates seven bays of utilitarian, open wooden storage frames, each with five shelves. Every shelf is laden with boxes that are separated by slim shadows. Each box contains skeletal remains of people of all ages, mostly Indigenous Australians.

This halfway house for bones and spirits feels too small for all it harbours. For stored here in thousands of cardboard containers are the full or partial skeletal remains of 4,600 individuals and the millions of human experiences attached to them.

You wander past the shelves and glance at the boxes. The contents of a few are denoted in a neat calligraphic hand Femur, Jaw. Some bear a word or two scrawled in biro Skull, Ground Bone Human Rib, child, cranium, mandibles. Others are marked with only a place name Minlaton, Cape Elisabeth, Salt Creek or the name of a people such as the Kaurna, custodians of the country that became Adelaide and who feature disproportionately on the shelves.

Although youve been in this room before, you could never become accustomed to, let alone decrypt or articulate, its atmospherics. It is funereal and it is medical, and it is at once profoundly spiritual and culturally heretical. You feel the presence of many, many others around you in here and you want to know who these people are who were thieved of identity when they were rendered collectibles. This place is freighted with an emotional and physical a historical national and international enormity, an onerous moral weight, that almost defies language and comprehension.

There is little except your foreknowledge and a few blunt words on cardboard to remind you that these are all actually boxes of humans.

You look up. Thats when you see the visages of human faces peering through bubble wrap. They are copies of Indigenous peoples heads, some of them death masks, plaster moulds that served the voodoo sciences of phrenology and eugenics, and its guiding light of Darwinism. These heads peering through the plastic, looking down upon you from the top shelves close to the ceiling, give distinct if ghostly human shape to all that lies in the myriad cardboard coffins.

Understanding the experiences of some of the Aboriginal people whose remains are in these boxes the injustices and cruelties inflicted upon them in life and death is a dreadful and deeply distressing process, especially for Indigenous people.

As David Rathman, chair of the South Australian Museums Aboriginal Advisory Committee, says, The injustice of what happened the injustice that this collection of old people tells the story of is profoundly disturbing.

Shying away from these horrors not least at a time of renewed urgency to advance and protect the rights of Australian Indigenous people through the Black Lives Matter movement, and consistent with the call from Uluru for a national historical truth telling is not, however, the answer. Exposure to the light of harsh scrutiny is the antidote to historical silence and secreted truths.

So sadness competes with a fierce anger inside you. The bones of 4600 people in cardboard boxes, and all in one place Adelaide, which has long considered itself the most civilised of Australian cities because it largely escaped the foundational convict stain. Adelaide, with all its secrets. Where to begin?

From the 1860s and well into the 20th century, Adelaides tight government, medical, bureaucratic, academic and museological elite customarily stole and swapped the remains of thousands of mostly Indigenous individuals. Through a range of personal relationships between establishment individuals connected to the University of Adelaide medical school, the South Australian Museum, the morgue, the asylum, the Aborigines Protection Board and Adelaide Hospital, thousands of bodies were stolen, collected and traded locally, nationally and internationally.

They included skeletons stolen in their hundreds from ancient burial grounds. Others were collected upon request by frontier workers and police who either came across the dead or killed the living so as to make them collectable. Its no coincidence some of the skulls in the collection bear bullet holes.

Others who died on the streets, in institutions like the insane asylum, the hospital and hospices for the elderly, were anatomised (a euphemism for defleshed), and their intact heads, skulls and skeletons turned into collection items.

Ngarrindjeri man Major Moogy Sumner works closely with the museum on returning the remains to country.

The 4,600 odd people who are here dont even measure up to the many, many more who remain overseas, says Sumner.

I think it will be our grandchildren or great grandchildren who will bring the last of them home. And yet they took so many thousands of them over there in just a few years in their sailing ships. It seems funny they went over in the ships and theyre coming back home in the 747. You know something? I reckon if you dug up the old [Adelaide] cemeteries where the black people were buried and opened up the coffins you wouldnt find one body in there. Not one.

What attitudes, what prevailing racial philosophy, could have allowed this to happen? And who were the men for they were all men responsible?

***

This may shock South Australians whove long prided themselves that their colony and its capital, Adelaide was established amid some neat transferral of British civility, rendering it absent of the convict stain, the uncivil barbarity, of other Australian colonies. But the truth is that many families who invested vast wealth in the mercantile, financial and cultural establishment of Adelaide did so with the proceeds of slavery. Among many others, they include the families of George Fife Angas, Isaac Currie, John Samuel August and Jacob Montefiore, all of whom profited from family ownership of dark-skinned people and from the (millions of dollars-worth, in todays currency, of) compensation they received from the British government after the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.

However, its the pioneering Stirling family that matters most here. Edward Stirling member of the South Australian parliament and father of the SA constitution, pastoralist and director of the colonys bank arrived about 1839 with the silver spoon of 1,000 bequeathed to him by his father, Archibald, a Jamaican slaveholder. His money, courtesy of investment in new colonial opportunities, chiefly pastoralism, multiplied.

His son Edward Charles Stirling, on the back of the familys expanding pastoral riches, followed him into the colonial parliament. But it was as an Adelaide Hospital surgeon, professor of physiology at Adelaide University and director of the South Australian Museum for 28 years until 1912, that he helped amass the museums collection of dead Aboriginal people.

He was an anthropologist and ethnologist with an intense fascination for Aboriginal people. He collected remains personally on numerous field trips and commissioned many others to do so. Among those who supplied the SAM with remains (many of which were traded with overseas institutions for other collectibles) was sub-inspector Paul Foelsche of the SA Mounted Police.

According to outback justice historian Tony Roberts, the man who masterminded more massacres in [what became] the [Northern] Territory [after separating from South Australia in 1911] than anyone else was Inspector Foelsche. A former soldier, he was cunning, devious and merciless with Aboriginals Some considered him an expert on Aboriginals, not knowing that the skulls he studied were not merely collected by him.

