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Neuroscience

Nevada ENDURE seeks to improve diversity in neuroscience – Nevada Today

Neuroscience has a representation problem. Fewer students from underrepresented backgrounds pursue higher education in the field which leads to a less diverse group of neuroscience researchers, teachers and professionals. The Nevada ENDURE (Enhancing Neuroscience Diversity through Undergraduate Research Education Experiences) program, launched in January by Professors Mariann Weierich, Marian Berryhill and Dennis Mathew hopes to help break this cycle. The program provides undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds including ethnic and racial minorities, first-generation college students, students with disabilities, and economically disadvantaged students who plan to pursue doctoral training in neuroscience with intensive research training experience. The program facilitates intellectual development and removes some of the barriers to the pursuit of graduate training.

"We [are offering] students in northern Nevada the opportunity for outstanding research training in neuroscience. We anticipate increasing the competitiveness of UNR graduates from underrepresented backgrounds for doctoral training in neuroscience."

ENDURE programs are funded nationwide by the National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Professor Weierich joined the College of Science as the James K. and Lois Merritt Mikawa Distinguished Professor of Psychology in 2019 after leading an ENDURE program at the City University of New York Hunter College. Soon after arriving at the University of Nevada, Reno, she began the work to launch an ENDURE program here as well.

The University of Nevada, Reno represents an extension of the NIH/NINDS ENDURE network, through which we can offer to students in northern Nevada the opportunity for outstanding research training in neuroscience, Weierich said. We anticipate increasing the competitiveness of UNR graduates from underrepresented backgrounds for doctoral training in neuroscience. The program is brand new and were recruiting now! We plan to recruit from current TMCC and UNR neuroscience-related majors, including neuroscience, biology, and psychology (or TMCC equivalent). However, any eligible student with a plan to pursue doctoral training in neuroscience is welcome to apply. Both UNR and TMCC have a wealth of talented undergraduates from NIH-defined underrepresented backgrounds, and well ask the help of our academic communities to share information about this program.

The Nevada ENDURE Program complements Weierichs named position, the James K. and Lois Merritt Mikawa Distinguished Professor of Psychology, with a similar mission.

The Nevada ENDURE mission and the Mikawa mission overlap a bit and also complement each other, Weierich said. The Mikawa mission is to enhance ethnic and racial diversity in clinical psychology, including clinical neuroscience, and that mission encompasses training at the undergraduate and doctoral levels. Building diverse scholarly communities across research fields is key to students feeling supported and welcome, so interaction between initiatives is ideal.

Nevada ENDURE trainees begin the program in the summer before the junior year, during which they are paid to spend 40 hours per week for ten weeks ($13/hr) working in a neuroscience research lab at one of the programs summer partner institutions: UC Berkeley, UC Davis, the University of Michigan, or Stanford. During the summer before the senior year, trainees similarly conduct research at a second summer partner institution. During the junior and senior academic years, trainees are paid to work 15 hours per week ($13/hr) in a University of Nevada, Reno neuroscience research lab. They also attend a weekly seminar that provides additional training in topics including professional development, research ethics, and preparing research for presentation. Finally, trainees attend and present at research conferences including the annual Society for Neuroscience meeting. All conference expenses are paid, as are University of Nevada, Reno registration fees that remain after financial aid.

The Nevada ENDURE program provides the invitation to get engaged, smart, curious students into neuroscience labs and on the road to a career in neuroscience-related fields, Berryhill said. We know about teaching, nursing, plumbing, etc. from early on, but many careers are less familiar to us say being a neuroscientist. College is a time to learn about unfamiliar careers and to build career awareness into undergraduate training. This program gives people money and time to learn about neuroscience, which is a growth area for careers. Neuroscience has a representation problem. We need more people from underrepresented backgrounds at the table.

Along with the three program directors, Weierich, Berryhill and Mathew, there are thirteen faculty mentors with varied research interests ready to accept Nevada ENDURE students into their labs. Students will have the opportunity to explore the many niche research areas within the broader field of neuroscience. Between the directors alone, three areas of specialization are represented.

The Nevada ENDURE program is actively seeking student applicants for summer 2021. The application deadline is February 10, 2021.

I am looking forward to working together with Drs. Weierich and Berryhill, Mathew said. The three of us represent different areas of neuroscience. Dr. Weierich is an expert in clinical psychology, Dr. Berryhill comes from a cognitive neuroscience background, and I am a cellular and molecular neurobiologist. Together, we form an excellent team and will each be heavily involved in this programs success.

