Category Archives: Anatomy

Anatomy

‘Kay’s Anatomy: A Complete (and Completely Disgusting) Guide to the Human Body’ – Newstalk

Author Adam Kay's best selling book This is Going to Hurt: Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor gave readers a unique insight into the life of a medical professional and was the bestselling narrative non-fiction title of the decade.

Adam Kay joined Mark on Friday's edition of The Hard Shoulder to talk about his new book 'Kays Anatomy: A Complete (and Completely Disgusting) Guide to the Human Body'.

Can the human body be demystified for children and adults alike?

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'Kay's Anatomy: A Complete (and Completely Disgusting) Guide to the Human Body' - Newstalk

Anatomy

Why ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ almost didn’t address the pandemic – CNN

Speaking during Variety's Power of Women virtual event, Vernoff said she had seriously considered opting out of pandemic storylines to preserve the sense of "escapism" many enjoy about the beloved primetime medical drama. And, after months of mulling her options, had believed it might be best to not go there.

With her writers, she defended her position, but then asked, "who wants to be brave and convince me that I'm wrong?"

Several did. And it worked pretty quickly.

"But it became my job to make sure that we had exciting -- I call it fan candy -- fun things that aren't just about PPE and the pandemic and to let you breathe and to let you laugh and we've come up with some really fun, creative ways to do that," she said on the panel, where she was joined by stars Ellen Pompeo, Chandra Wilson and Debbie Allen.

Pompeo pointed out that "Grey's Anatomy" has a luxury that many series filming amid the pandemic don't, in that wearing personal protective equipment on screen is nothing new. Since the characters are doctors, it fits into the fabric of the series. Behind the camera, great care has been taken to keep the production safe, actress Wilson added.

"Not only are we in scenes that have been written in order to keep us safe, but our production goal all around is to be safe here as well as when we go home," she said. "So I really feel that all the time -- that we're all really doing everything we can to take care of each other. So it's a privilege and an honor to be in this situation right now."

It is also not lost on them that -- as arguably the most influential medical drama on television -- they have a responsibility to honor the shift felt in the profession in light of the pandemic, Vernoff said.

"The stakes have just they've changed, and that is the thing that I noticed. Every time a doctor or a nurse came to our writer's room to talk to us, they were changed as human beings," she said.

Vernoff added that their opportunity to spread credible information about prevention is also on their minds.

"I want to inspire people to take care of each other, to wear their masks, to help this pandemic end," she said.

The first two episodes were directed by the show's executive producer and star Allen, who said she feels positive about their progress, despite the adjustments that have had to be made to production.

"We're tested three times a week and we have all of our protocols. So it's very different, but we're still getting great work done," she said.

Vernoff said that though she's never regretted their decision to tackle the pandemic, "I was worried."

"And I'm no longer worried," she said. "I'm excited by our show."

The new season of "Grey's Anatomy" will premiere November 12.

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Why 'Grey's Anatomy' almost didn't address the pandemic - CNN

Anatomy

ANATOMY OF A ROBBERY: PART I – The Peoples Vanguard of Davis

Law Enforcement Deputies Give Witness Testimonies for T-Mobile and Verizon Store Robbery

By Tiffany Devlin

SACRAMENTO Four deputy law enforcement officers and a detective from the Sacramento Sheriffs Department gave witness testimony last week in a preliminary hearing at Sacramento County Superior Court about a one-day mobile phone store robbery spree.

Co-defendants Glenn Burgler and David Fritz are charged in a four-count felony complaint with robbing a T-Mobile store and a Verizon store on June 10, 2018. Burgler is alleged to have been personally armed with a handgun. It is alleged the duo stole $39,000 worth of cell phones.

Defense attorney Carmen Butler, representing Burgler, objected multiple times, claiming that there is no evidence that Fritz or Burgler actually sent the text messages observed in court.

These are messages that someone sent from a phone labeled, on one phone, David Walmart. Theres no last name, its not David Fritz, and even if it is Mr. Fritzs phone number, theres no proof that Mr. Fritz is the person who is actually sending the text messages, argued Butler.

During Deputy District Attorney Matthew Moores direct examination, Deputy Stevi Zigler claimed that she spoke with a T-Mobile employee who was one of the victims in the robbery, reporting that the T-Mobile employee and a customer were forced into a back room while a gun was pointed at them.

The gunman told the employee to unlock the back door, however, the employee said that her partner was the only one with access. She told the gunman not to be alarmed if her partner comes through the back door.

The gunman took both the customers and the employees cell phones. A second suspect came into the store, yelling at the gunman saying that they needed to leave. The gunman then dropped the two cell phones and ran out.

Zigler stated that the gunman and the second suspect were both wearing all black and were seen wearing black motorcycle helmets. Butler cross-examined, asking if the employee gave deputy Zigler a description of the suspects weights, heights, or races, however Zigler did not recall indication of any of those descriptions.

Defense attorney John Gonzalez, representing Fritz, cross-examined, asking which code and which door the gunman was referring to. Deputy Zigler did not recall, and also did not recall whether the interaction took place in the back room or in the front of the store.

Moore called Deputy David Conger, who said a customer saw two motorcycles pull up: one black and yellow Harley-Davidson with two people riding it, and one red and black Yamaha G6 with one person. All three motorcyclists were wearing all black.

The recollection of the robbery was similar to Ziglers since the customer and employee were in the same room, except that the customer heard someone say, Face the wall. He turned around to see a male subject with a black Glock-style handgun, wearing a black helmet and a black leather jacket.

When Butler questioned Conger about further descriptions of the culprits, he claimed that he did not ask, and did not have any other descriptions. The customer also did not give any indication of any height differences between the culprits.

Deputy Conger recalled that the customer did not actually see a second person come into the store, nor did he know what was said when he heard someone yell after the customers and the employees phones were taken. Furthermore, the customer did not see what direction the culprit in the store went toward once he left.

