The Discovery of Hepatitis C The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine nejm.org
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The role of the microbiota in human genetic adaptation – Science
Getting to the guts of local evolution
The microbiota of mammals is a product of coevolution. However, humans exhibit a range of adaptive peculiarities that can be quite geographically specific. The human microbiota also displays a variety of community compositions and a range of overlapping and redundant metabolic characteristics that can alter host physiology. For example, lactase persistence is a genetic characteristic of European populations, but in populations lacking the lactase gene, milk sugar digestion is endowed by the microbiota instead. Suzuki and Ley review the evidence for the role that the microbiota plays in local adaptation to new and changing human circumstances.
Science, this issue p. eaaz6827
When human populations expanded across the globe, they adapted genetically to local environments in response to novel selection pressures. Drivers of selection include exposure to new diets, climates, or pathogens. Humans harbor microbiotas that also respond to changes in local conditions and changes in their hosts. As a result, microbiotas may alter the adaptive landscape of the host through modification of the environment. Examples include changes to a foods nutritional value, the hosts tolerance to cold or low amounts of oxygen, or susceptibility to invading pathogens. By buffering or altering drivers of selection, the microbiota may change host phenotypes without coevolution between host and microbiota. Functions of the microbiota that are beneficial to the host may arise randomly or be acquired from the environment. These beneficial functions can be selected without the host exerting genetic control over them. Hosts may evolve the means to maintain beneficial microbes or to pass them to offspring, which will affect the heritability and transmission modes of these microbes. Examples in humans include the digestion of lactose via lactase activity (encoded by the LCT gene region) in adults and the digestion of starch by salivary amylase (encoded by the AMY1 gene)both are adaptations resulting from shifts in diet. The allelic variation of these genes also predicts compositional and functional variation of the gut microbiota. Such feedback between host alleles and microbiota function has the potential to influence variation in the same adaptive trait in the host. How the microbiota modifies host genetic adaptation remains to be fully explored.
In this paper, we review examples of human adaptations to new environments that indicate an interplay between host genes and the microbiota, and we examine in detail the LCTBifidobacterium and the AMY1Ruminococcus interactions. In these examples, the adaptive host allele and adaptive microbial functions are linked. We propose host mechanisms that can replace or recruit beneficial microbiota functions during local adaptation. Finally, we search for additional examples where microbiotas are implicated in human genetic adaptations, in which the genetic basis of adaptation is well described. These range from dietary adaptations, where host and microbial enzymes can metabolize the same dietary components (e.g., fatty acid and alcohol metabolism), through climate-related adaptations, where host and microbes can induce the same physiological pathway (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, skin pigmentation, and blood pressure regulation), to adaptations where hosts and microbes defend against the same local pathogens (e.g., resistance to malaria, cholera, and others). These examples suggest that microbiota has the potential to affect host evolution by modifying the adaptive landscape without requiring coevolution.
Well-studied examples of local adaptation across diverse host species can be revisited to elucidate previously unappreciated roles for the microbiota in host-adaptive evolution. In the context of human adaptation, knowledge of microbial functions and host genemicrobe associations is heavily biased toward observations made in Western populations, as these have been the most intensively studied to date. Testing many of the interactions proposed in this Review between host genes under selection and the microbiota will require a wider geographic scope of populations in their local contexts. Because genes under strong selection in humans are often involved in metabolic and other disorders and can vary between populations, future investigations of host genemicrobe interactions that relate to human adaptation may contribute to a deeper understanding of microbiota-related diseases in specific populations. Investigating host genemicrobe interactions in a wider variety of human populations will also help researchers go beyond collections of anecdotes to form the basis of a theory that takes microbial contributions to host adaptation into account in a formal framework. A better understanding of reciprocal interactions between the host genome and microbiota in the context of adaptive evolution will add another dimension to our understanding of human evolution as we moved with our microbes through time and space.
