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Immunoassay and Live Cell Analysis Solutions Presented at IMMUNOLOGY 2017 – SelectScience

The Annual Meeting of the American Association of Immunologists (AAI) is one of the largest annual gatherings of immunologists worldwide. This years meeting, IMMUNOLOGY 2017, held in Washington, DC, USA, saw immunologists from around the world discussing breakthroughs across the full spectrum of topics in the field, while exhibitors displayed the latest technologies for cutting edge techniques.

During the event, MilliporeSigma, a business of Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany, presented a range of new solutions for immunologists, including a series of T Cell multiplex assay kits for low-level cytokine detection in small samples volumes, and the CellASIC ONIX2 Microfluidics System for real-time control and manipulation of cellular environment for live cell analysis. Watch the video interviews and presentation to learn more about these innovations and how they can help to advance your immunology research.

New High-Sensitivity Immunoassays Panels Detect Picogram Level Cytokines

Robert Keith, R&D Scientist, MilliporeSigma, introduces three high-sensitivity MILLIPLEX MAP panels to help researchers detect low levels of multiple cytokines in small amounts of sample: the Human High Sensitivity T Cell Magnetic Bead Panel (in both 96-well format and a new 384-well format) and the new Mouse High Sensitivity T Cell Magnetic Bead Panel in 96-well format. Both the human and mouse high-sensitivity panels can detect picogram levels of cytokines in just 25 L of sample for up to 21 or 18 critical cytokines, respectively.

Robert Keith introduces three new high-sensitivity MILLIPLEX MAP panel

Robert Keith highlights the benefits of the new T Cell multiplex assays for immunologists

Automated Cell Culture for Dynamic Analysis of Cell Function in Real Time

Dr Amedeo Cappione, Senior Scientist, MilliporeSigma, explains how the microfluidics-based CellASIC ONIX2 System offers precise real-time control of media perfusion for cell researchers who need a highly controllable and manipulatable cellular environment and the ability to conduct semi-automated, repeatable long-term experiments while continuously collecting quantitative image-based data.

Dr Amedeo Cappione explains how the CellASIC ONIX2 System works

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Immunoassay and Live Cell Analysis Solutions Presented at IMMUNOLOGY 2017 - SelectScience

Research professor finds new life as game warden – San Francisco Chronicle

WILMINGTON, Vt. (AP) A local game warden named the annual Vermont Game Warden of the Year says the award has made him feel like he has "succeeded in the profession."

"I was really pleased," said Vermont State Game Warden Richard Watkin, who's based out of Wilmington. "You're essentially going up against other wardens and I think my colleagues are an extremely talented group of individuals with different skills. It's a really great bunch of folks to work with."

Gov. Phil Scott presented Watkin with the award in Montpelier on May 24. Watkin also received a certificate from the private wildlife conservation group Shikar-Safari Club International acknowledging the award. The group sponsors these awards in each state of the United States as a way to promote enforcement of laws protecting wildlife.

Watkin wasn't a hunter but had done some inland fishing in the English Channel growing up so he said he had a lot to learn when taking on the role of game warden.

"I had to put a lot of time in and do my own research, so to speak, to try and understand these cultural past times such as hunting," he said. "So in order to get from being essentially somewhat naive in some areas to end up getting not only nominated to actually winning the award was a great feeling. I felt like I had succeeded in the profession."

Watkin's supervisor Lt. Greg Eckhard called Watkin "knowledgeable in all aspects of the job."

"He understands the intricacies of fish and wildlife law and has an excellent working knowledge of the wildlife and habitats common to his patrol district," Eckhardt said in a press release. "Rich is professional, polite, hardworking, dependable, honest and always willing to help others whenever asked. He is highly regarded by his peers and is a great asset to both the Fish and Wildlife Department and the State of Vermont."

The third time is a charm for Watkin, who had been nominated for the award two other times. He has been with the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department since 2006. That was the year Watkin spent four months at the Vermont Police Academy and eight months in field training. He was assigned to the Wilmington area in January 2007.

"I pretty much laid down my routes thereafter," he said. "I have a young family here."

Watkin, who has two kids and a wife who works in the Deerfield Valley, said he can see himself completing his career where he is now. Originally, Watkin is from England.

In 2000, he completed his doctorate as a research scientist and held two post-doctoral tenures at the University of Vermont. He worked there for six years.