Deputy Lacey Nelson was next to testify, and claimed to have spoken to a different employee who was walking back from his lunch break.

The employee saw the two motorcycles and the three suspects, giving the same descriptions as prior testimony from Conger and Zigler. The employee was walking back from Raleys when he saw through the window one suspect holding a gun to his co-worker and the customer.

After the employee called 911, he saw the gunman get on one of the motorcycles. All three suspects drove off.

Deputy Nelson claimed that the employee was standing approximately 10-15 feet close to the motorcycles, which was not indicated in her police report. Deputy Nelson also claimed that the employee saw the gunman go inside the store, while the other two suspects were on the motorcycles.

Nelson stated that the employee did not give any descriptors whatsoever of the subjects on the Harley-Davidson, nor on the Yamaha. The employee only said that the first suspect with the gun was seen wearing all black and a full-face motorcycle helmet.

The employee did not give any description in regard to what the two suspects on the motorcycles were doing outside, nor did he tell Nelson if he remained in a position where he could see the store in order to see what was happening.

The employee also did not indicate that the two suspects outside ever got off their motorcycles. When Gonzalez questioned Nelson about whether one of the suspects got off their motorcycle to go inside the store and yell that they needed to leave, Nelson said that there was no indication from the employee of that happening.

Moore then called Deputy Calvin Penwell, who said he spoke with an employee at the Verizon store, where the employee stated they saw two male suspects walk in.

The first suspect was described by the employee to be six feet tall and approximately 220 pounds, wearing a black full-face helmet with the word scorpion in gold lettering on the left side. The subject was also seen wearing a face mask and gloves, with a darker skin tone seen under the nose area. The handle of a handgun was seen in his front waistband.

The second suspect was six feet and two inches, approximately 230-240 pounds. He was wearing all dark clothing, gloves, and a full-face clown motorcycle helmet. No handgun was seen.

He (the employee) said the first subject walked up to him, made a comment along the lines of you know what this is, and made a motion toward the gun in the front waistband and told him to give him his phone and to basically give him access to the safe where the phones were located, said Penwell.

The employee gave the first suspect his phone and took both suspects to the safe in the back room. There was a 10-minute delay in opening the safe, to which one suspect said it was okay and waited.

The first suspect asked where the tracker phone was, and the employee separated the tracker phone. The suspect then loaded a black and blue colored duffel bag with the cell phones from the safe.

When Moore asked if the second suspect assisted, Butler objected after Penwell was seen reading directly from his report on the Zoom call. Penwell continued to answer after refreshing his memory, to which he stated that both suspects put the phones in the duffel bag.

Once the cell phones were loaded, Penwell said that the gunman directed both the employee and his manager to wait in the bathroom, which is also located in the back room of the store. The gunman gave the employees phone back after he asked for it back.

Moore asked if the employee indicated the monetary value of the phones taken, to which Penwell responded $39,000. Moore also asked if the employee recalled the suspects appearing to communicate with a third party via Bluetooth, to which they were.

Butler began questioning Penwell, asking if there were any motorcycles. Penwell said that the employee did not recall seeing any motorcycles outside. The employee stated that he did not see the two culprits until they were inside the store.

When Butler asked if the employee saw anyone else outside in regard to the third party on the Bluetooth device, Penwell said he did not. Penwell also said yes when Butler asked if they could have been talking to someone at a totally separate location.

Gonzalez asked Penwell if the gun ever left the first suspects waistband. Penwell said that the gun was never pulled out, nor was it used to point at the employee or demand anything.

When Gonzalez asked about the tracker phone, Penwell said that the suspect with the scorpion lettering on his helmet was the one who asked about the tracker phone.

That was the testimony for the day.

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ANATOMY OF A ROBBERY: PART I - The Peoples Vanguard of Davis

Anatomy

Anatomy of a Revolution – The Cairo Review of Global Affairs

From May to August 2020, protests calling for justice for black people in the United States were held from Minneapolis to Portland; New York City to its surrounding suburbs; London to South Africa; and Iraq to Palestine. These are not new, they are the latest step in a racial justice movement that has been in effect for more than a century. However, todays movement is unprecedented in scope; this time, anger has found a new outlet in social media, demands have taken a fiscal orientation, and, as a result, protests have reverberated far wider than they had before.

After Michael Brown was killed in 2014, the largest racial justice demonstrations seen since the 1960s erupted in the city of Ferguson, Missouri. In 2020, the deaths of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd, among many others, incited protests that dwarfed Ferguson, both throughout the United States and abroad.

If todays moment is to be analyzed, the victims that inspired it deserve to have their stories told. Forty-six-year-old George Floyd was killed on May 25 when Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin knelt on his neck for eight minutes and forty-six seconds, despite the illegality of the restraint and Floyds pleas of I cant breathe. On May 29, Chauvin was arrested and charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter; on June 3, those charges were upgraded to include second-degree murder, and three other officers who were involvedThomas Lane, J. Alexander Kueng, and Tou Thaowere also charged.

Protests began in Minneapolis after a cell phone video showing Floyds death was circulated online, and the demonstrations quickly reverberated through surrounding states. At that point, the story of Breonna Taylor, a twenty-six-year-old medical worker from Louisville, Kentucky, also gained traction. Taylor was shot dead in her bed on the night of March 13. Police officers had entered her home under the authority of a no-knock warrant in connection to a drug case, and later realized that they had entered the wrong house. The officers names are Brett Hankinson, Jonathan Mattingly, and Myles Cosgrove. Though none have been charged for Breonnas death, her boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, was charged with assault and attempted murder for firing his gun in defense, unaware of who was barging into the home. The charges against Walker have been dropped, but there has been no accountability for the killing. Of the three officers, only Hankinson has been fired from the police force.