We will get to the story of one of the men Foelsche collected Manialucum whose skull and jawbone ended up in one of the cardboard boxes in this Adelaide room of the dead. But first back to EC Stirling who together with Dr William Lennox Cleland, the superintendent at Parkside Lunatic Asylum (and lecturer in insanity at Adelaide University medical school), Dr William Ramsey Smith, the South Australia anatomy inspector (or coroner) and Archibald Watson, professor of anatomy at the university was responsible for sending dozens of sets of Aboriginal remains to overseas collecting and teaching institutions, including Edinburgh University.

As a legislator, Stirling wrote South Australias 1884 Anatomy Act. It stipulated that anyone without family who died in a public institution and who did not express reservation about being anatomised, could be transferred post-mortem to the university medical school for dissection. This meant an inordinate number of vagrants, many Aboriginal, and Indigenous people visiting from the regions, who died in Adelaide, had their bodies snatched and defleshed.

Between November 1899 and August 1903 alone Cleland authorised the removal of 71 bodies from the asylum morgue to the universitys medical school. After students dissected the bodies, the skulls, soft tissue and preserved heads of some were exported to overseas medical schools and institutions. Others were kept in the medical schools museum. Some were given to the state museum. Most of those that were sent overseas have been returned to Australia where, if they have not been returned to country, are now stored in the SAMs room of the dead.

Anna Russo, the museums Aboriginal heritage and repatriation manager, explains while gesturing to several square shelf metres of boxes: These here are all from the anatomy school collected probably before 1936 and were put together as part of the medical school museum. Theyre mainly skulls, theyre mainly from burial sites These are things that people have donated to the anatomy school Theyve come out of graves. Theyve still got the dirt [on them]. But there are others here too because they had access to the corpses that were coming from the hospitals, the destitute asylum, the mental asylum, and the old age home. When those people died the Anatomy Act allowed those bodies to come through the university if they had no family. If they were from the regions, I dont think they really bothered checking that much. They were doing facial casting too there are death masks and there are skulls. So thats all just the anatomy school.

If you had no family, were in the asylum, the hospital or a hospice, you effectively had to opt out if you didnt want to be dissected and face the further prospect of your remains being collected, gifted or traded. For Aboriginal people, many of whom spoke no English or only as a secondary language, this was impossible.

Russo has been piecing together the evidence of how this worked in practice. It is disturbing, confronting material to work through.

She cites the experience of Aboriginal man Harry Cox, who died on 8 January 1907 at the asylum, his body delivered to the anatomy school the next morning.

In a note on the anatomy school file, Cleland wrote: The said Harry Cox did not to the best of my knowledge, information or belief express his desire either in writing any time during his life or verbally during his illness that his body after death might not undergo an anatomical examination.

The mans body was supposed to be buried on 30 May 1907. But it wasnt; his remains ended up in a German institution until 2013, when they were repatriated to the museum in Adelaide (which keeps all South Australian remains ahead of return to country) as part of a national repatriation protocol.

After a long trial in 1893 during which it was evident he spoke no English and could not understand proceedings or give evidence, another Aboriginal man charged with murder was admitted to the asylum at Her Majestys Pleasure. He died there a decade later. Cressida Fforde recounts in her book, Collecting the Dead, how, on the day the man died, Cleland requested pro-forma permission from the colonial chief secretary for the body to be anatomised on the grounds that his skeleton is of great scientific value and ought not to be lost. He comes from the McDonnell Ranges and is a Governors pleasure man having committed murder.

The dead man, Cleland again wrote, did not to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief, express his desire either in writing or at any time during his life, or verbally that his body after death might not undergo anatomical examination.

Cleland received permission five days later. But the body had already been delivered to Watson at the anatomy school after the coroner, William Ramsay Smith, determined there was no need for an autopsy and that the dead man could, instead, be immediately buried. Cleland had intended the skeleton for the museum, given what he determined was its rarity. But instead Ramsay Smith sent it to DJ Cunningham, his anatomy teacher at his alma mater, Edinburgh University, to which Ramsay Smith despatched over decades dozens of full Aboriginal skeletons, skulls and preserved heads most of which have since been returned to Adelaide.

It is a compelling though not incidental digression to learn that Clelands son JB Cleland (esteemed professor of pathology at Adelaide University, microbiologist, naturalist and eugenicist who grew up at Parkside and later became deputy chair of the state Aborigines Protection Board) was a leading assimilationist of his era, and a collector of remains who obsessively tested the blood of Indigenous and mixed-race Aboriginal people. He wrote that we could absorb [Indigenous people] by marriage without fear of introducing a low type of mentality.

JB Cleland once wrote: I am essentially a naturalist & like Darwin also a collector.

The Cleland name is honoured by the Cleland Wildlife Park and, ironically for a man who advocated Indigenous children be removed from their parents, an Adelaide kindergarten.

The University of Adelaide medical school opened in 1885. By 1887 the word was rife among Aboriginal people in colonial care what stood to become of them after death. In January 1887 Ted Hamilton, the South Australian protector of Aborigines (whose job it was to supposedly protect Indigenous people from cruelty, oppression and injustice) recorded the death of Indigenous man Dan Angie. Terrified that he would be cut up if he died, Angie jumped from a window at the hospital where he was a patient, badly injuring himself in the eight-metre fall. He was returned to the hospital after police found him the next day sleeping near the river. He died a few days later after his transferral to the asylum.

Hamilton wrote: When I saw him at the Hospital, he said something about some persons having told him of the stories that the Doctors at the Hospital would cut his body to pieces which appears to have frightened him.

The museums collection rapidly grew. It regularly advertised for donations of Aboriginal remains, while Stirling himself canvassed from those he thought might be able to help.

Russo refers to correspondence from Stirling to the family of a private collector who had recently died. The mans daughter wrote back, referring to the skull of an Aboriginal woman her father had dug up.

The female skull, my father got himself. The lubra was known to my mother and father. She used to help my mother with the rough work about the house. Ive often heard my mother and father speak of Betty as a very supreme black, reads the daughters response to Stirling.

Russo says: That is just one of the many terrible stories we are dealing with here. To me this letter strongly illustrates the societal attitudes that pervaded in Adelaide at that time. Thats the way this town was.

Ramsay Smith personally stole skulls from burial grounds on Hindmarsh Island. Many hundreds of full skeletons and skulls, meanwhile, were displaced from traditional cemeteries as the South Australian colony expanded and displaced the Kaurna. An estimated 3,000 of the 4,600 people whose remains are held by the museum were originally buried within 100km of Adelaide.