"I got to a point where the position I was in was getting stressful," he said. "I was more or less looking at needing to get my own grant money."

Watkin wanted to stay in New England but he no longer wanted to be a research scientist. Driving along Interstate 91 one day, he noticed a game warden truck. That piqued his interest and eventually he applied for a position.

When offered a job, Watkin was surprised. But his experience with researching molecular changes in human skin cells made him an attractive candidate. The thought was that those skills would be helpful with big game forensics.

Watkin has seen the department switch who handles samples. UVM now gets them.

"Formerly, we used to send samples out of state to be tested," Watkin said while acknowledging that the current way is cheaper but it also keeps the work in Vermont,.

Of particular enjoyment to Watkin are search and rescue calls.

"It's one of those things that occurs so randomly but there's an element of it, where to try and locate somebody who is either missing or compromised due to injury, can be a very gratifying feeling," he said. "It's not just the game wardens that called on search and rescue. There's the state police, and local fire and rescue. But it can be quite an experience to have all these agencies get together with a common goal, with the understanding that they don't always have a happy ending."

It's also the community aspect of the job that keeps Watkin engaged.

"We cover a lot of rural territory that doesn't tend to see a lot of law enforcement on a regular basis," he said. "There's a presence that comes with us patrolling around these rural areas and you get to know your constituents. And whether it's just conversations, just civility in passing or it's questions, we get flagged down frequently by people that want to talk for one reason or another. I think it's important for the work we do that we have this relationship with our communities, because there are so few wardens in the state so we rely on the public to help us do our jobs."

With promotions and retirements, it can take a year or more to replace a warden who's left his position. Training takes a year and advertising the job takes some time. Then there's the interviews and hiring process.

Wardens' territories tend to expand when a vacancy pops up. Watkin, at the time of the interview, was covering about nine communities including Dover, Readsboro, Searsburg, Stratton, Somerset, Stamford, Whitingham and Wilmington. Two wardens will soon be added to the state's roster, in Poultney and Springfield.

"One way or another, we cover the calls regardless," Watkin said, noting that judgement is used on how to respond as some calls are emergencies and others can wait. "Sometimes it involves traveling a number of towns over."

Watkin's responsibilities change with the seasons. In the fall, he'll tend to work shifts later into the evenings. He might finish up in the early hours of the morning or go in late and work until daybreak. Much of this time is spent on trying to combat wildlife crime, he said.

"Deer jacking" or illegal hunting is the main concern. Watkin said he doesn't see these crimes as often as other districts might.

In the winter, he literally shifts gears via snowmobile enforcement. He also puts in time patrolling ice fishing.

Before the summer, the Department of Fish and Wildlife stocks waters across the state with fish. For now, Watkin will be on the lookout for fishing and boating violations until big game season comes along.

Some jobs can have a certain repetition to them regardless of the time of year, he said. That's not the case for Watkin.

"I really appreciate the way things change," he said. "That's probably one of my favorite parts of having the job."

In a press release, Vermont Fish and Wildlife Commission Louis Porter said Watkin "represents so many of the things that makes our warden force the professional and well-respected institution that it is... (and he) goes out of his way to serve his community, from teaching kids at the local elementary school about wildlife to giving free snowmobile rides to disabled children."

Watkin recently took on an additional task as a canine handler, something he said he really wanted to do. An 18-month-old yellow lab went through tracking school last year with Watkin to study "human scent trailing." Now the pair's training in "gunpowder detection" and "human evidence recovery."

Watkin called his job "one of the more rewarding careers I can imagine doing."

"You see so much stuff goes on in the outdoors whether through wildlife behavior or human behavior," he said. "You start your day out not sure what's going to happen and a lot of the times it's the same stuff checking licenses or driving around patrolling your district. But there's so many times over the 11 years I've been on where stuff just happens, where we either pull up to something or you circumstantially encounter something."

Watkin said the abnormal events keep him interested and to be issued a snowmobile, boat and kayak "is pretty neat." But not everything is "rosy," he admitted.

"We get deployed to any hunter-related shooting that goes on in this state," he said. "We get deployed to do reconstructions and you can imagine some of these scenes are far from pleasant."

Sometimes, Watkin said, a search ends in recovery rather than rescue. But those events he accepts as part of his professional duties.

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Information from: Brattleboro Reformer, http://www.reformer.com/

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Research professor finds new life as game warden - San Francisco Chronicle

Men, women show similarities, differences – Hays Daily News

This is the ninth article in a series about similarities and differences between men and women.

