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Why do men cheat? (And the answer to every other question you have about guys) – GQ.com

Why do men cheat? It's not just a question we think you ask, it's a question we know you ask thanks to some nifty data we were given by Google. And the more we looked into the numbers, the more we realised that you ask the internet a lot of questions that begin with, "Why do men...?" From "Why do men go bald?" and "Why do men have nipples?" to "Why do men like spanking?" and "Why do men pull away when they are falling in love?" To save you the bother of scratching around questionable sources for the answers, we assembled a crack team of experts to answer every question you have about men, including a GP, qualified psychological therapist, GQ's resident sex expert and some of the finest journalists on God's green earth. Time to find out what really goes on in our heads...

Following revelations surrounding Tiger Woods' personal life in 2009, Tony Parsons offered a neat-edged summation to the mystery of male infidelity. Here is an excerpt from the piece. For the full hit, read "Why Some Men Stray" unabridged.

"Not all men stray. And some men stray for a bit and then they settle down. That is what many women find difficult to accept that sometimes a man strays not because he is a heartless, fornicating bastard but simply because he has not yet met the right girl.

As a general rule, poor men stray because of opportunity (Mavis in the stationery cupboard) and rich men stray because of a sense of entitlement (VIP areas stuffed with willing lovelies).

When Tiger Woods made his public confession after his tsunami of shagging became public knowledge, he was criticised for apologising to his corporate sponsors as well as his wife. And yet, Woods perfectly summed up why the multimillionaire alpha male can love his wife and children, and yet also love having sex with porn stars. Look beyond that sterile, stage-managed setting, and you had Woods giving the Gettysburg Address of Infidelity. "I thought I could get away with everything I wanted to," said Tiger. "I felt I had worked hard and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me. I felt I was entitled."

He felt that he was entitled. Simple as that. Lives turned inside out, oceans of hurt and betrayal to last a lifetime, because Tiger felt they he was well within his rights to do exactly what he wanted. He summed it up perfectly. I do these things because I have earned them."

Our resident GP, Dr Alison Barwise, replies.

"It all comes down to embryology, which is the study of embryos and foetuses and how nipples develop. During weeks five to six of embryonic growth, the first stages of mammary (nipples and breasts) development occur. It is not until around week eight that a foetus starts to begin to develop male or female reproductive organs (even though the sex of a foetus is determined at the point of conception). As the foetus develops, female hormones support the development of functioning nipples whereas in a male foetus, hormones block any further development. However, as the mammary development has already occurred, the nipples simply remain anatomically present, albeit without the ability to function like the female nipples.

Men can't lactate in the same way a female can lactate because, while mens nipples may appear to look structurally up to the job, there isnt quite the same breast tissue, duct and gland network behind them or the hormones circulating in the bloodstream to support lactation.

That said, men can produce a discharge from their nipple, which is called galactorrhoea. It is always abnormal and should prompt a medical assessment. It can be caused by antidepressants, antipsychotics, cannabis, amphetamines, drugs used to treat epilepsy and blood pressure and pituitary gland tumours. So no, you can't be milked.

There is such thing as an 'extra nipple' as well. Approximately one to five per cent of men and women have an accessory nipple, like Scaramanga."

This is another one for our resident GP:

"The most common cause of baldness in men is male pattern baldness (androgenic alopecia). This condition affects up to 50 per cent of men by the time they are 50.

Androgenic alopecia is a condition caused by a genetic predisposition whereby the hair follicles in some parts of the scalp become sensitive to circulating male hormones. This causes the hair follicles to become smaller, which means that the hair is more likely to fall out.

It also results in the hairs staying in the resting phase of their growth cycle for longer than the active growing phase, which not only makes them more vulnerable to falling out, but also means the rate of hair shedding exceeds the rate of hair growth eventually leading to baldness.

Sadly, you can't prevent it from happening. Androgenic alopecia is predominantly genetically determined so there is little you can do to prevent it. There is no current evidence to support the use of dietary supplements or use of herbal remedies.

There other types of baldness that can affect you, too. Less common causes include:

Alopecia areata whereby discrete areas of baldness develop across the scalp in well demarcated patches.

Stress-related hair loss which can happen after a stressful life event and results in a diffuse thinning across the scalp.

Trichotillomania, which is a hair-pulling disorder, and can be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depression.

Scalp infections, including fungal and bacterial scalp conditions, that cause baldness often associated with patches of scaling or crusting on the head."

In researching his piece about the allure of breasts (and his resistance to the idea that bigger is better), GQ's Features Director, Jonathan Heaf, discovered:

"Historically, the idea of breasts being a turn on for men comes from the concept of signalling the greater the flesh, the riper the fruit. This is why in some parts of Cambodia, many elder tribeswomen go to great lengths to strap down, flatten with hot pebbles and generally suppress the rapidly expanding bosoms of maturing adolescent girls."

