THE use of artificial insemination in Australian beef herds is accelerating dramatically, and surprisingly the biggest increase is being seen in commercial herds.

Beef seedstock herds have traditionally been the biggest users of AI as they attempt to more efficiently multiply superior genetics.

Bovine semen marketing industry veteran Bill Cornell, who for the past 14 years has headed the beef division of ABS Australia, said unit sales of beef semen for the company had doubled over the past two years, and there was no sign of the trend abating.

Bill Cornell

Its just been amazing the response in terms of dollar turnover domestically for beef semen for us, he said.

Fixed time AI and confidence in Breedplan are the main reasons commercial producers are prepared to take on AI programs aimed at introducing superior genetics into their herds.

While the swing to AI may raise questions as to the number of bulls required for natural matings, back-up bulls are still required and seedstock producers will still be rewarded when they breed a potential donor bull combining superior phenotype and Breedplan figures.

And in more good news for Australian seedstock producers, two out of every three beef semen units sold in Australia today is produced domestically. In addition, Australia now exports more beef semen than it imports.

Australia has developed a strong reputation worldwide as the developer of superior genetics, the result of the preparedness of Australian seedstock producers over many years to use the best genetics available globally and Australias highly-regarded Breedplan performance recording system that can describe those genetics, Mr Cornell said.

Australian-based semen producing companies are buying, leasing or making partnership arrangements with more and more Australian seedstock producers to generate product to satisfy increasing demand.

At the top end was the sale of the Angus bull Millah Murrah Kingdom for $150,000 a couple of years ago, to a syndicate comprising Angus studs Ascot, Gilmandyke and Witherswood, and ABS Australia. The stud syndicate members have the paddock rights, while ABS Australia controls the semen rights world-wide.

Kingdoms sales have gone really well, not only in Australia but to several overseas countries. There are calves on the ground showing great promise, said Mr Cornell.

ABS Global and sister company Genus is the worlds largest provider of domesticated livestock semen and also head the lists as the largest providers of beef bovine semen.

Fixed time AI is all the rage in commercial beef herds performing artificial breeding programs, meaning no more tedious and often erroneous heat detection.

While overall well-being, being properly vaccinated, well managed and on a rising plane of nutrition are still important in getting females in calf in AI programs, the seven day co-sync program results in good conception rates with only three visits to the yards.

Australia is now punching above its weight in the semen production industry relative to its beef herd size

The program can differ slightly for heifers and cows, but basically it comprises CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Release, based on progesterone) input on day 1, seven days later remove the CIDR and treat with prostaglandin and 2.5 days later AI and treat with GNRH.

ABS Globals conception average is 58pc to the first AI, the company says. Producers using the system for the first time may achieve a 45-50pc conception rate while the experienced operator on their fifth or sixth run can achieve up to 65pc success rates.

Australia is now punching above its weight in the semen production industry relative to its beef herd population, and now sells semen to around 22 countries, Mr Cornell said.

We now export more semen than we import, he said.

Mr Cornell also listed Australias disease-free status as a reason for Australias attraction as a semen supplier.

Of all the countries that we export to, the United Kingdom would be the hardest because of their IBR requirements, he said.

Many bulls fail the UKs IBR test, but they are mainly the older bulls. If a bull is 12-14 months old and been running in groups of similarly aged bulls, they are generally OK.

But older bulls that have been out in the paddock with cows have a bigger chance of testing positive. Interestingly some farms and even some districts dont seem to test positive for IBR, Mr Cornell said.

Excerpt from:
Weekly genetics review: Dramatic increase seen in AI use - Beef Central

An animatronic baby at the London Science Museum. Photo: Getty

Its a nightmare scenario straight out of a primetime drama: a child-seeking couple visits a fertility clinic to try their luck within-vitro fertilization, only to wind up accidentally impregnated by the wrong sperm.

In a fascinating legal case out of Singapore, the countrys Supreme Court ruled that this situation doesnt just constitute medical malpractice. The fertility clinic, the court recently ruled, must pay the parents 30% of upkeep costs for the child for a loss of genetic affinity. In other words, the clinic must pay the parents child support not only because they made a terrible medical mistake, but because the child didnt wind up with the right genes.