When human populations adapt genetically to new environments, their microbiotas may also participate in the process. Microbes can evolve faster than their host, which allows them to respond quickly to environmental change. They also filter the hosts environment, thereby altering selective pressures on the host. Illustrated here are examples of interactions between adaptive host alleles and adaptive microbiota functions where the microbiota likely modified the adaptive landscape in response to changes in diet (e.g., changes in levels of starch and milk consumption), exposure to local pathogens (e.g., malaria parasites and Plasmodium spp.), and changes in local climate (e.g., cold stress and hypoxia). In this paper, we discuss the resulting relationships between host-adaptive alleles and microbiota functions.
As human populations spread across the world, they adapted genetically to local conditions. So too did the resident microorganism communities that everyone carries with them. However, the collective influence of the diverse and dynamic community of resident microbes on host evolution is poorly understood. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota varies among individuals and displays a range of sometimes redundant functions that modify the physicochemical environment of the host and may alter selection pressures. Here we review known human traits and genes for which the microbiota may have contributed or responded to changes in host diet, climate, or pathogen exposure. Integrating hostmicrobiota interactions in human adaptation could offer new approaches to improve our understanding of human health and evolution.
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The role of the microbiota in human genetic adaptation - Science
Aid to Navajo Nation is aim of talented biochemistry graduate – ASU Now
November 30, 2020
Editor's note:This story is part of a series of profiles ofnotable fall 2020 graduates.
Fall 2020 graduate Cindy Bonilla-Cirocco says her peers should always keep an open mind about their studies and career path. Fall 2020 graduate Cindy Bonilla-Cirocco will be receiving her PhD in Latin American literature and culture in December. Earlier this year, she successfully defended her dissertation on the Caliwood movement of the 1970s in Colombian cinema. Download Full Image
I would encourage students not to limit themselves and to do their research about what other options are out there, said Bonilla-Cirocco, who will be receiving her PhD in Latin American literature and culture. You never know when you may find a great opportunity you werent expecting if you keep yourself open to it!
Luckily, Bonilla-Cirocco took her own advice.
Midway through the process of researching and writing her dissertation, she enrolled in a Latin American film course taught by Spanish Professor Cynthia Tompkins that changed the course of her doctoral studies. After writing a paper about the 2015 documentary film "Todo comenz por el fin (It All Started at the End)" by Colombian director Luis Ospina, Bonilla-Cirocco switched her dissertation topic from Latin American graphic novels to Colombian cinema.
I was immediately drawn to his work and wanted to know more, she said. It was a drastic change, and I had to essentially learn all about Latin American cinema, as well as Colombian cinema, on the fly as I wrote my dissertation.
With Tompkins assistance, Bonilla-Cirocco published her paper about It All Started at the End in the academic journalConfluencia from the University of Northern Colorado. She then developed it into her dissertation by including additional research and analysis on Ospina and other members of the young and subversive Caliwood filmmaking collective that he was a part of in the 1970s, including Carlos Mayolo.
Bonilla-Cirocco succeeds in highlighting the political commitment of these filmmakers, who risked international success by rejecting and lampooning the Colombian pornomiseria movies of the time that profited from showing the most sordid aspects of the third world, both in terms of the production of a movie as well as penning a manifesto of their own, said Tompkins, who also served as Bonilla-Cirocco's dissertation committee chair.
Bonilla-Cirocco said she was determined to convey her newly discovered passion for Colombian cinema in her dissertation, which she successfully defended in October.
This was a challenging task, and at times I felt overwhelmed, but I knew what my end goal was and I refused to let so many years of hard work and intellectual growth go to waste, Bonilla-Cirocco said. Finishing my dissertation is one of the proudest moments of my life.
During her time at ASU, Bonilla-Cirocco volunteered at various events, such as the School of International Letters and Cultures Language Fair and Homecoming, where she represented SILCs Spanish Department. She also was a member of the organizing committee for ASUs Hispanic Heritage Month celebration, which involved connecting with Spanish-speaking communities around the Valley to showcase various cultures. Bonilla-Cirocco, who was raised in Colombia, served as a liaison to the local Colombian community in particular.
Cindy has an incredible work ethic. She is unassuming, diligent, always well prepared and very professional, said Associate Professor of Spanish Jess Rosales. I believe that Cindy is a socially concerned scholar who is committed to sharing her knowledge, not only with fellow academics, but also with underprivileged communities unable to receive a university education.