When Ramsay Smith died in 1937, more than a hundred human skulls, mostly those of Aboriginal people, were found in his home. Ramsay Smiths activities had scandalised the pathology community in Adelaide.

Tommy Walker, a Ngarrindjeri man, was fondly known around the streets and parks of Adelaide in the late 19th century. So much so that upon his 1901 death, Adelaides stock exchange paid for his funeral. But little of Poltpalingada, as he was also known, made the grave; Ramsay Smith snatched his body and cut him up, leaving just a few portions of soft tissue in the coffin. Ramsay Smith then sent Poltpalingadas skeleton to Edinburgh.

Poltpalingadas fate sparked a public inquiry in 1903. It revealed sordid details about the illicit trade in body parts that flourished in Ramsay Smiths morgue. Aboriginal bodies were in particular demand. Parcels of human tissue were delivered to collectors. A morgue assistant recounted heads in kerosene tins in the yard outside the morgue.

The case shook and stirred civilised Adelaide. Ramsay Smith, exonerated by the public inquiry, resumed his duties and the body snatching continued, as evidenced by the case of Yawarrawarrka man, Bokalie, his body stolen upon death in 1905 after spending 11 years in the asylum. Ramsay Smith sent Bokalies preserved head to Cunningham at the Edinburgh medical school.

I recently found an article by Cunningham in a medical journal that is accompanied by photographs of Bokalies head. In the article Cunningham compares Bokalies ear to that of primates.

In 1911 the state dictated that human remains displaced by civil works (the vast majority were Aboriginal) would be stored at the museum. The collection grew even bigger.

At least six of the skulls in the collection have bullet holes. Only one of their stories is known that of Manialucum, brought to the museum by the infamous frontier policeman, Paul Foelsche. In 1889 two men held Manialucum as he knelt while the white buffalo hunter Rodney Spencer twice shot him with a revolver once in the back, once in the head. Spencer, originally sentenced to hang after his conviction for murder, was released after a decade in prison and following considerable community outcry at the severity of his sentence.

Manialucum had apparently stolen some rice from Spencer. Its unclear how Foelsche came to have his head.

The museums head of humanities, John Carty, stands at the entrance of the room where all of the bodies are stored. He folds his arms across his chest, casts his eyes towards the floor. Like Anna Russo, hes been in this room too many times.

If you are not overwhelmed by this, theres something wrong with you. Youve switched off your empathy. Youve checked out and youre allowing yourself to switch into that modality that allowed these people to be collected and put in boxes, which is to think of them as things or specimens or resources for science other than somebodys brother or sister or mother or dad, he says.

You never walk in here and dont feel unsettled. Ive really felt for Anna [Russo] actually in the process of doing the [recent] audit [of all of the remains in the collection]. Shes often been down here by herself. We have to have check-ins at the end of the day to talk about what shes finding and to talk about what its like to work in a place like this. Because its just overwhelming on a human scale.

There was a time, Carty says, when Aboriginal people in Adelaide were terrified their bodies would be snatched.

Every Aboriginal person in Adelaide had this view that once you died in a hospital or other institution there was a very serious risk that doctors were going to take their bodies and cut them up after they died. And there was a good reason for that fear.

Carty who has shaken up the museums collection protocols and overhauled its outdated repatriation policy since taking the job a few years ago contemplates the slavery connection to establishment Adelaide.

Its the same mentality as that which pervaded the medical fraternity here that black people are a resource, you know, dead or alive either a slave you can use for your financial benefit or a data set you can build your career on. This happened because scientists saw Aboriginal people as less than themselves, as a resource to study and as a diminishing resource so they have to bring that resource here for the betterment of white peoples knowledge, he says.

The thing is, all of this was happening not so long ago. Its peoples grandfathers who were doing this to peoples grandfathers. Thats why its going to be hard for people to reconcile that people in great positions of power in the establishment who intersected with the history of this museum, were responsible for this terrible thing.

The first major reform Carty introduced to the museum after his arrival in 2016 was an overhaul of its policies on repatriation, and collecting and displaying human remains.

The museum had an antiquated decades-old policy on repatriation (basically one that can easily be interpreted as saying that it was all too hard) and arbitrary protocols on the display of remains.

The chair of the museums Aboriginal Advisory Committee, David Rathman, says: When you look at these remains, one of the questions I pose when I run workshops is, Who are the beneficiaries of colonisation? With these remains, who were the beneficiaries of the scientific experimentation? Youll see no monuments to tribal leaders in this museum but youll see plenty of monuments along North Terrace out there [the main monumental/cultural showcase of Adelaide with its statuary tributes to leading colonial figures] to all the so-called leaders of the community.

So, 1987 was the last time this museum looked at its policy on human remains and the museum is a place of relics. That policy is a legacy of that. Our primary concern now is to make sure that they [the remains] get back where they have come from. The vast majority come from within 100km of Adelaide. And we hold about half of the national collections of [ancestral] human remains here. So, it is the responsibility of the museum to return these remains to country where that is possible.

But that could take another generation. There are enormous practical difficulties, often involving by-laws on the burial of human remains, when it comes to interring so many bodies.

Carty says: You can also imagine the trauma of returning hundreds of bodies to certain communities. There are enormous hurdles practical, emotional and spiritual. But we have a responsibility to do this everyone in Adelaide has a responsibility to help right this wrong.

Ideally all of the remains would be returned to country. But a number of impediments a lack of funding, the impossibility of matching some remains to a specific part of the country and people stand in the way.

The state, however, and the major institutions that were responsible for amassing the huge Indigenous remains collection in the first place which is to say the government, the museum and the university are now collectively taking responsibility for righting this egregious historical wrong. The South Australian premier, Steven Marshall also the minister for Aboriginal affairs has been supportive of the museums new push to return the remains to country and his increased funding in accordance with his engagement on the painful repatriation issue.

The state government is working through potential changes to its Burial and Cremation Act to make it easier for Aboriginal people to rebury ancestors where and when they need to.