Q: How do the differences between men and women complicate male/female relationships?

A: In a study by psychologist Dario Maestripieri and his colleagues, the study concluded men and women belong to different species. The following information, in an article by Agustin Fuentes, refutes that conclusion. Fuentes has a bachelors degree in zoology and advanced degrees in anthropology. He is a professor of anthropology at the University of Notre Dame.

In his critique of the study, Fuentes elucidates three main problems. First, gender and sex are used interchangeably and they are not interchangeable. Second, the evolved differences in women and men are not measured. Third, relevant anthropological and biological datasets are disregarded.

Fuentes points out sex and gender are different. Sex is the biological state measured by the content of chromosomes in addition to various physiological and developmental measurements. Gender, on the other hand, consists of the roles, perceptions and expectations that society has for the sexes.

The majority of societies have two genders on the masculinity-femininity spectrum. Some societies do have more. The two concepts are interrelated but not the same. People are born with a sex but acquire gender. Within societies, there is great diversity between individuals and sexes regarding how sex and gender interact in personality and behavior. Although there is a lot of literature about that subject, many researchers, whose only interest is definitive distinctions between women and men, choose to ignore that literature.

Measuring evolutionary differences in behavior within a species is difficult. There are at least two methodological approaches that are necessary to do that. First, the assessments have to be comparative with more than one population of the species of interest. Secondly, the traits for measurement have to be linked some way with the heritable elements of human physiology or behavior that have an effect on overall fitness. These traits must be assessed by measures that are both accessible and replicable among different populations in the species.

In their study, Del Giudici and associates used a large sample of questionnaires from mostly white, educated Americans. In relation to the global diversity present in culture structure, this sample from Del Giudici and associates is limited and is not a comparative, evolutionary sample of the species.

The data from the Del Giudici and associates assessments of 15 personality variables are laden with cultural meanings and contexts that are not easily transferable across societies in time and space. Moreover, these personality variables are difficult, or impossible, to connect quantitatively to all aspects of human physiology, neurology or other structured, identifiable targets for natural selection. Furthermore, their personality traits are not static traits, but are dynamic traits that are fluid over a persons lifetime.

When discussing evolved differences in behavior between females and males, no one can make a statement like, When it comes to personality, men and women belong to two different species, without stating the biological reality that men and women are the same species. There are not consistent differences in brains between the sexes.

There is considerable overlap in physiological function. Both sexes engage in sexual behavior in essentially the same patterns. The sexes also overlap extensively in most other behaviors. There are interesting re-occurring differences, especially in patterns of aggression and some physiological correlates of reproduction, body size and muscle density. Anthropological and biological studies consistently demonstrate dynamic flexibility and a complex biocultural context for human behavior. These studies are especially true for gender.

Del Giudici and associates and Maestripieri are countering Janet Shibley-Hydes gender similarities hypothesis because they believe men and women are more different than similar. There are many valid points of disagreement regarding Shibley-Hydes paper. Del Giudici and associates name a significant methodological point of contention, but fail to provide an assessment and analysis of the overall data and meta-analysis used by Shibley-Hyde.

Something about trying to prove men and women are different, or the same, makes people somewhat irrational. There are no clear or easy answers about why people do what they do. There also are no clear answers about why men and women have problems getting along sometimes. Those researchers who ignore that data about how men and women are similar and different and approach sex and gender from a one-dimensional approach are practicing poor science.

Augustin Fuentes is the scientist upon whom this article is based. He contends there is an enormous dataset about how men and women are similar and different that responsible scientists cannot ignore.

Next weeks article will discuss the aging process in men and women.

Judy Caprez is professor emeritus at Fort Hays State University.

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Men, women show similarities, differences - Hays Daily News

Why Herbalife, JinkoSolar, and NewLink Genetics Slumped Today – Motley Fool

The stock market closed Monday with modest losses, sending the Dow, S&P 500, and Nasdaq Composite lower from their record closes last Friday. Nevertheless, the declines were all less than 0.2%, and investors appeared to be in a wait-and-see mode as they look forward to more momentous news due out later this month. Among the top potential market movers for June will be the U.K. elections later this week and the Federal Reserve's meeting to determine the future course of interest rates. Yet company-specific items were in the spotlight today, and some stocks posted significant losses. Herbalife (NYSE:HLF), JinkoSolar (NYSE:JKS), and NewLink Genetics (NASDAQ:NLNK) were among the worst performers on the day. Below, we'll look more closely at these stocks to tell you why they did so poorly.