Although Black Americans make up 13 percent of the U.S. population as of 2019, they comprise 23 percent of the victims of police brutality; 1,098 Americans were shot and killed by police in 2019, 249 of which were Black. Each year, a few stories make national news; consider Tamir Rice, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Freddie Gray, Philando Castile, Stephon Clark, and Sandra Bland. However, the vast majority of the stories of the black victims of American policing remain untold. Social media is making some progress in putting names to this statistic. However, drawing attention to the scope of the policing problem is just one tenet of the movements objective. To prevent further deaths, the movement seeks to dramatically alter the ways that communities solve problems.

The objectives of the 2020 movement can be boiled down to one core demand: Quite simply, it is to keep from dying, Stefan Bradley, professor of AfricanAmerican studies at Loyola Marymount University and author of Upending the Ivory Tower: Civil Rights, Black Power and the Ivy League, told the Cairo Review. Hence the movements rallying cry: Black Lives Matter (BLM).

As a result, the phrase defund the police has become part of the movements lexicon. The language reflects the idea that taxpayers deserve resources that work for them; thus, the movement to defund looks to lower police budgets and reallocate their funds toward underfunded preventative crime measures such as social work, education, and mental health resources. On June 8, Congressional Democrats introduced the Justice in Policing Act of 2020, which includes a bundle of reforms, requiring the use of body cameras, banning chokeholds, ending no-knock warrants in drug cases, and making lynching a federal hate crime. But, there was no mention of ending federal funding for local police, which reached over $1 billion in fiscal year 2020 through various initiatives.

In addition, many are arguing that reforms just do not work. In an op-ed for the New York Times, anti-criminalization organizer Mariame Kaba pointed out that reforms rely on the assumption that rules will be followed; although Minneapolis had passed a duty to intervene policy in 2016 in an attempt to force officers to hold each other accountable for inappropriate use of force, Keung, Lane, and Lao stood by as Derek Chauvin killed George Floyd. What weve got to get to is the culture of policing at this point, said Bradley, noting that it was the culture of policing that caused the other three officers to value Chauvins seniority over Floyds life.

Some activists take the call to defund a step further; for them, it demands the complete abolition of police forces. We can build other ways of responding to harms in our society, Kaba wrote. She suggested that trained community care workers could do mental health checks if someone needs help. Towns could use restorative-justice models instead of throwing people in prison. Such models include holding offenders accountable by rehabilitating their relationship with victims and their families rather than isolating them in the criminal justice system.

The abolition argument asserts that reform is impossible in a system with inherent malintent. Federally-funded, official police departments began to spring up in the North in the nineteenth century, but during the post-Civil War Reconstruction of the late 1800s in the southern United States, many local sheriffs functioned in a way analogous to the earlier slave patrols, enforcing segregation and the disenfranchisement of freed slaves, writes Olivia B. Waxman for Time. Those slave patrols were fully sanctioned in any state where slavery was legal, and had the authority to enter lodgings, quell uprisings, inflict punishment, and return slaves who had run away from their plantations.

African slavery was fully institutionalized when the first trading ship from Angola arrived in Jamestown as early as 1619. All this is to demonstrate that the United States benefited from African subordination before it even became a state that could sanction it on its own; racial violence toward Black people is in the countrys DNA, and it created a hierarchy that was grandfathered into the creation of American institutions.

Though slavery, in the strictest sense of the word, was ended by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, this is a half-blind interpretation of history. Historically, every structure of racial oppression in the United States has been abolished simply to be rebranded; slavery warped into sharecropping agreements, which warped into Jim Crow segregation, which warped into a system of mass incarceration and violent policing that disproportionately affects Black people. As such, the fight for racial justice has evolved in turn. Abolitionists became the civil rights leaders of the 1960s, the Black Panther Party and the followers of Martin Luther King, Jr., who became the people on the streets today.

Social media was integral in the formation and organization of the 2020 protests, and further distinguishes the 2020 movement from past phases of the racial justice struggle. Anyone who has one of these, said Diana Carlin, Professor Emerita of Communication at St. Louis University, holding up her phone, is a journalist and can tell a story.

The American public was brought face-to-face with police brutality when a video of Floyds death captured by seventeen-year-old Darnella Frazier went viral. As individuals took their phones to protests, they shed light on brutal tactics used by police to repress the demonstrations, which just further galvanized support for the cause. T. Greg Doucette, a Virginia-based attorney, is just one example of the rise in citizen journalism. His Police Brutality Mega-Thread on Twitter documented over 850 instances of excessive force against protestors from May to July 31, 2020.

Doucette documented a host of the tactics utilized by police, including the use of rubber bullets and tear gas. As of June 18, the New York Times had documented the use of tear gas in one hundred U.S. cities, despite the substances illegality in warfare under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). USA Today reported on June 22 that at least seven people had lost eyes after being shot with rubber bullets, which are sometimes used even despite bans within local departments. Law enforcement justify their use of force under the pretext of quelling looting, rioting, and other violence aimed at officers. However, although acts of violence have been committed by some protesters, over 93 percent of protests have been peaceful, and the level of violence committed by law enforcement has exceeded what is necessary.

At the end of July, the city of Portland emerged as the epicenter of violence. The beginning of August marked over sixty consecutive nights of protest in the city. Like its counterparts in other U.S. cities, Portlands demonstrations were mostly peaceful; however, after a federal courthouse was vandalized and fire was set to the Portland Police Association, federal agents entered the city under the authority of an executive order issued on June 26 to protect monuments and statues. These federal officers began seizing protesters from the street, transporting them in unmarked vans, and detaining them without cause. Though the federal agents vacated the city in the beginning of August, they left behind a legacy of state-sanctioned brutality. Physicians for Human Rights concluded that the response by federal agents that it documented in Portland was disproportionate, excessive, and indiscriminate, and deployed in ways that caused severe injury to innocent civilians, including medics. President Trump dismissed reports about these abuses as fake news.