Meanwhile, the University of Adelaide acknowledges its own immense responsibility and the culpability of its former eminent medical scientists, and has accordingly funded a repatriation position at the museum for a Kaurna person to help return remains to country about Adelaide.

Ultimately, many will never be returned to country. Perhaps the closest they will come is repatriation to a state of provenance. Keeping places will need to be established in each state and territory.

Meanwhile, there are moves to bury or rebury large numbers of remains (where provenanced) of some Indigenous people in the museum collection on public land some of which is held by cemetery trusts.

The South Australian Museum director, Brian Oldman, says the actions of the museum to repatriate the old people demands honesty and openness.

The South Australian Museum is fully committed to reconciliation and part of this process is to address the abhorrent practice of removing ancestors from country, he says. Museums, including the one I currently direct, can only start to atone for those actions and address the pain of Aboriginal people if museums fully acknowledge the painful truths found in their history. What we must do is work with Aboriginal communities to start to heal the wounds of the past.

Anna Russo turns the key in that heavy lock and switches off the fluorescent lights. Darkness envelops the 4,600 dead people and their unsettled spirits. For now they remain trapped in all of these neatly stacked cardboard boxes in this room of the dead on the outskirts of genteel Adelaide.

Read the rest here:
The room of the dead: how a museum became a halfway house for bones and spirits - The Guardian

Anatomy

Opinion: Commentary: Moving Forward: The Anatomy of Racism in our Everyday Lives – Virginia Connection Newspapers

In the past few weeks, many people, especially African Americans, have had to reconcile what they have seen in witnessing the murder of George Floyd and that of their own experience. I am no exception.

I have lived long enough to wipe away many tears of frustration in moments that simply did not recognize or appreciate our humanity. Whether it was in my new elementary school, where I became the first black girl in the class, and the teachers stood behind me in amazement because they did not expect me to exhibit logical thought. Or, as a mother who fiercely protected her kids. Or in every workplace I have encountered. The root was always the same: racism.

Racism, or the R word, can become a hideous tool that acknowledges a structure kept in place to maintain control and dominance of another. I have seen both the masterful and the novice attempt to use R as a weapon to steer the actions of others and/or to demean me, or sometimes both. Whether I was walking my sons bike home in my neighborhood so that he could stay to have a sleepover; or, conducting a campaign during an election; or, working to protect children; or in the Boardrooms' the truly crafty find this tool handy.

I dont always speak about it, but I do see it and I respond when I believe the action I am experiencing is so cruel that it resembles that of an overseer who demands compliance. This is not an accusation of every person I have met, but the widespread presence of racism is a stain to this democracy and to the life experience of many in my community. I have been patient and collaborative. I have had hard discussions with folks, some fruitful and some not. Now it is time to simply diagram what a life in a society where racism has not been eradicated really looks like. It is a conversation starter. We need to face R and we need to take affirmative steps to do something about it.

Growing Intolerance for the Manifested Character of Racism

I, like many others, have grown intolerant of the structures founded on racismthat belief that allows us to treat others differently, to feel superior or to dominate and oppress another with a self-righteous justification. The R can be comprised of aggressive or passive aggressive acts, even micro-aggressive acts, as R comes in many forms. For some, it is revealed in overt murderous acts or for the more subtle, manipulative acts that use code words that allude to race without ever having to mention the word. For the truly sophisticated, it shows up in delay tactics, calls for comfort to naysayers, or an attempt to find the right person for the job. Oh, and my favorite, lets pit blacks in this workspace against one another because after all, we only need one.

My intolerance is a response to a system of actions with a 400-plus year history in this nation. The systems of Racism were installed when a few profiteers acted on the belief that human trafficking, combined with uncompensated work, was a worthwhile business. Slavery doesnt belong to Blacks, as it has been a worldwide practice. While slavery has been abolished in the U.S., its hideous remnants remain. So here you will find a few more characteristics and scenarios that help identify the trappings of this diabolical weapon.

More Details on What R Looks like

Racism is always something that is expected to create a structure of power. It is often practiced in secret and sometimes those who witness it become complicit. For some, there is an inherent need to be a part of the powerful and not the powerless. Others can become complicit by being unaware of past practices or a culture. Racism is always a form of bullying, because it is a way to whip another person(s) into submission. Racism can also occur amongst those who genuinely want to do the right thing, but are less familiar with this tactic. It is often masked as a pending question, where theres an effort to achieve the right fit or find the best person for the job. The word racism itself is rarely used in these situations.

When It Appears

I was in first grade when I realized that racism would be a part of the tapestry of my life. I was playing in front of my new house with my brother. A little girl stood at the end of her driveway and just looked at me and my brother. I invited her to join us. Her response was, My daddy doesnt allow me to play with people like you. I kept playing; after all, I was with my brother, she was alone. Later, I learned that she was the daughter of a police officer. My mother, who was masterful in being a strong woman who determined her own path, told me that some people have a problem, but to never let their problem become your problem. I still live by those words. She also raised me with what some might call good home training. I learned that I would be judged, but not to internalize, that I must keep my composure, to speak enough words to get my point across and to never waste energy on those who create distractions and eat up my time. All actions do not require a reaction but I would learn the difference. But back to that intolerance

Racism Always Expects a Culture of Tolerance

In my mothers generation, society expected a well-behaved Negro. This term referred to the dignified person who did not crack under pressure. The well-behaved Negro protested and didnt fight back; sat at the counter while being spat upon; went to the work place worked hard and was passed over for promotions; and endured code language that demeaned the quality of their work and/or pitted blacks against one another for the same job. After all, we only need one black person to look like its not R, right? It is the culture of the well-behaved Negro that taught black parents to teach their kids to obey the police, to keep their hands on the wheel, to speak politely these are all the lessons of the well-behaved Negro. Emmett Till was killed because he was accused of violating the silent code of the well-behaved Negro.