Shares of Herbalife dropped nearly 7% after the company said this morning that it would have to revise its financial expectations. Citing the need for its distributors to learn, teach, and implement new technology and processes, Herbalife said that it now expects net sales to fall 2% to 6% in the second quarter, with volume falling 4% to 8%. For the full year, Herbalife thinks it will be able to grow revenue 0.5% to 3.5% despite seeing volume come in a range between -1% and +2%. Upward adjustments to earnings guidance weren't enough to satisfy shareholders, and activist investor Bill Ackman spoke out against the company's news. Herbalife is a controversial company, but when negative things that get said about the business pan out in its financials, the seller of nutritional supplements and other consumer products needs to take steps to remedy the situation.

Image source: Herbalife.

JinkoSolar stock fell 8% in the wake of the company's first-quarter financial results. The Chinese solar company said that solar shipments jumped by nearly 30% from year-ago levels, topping the 2-gigawatt mark. Revenue was also up by double-digit percentages, but adjusted net income was down sharply, falling more than 80%. CEO Kangping Chen said that falling selling prices of solar modules led to gross margin contraction, which in turn resulted in bottom-line weakness. Chen remained optimistic about JinkoSolar's prospects for the remainder of the year, but investors didn't seem as confident that the company would be able to improve margins and capitalize on building demand in China. With JinkoSolar having been involved in big projects in the Persian Gulf region, it's possible that diplomatic tensions in the area also weighed on the stock.

Finally, shares of NewLink Genetics finished down 12%. The company said over the weekend that a phase 2 study of its breast cancer candidate treatment indoximod in combination with taxane chemotherapy failed to reach its intended endpoints. In particular, NewLink was trying to establish a statistically significant difference as to progression-free survival, overall survival, and objective response rate. Without achieving those goals, investors aren't certain what the next step forward is for NewLink. Still, with other studies having shown more encouraging results, NewLink might still end up being a potential takeover target from larger players in the biotech space.

Dan Caplinger has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

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Why Herbalife, JinkoSolar, and NewLink Genetics Slumped Today - Motley Fool

BRIEF-Seattle Genetics, Astellas announce updated enfortumab vedotin phase 1 data in metastatic urothelial cancer – Reuters

UPDATE 1-Drugmaker Perrigo says CEO Hendrickson plans to retire

June 5 Drugmaker Perrigo Co Plc said on Monday that Chief Executive John Hendrickson planned to retire, an announcement that comes a little more than a year after the company veteran got the top job.

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BRIEF-Seattle Genetics, Astellas announce updated enfortumab vedotin phase 1 data in metastatic urothelial cancer - Reuters

Genomar Genetics appoints new CEO – IntraFish

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Embryology – History of embryology as a science …

development human developing theory

Embryology is the study of the development of organisms. This is as true of plants as it is of animals.

Seed formation proceeds following fertilization in higher plants. The seed consists of the embryo, the seed coat, and another part sometimes called the endosperm. While plants are extraordinarily important for survival of animal life, animal embryology is described here.

The dictionary definition limits the meaning of the term "embryo" to developing animals that are unhatched or not yet born. Human embryos are defined as developing humans during the first eight weeks after conception. The reason that many embryologists have difficulty with this terminology is that it is purely arbitrary. It would be difficult indeed, if not impossible, to discriminate a human embryo nearing the end of the eighth week from a developing human during the ninth week after conception. Correspondingly, there are no morphological events that distinguish a pre-hatching frog tadpole from a post-hatching tadpole (hatching never occurs synchronously in an egg massthere are always those that hatch early and those larvae which are dilatory).

Embryologists consider development from a zygote to a multicellular organism. In the particular case of humans, development does not even stop at birth. Note that teeth continue to develop and sex glands with sexual differentiation mature long after birth. For a number of years, many embryologists have referred to their discipline as developmental biology to escape from the need to confine their studies to earlier stages. Embryology in the modern sense is the study of the life history of an animal and human embryology considers developmental aspects of life as a whole and not just the first eight weeks.