Now read the full piece, titled "Why I'm Scared Of Big Breasts".

Our resident GP replies:

"Actually, GQ, they dont. While life expectancy is increasing generally across both sexes in the UK, women are living longer than their male counterparts. Research by the Office For National Statistics, published in 2016, shows that in 2013-2015 the life expectancy at birth in the UK for men was 79.1 years and for women was 82.8 years.

So, why do women live longer than men? It's a complicated issue with many experts differing in their opinions. It is likely due to a combination of social, biological, behavioural, evolutionary and other factors that influence longevity.

Generally speaking, women have always lived longer than men, but men are closing the gap. An interesting study published in The Lancet this year by Imperial College London found that the female life expectancy advantage over men was shrinking.

It's difficult to pin down any one reason, but there are various theories including the fact that traditionally men were more likely to be exposed to industrial hazards in the workplace such as dust and fume inhalation than their female counterparts. Decreasing rates of smoking over the past 50 years may also play a part, with recent figures suggesting that, while men still generally smoke more than women, the gap between male and female cigarette consumption is closing. Men are also being encouraged through a range of national health awareness campaigns to be more proactive when it comes to their health and to seek medical advice if concerned."

We consulted with Stefan Walters on this. He's a graduate member of the British Psychological Society (BPS), a member of the British Association For Counselling And Psychotherapy (BACP) and a member of the Association For Family Therapy (AFT), so he's studied, seen and heard it all.

"There's a theory called attachment theory that states our early relationship experiences, usually with our parents, set the foundations for how we're going to respond to relationships later in life. If your parents are responsive, nurturing and safe then we learn that relationships are safe and secure. If your parents aren't very good at that; if they're busy at work, there are lots of other children around and they're too busy to give us their attention, or if they're abusive, then we might learn that relationships are unreliable.

We carry those experiences and attachments into our adult lives. If we've learned that relationships are unreliable, we learn to protect ourselves from that possible vulnerability and disappointment by putting barriers up and pushing people away because we feel vulnerable.

Attachment theory isn't specific to men, but a lot of men are brought up to show a limited range of emotions and that effects how we express our vulnerability. Lots of men are socialised to operate within two emotions positivity and anger. That then effects how you respond and communicate in relationships. If you're not allowed to show vulnerability then it limits how you can interact with someone when you're [trying to express] that emotion.

This theory largely relies on learned experiences, but there can be a biological element. You can inherit anxiety and that can mean that you're more anxious in relationships, but generally attachment styles are learned behaviours."

This one falls between our sex experts and psychologists, but we've handed over to Stefan again as BDSM is something that's tricky to unpick if you're an outsider.

"It's important to say that a lot of men have no interest in ball gags at all. But for those who do, I use the analogy of Branston Pickle. Rather than just eating cheese, for example, which is just one sensory experience, the pickle adds an extra layer even though the flavours may seem at odds. It heightens and intensifies the sensory experience. Kinks are, essentially, the same. Instead of just having sex a single pleasurable experience you're adding an experience that clashes with it like, say, pain, and that intensifies your sensory and physiological experiences.

With ball gags specifically, they limit the airways and breathing, so there's a sense of panic and being controlled. That means there's a lot of sensory experiences, psychological experiences and physical experiences mixed together, which is where the appeal lies."

Stefan replies:

"Visually, stockings trigger arousal for a lot of people because they cover up but also reveal at the same time. Visually, there's a sense of it being a bit of a tease, and the idea of teasing and wanting what you can't have is something we learn from childhood.

The same idea applies to some men's attraction to affairs with married partners. It engages a hunter's instinct, which makes men feel very predatory and want to go pursue their object of their desire. Usually, after these affairs or one-night stands, men feel less interested and ask themselves why they did it. But as long as the idea of a tease persists, as with stockings, some men can feel stimulated."

And our last reply from Stefan:

"This, again, can be related to a childhood experience. Perhaps the man was spanked and that made him feel naughty, which, in turn, made him rebellious a feeling he derided pleasure from. But it's not necessarily that simple.

For some men, it's like a therapeutic relief. Someone who has to control or discipline in their everyday life may find it therapeutic and relieving if someone else takes control. Likewise, if someone has to be polite and submissive all day, they may find a huge amount of relief in taking control and spanking. If spanking is something that a client was drawn to and it's in a consenting, controlled environment, I would advocate for that. There's nothing wrong with it."

Sex expert and GQ regular, Rebecca Newman, didn't just tell you why men like spanking, but offered a how-to guide. You can read the full piece, entitled "Happy Slapping", by following the link. The abridged reply is:

"The British live up to the stereotype: we top the global charts for watching spanking porn. Spanking is not only a fabulous act of transgression, of dominance and submission, of skill and style (involving any number of beautifully finished accessories); done right, it also confers a singularly mind-blowing sexual ecstasy whether or not it is done hard enough to 'hurt'."