Lastly, journalists in the United States have themselves been targeted by police. The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker documented over six hundred press freedom violations in the country from May 26 to August 6. In its own analysis on press freedom violations with Bellingcat, The Guardian wrote: Reporters in Minneapolis, Louisville, or the dozens of other places that witnessed protests and riots in the days after the alleged murder of George Floyd were not killed or prosecuted, as they increasingly are elsewhere in the world. But they were blinded, beaten, maced, and arrested by police in numbers never before documented in the U.S. Moreover, The Guardian notes that, in seven out of ten instances, journalists attacked by police forces were visibly displaying press credentials. Take, for example, CNN reporter Omar Jiminez, who was arrested along with his production team while broadcasting on-air. It is worth noting that Jiminez is Black and Latino, and that white CNN reporter Josh Campbell was allowed to remain in the area.

We always said Ferguson was everywhere, but I dont know if we ever imagined this kind of reaction throughout the world, Bradley said, remarking that it would have been unfathomable in 2015 to imagine solidarity protests in over forty countries like those that have been held since May. This global spread is also unique to the 2020 phase of the racial justice movement, and owes at least part of its breadth to the role of social media.

The countries standing in solidarity with the United States are diverse; protests have been held on every continent besides Antarctica. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and former British Commonwealth countries led the solidarity protests, with demonstrations in twenty-four cities in the United Kingdom; thirteen in Australia; six in Germany and France each; and four in Canada. Activists in Middle Eastern countries have also responded, including in Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine. In Bethlehem, Palestinian artist Taqi Spateen painted a mural of George Floyd on the barrier wall separating Israel from the West Bank. I want the people in America who see this mural to know that we in Palestine are standing with them, because we know what its like to be strangled every day, Spateen said in an interview with Mondoweiss. I want justice, not O2, the mural proclaims in English.

As seen in the Palestinian case, the global protests often refract the message of BLM to their own governments. In Australia, for instance, protests are in solidarity with the countrys Aboriginal population as much as they are for George Floyd. Since 1991, over four hundred Aboriginal people have died in police custody, and Aboriginal adults are fifteen times more likely than their non-Aboriginal counterparts to enter the prison system. Australia is not innocent, the countrys protesters shouted.

Bradley spoke to the effect that watching global protests for Black justice has had on him, having grown up being taught that America was supposed to fight for freedom for others. I never thought Id get to the point where there are people in other nations lobbying for justice for American citizens in such a loud and resonant way, Bradley told the Cairo Review I feel comforted that the world recognized us, but I also feel embarrassed that that had to happen.

It has been proven that protests can force change. George Floyds killers are being prosecuted, and twelve cities have heeded the call to cut police budgets. However, most budget cuts remain incremental. New York City cut funding to the New York Police Department by the largest dollar amount$1 billion from roughly $5.6 billion in FY20but it had the largest budget in the country to begin with, and about half of that reduction is accounted for by shifting personnel and departments to other agencies, writes Steve Malanga for the Manhattan Institute.

Some officials have voiced support for radical changea veto-proof majority of the Minneapolis City Council voted to disband their police department, and the same quorum of the Seattle City Council voted to slash the police budget by 50 percentbut their promises have been blocked by bureaucracy and are yet to be realized on the ground. Though Breonnas Law, which bans no-knock warrants, was passed in Louisville, her killers walk (and work) freely.

In these cases, officials make clear that they view placation, or acts that appease the public but are not serious steps toward reform, as an adequate substitute for justice. Take, for instance, the assortment of murals proclaiming Black Lives Matter that have appeared across the country. BLM murals have been publicly funded in over thirty states; however, those same states refuse to make tangible changes to their budgets (i.e. New York). Art is powerful, but the people know when its being used as an opiate.

However, at least the movement has thrust such conversations into the spotlight, Bradley and Carlin agreed. With the movement plastered across social media, it is difficult for politicians to skirt the subject. Bradley acknowledged that structural change will be more difficult at the federal level, which is distanced from local police units. However, there is a common desire among protesters for a change in the administration come November. I think for a lot of young peopleparticularly those who are coming of age, turning 18 years old, voting in their first electionthis is going to be a changing of the guard in a lot of ways, he said. But, Im also skeptical of the contingent of people that says If you vote, all this will go away. Thats not how American history works, he warned. It is not enough just to create laws; they need to be enforced as well. At the end of the day, theres a culture constituted by communitypolice relations that needs to be drastically changed.

Instead, in Ferguson, some of the activists become candidates for political roles, Bradley continued. This is already happening via state primaries. In August, Cori Bush, who was a lead organizer of the Ferguson movement, ousted twenty-year incumbent William Lacy Clay in the Missouri Democratic Primary.This new wave of leaders is already being bred. In the United States, 90 percent of adult social media users are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine, many of whom took to and used Instagram, their third-most favored platform, as a depository for activism and justice. After George Floyds death, users began to share petitions, links to organizations seeking donations, photos of protests, antiracist readings, and other informational plaques on their Stories with unprecedented frequency.

The watershed moment that racial justice organization is at in 2020 is not the movements first, nor will it be the last. But, to make progress, the country needs to understand just how deep the issue cuts; to think that racism is relegated to the past or that racial justice organization is uniquely modern is yet another symptom of white supremacy. Without first extinguishing this core fallacy, any change will fail to assess the entirety of the problem. Whats different about todays moment is that, with the world completely connected online, it is significantly more difficult to turn a blind eye to the history of your country. And, with the world at a unique pause, the manpower dedicated to sharing information has significantly increased. Hence, the creation of new ideas, like defunding the police. What is yet to be seen is if the momentum can make its way to the pollsnot only on November 3, but at the local leveland whether sitting politicians will have the courage to respond to their constituents demands.

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Anatomy of a Revolution - The Cairo Review of Global Affairs

Anatomy

The Anatomy of the Human Brain – News-Medical.net

Each distinct part of the brain plays a different role in allowing humans to have thoughts and memories, move their arms and legs, sense smell, sight, hearing, touch, and taste, as well as maintain the functions of many organs within the body.