The study of embryology, the science that deals with the formation and development of the embryo and fetus, can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophers. Originally, embryology was part of the field known as "generation," a term that also encompassed studies of reproduction, development and differentiation, regeneration of parts, and genetics. Generation described the means by which new animals or plants came into existence. The ancients believed that new organisms could arise through sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, or spontaneous generation. As early as the sixth century B.C., Greek physicians and philosophers suggested using the developing chick egg as a way of investigating embryology.

Aristotle (384322 B.C.) described the two historically important models of development known as preformation and epigenesis. According to preformationist theories, an embryo or miniature individual preexists in either the mother's egg or the father's semen and begins to grow when properly stimulated. Some preformationists believed that all the embryos that would ever develop had been formed by God at the Creation. Aristotle actually favored the theory of epigenesis, which assumes that the embryo begins as an undifferentiated mass and that new parts are added during development. Aristotle thought that the female parent contributed only unorganized matter to the embryo. He argued that semen from the male parent provided the "form," or soul, that guided development and that the first part of the new organism to be formed was the heart.

Aristotle's theory of epigenetic development dominated the science of embryology until the work of physiologist William Harvey (15781657) raised doubts about A human two-cell embryo 24 hours after fertilization. Photograph by Richard G. Rawlins. Custom Medical Stock Photo. Reproduced by permission. many aspects of classical theories. In his studies of embryology, as in his research on the circulation of the blood, Harvey was inspired by the work of his teacher, Girolamo Fabrici (ca.15331619). Some historians think that Fabrici should be considered the founder of modern embryology because of the importance of his embryological texts: On the Formed Fetus and On the Development of the Egg and the Chick. Harvey's On the Generation of Animals was not published until 1651, but it was the result of many years of research. Although Harvey began these investigations in order to provide experimental proof for Aristotle's theory of epigenesis, his observations proved that many aspects of Aristotle's theory of generation were wrong.

Aristotle believed that the embryo essentially formed by coagulation in the uterus immediately after mating when the form-building principle of the male acted on the material substance provided by the female. Using deer that had mated, Harvey dissected the uterus and searched for the embryo. He was unable to find any signs of a developing embryo in the uterus until about six or seven weeks after mating had taken place. In addition to his experiments on deer, Harvey carried out systematic studies of the developing chick egg. His observations convinced him that generation proceeded by epigenesis, that is, the gradual addition of parts. Nevertheless, many of Harvey's followers rejected epigenesis and turned to theories of preformation.

Naturalists who favored preformationist theories of generation were inspired by the new mechanical philosophy and by the microscope, a device that allowed them to see the embryo at earlier stages of development. Some naturalists produced very unreliable observations of early embryos, but Marcello Malpighi (16281694) and Jan Swammerdam (16371680), two pioneers of microscopy, provided observations that seemed to support preformation. Based on Swammer dam's studies of insects and amphibians, naturalists suggested that embryos preexisted within each other like a nest of boxes. However, given such a theory, only one parent can serve as the source of the sequence of preformed individuals. At the time, the egg of many species was well known, but when the microscope revealed the existence of "little animals" in male semen, some naturalists argued that the preformed individuals must be present in the sperm.

Respected scientists of the time, including Albrecht von Haller (17081777), Charles Bonnet (17201793), Lazzaro Spallanzani (17291799), and Ren Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur (16831757), supported preformation. Bonnet's studies of parthenogenesis in aphids were regarded as strong support of ovist preformationism. Thus, some naturalists argued that the whole human race had preexisted in the ovaries of Eve, while others reported seeing homunculi (tiny people) inside spermatozoa. Other eighteenth century naturalists rejected both ovist and spermist preformationist views. One of the most influential was Casper Friedrich Wolff (17331794), who published a landmark article in the history of embryology, "Theory of Generation," in 1759. Wolff argued that the organs of the body did not exist at the beginning of gestation, but formed from some originally undifferentiated material through a series of steps. Naturalists who became involved in the movement known as nature philosophy found Wolff's ideas very attractive. During the nineteenth century, cell theory, the discovery of the mammalian ovum by Karl Ernst von Baer (17921876), and the establishment of experimental embryology by Wilhelm Roux (18501924) and Hans Driesch (18671941) transformed philosophical arguments about the nature of embryological development.