The following advice is as accurate and as comprehensive as possible but it is only general advice and should not be used as a substitute for the individual advice you might receive from consulting your own doctor.

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Why do men cheat? (And the answer to every other question you have about guys) - GQ.com

What makes stem cells into perfect allrounders – Phys.Org

June 27, 2017 Just a few days old embryonic cell clusters: with functional Pramel7 (left), without the protein (right) the development of the stem cells remains stuck and the embyos die. Credit: Paolo Cinelli, USZ

Researchers from the University of Zurich and the University Hospital Zurich have discovered the protein that enables natural embryonic stem cells to form all body cells. In the case of embryonic stem cells maintained in cell cultures, this allrounder potential is limited. Scientists want to use this knowledge to treat large bone fractures with stem cells.

Stem cells are considered biological allrounders because they have the potential to develop into the various body cell types. For the majority of stem cells, however, this designation is too far-reaching. Adult stem cells, for example, can replace cells in their own tissue in case of injury, but a fat stem cell will never generate a nerve or liver cell. Scientists therefore distinguish between multipotent adult stem cells and the actual allrounders - the pluripotent embryonic stem cells.

Epigenetic marks determine potential for development

Differences exist even among the true allrounders, however. Embryonic stem cells that grow in laboratory cell cultures are in a different state than the pluripotent cells found inside the embryos in the first days of development. In a study in the journal Nature Cell Biology, researchers led by Paolo Cinelli of the University Hospital Zurich and Raffaella Santoro of the University of Zurich have now demonstrated the mechanism by which natural allrounders differ from embryonic stem cells in cultures.

At the center of their discovery is a protein called Pramel7 (for "preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma"-like 7) found in the cells of embryonic cell clusters that are just a few days old. This protein guarantees that the genetic material is freed from epigenetic marks consisting of chemical DNA tags in the form of methyl groups. "The more methyl groups are removed, the more open the Book of Life becomes," Cinelli says. Since any cell of the human body can develop from an embryonic stem cell, all genes have to be freely accessible at the beginning. The more a cell develops or differentiates, the stronger its genetic material is methylated and "sealed closed" again. In a bone cell, for example, only those genes are active that the cell requires for its function, the biochemist explains.

Protein is responsible for perfect pluripotency

Despite its short action period of just a few days, Pramel7 seems to play a vital role: When the researchers headed up by Cinelli and Santoro switched off the gene for this protein using genetic tricks, development remained stuck in the embryonic cell cluster stage. In the cultivated stem cells, on the other hand, Pramel7 is rarely found. This circumstance could also explain why the genetic material of these cells contains more methyl groups than that of natural embryonic cells - the perfect allrounders, as Cinelli calls them.

Using the stem cell function to regenerate bone tissue

His interest in stem cells lies in the hope of one day being able to help people with complex bone fractures. "Bones are great at regenerating and they are the only tissue that does not build scars," Paolo Cinelli says. The bone stumps must be touching, however, in order to grow together. When a bone breaks in multiple places and even through the skin, for example, in a motorcycle accident, the sections of bone in between are often no longer usable. For such cases, a bone replacement is required. His team is studying carrier materials that they want to populate with the body's own stem cells in the future. "For this reason, we have to know how stem cells work," Cinelli adds.

Explore further: New tools to study the origin of embryonic stem cells

More information: Urs Graf et al, Pramel7 mediates ground-state pluripotency through proteasomalepigenetic combined pathways, Nature Cell Biology (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncb3554

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have identified cell surface markers specific for the very earliest stem cells in the human embryo. These cells are thought to possess great potential for replacing damaged tissue but ...

An International Reserach Team coordinated by Igb-Cnr has discovered a key role of vitamins and amino acids in pluripotent stem cells. The research is published in Stem Cell Reports, and may provide new insights in cancer ...

Scientists have discovered the gene essential for chemically reprogramming human amniotic stem cells into a more versatile state similar to embryonic stem cells, in research led by UCL and Heinrich Heine University.

Pre-eclampsia is a disease that affects 5 to 8 percent of pregnancies in America. Complications from this disease can lead to emergency cesarean sections early in pregnancies to save the lives of the infants and mothers. ...

Oxygen in the air is well known to cause damaging rust on cars through a process known as oxidation. Similarly, a research group at Lund University in Sweden, has now identified that certain cells during embryonic development ...

Human stem cells that are capable of becoming any other kind of cell in the body have previously only been acquired and cultivated with difficulty. Scientists at the Max Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the ...

Researchers in China have developed a genetic engineering approach capable of delivering many genes at once and used it to make rice endospermseed tissue that provides nutrients to the developing plant embryoproduce ...

In the fight against the viruses that invade everyday life, seeing and understanding the battleground is essential. Scientists at the Morgridge Institute for Research have, for the first time, imaged molecular structures ...