After the Civil War, the KKK scourged this nation by sowing seeds of fear through threat, lynching and other forms of violence to enforce the code of the well-behaved Negro. This code also tells Black folk to stay in their place or face a penalty that most times was not addressed by law enforcement. In 1921 in Tulsa, Ok, we saw the burning of Black Wall Street part of a trend in several cities where countless murders occurred because those folks violated the code. Implicitly, the code requires submission of Black folk to the dominant race and in police encounters today, it says that your life can end in a millisecond. Amy Cooper of Central Park relied upon the code when she called the police and falsely accused a black man of threatening her. What made her disregard the fact that she was being filmed? Yes, R causes blindness too. Amy relied upon and expected the police to enforce the code of the well-behaved Negro. While poor Amy read law enforcement right, as she has faced no legal ramifications for her act, she underestimated the social tolerance for her demand and so her name will forever be used as an example of a woman who expected privilege and used racism to achieve her goal.

What this Intolerance means.

With the demonstrations of protest all around us, the message is clear: We will not be your well-behaved Negro. Whether its law enforcement or the Board room, the time for sucking it up and watching the effects of R, even if it is quietly implemented to achieve a desired goal those times are over. I have felt this indignation in me. I have seen it in my friends, whether black, white, Hispanic or other races or creeds. The folks we see in the streets are not just the recipients of these heinous acts but those who have grown intolerant of them as well.

This intolerance also means that we must take affirmative steps to eradicate the effects of R in every level of our lives.

What we must Understand

That racism and the remnants of it have survived for more than 400 years in this country, because too many have been silent.

We must recognize that these R practices whether overt, subtle or existing in the form of whispers disparaging the work of another who isnt even aware of the conversation exist and thrive in the dark of private conversations where they are less likely to be detected or judged by a collective body.

Racism is always about power. Those who use its tools have an objective that allows that person to have the upper hand.

Racism always leaves someone or some group of people on the outside of the conversation where future control is being determined.

One of the most difficult forms of R is often found in the political arena, pitting one person against the other, isolating people of the same race from one another. This may appear between political parties or within the same (think Trump and his Black spokespersons).

What we must Do

Recognize that an intolerance of racist and oppressive tactics is a bullying tactic. Being silent is a complicit act that harms another human being.

Know that this growing intolerance for racism includes an intolerance for the fake, presumed, self-proclaimed wokeness that is in actuality, a form of sleep walking.

Presume that we do not understand and work to gain understanding.

Recognize that a failure to act now is a continuing injury to the recipients of both overt and subtle acts that oppress a people that deserve respect and a recognition of their value.

Ask questions at the library not of your black friends. While some black folk, myself included, do not mind discussing this issue, it is not my responsibility to educate those who may need further enlightenment.

Speak up when those private conversations take place that devalue a person of color and dig to get at the source of reason for the discussion. Ask the question, what does the person who whispers have to gain from that conversation?

Speak up when the telling of history does not recognize the value of all involved.

Talk to your friends and work to learn together.

Remember that the burden of racism and what it has created belongs to all and we must all work to eradicate it.

Understand that R has impacted every area of American life, from the church, to the schools, to the courts, to the board room.

Dont give up. Just because this is the way it has been, that fact doesnt determine our future.

Conclusion

I want my friends to know that I appreciate the words of assurance. I know that we have many allies who want to do the right thing. But the desire to do the right thing isnt enough. We must collectively meet wherever we are and ask, what can I do? How can I learn and how can I assist in implementation of better procedures and policies? How can I listen better today? How can we weed out code words in conversation and make sure that we are never complicit in the divisions that racism creates. This is our burden, this is our work. Lets tear these barriers down, together!

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Opinion: Commentary: Moving Forward: The Anatomy of Racism in our Everyday Lives - Virginia Connection Newspapers

Anatomy

Attack on Titan Anatomy: 5 Weird Things About Eren Yeager’s Titan – CBR – Comic Book Resources

As the combination of two powerful Titans, the anatomy of Attack on Titans lead protagonist Eren Yeager is the weirdest in the series.

The nature of the Titans that walk the forsaken lands beyond Wall Maria is one of thebiggest questions of Attack on Titan. While all Titans are gargantuan human-like creatures, there exist massive variations in their anatomy and unique abilities. Pure Titans are mindless, deformed giants whose deadliness varies depending on traits such as their height and nocturnal adaptations, while intelligent Titans are those controlled by humans and designed to have unique combat specializations of their own. The Titan ErenYeagercontrols, naturally, falls into the latter category.

But even among the ranks of humans with Titan powers, Erens situation is nothing close to simple. As someone who was never intended to wield a Titan -- or at least not according to the schemes of his king or the enemy beyond the walls -- his Titan anatomy has both great limitations and great potential.

Related:Attack on Titan's Criticism of Fascism & Racism Is Far From Subtle

Here's a breakdown of the five most unique details about the anatomy of Eren Yeagers Titan:

This first detail neatly sums up why Erens Titan is so different from the rest: Eren technically has access to two Titans instead of just one. Thanks to the efforts of his father,Grisha Yeager,Eren has full access to the powers of the Attack Titan and limited access to the Founding Titan. This was brought about by his father as the Attack Titan eating Frieda Reiss as the Founding Titan, and then Eren as a pure Titan eating his own father. Titan powers are inherited by eating someone who already has access to those powers, and because of the Eren-Grisha-Frieda chain of consumption, Erens Titan anatomy mostly resembles that of the typical Attack Titan, but has notable exceptions.

RELATED:Tokyo Ghoul: Are Full Kakuja Ghouls Actually Titan Shifters?

Nine Titans can be controlled by humans in Attack on Titans world, and throughout the series each one is characterized by the combat specializations unique to that Titan. For example, the Armored Titan has plated segments protecting its body that render it invulnerable to swords and cannons, and the Colossus Titan stands at a 60 meter height that dwarfs the other human-controlled Titans. Each of the nine Titans is defined and distinguished by these signature characteristics.

However, Erens Attack Titan is a strange exception to the rule. The Attack Titan has all the characteristics that are universal to Titans -- with the most important being super regeneration -- but it lacks any unique abilities of its own. When every other human-controlled Titan has its own weird abilities, the lack of a weird ability suddenly becomes weird.

RELATED:Attack on Titan Fans Feared the Worst With a Studio Change But Got the Best

The traits of Erens Titan are weird, in large part because they seem contradictory at first glance. Although the Attack Titan lacks any unique abilities at its base, thischanged in Season 3 of the animedue to a special serum possessed by the Reiss family. The serum upgraded the Attack Titan, allowing Eren to harden its skin into a crystalline substance that is invaluable for both defense and delivering devastating punches.