Image Credit: Tefi/Shutterstock.com

The two predominant cell types that the brain is comprised of include neurons and glial cells, the latter of which can also be referred to as neuroglia or glia. Depending upon their location throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively), neurons can have varying morphologies.

While this may be true, all neurons will share four common regions that include the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal, each of which has their own respective functions. The cell body of the neuron, for example, has a nucleus that is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that travel through microtubules down to the axons and axon terminals through a process known as anterograde transport.

Glial cells can be further subdivided into oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and astrocytes, the latter of which is the most abundant type of glial cell and occupies approximately 25% of the total brain volume. Astrocytes can be further classified as either protoplasmic or fibrous. Protoplasmic astrocytes are present in the gray matter of the brain and have several branches that can interact with both synapses and blood vessels.

Comparatively, fibrous astrocytes, which can only be found in the white matter of the brain, have long fiber-like processes that also interact with blood vessels, as well as the nodes of Ranvier. Taken together, both types of astrocytes interact with blood vessels by adjusting their blood flow in response to synaptic activity.

Like the Schwan cells of the PNS, oligodendrocytes, which are only present in the CNS, are responsible for the production of myelin, which maintains the electrical impulse conduction of nerve signals and maximizes their velocity as needed.

The final type of glial cells includes microglia, which is part of the macrophage population of the CNS that also includes perivascular macrophages, meningeal macrophages, macrophages of the circumventricular organs (CVO), and the microglia of the choroid plexus. Like any other type of macrophage, microglia are immune phagocytic cells and thus function to protect the CNS from potential pathogens.

The human brain can often be divided into three distinct parts, which include the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.

The major portion of the brain is the cerebrum, which divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres, both of which have numerous folds and convolutions present on their surface. Between these convolutions are ridges known as gyri. Small grooves that are present between the gyri are known as the plural of sulcus or sulci, whereas larger grooves are referred to as fissures.

The right and left cerebral hemispheres, both of which are covered in the cerebral cortex that is otherwise known as gray matter, are joined together by the corpus callosum. Whereas the left hemisphere controls speech and abstract thinking, the right hemisphere controls spatial thinking.

The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes are the four lobes that make up the cerebrum. The frontal lobes, which are present directly behind the forehead, are the largest lobes of the human brain. The frontal lobes are primarily responsible for controlling language, motor function, and various cognitive processes including self-awareness, mood, affect, memory, attention, as well as both social and moral reasoning.

Within the frontal lobe is Brocas area, which is responsible for speech production. The parietal lobes, who can be found near the center of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes, are responsible for interpreting different sensory and memory functions.

The temporal lobes, which is commonly referred to as the neocortex, is located close to the base of the skull. Within the temporal lobe is the Wernicke area, which allows individuals to understand both spoken and written language. In addition to processing speech, the temporal lobe also processes sensory information that contributes to the retention of memories, languages, and emotions.

The fourth and final lobe of the cerebrum is the occipital lobe, which is the smallest lobe of the cerebrum and forms the caudal part of the brain. The primary function of the occipital lobe is the interpretation of visual information.

The largest of the hindbrain is the cerebellum. Upon reception of motor information from both the cerebral cortex and the musculoskeletal structures of the body, the cerebellum coordinates these signals to maintain the gait and posture of humans in motion.

Although the cerebellum itself does not initiate muscle contraction, it aids in the refinement and accuracy of motor activity by controlling muscle tone. In addition to its role in controlling balance and regulating motor movement, the cerebellum also plays a role in the regulation of fear and other cognitive functions such as attention, language, and the human response to pleasure.

Image Credit: SciePro/Shutterstock.com

The cerebellum and spinal cord are connected to the cerebral hemispheres by the brainstem. The brain stem can be classified into four distinct sections that include the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The diencephalon, which is the most superior portion of the brainstem, is further subdivided into four portions that include the epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus.

The thalamus, which is the largest portion of the diencephalon, serves as a relay point for all sensory information that enters the cortex and eventually gets transmitted to the cerebrum for processing. The hypothalamus also processes incoming sensory information; however, all of the information processed by the hypothalamus is derived from the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

As a result, the hypothalamus maintains eating habits, sexual behavior, and sleep patterns in addition to maintaining an individuals body temperature. Additionally, the secretions of the pituitary gland, which develops from a downward extension of the hypothalamus, is controlled by the hypothalamus.

The midbrain, which connects the diencephalon to the pons, controls ocular motion, whereas the pons is involved in the regulation of eye and facial movements, hearing and balance, as well as all sensory information processed by the facial nerves.

The medulla oblongata, which is located between the pons and the spinal cord and is therefore the most inferior portion of the brainstem, controls autonomic functions such as breathing, blood pressure, cardiac rhythms, and swallowing. Notably, brain death of patients in a clinical setting is declared when there is significant destruction of the medulla oblongata.

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The Anatomy of the Human Brain - News-Medical.net

Anatomy

The Anatomy Of An Election Disinformation Campaign – WBUR

The anatomy of a disinformation campaign. How does a bad faith post get mistaken for the truth? We talk about how the tentacles of disinformation reach into millions of homes.

Nina Jankowicz, disinformation fellow at the Wilson Center, a nonpartisan think tank. Author of "How To Lose the Information War." (@wiczipedia)

Secretary Frank LaRose, Ohio Secretary of State. Republican. (@FrankLaRose)

New York Times: "Facing a Deluge of Misinformation, Colorado Takes the Offensive Against It" "Like so many modern election sagas, it started with a tweet. In 2019, Jena Griswold, the newly installed secretary of state in Colorado, saw a tweet falsely claiming that her states election system had been hacked, using a picture of voting equipment as evidence."

NPR: "Robocalls, Rumors And Emails: Last-Minute Election Disinformation Floods Voters" "Dirty tricks and disinformation have been used to intimidate and mislead voters for as long as there have been elections. But they have been especially pervasive this year as millions of Americans cast ballots in a chaotic and contentious election."