Researchers from the University of Zurich and the University Hospital Zurich have discovered the protein that enables natural embryonic stem cells to form all body cells. In the case of embryonic stem cells maintained in ...

For us humans, it goes without saying that we reward others as an indication of the gratitude we feel towards them. Scientists from the Max Planck Institutes for Evolutionary Anthropology and for Mathematics in the Sciences ...

Scientists at UC Berkeley and UC Riverside have demonstrated a way to edit the genome of disease-carrying mosquitoes that brings us closer to suppressing them on a continental scale.

Since at least the 1920s, anecdotes and some studies have suggested that chimpanzees are "super strong" compared to humans, implying that their muscle fibers, the cells that make up muscles, are superior to humans.

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What makes stem cells into perfect allrounders - Phys.Org

Anatomy of a Goal: Kekuta Manneh’s Winner – Massive Report – Massive Report

Welcome to the Anatomy of a Goal, where each week we dissect one goal (or near goal) from the previous weeks Columbus Crew SC match.

For Match 18 of the 2017 MLS Season, we take a look at Kekuta Mannehs 70th minute goal that put Crew SC up 2-1 as part of a 4-1 win over Montreal Impact on Saturday.

Heres a look at the finish from the Columbus winger.

Until Mannehs goal, his first in Black & Gold, Crew SC looked listless after a good start to the match. Federico Higuain opened up the scoring for Columbus in the 17th minute, but the home side gave up a quick equalizer and appeared set for another disappointing match with a blown lead. Luckily that didnt happen.

Full disclosure, this goal is not the most technical Crew SC has scored, but it does provide a few interesting moments of skill. Specifically a moment of either individual brilliance or pure luck by Ola Kamara. The aim here is to spend a chunk of this Anatomy of a Goal showing that Kamara did intend to settle the ball into the path of Manneh rather than inadvertently settling the ball for his teammate.

Mannehs game winner begins with a Jonathan Mensah headed clearance to Higuain. As the headed ball floats toward the Argentinian, Manneh begins his run right by Montreal wing-back Hassoun Camara.

In the magnified circle, you can just see that Higuains head is turned toward Manneh as he tries to wrangle a difficult bounce. Higuain can see Manneh making his run against the much slower Camara.

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In the above video, you can see Columbus No. 10 display a deft bit of skill to juggle the ball over the defender and send a perfect one-time ball into the path of the streaking Manneh. The Crew SC attacker is in incredible form having scored five goals in his last four matches.

As Manneh chases down the ball, hidden just behind Camara, he has beaten his man and only has Wandrille Lefevre between him and the goal. At this point, Manneh has not yet put a touch on the ball.

As Lefevre begins to close him down, Manneh chests the ball forward, his first touch of the game, which is just a bit too heavy and will allow Lefevre to get in front of him.

The ball continues forward and Lefevre uses his body to take Manneh out of the play just outside the 18-yard box. Manneh doesnt fall, though he arguably would have been given the foul call had he gone to the ground.

Camara recovers on the ball and should be able to clear it forward. Just to his right, Manneh gets around Lefevres screen. Kamara continues his run at pace, heading right for the ball and Camara.

Under little pressure, Camara cant get turned quickly enough and loses the ball off of his right shin. Both Manneh and Kamara continue their runs, looking to punish Montreal for Camaras clumsy touch.

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Finally, we are at the point where this goal gets interesting. In the above video, Kamara looks to clumsily misplay the ball conveniently into the path of Manneh. After closer examination, its clear that Kamara fakes a shot with his left foot and intentionally settles for his teammates first goal. Lets look at Kamaras touch in stills and a few more angles.

From the broadcast camera, you can just see Kamara slow the ball with his right, trailing, foot as an unmarked Manneh looks on.

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From a slightly different angle, you can see Kamara swing his left foot forward and catch the ball with his right foot. On first glance, it looks like the Kamara misses his left -footed shot and incidentally catches the ball with his right, trailing, foot. Two pieces of evidence from this video suggest otherwise.

First, watch Kamaras head during this play. As he swings over the ball and touches it with his right foot, the Crew SC striker turns his head around to see where he left the ball. This looks like an intentional movement to watch the play that he has just set up.

Second, notice the movement of the ball in this and the remaining highlights. As Kamara touches the ball with his right foot, the ball travels back and to the left, slowing down right in the path of Manneh. Again, this looks like an intentional movement.

In the above image from the same angle, Kamara looks to be setting up a shot. He has a clear view of both Manneh and Camara. However, Kamara doesnt rotate his hips. From this angle, a shot would land somewhere between the left post and the corner flag. Kamara, who scored his 25th goal in just over a year and a half in Columbus on Saturday, is an expert at rotating his hips toward goal. Again, this is an intentional movement.

The above photo provides a better look at Kamaras flick back to Manneh. In this still, it appears that Kamara is swinging his right leg back and to the left, so his touch will send the ball near Manneh.