Bonilla-Cirocco chose to complete her doctoral studies at ASU after first earning her bachelors degree due to the distinguished reputation of the Spanish program. Doing so allowed her to accept a position as a teaching assistant for Spanish courses at all levels, as well as working as a research assistant for Regents Professor of Spanish David William Foster.
Foster was the original chair of Bonilla-Cirocco's dissertation committee before he diedearlier this year, and he had served as a mentor to her for many years.
There was no better example of a person who was deeply committed to and passionate about his work and his students, Bonilla-Cirocco said. I am honored to have known and worked under him, and I learned things from him that I will remember for the rest of my life."
Bonilla-Cirocco is grateful that Tompkins, who was a member of her dissertation committee at the time, was able to step up into the role of chair and guide her to completing her dissertation and graduating this fall.
While the dissertation is a tribute to the Caliwood movement in general, Bonilla-Cirocco's work is essential in filling a gap in Colombian national cinema, Tompkins said. Im happy to report that Cindy managed to convey her project to Ospina, one of the directors she wrote about, prior to his death in 2019.
After graduating in December, Bonilla-Cirocco hopes to pursue a job in the Foreign Service with the U.S. Department of State. Shes also considering work in academia.
When I entered (the School of International Letters and Cultures) as a graduate student, a professor told me that these would be the best years of my life. I can say now, without a shadow of doubt, that these years here at (ASU) have been the most memorable so far, Bonilla-Cirocco said. During my time at (the school), I grew as an individual, as an intellectual and as an educator.
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Aid to Navajo Nation is aim of talented biochemistry graduate - ASU Now
Excerpt: Darwinism and Design – Discovery Institute
Editors note: We are delighted to celebrate the publication of the new book A Mousetrap for Darwin: Michael J. Behe Answers His Critics. What follows is an excerpt. Darwinism and Design was published originally as a letter to the editor in Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12, No. 6 (June 1997): 229.
Authors note: One of the earliest reviews of my book Darwins Black Box was by Oxford evolutionary biologist Tom Cavalier-Smith. I had discussed some of his musings rather unfavorably in the book, and he returned the favor in the review.
In his review of my book Darwins Black Box, which is critical of Darwinian theory, Tom Cavalier-Smith alternates between calling me ignorant and calling me deceitful, but finally seems to conclude that I am intentionally dishonest because of my religious views. I do not wish to descend into acrimony, so let me state plainly that my religious convictions can easily accommodate a Darwinian explanation for life, and I said so in my book. I have no motive, religious or otherwise, to be dishonest. I wrote the book (which I knew would be controversial) out of a straightforward, professional conviction that many complex biochemical systems are beyond Darwinian explanation.
Well, I am not dishonest, but am I ignorant? Perhaps so. No one can be completely in command of the literature, and I would be very happy to be shown citations to published work explaining in detail how complex biochemical systems evolved by natural selection. However, Professor Cavalier-Smith says there is no such work: For none of the cases mentioned by Behe is there yet a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the probable steps in the evolution of the observed complexity. The problems have indeed been sorely neglected. Yet he thinks that, even if detailed explanations are unavailable, general explanations are in hand. He cites ten references in his review. Of the ten, half refer to his own work, only four are published in this decade, and only two are reports of original research. From my point of view, in all of the cited papers the evolutionary explanation takes the form System X developed because it would help the cell to do Y, without noticing the difficulties of making X by a blind process. Its like saying, Air conditioners developed to enable more people to work indoors in the summertime.
Much of the difficulty arises in the differing standards that different disciplines have for what constitutes an explanation. Biochemists require molecular detail. Cavalier-Smith, however, does not. (Indeed, he even castigates Trends in Biochemical Sciences for noticing engineering design in biochemical systems.) Darwinian evolution, though, would necessarily have to take place at the nut-and-bolt molecular level, the domain of biochemistry. A Darwinian evolutionary explanation, therefore, has to be a detailed biochemical explanation. None currently exist. By itself this fact doesnt justify the conclusion of intelligent design that I reach. (I also advance other arguments for design in my book.) But by itself the absence of detailed Darwinian explanations should provoke more thoughtfulness than was shown in Cavalier-Smiths review.