About a century ago, careful observations were made of a number of developing organisms. By this time, there was a cell theory and good microscopes were available. Next came a causal analysis. For instance, it was known that the dorsal ectoderm of all vertebrate embryos rolls up into a tube to form the central nervous system. What factors control the very regular appearance of the nervous system and subsequent differentiation into the various parts of the brain and the spinal cord? It was hypothesized that the underlying chordamesoderm cells of the gastrula signaled the ectoderm to become neural. The signal was referred to as induction. Other embryonic organs also seemed to appear as a result of induction. Chemical embryology sought to characterize the nature of inducing signals. Now, modern molecular embryology seeks to examine on the level of the gene what controls differentiation of specific tissue and cell typed of a developing organism.

There are practical considerations that drive some embryologists. The causes of developmental abnormalities (congenital malformations) in humans becomes more understandable with a consideration of embryology. The human embryo is extraordinarily vulnerable to drugs, viruses, and radiation during the first several months of development when many critical organ systems are developing.

Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology. 6th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2000.

Larsen, William J. Human Embryology. 3rd. ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Science, 2001.

Sadler, T.W., and Jan Langman. Langman's Medical Embryology, 8th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2000.

Aristotle's theory of epigenetic development dominated the science of embryology until the work of physiologist William Harvey (15781657) raised doubts about A human two-cell embryo 24 hours after fertilization. Photograph by Richard G. Rawlins. Custom Medical Stock Photo. Reproduced by permission. many aspects of classical theories. In his studies of embryology, as in his r

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Embryology - History of embryology as a science ...

Vitamin b12 administration and dosage – Vitamin b12 suppliers – Biochemistry and clinical chemistry of vitamin b12 … – Oologahonline

Chase Scott Webb, 27, passed away May 14, 2017. He was born June 8, 1989 to Tammy McClendon and Bradley Scott Webb. He loved just having fun with family and friends. He was an outdoorsman, avid reader, and was into astronomy. He is survived by his mother, Tammy McClendon & stepfather, Scott Simmons; daughter, Leyna [...]

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Vitamin b12 administration and dosage - Vitamin b12 suppliers - Biochemistry and clinical chemistry of vitamin b12 ... - Oologahonline

Anatomy of an Instrument: The Accordion – miPRO

Considering June is Accordion Awareness Month, it seems fitting that the latest instalment of our Anatomy of an Instrument series looks at the German musical invention.

Accordions are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone type.

Colloquially referred to as a squeezebox, the name accordion comes from the 19th century German akkordeon, with akkord meaning musical chord. Article continues below

The accordion is widely spread across the world. In some countries it is used in popular music, whereas in others it tends to be heard more in dance-pop and folk music. The accordion is also used in cajun, zydeco, jazz music and in both solo and orchestra performances of classical music.

Accordions have many configurations and types. Some are bisonoric, producing different pitches depending on the direction of bellows movement, while others are unisonoric, meaning they produce the same pitch in both directions.

Some accordions use a chromatic buttonboard for the right-hand manual, while others use a diatonic buttonboard for the right-hand manual. There are also popular models with a piano-style musical keyboard for the right-hand manual. It is also possible to get an accordion that can play in different registers.

While there are all these variations, for an accordion to be an accordion there are three universal components.

First up its the bellows arguably the most recognisable part of a squeezebox. The bellows is located between the right- and left-hand manuals, and is made from pleated layers of cloth and cardboard, with added leather and metal. It is used to create pressure and vacuum, driving air across the internal reeds and producing sound by their vibration, applied pressure increasing the volume.

Another universal component is the body, which consists of two wood boxes joined together by the bellows. These boxes house reed chambers for the right- and left-hand manuals, respectively. Each side has grilles in order to facilitate the transmission of air in and out of the instrument, and to allow the sound to better project.

The final part of every accordion is the pallet. Seeing as the instrument is an aerophone meaning it produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate without the use of strings or membranes the pallet mechanism is there to either enable air flow or to disable it. As a key is pressed down, the pallet is lifted, allowing for air to enter the tone chamber in either direction and excite the reeds.

Fun fact: The piano accordion is the official city instrument of San Francisco, California.

An accordion played by compressing or expanding the bellows while pressing buttons or keys, causing the pallets to open and allowing air to flow across brass or steel reeds. These vibrate to produce sound inside the body. The performer normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the right-hand manual, and the accompaniment, consisting of bass and pre-set chord buttons, on the left-hand manual.

Check out some of our favourite accordion performances in the videos below:

While you might think accordions are quite a niche instrument, they are actually used in many different types of music around the globe, including traditional, folk and pop music in Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. There is even an increase in popularity in heavy metal music featuring accordions in Scandinavia!