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Kamaras fake shot and deft touch stand out even more on this angle. In the above video you can see Kamara take a short windup as if hes going to shoot, and then clearly flick the ball back and to the left with his right foot. The motion of his right foot, a quick flick, is definitely not the motion of someone who has just whiffed on a shot.

Again, Kamara winds up for his shot. Slowed down and over-analyzed, its clear that Kamara will not shoot the ball. However, at speed, this shot is incredibly effective at freezing the defending Camara.

Here, Kamara watches his flick back and to the left into the path of Manneh. Once again, this is an intentional motion.

With the ball now at his feet. . .

Manneh buries the shot for his first goal of the season.

But wait!

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Another video has emerged, from Crew SCs Instagram account, that provides a clearer picture of Kamaras clever touch to Manneh. In the above video you can clearly see Kamara drag his left leg over the ball and then flick a pass back and to the left, right into the path of Manneh.

Findings:

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Anatomy of a Goal: Kekuta Manneh's Winner - Massive Report - Massive Report

Anatomy of a presidential attack on CNN – Axios

What the ACA does

People who get health insurance on their own can no longer be turned down for coverage because of pre-existing conditions. And insurers can't charge them higher premiums because of their health.

House: Would still require insurers to cover people with pre-existing conditions. But states could get waivers to allow insurers to charge them higher premiums, as long as they have backup programs to cover sick people. The benefits could change, too. (There's an $8 billion fund to help with their costs.)

Senate: Would still require insurers to cover people with pre-existing conditions and charge them the same rates as everyone else. But the benefits could change. (See Essential Health Benefits.)

The law sets up exchanges, or marketplaces, to offer health plans and determine eligibility for tax credits. Twelve states, including the District of Columbia, run their own exchanges. The rest use the federal marketplace, HealthCare.gov.

House bill: The House bill doesn't get rid of the marketplaces, but the Congressional Budget Office predicts that fewer insurers would participate, because they wouldn't have to offer health plans through the marketplaces for people to get subsidies.

Senate bill: The Senate bill doesn't get rid of the marketplaces, but a state could do so if it gets a "Section 1332" waiver.

Young adults can stay on their parents' health insurance plans until age 26.

House: This provision has become one of the most popular parts of Affordable Care Act, and the House bill keeps it.

Senate: Same.

Most Americans have to have health insurance, with tax penalties if they don't have coverage and don't qualify for an exemption. That's how the law tries to attract enough healthy people to help insurers pay the costs of sick people.

House: The mandate would be repealed. The House bill would get rid of It retroactively, starting in 2016.

Senate: Same. Instead, the Senate bill would give people a different incentive to sign up: They'd have to wait six months for coverage if they have more than a 63-day lapse in health insurance.

Customers who don't have another source of health insurance get premium tax credits to help them buy coverage. The credits are available to people with incomes between 100 percent and 400 percent of the poverty line. There are also cost-sharing subsidies for low-income people.

House: The tax credits and subsidies would be repealed. Instead, the House bill would create a refundable, age-based tax credit to help people buy health insurance plans. They'd start at $2,000 a year for people under age 30, with a maximum of $4,000 a year for people over age 60.

Senate: The tax credits would stay in place, but starting in 2020, they'd be narrowed to everyone up to 350 percent of the poverty line. They'd also give more help to young adults and less help to older people. The subsidies would be repealed in 2020.

Gradually closes the gap in Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage by 2020.

House bill: Doesn't affect this provision.

Senate bill: Same.

All health plans in the individual and small group markets have to cover 10 categories of benefits.

House: States would be able to get waivers to set their own minimum benefits, starting in 2020. That could affect the benefits people with pre-existing conditions would get. And anything that's not considered an essential benefit can have annual and lifetime limits.

Senate: States could get waivers to set their own minimum benefits, effective immediately.

Health insurance companies can no longer limit how much they'll pay in benefits over a customer's lifetime.

House: Technically, the House bill keeps this provision. But because it's tied to the ACA's essential health benefits, critics say the provision will become meaningless in states that waive the essential benefit rules.

Senate: Same.

Employers with the equivalent of 50 or more full-time workers have to pay penalties if they don't cover their workers, or if their health coverage doesn't meet affordability standards.

House: The House bill would repeal the employer mandate retroactively, starting in 2016.

Senate: Same.

The law is funded in part through various taxes, including annual fees for health insurers, a 2.3 percent tax on the sale of medical devices, and a 3.8 percent tax on net investment income for wealthy people. It also creates a 40 percent "Cadillac tax" that will hit high-cost employer health insurance plans.

House: The taxes would be repealed, except for the "Cadillac tax," which would be delayed until 2026.

Senate: Same.

States that expand their Medicaid programs to cover nearly all low-income Americans are given extra federal matching funds.

House: The Medicaid expansion would end in 2020, though states would still be able to cover some new categories, like childless adults. States that already expanded Medicaid would still be able to enroll new people through 2019 and get the extra federal matching funds.