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Chemistry Seminar on ‘Calixpyrrole Ligands for Renewable Energy Applications’ Dec. 7 – University of Arkansas Newswire
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Peter Sues
Peter Sues of Kansas State University will give a virtual seminar titled "Leveraging the Power of Multiple Metal Centers via Calixpyrrole Ligands for Renewable Energy Applications"on Zoomfrom 3:30-4:30p.m. Central on Monday, Dec. 7. The talk is free and open to the public.
Peter Sues joined the chemistry department at Kansas State University in August 2017. A native Torontonian, he received an Honours Bachelor of Science at the University of Toronto while majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. As an undergraduate student, he worked in the laboratory of Prof. Douglas W. Stephan exploring the chemistry of Frustrated Lewis Pairs.
He continued his education at the University of Toronto earning a doctorate under the mentorship of Prof. Robert H. Morris. His Ph.D. research focused on a variety of projects including the development of iron-based hydrogenation catalysts and the chemistry of ruthenium complexes with highly strained phosphine ligands.
Peter subsequently joined the laboratory of Prof. Richard R. Schrock at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral research associate. There, he expanded his chemical knowledge while working on tungsten- and molybdenum-based olefin metathesis catalysts.
Using his skills as an inorganic and organometallic chemist, he currently studies the development of novel catalytic systems for renewable energy applications and olefin metathesis that make use of sustainable resources.
Stockpiling the energy harvested from intermittent renewable sources in chemical bonds is an integral part of creating a sustainable energy economy. Abundant small molecules, such as N2, O2, CO2, H2O, etc., will play a pivotal role in this area as their reduction and oxidation will be key in generating power on an as-needed basis. Activating these substrates, however, is a kinetically challenging endeavour that requires multi-electron and multi-proton processes. Very few homogeneous catalysts are capable of effecting these transformations, and those that can largely rely on rare and expensive platinum group metals.
Natural systems, on the other hand, can activate small molecules efficiently using base metals. This is achieved through the use of multiple metal centers working in concert. Additionally, metalloenzymes are adept at controlling the orientation of small molecule binding and at protecting reactive intermediates by providing a sheltered active site for chemical transformations. Using natural systems as inspiration, the Sues groupenvisions utilizing multiple metal centers to activate small molecules through cooperative, multi-electron mechanisms. To do this, new ligand architectures are needed.
The Sues group uses calixpyrroles as they are synthetically facile and share some of the same characteristics as metalloenzymes: they can optimize the orientation of small molecule binding and increase catalyst stability by sheltering reactive intermediates in a supramolecular "catalytic cleft". This presentation will explore the synthesis of new calixpyrrole ligands and metal complexes.
To attend the seminar,please visit the Zoom link.Meeting ID: 858 0124 6081Passcode: Fall@2020
Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Industry Research Report, Growth Trends and Competitive Analysis 2020-2027: Abbott, Danaher, Hitachi, Roche, Siemens,…
This report studies theAutomated Biochemistry Analyzersmarketwith many aspects of the industry like the market size, market status, market trends and forecast, the report also provides brief information of the competitors and the specific growth opportunities with key market drivers. Find the complete Automated Biochemistry Analyzers market analysis segmented by companies, region, type and applications in the report.
New vendors in the market are facing tough competition from established international vendors as they struggle with technological innovations, reliability and quality issues. The report will answer questions about the current market developments and the scope of competition, opportunity cost and more.
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This report focuses on the globalAutomated Biochemistry Analyzersstatus, future forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players. The study objectives are to present the Automated Biochemistry Analyzers development inUnited States, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, and Central & South America.
Market segment by Type, the product can be split into
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TheAutomated Biochemistry Analyzersmarket research report completely covers the vital statistics of the capacity, production, value, cost/profit, supply/demand import/export, further divided by company and country, and by application/type for best possible updated data representation in the figures, tables, pie chart, and graphs. These data representations provide predictive data regarding the future estimations for convincing market growth. The detailed and comprehensive knowledge about our publishers makes us out of the box in case of market analysis.