As well as all this, the accordion has grown in popularity among classical composers.

Invented in 1829, the accordion has had quite a while to make its way around the musical world. And seeing as June is Accordion Awareness Month, what better time than now to stock a few squeezeboxes?

It turns out there are a LOT of accordion manufacturers and brands, far too many to list here. Below, weve picked out a selection of what we believe are the biggest/most popular brands at the moment. If you would like a more in-depth look at who makes or has made accordions, Accordion Links has an insanely detailed list. http://www.accordionlinks.com/manufacturer.html

Beltuna Bugari Armando Hohner Pigini Roland Siwa & Figli Scandalli Weltmeister

Check out all of our previous Anatomy of an Instrument features here.

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Anatomy of an Instrument: The Accordion - miPRO

‘Hail Mary’ mechanism can rescue cells with severely damaged chromosomes – Phys.Org

June 5, 2017 In this dividing cell, chromosome fragments (red) remain in the middle of the green spindle structure, while the rest of the chromosomes have segregated to the two poles. Fragments that fail to segregate to daughter nuclei form micronuclei, resulting in an unstable genome and cancer. Credit: Travis Karg

The DNA vital to the life of a cell is packaged in chromosomes, and a variety of checkpoints, repair mechanisms, and other cellular safeguards exist to maintain the integrity of the chromosomes during cell growth and division. Those safeguards can fail, however, and a cell may find itself trying to divide into two daughter cells with a loose chromosomal fragment drifting away from a broken chromosome.

William Sullivan calls this a "worst case scenario" for the cell. The potential consequences include cell death or a cancerous cell growing out of control. But Sullivan, a professor of molecular, cell, and developmental biology at UC Santa Cruz, has found that the cell still has one more trick up its sleeve to rescue the broken chromosome.

The latest findings from Sullivan's lab, published in the June 5 issue of Journal of Cell Biology, reveal new aspects of a remarkable mechanism that carries broken chromosomes through the process of cell division so that they can be repaired and function normally in the daughter cells. Sullivan has been studying this process in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. His lab has created a strain of flies in which broken chromosomes are common due to the expression of a DNA-cutting enzyme.

"We have flies in which 80 percent of the cells have double-strand breaks in the DNA, and the flies are fine," he said. "The cell has this amazing mechanism, like a Hail Mary pass with time running out."

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The mechanism involves the creation of a DNA tether which acts as a lifeline to keep the broken fragment connected to the chromosome. Powerful new microscopy techniques enable researchers to observe the whole process in living cells, with bright fluorescent tags highlighting the chromosomes and other cellular components.

When a cell divides, it duplicates its chromosomes to make one set for each of the daughter cells. The membrane around the nucleus, which keeps the chromosomes separate from the rest of the cell, breaks down. The two sets of chromosomes then line up and segregate to opposite sides of the cell, pulled apart by a structure of microtubules called the spindle. A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, and new cell membranes separate the two daughter cells.

Sullivan's research has shown that chromosome fragments don't segregate with the rest of the chromosomes, but get pulled in later just before the newly forming nuclear membrane closes. "The DNA tether seems to keep the nuclear envelope from closing, and then the chromosome fragment just glides right in at the last moment," Sullivan said.

If this mechanism fails, however, and the chromosome fragment gets left outside the nucleus, the consequences are dire. The fragment forms a "micronucleus" with its own membrane and becomes prone to extensive rearrangements of its genetic material, which can then be reincorporated into chromosomes during the next cell division. Micronuclei and genetic rearrangements are commonly seen in cancer cells.

"We want to understand the mechanism that keeps that from happening," Sullivan said. "We are currently identifying the genes responsible for generating the DNA tether, which could be promising novel targets for the next generation of cancer therapies."

Sullivan has just received a new four-year, $1.5 million grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences to continue this research.

Graduate student Travis Karg is first author of the new paper, which shows that spindle microtubules play an important role in driving the delayed segregation of chromosome fragments. The other coauthors, in addition to Sullivan, are Mary Williard Elting and Sophie Dumont at UC San Francisco and Hannah Vicars at UC Santa Cruz. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.

Explore further: Protective barrier inside chromosomes helps to keep cells healthy

More information: Travis Karg et al, The chromokinesin Klp3a and microtubules facilitate acentric chromosome segregation, The Journal of Cell Biology (2017). DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604079

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