Senate: The Medicaid expansion would begin to phase out after 2020, with the extra funds being reduced over three years.

The ACA didn't change the structure of Medicaid as an open-ended entitlement program. Everyone who meets the eligibility requirements has to be covered, and federal and state spending has to adjust.

House: Starting in fiscal 2020, there would be per-capita caps on federal funding to the states. States could choose block grants as an alternative.

Senate: Starting in fiscal 2020, there would be per-capita caps on federal funding to the states. The growth rate would be the same as the House, but it would get tighter starting in fiscal 2025. States could choose block grants as an alternative.

Insurers in the individual and small group market can only charge premiums three times as high for older customers as for young adults.

House: Insurers could charge older customers as much as five times more than young adults. Republicans say that's closer to the true variation in the cost of care.

Senate: Same.

Requires most insurers to cover preventive services, like screenings and immunizations, without charging patients out-of-pocket payments like copayments or coinsurance.

House: The bill leaves the requirement in place.

Senate: Same.

Reduces Medicare payments to hospitals and other providers, producing roughly $800 billion in savings over 10 years to help pay for the law.

House: The bill doesn't affect this provision.

Senate: Same.

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Anatomy of a presidential attack on CNN - Axios

Kastner opens frontiers for young minds – Princeton University

Princeton University neuroscientist Sabine Kastner comes prepared for a meeting with her youngest collaborators, packing a model of the human brain, a collection of preserved animal brains and a video demonstrating a single neuron in action.

Those collaborators fifth-graders at Riverside School in Princeton, shown in the video above are prepared, too, with questions, ideas and enthusiasm.

Kastner, a professor of psychology and the Princeton Neuroscience Institute, has come not just to teach the students but also to enlist their help as peer reviewers for Frontiers for Young Minds, an academic journal that features articles written by professional researchers and reviewed for clarity and readability by members of the target audience: children ages 8 to 15.

The finished articles are available free to all on the journal's website, bringing the latest science on topics including astronomy, biodiversity, Earth science, health, mathematics and neuroscience to any student with access to the internet. Kastner serves as the chief editor of the "Understanding Neuroscience" section.

"The way I was brought up as a scientist in an academic environment was to do laboratory work, make discoveries and share those discoveries with our peers," said Kastner, who also invites the students to tour the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. "But I think the time has come for scientists to give back. Doing this outreach with kids is just one way to do it."

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Kastner opens frontiers for young minds - Princeton University

The Ethics of Using AI in Advertising – AdAge.com

Credit: iStock

As an industry, advertising has long been obsessed with understanding human behavior. The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to transform vast amounts of complex, ambiguous information into insight is driving personal analysis into market behavior. There are nearly 2 billion Facebook users globally. About 200 billion tweets are shared on Twitter every year. Google processes 40,000+ searches every second. We can now assess the entirety of an individual's social activity: every word, every picture, every emoji.

Add to that location-based data from mobile phones, transactional data from credit cards and adjacent data sets like news and weather. When machine learning and advanced algorithms are applied to these oceans of digital information, we can intimately understand the motivations of almost every consumer.

These are undeniably powerful tools, and no one can blame the advertising industry for rapidly adopting them.

But AI also introduces troubling ethical considerations. Advertisers may soon know us better than we know ourselves. They'll understand more than just our demographics. They'll understand our most personal motivations and vulnerabilities. Worrisomely, they may elevate the art of persuasion to the science of behavior control.

Aside from these fears, there are more practical considerations around the use of AI in advertising: inherently biased data, algorithms that make flawed decisions and violations of personal privacy.

For these reasons, we need a code of ethics that will govern our use of AI in marketing applications, and ensure transparency and trust in our profession.

A system of trust

The more complete our understanding of an individual, the more persuasive our marketing can be. But each new insight into a consumer raises new questions about our moral obligations to that individual -- and to society at large.

For example, most would agree it's acceptable to leverage AI to target a consumer who shows interest in sports cars. But what if you also knew that consumer was deep in debt and lacked impulse control, had multiple moving violations, and had a history of drug and alcohol abuse? Is it still okay to market a fast car to this person, in a way that would make it nearly irresistible?

Rather than judging each case on its moral merits, it's more effective to establish guidelines that remove the guesswork. A system of transparency -- in which the consumer is more of a partner in his or her marketing, rather than an unwitting target of it -- is the ethical way forward.

Such a system would include three primary aspects: data, algorithms and consumer choice.

Data -- AI is fueled by data, which is used to train algorithms and sustain the system. If data is inaccurate or biased in any way, those weaknesses will be reflected in decisions made by the AI system.

Often, these data sets reflect preexisting human biases. Microsoft's unfortunate experience with Tay, the conversation bot that reproduced the hateful speech of those that engaged it, is probably the most infamous case study.