At a time when rapidly advancing science and technology puts things like genetically engineering embryos to prevent disease in the realm of reality, the case sets an intriguing precedent. First, it places a monetary value on the amount of DNA that a child shares with their parents. And it suggests that the base genetic makeup of a child can actually be wrong.

Its suggesting that the child itself has something wrong with it, genetically, and that it has monetary value attached to it, Todd Kuiken, a senior research scholar with the Genetic Engineering and Society Center at North Carolina State University, told Gizmodo. They attached damages to the genetic makeup of the child, rather than the mistake. Thats the part that makes it uncomfortable. This can take you in all sort of fucked up directions.

In the court case in question, the couple underwent a successful IVF procedure at Thomson Medical Centre in Singapore and gave birth to a healthy baby girl in 2010. Soon, though, the couple suspected something was amiss. Their daughters features seemed markedly different from their own, and different from those of their first child. A genetic test soon confirmed that their daughter was related to her mother, but not her father. The center then confirmed a mistake: An anonymous donors sperm had accidentally been used to inseminate the mothers egg. The couple were of Chinese and German heritage. But the genetic father of their daughter was Indian.

The couple sued the medical center, seeking damages including child care costs through the age of 21. The court ultimately granted those damages, setting a new legal standard. Whether were related to our kids, the court found, is highly valued in societyit is, after all, the reason so many people spend so much time and money on IVF procedures in the first place.

Interestingly, the court settled on establishing a new category of lossgenetic affinityin order to avoid sending the message that the childs birth itself was a mistake, a basis upon which courts often deny wrongful birth claims. These cases often arise when, say, one parent has been sterilized but a couple gets pregnant anyway. In a wrongful fertilization case in New York, the state supreme court found that it cannot be said, as a matter of public policy, that the birth of a healthy child constitutes a harm cognizable at law.

In the Singaporean case, however, the court disagreed. Parents, they found, have a legal right to share traits like eye color and skin color with their children. The court made that determination relying on an obscure 1999 law review article that argues parents have an interest in having children with whom they share symbolically identifying traits. This on its own raises all kinds of questions.

Does this mean that adopted children are more or less valuable? said Kuiken. Or you can imagine a divorce scenario in which child support is determined by what percentage of genes a parent shares with the child. Or blame is placed on one parent for a child inheriting a particular disease.

According to Eleonore Pauwels, a science policy expert at the Wilson Center, the ruling defines kinship as something thats only skin deep. Defining someone by their genotype is the most reductionist way you can look at an identity, said Pauwels told Gizmodo. Genetic affinity is such a superficial concept. It questions the very basis of what makes someone a parent.

But the problems this ruling raises extend beyond genetic affinity. In creating this new category of loss, the court sought to avoid suggesting there was something inherently wrong with the childs birth, but the ruling suggests specific genetic traits are more valuable than others all the same.

Pauwels said that for her this brings to mind one particular quote in the 1997 sci-fi film Gattaca: They used to say that a child conceived in love has a greater chance of happiness. They dont say that anymore.

This sets the stage for much more personalized, genome-level discrimination, she said.

What if, for example, a mother found out she had a devastating mitochondrial disease a underwent the controversial three-parent baby technique to avoid passing that DNA on to her child, and it failed? Could she sue for the childs DNAits existencebeing incorrect? Further down the line, should science and the law ever allow parents to select specific genetic traits, could you sue if your kid had the wrong eye color, or a lower-than-expected IQ? If you engineered a child, and it wound up having more genetic affinity with one parent than the other, does that constitute some kind of loss?

This opens up a dangerous box that when we start talking about editing the human genome, Kuiken said. A ruling like this places value on the specific genetic makeup of a child.

Obviously, the parents in the Singaporean case were at the wrong end of a devastating medical mistake. But in ruling that the genes their child wound up with warrant financial reward in a court of law, the court is placing a value on her genes, whether intended or not. And that is the top of one very slippery slope.

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Do Parents Have a Right to Sue Over Their Kids' Genetics? - Gizmodo