The Columbus Dispatch: "Secretary of state: Hacking, voter intimidation by Russia and Iran haven't affected Ohio" "Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose said the best way voters can respond to Iran and Russia meddling in U.S. elections is to cast a ballot."

New York Times: "Russia Poses Greater Election Threat Than Iran, Many U.S. Officials Say" "While senior Trump administration officials said this week that Iran has been actively interfering in the presidential election, many intelligence officials said they remained far more concerned about Russia, which in recent days has hacked into state and local computer networks in breaches that could allow Moscow broader access to American voting infrastructure."

ABC News: "Russia, Iran have obtained voter data in election interference campaign: DNI" "Senior national security officials alerted the American public Wednesday that Iran and Russia have both obtained voter data in their efforts to interfere in the 2020 U.S. election."

New York Times: "Twitter Will Turn Off Some Features to Fight Election Misinformation" "Twitter took steps on Friday to slow the way information flows on its network, even changing some of its most basic features, as alarm grows that lies and calls for violence will sweep through social media in the weeks surrounding the presidential election."

Washington Post: "FBI says it has nothing to add to Ratcliffes remarks about Hunter Biden, Russian disinformation" "The FBI notified Congress late Tuesday that it has nothing to add at this time to a statement made by President Trumps director of national intelligence disputing the idea that Russia orchestrated the discovery of a computer that may have belonged to Joe Bidens son."

Link:
The Anatomy Of An Election Disinformation Campaign - WBUR

Anatomy

‘Grey’s Anatomy’ is ‘not responsible for politicizing COVID,’ Ellen Pompeo says of new pandemic season – USA TODAY

Sara Ramirez, 44, made the announcement by sharing a selfie, sporting a purple shirt and serving fierce looks with a fade haircut. Wochit

"Grey's Anatomy" returns to ABC on Nov. 12 (9 EST/PST) for its 17th season and yes, it will tackle the coronavirus pandemic. But don't expect politics to take center stage.

"We're not responsible for politicizing COVID,"Ellen Pompeo, who plays Meredith Grey, said during Variety's Virtual Power of Women panel. "That's not on us."

Executive producer Krista Vernoff agreed: "I think it's our job to humanize it," she said during the panel. "Ifeel like the politicians have politicized an illness that affects human beings regardless of political affiliation. So our job is to make it human, not political."

While the season will focus on the pandemic, audiences won't be shocked to see actors in medical gear. This is, indeed, a medical show.

"We're more fortunate than some other actors," Pompeo said."Not only is the crew in full PPE, but we are as well because we get to play doctors." Cast and crew are tested three times a week, saidexecutive producer, director and recurring starDebbie Allen.

Pompeo teased the beginning of the new season with three key words: "Girl, hold on."

"We are bringing it this season," she added. "Just hold on, it's coming."

"Grey's Anatomy" returns to ABC on Nov. 12 at 9 EST/PST for its 17th season and yes, it will tackle the coronavirus pandemic.(Photo: Bonnie Osborne, ABC)

Yes, it's still on: 7 reasons why 'Greys Anatomy,' now 15, has outlasted 'ER'

Vernoff wasn't planning to do a pandemic season, and called it "a complicated decision." "Grey's" usually offers a certain amount of escapism,and she hoped the show could channel that. But her writers convinced her otherwise.

'The writers are so brilliant and they had some pitches that were so exciting to me that it made me feel like, 'Oh, we could do our show and the romance and the humor and the escapism and the pandemic," she said. Having several doctors in the room (one writer and several advisers) helped make the decision, as COVID-19had changed their lives more acutely: Doctors and nurses who visited the writers' room showed how the stakes had changed in medicine.

That shift in the medical community one of urgency will play out in the show.

"I want to honor that tonally," Vernoff said. "We've been having conversations about the tone and the energy and the urgency, and I want to inspire people to take care of each other,to wear their masks, to help this pandemic end, I want to honor the doctors and the change to the medical system, and it also has to play out like 'Grey's Anatomy.' And so far, I feel like we're threading that needle."

The panelists also discussedthe series' legacy and its impact on television for the Black community and for women.

"We never were a show to beat you over the head with what you were supposed to see," series regular Chandra Wilson said."We just showed you."

In case you missed: 'Grey's Anatomy' star Sara Ramirez comes out as nonbinary in powerful Instagram post

And this: Channing Dungey, veteran TV executive for ABC and Netflix, jumps to Warner Bros.

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'Grey's Anatomy' is 'not responsible for politicizing COVID,' Ellen Pompeo says of new pandemic season - USA TODAY

Anatomy

The Anatomy of Build-to-Rent – Think Realty

From land acquisition to final inspection, the cycle of an intriguing investment strategy

In some of my past articles, Ive talked at length about the Build-to-Rent Subdivision concept and the advantages to investors and builders alike. Like a lot of concepts, though, its easy to talk in broad strokes and leave out some important minutia that can make or break a deal.

Recently, several would-be investors have asked, Bruce, tell me everything that goes into a Build-to-Rent deal and tell me where some of the pitfalls lie.

With that in mind, Ive compiled a list of key steps and that every Build-to-Rent subdivision deal must go through to be successful. Each of these phases is as critical as the next, with some taking place simultaneously and others taking significant up- front capital and risk.

Step 1: Find the Right Land, Sign Letter-of-Intent, Contract

An obvious first step is to find the right property. You cant build a house in thin air. When you find a piece of land suitable for a single-family home subdivision, its important to get a Letter-of-Intent signed as soon as possible. The LOI will allow you to make an offer and enter into an agreement contingent upon the property meeting several specific criteria. It will allow you to hold the property while you do the due diligence to make sure the property is suitable for your needs.

After conducting due diligence, you can sign a final contract.