Algorithms -- AI engines contain codes that refine raw data into insight. They dictate how the AI system operates, but are designed and developed by humans. Which means that their instructions should be "explainable."

Some call this "algorithmic transparency." Transparency, however, is not realistic in this context, because the most valuable intellectual property of an AI lives in the algorithm, and agencies aren't eager to share that code openly. In addition, sophisticated machine-learning systems can be a black box, unable to adequately explain their rationale for any particular choice. When you don't know the internal functions and benefits -- the recipe for authentic trust isn't there. Explainability means ensuring the ability to clearly explain the decisions an AI makes and why.

Consumer choice -- Simply put, consumers should be aware of the techniques being used to market to them, and have the option of participating in those campaigns. In order to make an informed choice, consumers need a clear explanation of the value exchange in any given campaign. What are they giving up? What are they getting in return? And they should be allowed to opt out if they are uncomfortable with the transaction.

We are advertisers, not ethicists. However, that doesn't excuse us from considering the social impact of the work we do. We know there's a line that can -- and probably will -- be crossed with AI. Therefore, we must establish best practices for the use of AI in advertising, and understand the differences between what we can know, should know, and shouldn't know.

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The Ethics of Using AI in Advertising - AdAge.com

BRIEF-Atossa Genetics receives positive safety committee assessment – Reuters

Alimentation Couche-Tard wins US antitrust approval to buy CST, with conditions

WASHINGTON, June 26 Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc has won U.S. antitrust approval to buy rival CST Brands Inc on condition that it sell up to 71 gas stations in eight states, the Federal Trade Commission said on Monday.

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BRIEF-Atossa Genetics receives positive safety committee assessment - Reuters

Existing Drug Found to be Effective at Killing Cancer Stem Cells – Technology Networks

Researchers experiment with the Sam68 protein. Credit: McMaster University

A team of researchers at McMaster University has identified a unique feature of cancer stem cells that can be exploited to kill the deadly cells thought to be the reason that cancer comes back after therapy. Understanding this feature will be useful for delivering more targeted cancer therapeutics to the right patients.

The study, published today in the scientific journal Cell Chemical Biology, reveals that an existing set of drugs is effective in killing cancer stem cells and explains how this led the team to uncovering important details about how these cells are working in human tumors.

"The drugs helped us to understand the biology," said Mick Bhatia, principal investigator of the study and scientific director of the McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute. "We've worked backwards, employing a series of drugs used in the clinic to understand a new way that cancer stem cells can be killed."

The researchers found that a particular protein, called Sam68, is an important actor in cancer stem cells, and that this protein allows existing drugs to work on cancer cells, causing them to die.

Bhatia hopes that this information can be used to deliver targeted therapies to the patients who would benefit from them, while sparing others from unhelpful treatments. He believes that treatment of blood cancers like leukemia and other cancers such as prostate, colon and renal will follow the example set in breast cancer, where patients receive treatments tailored to their specific form of the disease.

"In the case of breast cancer, other researchers have found new ways to make existing drugs more effective by only giving them to people who were likely to benefit based on their specific traits and using drugs that target these traits," Bhatia said.

He said while developing a new drug takes an average of about 15 years and comes with a price tag in the hundreds of millions, defining the role of existing drugs to use them better in patients will help to accelerate the process of bringing the right drugs to the right people.

Reference

Mickie Bhatia et al. Sam68 Allows Selective Targeting of Human Cancer Stem Cells. Cell Chemical Biology, June 2017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.026

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Existing Drug Found to be Effective at Killing Cancer Stem Cells - Technology Networks

Detecting diluteness: New experimental and theoretical approaches ‘dive into the pool’ of membranes organelles – Phys.Org

June 26, 2017 by Erika Ebsworth-Goold Engineers at Washington University in St. Louis and Princeton University developed a new way to dive into the cell's tiniest and most important components. What they found inside membraneless organelles surprised them, and could lead to better understanding of fatal diseases including cancer, Huntington's and ALS. Credit: Washington University in St. Louis

Inside each and every living cell, there are miniscule structures called membraneless organelles. These tiny powerhouses use chemistry to cue the inner workings of a cellmovement, division and even self-destruction.

A collaboration between engineers at Princeton University and Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new way to observe the inner workings and material structure of these vitally important organelles. The research, published today in Nature Chemistry, could lead to a host of new scientific applications, as well as a better understanding of diseases such as cancer, Huntington's and ALS.

"They're like little drops of water: They flow, they have all the properties of a liquid, similar to raindrops," said Rohit Pappu, the Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering at Washington University's School of Engineering & Applied Science. "However, these droplets are comprised of protein that come together with RNA (ribonucleic) molecules."