Its still not an ability unique to the Attack Titan, since in Season 1 the Female Titan naturally possessed it, but its arguably the most vital Titan power Eren wields. All Titans carcasses are known to disintegrate once theyre slain or the human controllers are cut free from the body, but in hardened form the crystalline carcass can remain. Its this anatomical trait that allows Survey Corps to patch up the walls using hardened skin from the Attack Titan.

RELATED: From Attack On Titan To Parasyte: Animes GROSSEST Hero Transformations

Eren may have inherited the Founding Titan, but even though he theoretically has access to this Titans abilities, he cant fullyuse them. The Founding Titan was meant to be passed down through the Reiss familys royal bloodline. Because Eren lacks royal blood, under normal circumstances he cannot access the Founding Titans incredible abilities -- namely, human memory manipulation and total command over the wandering hordes of pure Titans.

Yet these abilities are not utterly lost to Eren. If he comes into physical contact with a Titan from a royal bloodline, hes able to temporarily command Titan hordes and delve into the memories stored within the Founding Titan.

RELATED: Attack On Titan Just Featured A Long-Awaited Titan Team-Up

The final trait on this list is possibly one shared by every human-controlled Titan, but so far weve only seen Eren contend with it in the series. Its also one of the lesser-explored details of Titan anatomy. If Eren lacks a strong force of will, its possible for him to fall into a trance-like state and lose control of the Attack Titan. He nearly killed his adopted sister Mikasa in a state of feral rage when this occurred, but since that day we havent seen him struggle to control his Titan again. This raises an interesting question -- does the Attack Titan have a mind of its own when Eren isnt in control?

Whatever the case may be, theres no doubt that Eren Yeagers Titan anatomy is quite strange, and Attack on Titan approaches its final season, its only likely to get stranger.

Attack on Titan Season 4 is scheduled to premiere this Fall.

KEEP READING: Why You Should Be Excited For Attack on Titan Season 4

My Hero Academia: 10 Hero Quirk Combinations That Would Be Unstoppable

Alex Lukas is a freelance writer and rookie novelist. He graduated as a double major in Film Production and International Relations from Occidental College in Los Angeles, and is well-versed in media analysis from both an entertainment and political perspective. In his spare time he tames leopard geckos.

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Attack on Titan Anatomy: 5 Weird Things About Eren Yeager's Titan - CBR - Comic Book Resources

Anatomy

Anatomage Announces Its Upcoming eBook For Students To Experience and Interact with True-Human Cadavers Online – BioSpace

SAN JOSE, Calif., July 2, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- AnatomageInc, a market leader in 3D medical imaging technology, today announces Anatomage eBook - an eBook that enables students to study anatomy and physiology through interacting with the anatomy of true-human cadavers online.

Anatomage eBook consists of 25 chapters that feature major anatomy and physiology concepts of 12 major body systems and functions. For each concept, users are visually guided through all of the related body parts - from macro to microstructures - with educational texts and dynamic images. As the majority of images from Anatomage eBook stem from the Anatomage Table's true-human cadavers, the digital contents exhibit accurate human anatomy content that helps students decipher and memorize anatomical terms easier.

Anatomage eBook is optimized for online learning which allows students to access the contents from anywhere. Unlike other online tools, the eBook offers a unique user experience that is highly engaging and easy to navigate. The contents are highly visual and based on Anatomage's renowned photorealistic human data.

Modeled as a dynamic web-based textbook, Anatomage eBook produces an interactive, aesthetically pleasing interface where students can explore a variety of anatomy and physiology topics using interactive controls. From tapping on the screen to scrolling the mouse, users are able to navigate through diverse anatomical parts. Adjacent and tiny structures are also highlighted with colors for distinguishment. Furthermore, cadaveric models can be rotated and engaged for a better view. Given its high interactivity, Anatomage eBook efficiently transforms the clinical and anatomical terminology into illustrative learning visuals that enhance students' memory.

Anatomage eBook is an effective learning tool for undergraduate Anatomy & Physiology students. To assist with assessing student learning, questions are included for various key topics in the textbook. Since Anatomage eBook can be accessed anywhere with Internet connectivity, it can be used as an online learning tool for both in-class and self-study sessions. By offering a multimedia platform combined with its accurate anatomy and physiology representation, Anatomage eBook embodies a new standard for digital textbooks in the medical education industry.

Adopting the Anatomage eBook will enable your students to -

For more information, please visit here or contact info@anatomage.com.

About AnatomageAs a market leader in medical virtualization technology, Anatomage enables an ecosystem of 3D anatomy hardware and software, allowing users to visualize anatomy at the highest level of accuracy. Established in both education and healthcare industries, Anatomage is transforming standard anatomy learning, medical diagnosis and treatment planning through its highly innovative products.Contact:Jack ChoiCEOAnatomage Inc.Phone: 1-408-885-1474Email: info@anatomage.comwww.anatomage.com

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Anatomy

The Painful Anatomy of Adult Crushes – The Good Men Project

A confession: I have a crush on someone.

As a 20-something years old woman, I feel a bit silly admitting that. I have the word crush strongly associated with teen magazines and high-school gossip. There is little room for crushes in the grown-up world. Once you hit adulthood, dating does become much more complicated, but it also becomes way more straightforward.

As kids and teens, we develop crushes rooted in our fear of rejection and spend weeks, months, or even years trying to come up with elaborate strategies to make the objects of our interest notice us and fall in love with us without actually, you know, talking to them.

Its a part of the maturing process for many of us and reminiscing of those oh so innocent times can bring back some cute, nostalgic memories, although we know how real and serious it was for us back then.

But for us adults, we dont typically develop serious, long-lived crushes anymore. Nobody has time for that, we get straight to business. We pursue, date, get to know people, form relationships, and accept the harsh truth that something could go wrong at any stage of this process. Rinse and repeat. We dont spend too much of our precious time picking flower petals, daydreaming about whether someone loves me, loves me not.

Thats why crushing as an adult is so mind-blowingly pathetic.