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Chapter 2:Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market Data Analysis
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Chapter 7:Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Key Manufacturers
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Chapter 10:Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Development Trend Analysis
Chapter 11:Global Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Market New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
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Automated Biochemistry Analyzers Industry Research Report, Growth Trends and Competitive Analysis 2020-2027: Abbott, Danaher, Hitachi, Roche, Siemens,...
Biochemistry Analysers Market Thriving Growth during Forecast 2020-2028 with Leading Players Vetter Pharma, Ypsomed, SCHOTT, Nipro, Lyophilization…
Biochemistry Analyser is a medical device that uses the pale yellow supernatant portion (serum) of a centrifuged blood sample or a urine sample and contains reactions using reagents to measure various components, such as sugar, cholesterol, protein, enzyme, etc.
Due to the pandemic, we have included a special section on the Impact of COVID 19 on the Biochemistry Analysers Market which would mention How the Covid-19 is affecting the Biochemistry Analysers Industry, Market Trends and Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape, Covid-19 Impact on Key Regions and Proposal for Biochemistry Analysers Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact
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The Biochemistry Analysers Market report covers all the elements and offerings quantitative and qualitative statistics about its basics on a global as well as provincial level. It offers a comprehensive overview of the global market along with the market influencing factors. Furthermore, it offers an in-depth description of the global market with respect to the dynamics of the market such as internal and external driving forces, restraining factors, risks, challenges, threats, and opportunities.
In addition, the report is wide-ranging of information on key pillars such as propellers and restraints which also help to understand the changeable trends of industries. The report further also underlines highlights recent trends, tools, and technology platforms that are facilitating to upsurge the performance of the companies.
The Top Key players of Biochemistry Analysers Market:
URIT Medical Electronic, ELITechGroup, Danaher, EKF Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics, Spinreact, Mindray
The Biochemistry Analysers Market segmentation by Type:
The Biochemistry Analysers Market segmentation by Application:
The Biochemistry Analysers Market segmentation by Region:
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It also offers a comparative study of the Biochemistry Analysers Market to recognize the difference in performance among global competitors. Also, it represents how those competitors competing against each others to drive the trades rapidly. Researchers present enlightening information in a flawless and professional manner. Historical growth rate, as well as forecasted rate, is also mentioned in the report.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. Biochemistry Analysers Market Overview
Chapter 2. Market Competition by Players / Suppliers
Chapter 3. Sales and Revenue by Regions
Chapter 4. Sales and Revenue by Type
Chapter 5. Biochemistry Analysers Market Sales and revenue by Application
Chapter 6. Market Players profiles and sales data
Chapter 7. Manufacturing Cost Analysis
Chapter 8. Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Down Stream Buyers
Chapter 9. Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
Chapter 10. Biochemistry Analysers Market effective factors Analysis
Chapter 11. Market Size and Forecast
Chapter12. Conclusion
Chapter13. Appendix
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Biochemistry Analysers Market Thriving Growth during Forecast 2020-2028 with Leading Players Vetter Pharma, Ypsomed, SCHOTT, Nipro, Lyophilization...
Itaconic Acid Market Growing Technology Opportunities and Future Business Trends to 2030 Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co LTD, Itaconix Corporation -…
Itaconic acid is also known as methylidenesuccinic acid and is an organic compound. It is a while solid that is able to dissolve in acetone, ethanol, and water. Initially, itaconic acid could be only obtained from the distillation process of citric acid, but presently, it can be obtained from the fermentation process. Methylidenesuccinic acid or itaconic acid is the more popularly understood as a precursor, especially for the synthesis of polymer and is importantly included in the several industrial processes for decades together. The latest surprising discovery found out that the said acid can potentially play a crucial role as immune-supportive metabolite in the mammalian immune cells, wherein it is synthesized from citric acid cycle (intermediatecis-aconitic acid) as antimicrobial compound.