Step 2: Due Diligence

Once you have the LOI signed, you have bought yourself some time to do your due diligence and determine if you can do what you need with the piece of property. Is the property built on a flood zone, which will require additional and likely expensive insurance? Can the land be rezoned for residential use? Is the property on rock, which will require expensive removal? Are there environmental issues that will need remediation?

Due diligence allows you to look under the hood, so to speak, and determine how much additional work it might take to make the land build-ready. It will help determine additional costs or perhaps even allow you to walk away from property that has too many hidden challenges.

Step 3: Rezoning and Engineering Study

These next steps often happen simultaneously, but also provide one of the greatest risks in the entire process. No matter where you decide to build, at some point you will need to work with a local government body to get the needed permission to proceed. If zoning is not approved for residential building, you will need to go through the entitlement process. While this process could vary from one town to the next, there are several factors likely to be consistent everywhere.

First, you will likely need to hire a civil engineer to do a survey, and possibly also hire a land-use attorney to get it through the city planning commission.

Once the planning commission has given a thumbs up, the rezoning request goes to the city council. Approval usually takes two or three readings, then a round of public comment before it is put on the agenda for a final vote. This process can take anywhere from three to six months, depending on the municipality.

This is often one of the most risky stages of the entire process. The civil engineering can run between $1,000 and $1,500 per house. If you are building a large subdivision, this phase can cost between $100,000 to $200,000 with no guarantee that the municipality will approve your zoning request.

Also in this phase, its likely that the municipality will want to see that you are all in for the betterment of the community. They will likely want to make some improvements to the community that are challenging to fund, such as a new park, walking paths, or other amenities to make the neighborhood more attractive. Final approval will often come with the caveat that you provide funding for these types of projects. In the end, it will make the neighborhood more attractive to potential renters, but could boost your pre-construction costs significantly.

Step 4: Clearing and Grading

Once the zoning challenges are behind you, its time to get down to the business of developing the subdivision. Clearing should launch as soon as the necessary permits have been obtained from the city. Any time wasted getting started on this step is time you wont be collecting rent on the back end.

Step 5: Installing Underground Utilities

The next step is to install utilities such as gas, electric, water, sewer and storm retention ponds. These utilities form the backbone of the entire project. Missteps at this stage can have dire consequences in the long run. Think about selling a house with a leaky basement or roof. It immediately knocks value out of the home. If the utility infrastructure is poor quality, it will impact the value of the entire neighborhood, whether renting individual homes or flipping the entire neighborhood to another investor. Caution at this stage will pay dividends down the road.

Step 6: Final Grade, Curb and Paving

Once you finish the utilities and bury the infrastructure underground, the next step is the final grade. This is where you go from dirt to paved roads, with curbs and properly graded lots ready for construction.

Step 7: Pouring the Slab

This is another step with long-term ramifications if mistakes are made now. A poor foundation can cause long-term structural damage that will ultimately erode a homes value over time. This isnt the type of thing an average homeowner will notice, and in the short-term, a poor foundation wont make a difference. But, as soon as you go to sell, a home inspector will spot good from bad with ease. Much like the neighborhood infrastructure, a solid foundation will pay off in the long run.

Step 8: Framing the house

Next, its time to bring in a crew to frame the house. The biggest challenge with framing today is a tight labor supply. Builders are often competing for labor, and talented framers are in demand. Having a go-to crew can ensure a high-quality job at a reasonable price. As with anything in business, relationships matter and keeping your framing crew happy will pay off with reasonable rates in the short run and a quality job over the long haul.

Step 9: Putting on the roof

This is another step that has long-term implications. If your goal is to hold on to these properties for a long time, the last thing you want is to have to replace the roof prematurely. And, even in a quick flip situation, a home inspector will call out a poorly constructed roof when you try to sell. Much like pouring the slab, there is little reason to cut corners here.

Step 10: Windows

From an aesthetic standpoint, good-looking windows can significantly impact curb appeal. Their functionality is equally important. Poorly installed windows that leak or let in too much cold air can cause long-term damage or short-term expensive heating bills.

Step 11: Electrical and Plumbing

Now that the exterior of the home is taking shape, its time to install the electrical and the plumbing. These steps seem relatively straightforward, but often cause the biggest headaches at final inspection. A crossed wire or incorrectly installed water line can cause significant re-work prior to receiving the certificate of occupancy. Again, this costs both time and money.

Step 12: Insulation

This is another critical step that buyers often overlook and where many builders might take a short cut. Dont do it. Poor insulation will lead to higher heating bills and dissatisfied renters. Ultimately, word will get around that you cut corners in this critical area and it will impact your reputation in this neighborhood and future neighborhoods as well.

Step 13: Drywall

At this point, the construction project is starting to look like a home. Once drywall is installed, its easier to see what the home ultimately will look like. At this time, most homeowners can start to envision how they will furnish and decorate.

Step 14: Paint

Once the drywall is up, now its time to truly bring the home to life by putting some color on the walls. Most real estate experts will tell you to go with neutral colors in the initial stages. However, weve found that certain regions and customers often have preferences outside the traditional neutral colors. Knowing regional tastes for dcor can help guide you to some unique color choices that can help differentiate your properties from others.

Step 15: Cabinets, Flooring and Fixtures

Heres where the homes personality starts to really kick in. In most of our rental homes, even at an entry-level price, we try to add some amenities in the kitchen that help to make the home special. We have found that granite countertops, while a little more expensive, are a key differentiator for buyers and renters alike.

Step 16: Final Inspection

Once the build is complete, the city will want to do a final inspection to make sure everything is up to code. Anything that goes wrong at this stage will slow the process and ultimately cost you money. Some mistakes are simple fixes, such as electrical not hooked up properly or plumbing with hot water hooked to the wrong outlet. But, even these simple steps, which can be rectified relatively quickly, still slow the process and cost you money in the end.

They also can give you a reputation among inspectors as a sloppy builder. The more issues you have in your initial projects, the more likely it is that you will be scrutinized closely in the future.