Truth is, there are very few kinds of people in this world we absolutely cant have to the point that shooting our shot is not even worth it. But I guess its in human nature to be drawn to the forbidden fruit. Here are the most common reasons for our adult crushes never getting out of the crush-zones.

Just kidding (or maybe not, please call me, Zico ). Those kinds of crushes are fun to have, theyre mostly healthy and tend to not be that painful at all. Who doesnt have a celebrity crush? Thats why celebrities exist in the first place. But hopefully, this is not the kind of crush that keeps you up at night fantasizing about what it would be like to be with them. Hopefully.

Your boss is really funny and hot? Ha. Youre out of luck unless youre planning to be switching careers real soon.

But this goes for any kind of a formal relationship we might have with our object of interest. Our bosses, employees, coworkers, professors, students, clients, or therapists are all mostly out of question unless we are ready to deal with the possible repercussions in the form of social disapproval and maybe even be labeled a creep or accused of harassment.

Not saying that it cant work out I know people who have met their partners at work and they are doing just fine. It happens more often than we like to admit. But it is logical to prioritize reputation and livelihood and having a professional relationship with the person they are interested in romantically does keep many people just crushing.

If the object of your interest already has a significant other, you will find yourself in some seriously hot water.

You literally cant pursue that person without digging yourself a massive grave. Making a move would make you a homewrecker, that move being successful would make them a cheater, and we all know the rule of thumb if someones willing to leave their partner for you, it is very likely that they wouldnt be shy of doing the same to you in the future.

And so, they remain a sad, heartwrenching adult crush. The best we can do is to selfishly wish for their relationship to fail, as only then it becomes appropriate for us to start finding out whether they would want to date us at all.

Maybe they live far away from you. Maybe they travel a lot. Perhaps they work a lot and cant invest in a relationship at the moment. Or they might just be unavailable emotionally right now. And maybe your crush is perfectly available but one of the aforementioned things applies to yourself.

Whatever the reason might be, your life circumstances just dont match.

We like to think that where theres a will, theres a way, but when it comes to relationships, timing is one of the key components for success. And if time is playing against you, there is often no point in seriously pursuing anything.

Like in all of the cases above, it can work. But the odds are low and the amount of effort that has to go into it is huge on both sides. So its no wonder that many people in similar situations choose not to take the risk of revealing their feelings and just wait for them to go away instead.

. . .

When it comes to sex, its usually easy. Laughably easy, Id say. But unfortunately, getting physical with someone doesnt necessarily erase their crush status. Ive come to realize that sleeping with your crush doesnt make the bottled up feelings go away. Its nice, but it doesnt ease the pain. Confessing, asking them out, and getting a clear yes or no answer would. But, as we know, that is not always possible.

Neither does it help to just date another person. Because, and I have also learned this from experience, it is totally possible to have feelings for someone while still thinking about your crush from time to time and wondering what if. Its annoying. Its saddening. Its childish. But its a real thing.

But the worst part about adult crushes is that we know better, and we understand that theyre probably never going to work out. Life is not a fairytale, happily ever afters are rare, and putting human beings on an imaginary unwarranted pedestal in our hearts is not healthy.

Even when, or if, the stars align and we magically manage to start a relationship with the person of our dreams, by the time it happens, they have been in the crush zone for way too long. There is no way for them to live up to the idealized version of themselves we have created in our heads while admiring them from afar instead of getting to know them as a person and a potential partner. Its a losing game, always.

Somewhere, deep down, we recognize that. Most of us leave the hopeless romantic approach somewhere at school. And so I might as well end up on my death bed one day in the far future, leaving a partner and some kids behind, and still think I wonder what it would have been like had I married my crush instead before dying.

At the end of the day, the most depressing thing about crushing on someone as an adult is just that. Being an adult and knowing better.

This post was previously published on Hello, Love and is republished here with permission from the author.

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Anatomy

Grey’s Anatomy’s Departed Doctors: Where Are They Now? – E! NEWS

Izzie Stevens got cancer, married Alex, survived the cancer, and then sorta just disappeared in season six. She eventually returned for a second and admitted she didn't feel like Seattle was her home anymore. Later, Alex got sent divorce papers,and now we know Izzie secretly had Alex's twins, lives on a ranch in Kansas, and became a surgical oncologist.

Katherine Heigl's exit basically began in 2008 when she withdrew her name from Emmy consideration because she didn't feel like the material deserved it. In 2010, the character disappeared completely. She said in the years since that she would like to return to the character, but Shonda Rhimes did not. "I'm done with that story," she told TVLine in 2015.

Heigl, then a burgeoning romcom star, went on to star in a few more romcoms before returning to TV with State of Affairs, then Doubt, and more recently, she joined Suits and the 2020 seriesFirefly Lane.

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Grey's Anatomy's Departed Doctors: Where Are They Now? - E! NEWS

Anatomy

The Best Grey’s Anatomy Doctors of All Time, Ranked – Up News Info

An eclectic assortment of medical doctors appeared onGreys Anatomyover the program of 16 seasons. Exactly where would the ABC drama be withoutEllen Pompeo, an psychological alchemist who can twist, bend, and manipulate our emotions to her will? OrChandra Wilsons fearsome but lovable Miranda Bailey, who instructions the display screen as considerably as she does the interns?

From formidable know-it-alls like Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) to heartbreakers hey there, Karev (Justin Chambers) to poor boys with gooey facilities like the late, wonderful McSteamy, aka Mark Sloane (Eric Dane), there is certainly by no means a boring minute at Gray Sloan. Every 7 days is a tantalizing affair as these ridiculously excellent-searching professionals in white coats juggle hair-elevating healthcare mishaps with magic formula closet hookups, tumultuous breakups, and a lot more drama than a Life span film marathon.

With a lot of names to opt for from, we are highlighting the most unforgettable healthcare pros whove produced Shonda Rhimes groundbreaking healthcare drama should-see Television set for 363 episodes and counting. Below are the 52 bestGreys Anatomys medical doctors, rated.

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The Best Grey's Anatomy Doctors of All Time, Ranked - Up News Info

Anatomy

UHS approves proposals of reforms body – The News International

LAHORE:The 156th meeting of Advanced Studies and Research Board of the University of Health Sciences (UHS) was held here on Thursday with UHS Vice Chancellor Prof Javed Akram in the chair.