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Market Breakdown:
The Global Itaconic Acid Market is categorized on the basis of product, application, end use, and region. Every segment is further sub-segmented with details on the leading segment and potential segment in the forthcoming years. Experts have accurately mentioned statistics associated with the vital report information like current demand, demographic details on key regions, import and export status, price preference, and consumer buying behavior.
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In-depth Segmentations of Itaconic Acid Market report :
Itaconic Acid Market by Key Players:
AEKYUNG PETROCHEMICAL Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Guoguang Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co., LTD., Itaconix Corporation, IWATA CHEMICAL CO., LTD., Chengdu Jinkai Biology Engineering Co., Ltd and Ronas Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd, among others.
Itaconic Acid Market by Types:
Methyl MethacrylatePolyitaconic AcidStyrene Butadiene
Itaconic Acid Market by Applications:
Synthetic LatexChillant Dispersant AgentSBR LatexSuperabsorbent Polymers
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COVID-19 Impact on the Global Itaconic Acid Market:
The emergence of COVID-19 has created several disturbances in smooth functioning of businesses including production, delayed delivery of raw materials, reduced population in workspaces, supply chain interruptions, price fluctuations, and reduced demand from end users and customers. However, researchers have managed to study about the recent strategies during pandemic to avert huge losses and contribute stability of the Global Itaconic Acid Market. The report also mentions about the futuristic strategies and planning of the business owners post pandemic.
Regionally, the report described Global Itaconic Acid Market scenario in key regions including North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are well-elaborated with highlights on main aspects to help businesses involved in the market to identify opportunities, increase their clients across the globe and expand their business geographically.
The report further states recently adopted growth strategies that contributed significant Global Itaconic Acid Market growth. Some of the common growth strategies implemented by the players in the Global Itaconic Acid Market include collaborations, merger and acquisition, new product development, innovations, and product campaigns. Report also encompasses company profiles, financial information, recent developments, latest news, and more.
What are the key Global Itaconic Acid Market drivers and restraints?
The key insights of the Global Itaconic Acid Market report:
Table of Contents:
Section 1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Regulatory Scenario by Region/Country
1.4 Market Investment Scenario Strategic
1.5 Market Analysis by Type
1.5.1 Global HR Core Administration Software Market Share by Type
1.6. Global HR Core Administration Software Market Share by Application
1.7 Global Itaconic Acid Market Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
1.7.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
1.7.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Global Itaconic Acid Market Development
Section 2 Global Market Growth Trends
2.1 Industry Trends
2.1.1 SWOT Analysis
2.1.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
2.2 Potential Market and Growth Potential Analysis
Section 3 Value Chain of Global Itaconic Acid Market
3.1 Value Chain Status
3.2 Itaconic Acid Market Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
3.2.1 Production Process Analysis
3.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of HR Core Administration Software
3.2.3 Labor Cost of HR Core Administration Software
3.2.3.1 Labor Cost of Itaconic Acid Market Under COVID-19
3.3 Sales and Marketing Model Analysis
3.4 Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)
3.5 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
Section 4 Players Profiles
Section 5 Global Global Itaconic Acid Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
5.1.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales by Regions
5.1.2 Global Itaconic Acid Market Revenue by Regions
5.2 North America Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Growth Rate
5.3 Europe Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Growth Rate
5.4 Asia-Pacific Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Growth Rate
5.5 Middle East and Africa Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Growth Rate
5.6 South America Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Growth Rate
Section 6 Global Global Itaconic Acid Market Segment by Types
6.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types
6.1.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Market Share by Types
6.1.2 Global Itaconic Acid Market Revenue and Market Share by Types
Section 7 Global Global Itaconic Acid Market Segment by Applications
7.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications
7.1.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales and Market Share by Applications
7.1.2 Global Itaconic Acid Market Revenue and Market Share by Applications
Section 8 Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast by Regions
8.1 Global Itaconic Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate
8.2 Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast by Regions
8.2.1 North America Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast
8.2.2 Europe Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast
8.2.3 Asia-Pacific Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast
8.2.4 Middle East and Africa Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast
8.2.5 South America Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast
8.3 Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast by Types
8.4 Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast by Applications
8.5 Global Itaconic Acid Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Section 9 Appendix
9.1 Framework
9.2 Study Data Source
9.2.1 Primary
9.2.2 Secondary
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Itaconic Acid Market Growing Technology Opportunities and Future Business Trends to 2030 Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co LTD, Itaconix Corporation -...