In the past, peering into organelles has proven difficult, due to their tiny size. Clifford Brangwynne, associate professor in chemical and biological engineering at Princeton's School of Engineering and Applied Science, and his collaborators, developed a new techniquecalled ultrafast scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or usFCSto get an up-close assessment of the concentrations within and probe the porosity of facsimiles of membraneless organelles. The approach uses sound-waves to control a microscope's ability to move and then obtain calibration-free measurements of concentrations inside membraneless organelles.

In their research, Brangwynne and his team, including postdoctoral researchers Ming-Tzo Wei and Shana Elbaum-Garfinkle, used cells taken from a roundworm. With usFCS, they were able to measure protein concentrations inside organelles formed by the specific protein, LAF-1. This protein is responsible for producing p-granules, which are protein assemblies responsible for polarizing a cell prior to division. Once the Princeton researchers were able to clearly peek into the organelles and view the LAF-1, what they found surprised them.

"We found that instead of being densely packed droplets, these are very low density, permeable structures," Brangwynne said. "It was not the expected result."

That's when Washington University's Pappu and his graduate research assistant Alex Holehouse tried to make sense of the surprising findings from the Princeton group. Pappu's lab specializes in polymer physics and modeling of membraneless organelles.

"We were able to basically swim inside the organelles to determine how much room is actually available. While we expected to see a crowded swimming pool, we found one with plenty of room, and water. We're starting to realize that these droplets are not all going to be the same," Pappu said.

In the case of the LAF-1 organelles, the researchers found the formation of ultra-dilute droplets derives from information encoded in the intrinsically disordered regions of these protein sequences. The features of that sequence ensure that this protein is a highly floppy molecule, rather like cooked spaghetti, lacking the ability to fold into a specific, well-defined structure. In contrast, in other organelles formed by different proteins, the material properties are more like those of toothpaste or ketchup. Brangwynne and Pappu are continuing to collaborate to figure out how different protein sequences encode the ability to form droplets with very different material properties. This work has direct implications for understanding biological functions of membraneless organelles and for understanding how changes to these material properties give rise to diseases such as neurodegeneration or cancers.

"There is an explosion of engineering applications and transformations for mechanistic cell biology that are on the horizon. These advancements will be accessible as we learn more about the foundation of these organelles and how their amino acid sequence determines material properties and function," Pappu said. "These organelles are doing remarkable things inside cells, and a really neat question is: How can we mimic them?"

Pappu says one day, researchers could hack the design principles of organelles to fashion everything from intracellular chemistry labs to tiny drug delivery vehicles and imaging agents. Aside from the practical applications, there are also potential implications for understanding and diagnosing a whole host of diseases.

"It is essential to be able to understand how one can regulate the functions of these droplets," Pappu said. "If we succeed, the impact could be transformative: It's not just cancer, it's neurodegeneration, about developmental disorders, and even the fundamentals of cell biology."

Explore further: Ending a century of intrigue around 'membraneless' cell compartments

More information: Phase behaviour of disordered proteins underlying low density and high permeability of liquid organelles, Nature Chemistry (2017). DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2803

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Detecting diluteness: New experimental and theoretical approaches 'dive into the pool' of membranes organelles - Phys.Org

The games scientists play – Lethbridge Herald

By Martin, Tijana on June 26, 2017.

Tijana Martin

Lethbridge Herald

tmartin@lethbridgeherald.com

An unusual pair of third-year classes from the University of Lethbridge recently joined forces to complete a project.

Students from Biochemistry 3300 and New Media 3310 Game Design, Theory and Production, have created two new games after being put in touch through the Agility program.

According to the University, biochemistry professor H.J. Wieden suggested a game might help his students better understand the 3300 course, which is essential for those to understand the metabolic process and synthetic biology.

This is probably the most hated subject matter in all of biochemistry because it is so much material, said Widen in a press release. I thought one way of interacting with it might be putting it into game play so that you could engage with the material.

This year, he asked PhD student Taylor Sheahan to run with his idea and so she made her way to the Agility Lab in hopes of getting 3D game tokens designed.

From there, she met James Graham, who teaches the 3310 Game Design, Theory and Production class.

They had the science but were finding it challenging to insert game play into it, said Graham. We talk about games as systems, they are not just processes that happen, so thats where it has a really nice overlay. You can take the matrix of game design as a system and overlay the science as a system and see how that matrix can be made to line up and then connect that to people in a way that makes science understandable and enjoyable.

At first, the students struggled to find a common language, but Sheahan saw that as a benefit for the biochemistry students. They had to really focus on using layman terms as well as understand the overall concept of how everything fit together so that it would make sense, said Sheahan.

They were trying to communicate complex scientific systems, the metabolic process, in a way that was not didactic and boring, said Graham. My students had to educate themselves to understand the science.

Grahams class of 12 was split into two working groups. One group designed a non-competitive, narrative-based game aimed at Grade 11 students, while the others focused on a ompetitive game designed for third-year biochemistry students, which Sheahan expects will be used in next years class.

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The games scientists play - Lethbridge Herald