The board approved the recommendations of MD/MS/MDS Reforms Committee with regards to intermediate and final examination. It also gave a nod to the revised curricula of various specialties proposal by concerned Specialty Advisory Committees constituted by the varsity for that purpose. It was told to the members that the committee had thoroughly updated the course contents, rotational plan and table of specification for intermediate and final exams.

The curricula which have been updated include MD in dermatology, rheumatology, diagnostic radiology, and nephrology, MS in neurosurgery, general surgery, and urology; and MDS in operative dentistry, and Prosthodontics. The board considered the thesis reports of Dr Muhammad Shakil PhD (Biochemistry), Dr Munazza Saduf MPhil (Biochemistry), Dr Filza Haqiq MPhil (Community Medicine), Dr Mehvish Saleem MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Muhammad Usman Jawaid MD (Nephrology), Dr Aamir Yasin MS (General Surgery), Dr Zafar Iqbal MPhil (Anatomy), Dr. Hadia Zulfiqar M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Sumera Badar M.Phil (Community Medicine), Dr Mazhar Fareed MPhil (Haematology), Dr Nazia Akbar Mir MPhil (Microbiology), Dr Anum Shahid MPhil (Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology), Dr Sidra Javed MPhil (Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology), Iqra Shaukat MPhil (Medical Laboratory Sciences), Sobia Javed MPhil (Medical Laboratory Sciences), Dr Naureen Tabassum MPhil (Oral Pathology), Dr Kiran Nayyar M.Phil (Oral Pathology), Dr Sofia Yasmin Abbasi M.Phil (Pharmacology), Dr Saadia Bano Lone MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Nadia Irshad MPhil (Science of Dental Materials), Dr Noora Hassan MHPE, Dr Ambreen Fatima Khan MDS (Operative Dentistry) and Dr Muhammad Azeem MDS (Orthodontics).

The synopses of following students were also considered for registration in various postgraduate courses: Dr. Uzma Batool M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Hamna Umar M.Phil (Anatomy), Dr. Bushra Naheed M.Phil (Physiology), Dr. Sameen Hassan M.Phil (Haematology), Dr. Muhammad Rehan Ali M.Phil Microbiology), Dr. Nazish Kalsoom Buzdar M.Phil Microbiology), Dr. Safia Bibi M.D. (Radiology), Dr. Ali Jamal M.S. (Anaesthesia), Dr. Muhammad Irfan M.S. (Cardiac Surgery), Dr. Muhammad Muneeb M.S. (Ophthalmology) and Dr Azlan Bashir MS (Orthopaedics).

Technology graduates: Punjab Minister for Industries and Trade Mian Aslam Iqbal met with Young Engineers Technologists Association delegation headed by President Ali Hassan.

The delegation members apprised him about the problems confronting Engineering Technology Education and Technology graduates.

The delegation members informed him that the absence of National Technology Council Act bars opportunities for the technology graduates to move forward in their professional career.

They added that if such act is enforced then 3.5 lac technologists of the country will benefit. The delegation members also demanded from the minister representation of engineering technologists in NTC.

Aslam Iqbal assured the delegation that he would talk with the federal ministers concerned for activating NTC and obtaining approval of NTC Act. He added we will make every possible effort to resolve the problems of technology graduates. He remarked that the activation of NTC and enforcement of Act will enhance opportunities for the technologists.

The minister directed for formulating recommendations with regard to NTC Act and stressed that the future of Pakistan is linked with technical education. The minister underscored that the Punjab government has adopted a revolutionary strategy to promote technical education in the province. He said Tevta was playing a pivotal role in the promotion of technical education. He emphasised that the targets of progress can be speedily attained by promoting latest technology.

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UHS approves proposals of reforms body - The News International

Anatomy

What Happened After ‘Greys Anatomy’ Showrunner Got Personal About White Privilege on Twitter – Hollywood Reporter

Krista Vernoff talks about her viral social media post on racism that drew praise from Ava DuVernay and led to frank conversations with her own teenagers.

Just after 9 a.m. on June 15, at the start of a new week, Greys Anatomy and Station 19 showrunner Krista Vernoff posted an 11-tweet thread detailing past experiences, or lack thereof, with police.

The encounters included getting booked at 15 for stealing thousands of dollars of merchandise but never handcuffed; pulled over for drunk driving at 18 but getting out of it by faking asthma to avoid a breathalyzer; being lightly reprimanded and sent home by police after punching a guy in the face standing two feet from a cop; and between the ages of 11-22 being chased or admonished by police for drinking and doing drugs on private property or in public.

The revelations served to illuminate the ways white people are treated by law enforcement in the wake of yet another killing of a Black person by police: Rayshard Brooks, in Atlanta, on June 12. Im asking the white people reading this to think about the crimes youve committed, Vernoff posed. You dont call them crimes. You and your parents call them mistakes. Think of all the mistakes youve made that you were allowed to survive.

The thread went viral, with more than 128,000 retweets, among them filmmaker Ava DuVernay who replied This is a white woman talking honestly about her experiences and its one of the best threads on the criminalization of Black people that Ive read lately.

As for Vernoff, she tells THR: The thread going viral necessitated some conversations with my three teenagers. Those were stories from my life that I had not yet shared with them. The fact that there have been no career ramifications and only support from my peers in Hollywood is another reflection of my white privilege.

A version of this story first appeared in the July 1 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine. Click here to subscribe.

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What Happened After 'Greys Anatomy' Showrunner Got Personal About White Privilege on Twitter - Hollywood Reporter

Anatomy

Weather Wednesday: Anatomy of a Heat Wave – WLNS

LANSING, Mich. (WLNS) Michigan residents are known for being outside during the summer season, and soaking in the sunshine and heat. Michiganders are no strangers to heat, humidity or even a heat wave.

In the upcoming forecast, there is a stretch of time where highs are forecasted in the 90s. The definition of a heat wave is three days with highs at 90 degrees or more. Early in the summer season, this heat will make its mark as minimal rainfall is expected during what could be almost a two week period.

StormTracker 6 Chief Meteorologist David Young explains the science of a heat wave during this weeks Weather Wednesday segment.

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