New AI That Predicts Shape of Proteins Could Solve 50-Year Problem – The Great Courses Daily News
By Jonny Lupsha, News Writer
According to The New York Times, a lab in London may have developed an artificial intelligence that can do a years-long task in less than a day, solving a longstanding problem of biology. For biologists, identifying the precise shape of a protein often requires months, years, or even decades of experimentation, the article said. It requires skill, intelligence, and more than a little elbow grease.
Now, an artificial intelligence lab in London has built a computer system that can do the job in a few hoursperhaps even a few minutes.
The article said that the laboratory in question, DeepMind, analyzes a string of amino acids that make up a protein and then rapidly and reliably predicts its shape. But why is that so important?
The study of folding proteins began in the 1950s with American biochemist Christian Anfinsen playing a key role.
The first experiments began by taking a protein out of the cell, unfolding it, and then seeing if it could refold in a test tube, independent of any cellular factors, said Dr. Kevin Ahern, Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Oregon State University. The protein Christian Anfinsen picked was the enzyme ribonuclease A, also known as RNase, which turned out to be a serendipitous choice. RNase is relatively small as proteins goabout 100 amino acidsand it is also extraordinarily stable.
Dr. Ahern said that most enzymes are very sensitive to changes in temperature or pH balance, but RNase is not. Anfinsen showed that once an enzyme is unfolded, its capable of refolding outside the cell. His work earned him the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Dr. Ahern also said that this process is called renaturation because the protein gets returned to its native or natural state.
Humanity has been studying protein folding for over 60 years. What happens when proteins fold incorrectly? As it turns out, nothing good.
These are the so-called prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or TSEs, Dr. Ahern said. Prion diseases affect humans and other animals. They are a group of degenerative disorders that affect the brain, creating microscopic holes that make the tissue look like a sponge.
He also said that one of the best-known prion diseases is bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as Mad Cow Disease. Animals that had it would exhibit behaviors that were consistent with neurological damage, and finding a common cause among them was difficult.
Stanley Prusiner at the University of California at San Francisco ultimately identified the infectious agent as a proteina proteinaceous infectious article he called a prion, Dr. Ahern said. That a protein could be infectious by itself was unheard of at the time. And [it] turned out to be a cellular protein found on the membrane of healthy cells; though its function to this day remains uncertain.
Protein misfolding causes several serious diseases and helps explain why the study of protein folding matters so much.
This article was proofread and copyedited by Angela Shoemaker, Proofreader and Copy Editor for The Great Courses Daily.
Dr. Kevin Ahern contributed to this article. Dr. Ahern is a Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Oregon State University (OSU), where he also received his PhD in Biochemistry and Biophysics.
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New AI That Predicts Shape of Proteins Could Solve 50-Year Problem - The Great Courses Daily News
Latest News:: Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market is expected to witness an exponential growth over forecast year 2020-2026| Roche, Siemens…
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Table of Contents
Report Overview:It includes major players of the global Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market covered in the research study, research scope, and Market segments by type, market segments by application, years considered for the research study, and objectives of the report.
Global Growth Trends:This section focuses on industry trends where market drivers and top market trends are shed light upon. It also provides growth rates of key producers operating in the global Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market. Furthermore, it offers production and capacity analysis where marketing pricing trends, capacity, production, and production value of the global Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market are discussed.
Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.
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Market Forecast by Consumption:The consumption and consumption value forecasts included in this section are for the global Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market as well as for key regional markets.
Value Chain and Sales Analysis:It deeply analyzes customers, distributors, sales channels, and value chain of the global Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market.
Key Findings: This section gives a quick look at important findings of the research study.
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Latest News:: Biochemical Diagnostic Reagent Market is expected to witness an exponential growth over forecast year 2020-2026| Roche, Siemens...