Once you have passed the final inspection, you will receive the certificate of occupancy. Now you are halfway home. Now you can start marketing and leasing your properties.

But thats a whole new set of challenges that we will tackle in a future article.

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The Anatomy of Build-to-Rent - Think Realty

Anatomy

The Women of Greys Anatomy on Their Favorite Episodes, Filming With COVID-19 Protocols and the Shows Legacy – Variety

For VarietysPower of Women cover story about Greys Anatomy, Ellen Pompeo, Chandra Wilson, Debbie Allen and showrunner Krista Vernoff sat down to discuss the show its past and present.

They also talked about some of their favorite episodes over the years.

Vernoff, who was head writer for the first seven seasons of Greys Anatomy and returned for Season 14 as showrunner, said a two-part Season 3 episode about the death of George OMalleys dad was her favorite thing shes done. It was very much my story, Vernoff said. And its the thing Im most proud of.

Vernoff also prompted Allen to talk about a Season 15 episode shed directed called Silent All These Years that focused on sexual assault. The hallway of women, Allen said, summoning imagery from the episode. Silent All These Years, this episode we did about rape and women who are survivors, not just victims, but survivors and we changed the face of the planet with that episode. And around the world we encouraged people to stand up for themselves, and not to be ashamed.

Wilson pickedSliding Doors,an episode she had directed from Season 10, Sandra Ohs final year on the show. In the episode, Ohs Cristinanarrates the episode, and sees two parallel paths her life might have taken.Sandra wanted me to take care of her for that, Wilson said. She looked at it as her last episode, but we gave her more to finish the season. So that was an honor for me to be in that position.

For Pompeo, she cited being directed by Denzel Washington in Season 12s The Sound of Silence.

Being directed by Denzel was definitely a highlight of all 17 seasons for me, Pompeo said. Hes one of my acting idols, and such an incredible talent and force, and to have him have the humility to come in here, because of Miss Allen, and want to direct an episode of our little show, I thought, was so exciting.

And it was really a boost, I think, she continued. They knew I needed something that year! I was really losing my steam, and they knew that I needed something, and Debbie came through, like she always does, and gave me the gift of Denzel, and that episode. And it was really fantastic. So that would definitely be one of my highlights, for sure. And made me cry. I always cry when I watch.

Since Pompeo toldVarietythat it may be the shows final season, the group also discussed its legacy.

For more about Greys Anatomy including why Vernoff decided to set Season 17 of Greys in the world of the pandemic, whether theyve ever taken anything from the set, and a conversation about the shows creator, Shonda Rhimes watch the whole video, filmed for the VarietyPower of Women: Conversations presented by Lifetime.

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The Women of Greys Anatomy on Their Favorite Episodes, Filming With COVID-19 Protocols and the Shows Legacy - Variety

Anatomy

Anatomy of a Goal: Dynamo own goal gifts the Crew a draw – Massive Report

Welcome back to the Anatomy of a Goal, where each week we dissect one goal (or near goal) from Columbus Crew SCs previous match.

For match 19 of the 2020 MLS Season, we take a look at Victor Cabreras 67th minute own goal that gave the Crew a goal and led to a draw in Saturdays match against Houston Dynamo.

Here is a look at the own goal by the Dynamo defender.

Columbus took the field in Houston with Darlington Nagbe in the lineup for the first time since early September. While Nagbe completed nearly all of his passes, the Black & Gold showed the same road match rust that we have come to expect this season. A Memo Rodriguez goal in the first half gave the Dynamo a lead that carried until the 67th minute.

The game-tying goal begins with a Pedro Santos interception. Santos picks off the ball and sends a pass back toward Milton Valenzuela.

Valenzuela picks up Santos interception and slides the ball over to Artur to set up the offense.

Artur spies Harrison Afful, hidden underneath the on-screen advertisement, and hits a field-switching pass to the right back.

Afful takes a few touches toward the sideline and pays a pass forward to Luis Diaz.

Diaz crosses midfield and finds himself with four options. He can play a pass forward to Lucas Zelarayan, carry the ball toward the middle of the field, play a long diagonal back to Artur or drop a pass to Aidan Morris.

Diaz plays a safe pass back to Morris.

Morris carries forward and looks to make a pass back forward to Diaz, but has to get the ball around Darwin Ceren.

Ceren sticks a foot out and is able to get in the way of Morris pass to Diaz.

Luckily, Cerens interception deflects right to Harrison Afful.

Afful immediately hits a pass right to Morris.

Morris carries the ball forward and resets back to Artur.

Artur moves the ball forward and finds himself with three options. He can either play a pass forward to Zelarayan, hit a long diagonal to Santos or play a pass up to Valenzuela.

Artur makes the safe pass over to Valenzuela.

And Valenzuela makes a safe pass right back to Artur.

Artur picks up Valenzuelas pass and sends a long ball over to Jonathan Mensah who is open in the middle of the field.

Mensah finds Aidan Moors a dozen yards ahead of him.

Morris lets the ball roll ahead of him and hits a very good first touch pass forward to Afful.

Afful corrals Morris pass and carries it a few yards forward, where he hits a pass into the path of Diaz.

Diaz turns toward the goal and hits a low cross into the penalty box toward Krisztian Nemeth.

Maynor Figureoa is the first obstacle between Diazs cross and Nemeth.

The ball just edges past Figueroa as Cabrera gets between Nemeth and the ball.

Cabrera slides toward the ball in an attempt to clear it out of bounds. The Dynamo center back gets a touch on the ball, preventing Nemeth from getting on the end of the cross.

Fortunately for Columbus, Cabreras attempted clearance rockets toward the Houston goal.

Marko Maric gets his hand up but isnt able to react quickly enough as the ball soars past him . . .

. . . into the back of the net!

Findings:

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Anatomy of a Goal: Dynamo own goal gifts the Crew a draw - Massive Report