The Nevada ENDURE program is actively seeking applicants for the inaugural group who will spend summer 2021 engaged in neuroscience research training. Students in their sophomore year are encouraged to apply. Students interested should visit the Nevada ENDURE website and review the eligibility and application requirements. The application deadline is February 10, 2021.

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Nevada ENDURE seeks to improve diversity in neuroscience - Nevada Today

Neuroscience

BMP5/7 protein offers promising therapeutics that could halt the progression of Parkinson’s disease – News-Medical.Net

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev researchers have discovered that the protein BMP5/7 offers promising therapeutics that could slow down or halt the progression of Parkinson's disease.

The findings were published in the prestigious clinical neurology journal, Brain.

Parkinson's disease, which affects over one million people in U.S. and 10 million worldwide, causes tremors and severe movement impairment due to progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing brain cells. It is believed that the protein "alpha-synuclein," present in all human brains, misfolds and forms toxic clumps in these cells, which causes the disease.

While current Parkinson's disease therapies improve symptoms, they are not effective in advanced illness stages and, unfortunately, do not slow or cure the disease.

Dr. Claude Brodski, M.D., head of the BGU's Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, discovered that BMP5/7 signaling in neurons was significantly reduced in dopamine-producing brain cells, which could contribute to Parkinson's disease advancement.

Indeed, we found that BMP5/7 treatment can, in a Parkinson's disease mouse model, efficiently prevent movement impairments caused by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and reverse the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. These findings are very promising, since they suggest that BMP5/7 could slow or stop Parkinson's disease progression. Currently, we are focusing all our efforts on bringing our discovery closer to clinical application."

Dr Claude Brodski, M.D, Head of Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

BGN Technologies, Ben-Gurion University's technology transfer company, has filed several patent applications covering this breakthrough discovery.

Dr. Galit Mazooz Perlmuter, senior vice president of business development, bio-pharma at BGN Technologies, notes, "There is a vast need for new therapies to treat Parkinson's disease, especially in advanced stages of the disease. Dr. Brodski's findings, although still in their early stages, offer a disease-modified drug target that will address this devastating condition. We are now seeking an industry partner for further development of this patent pending invention."

Source:

Journal reference:

Vitic, Z., et al. (2020) BMP5/7 protect dopaminergic neurons in an -synuclein mouse model of Parkinsons disease. Brain. doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa368.

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BMP5/7 protein offers promising therapeutics that could halt the progression of Parkinson's disease - News-Medical.Net

Human Behavior

Neuroscientists Find Thin Line Between Love and Hate in the Mouse Brain – SciTechDaily

Mounting behavior, that awkward thrusting motion dogs sometimes do against your leg, is usually associated with sexual arousal in animals, but this is not always the case. New research by Caltech neuroscientists that explores the motivations behind mounting behavior in mice finds that sometimes there is a thin line between love and hate (or anger) in the mouse brain.

The research, which appears in the journal Nature, was conducted in the lab of David Anderson, the Seymour Benzer Professor of Biology, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience Leadership Chair, investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and director of the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience.

Our lab is interested in understanding how social behaviors and underlying emotional states are controlled by the brain, explains lead author Tomomi Karigo, a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech. While we were studying social behaviors in mice, we sometimes noticed that male mice would mount other males, in a way similar to how they would mount females, Karigo says.

It was unclear whether these male mice tried to mate with a male because they simply mistook it for a female or if they knew it was a male but intended to establish dominance over it. The researchers hoped to understand whether a male mouse mounting another male mouse reflects a different intent than a mouse mounting a female mouse, and how mounting behavior is regulated in the brain.

To find out, the researchers first recorded videos of males mounting both male and female mice. Using machine learning, a type of software that learns and adapts through experience, they analyzed the videos to see whether there was anything different in the mounting behavior that was exhibited toward a male versus that toward a female mouse. The machine-learning analysis revealed no obvious difference in the mechanics of the mounting behavior.

The researchers then looked for other clues in the mounting males behavior that might differentiate female-focused versus male-focused mounting.

One clue was that male mice appear to sing to females while mating with them. These songs, known as ultrasonic vocalizations, are too high-pitched for humans to hear, but can be picked up with a special microphone. Karigo and the team found that mounting mice sing only to female mice, not to males. In addition, when a male is mounting another male, the two animals usually end up fighting after a short period of mounting. This does not happen in the case of a female mounting partner.

These results suggested that mounting behavior toward a female has a different meaning than mounting behavior toward a male. Specifically, mounting toward a male is probably the expression of dominance or mild anger (aggressive mounting) and not a reproductive (or so-called affiliative) behavior.

Next, the researchers explored which brain regions are responsible for each type of mounting behavior.

When a male mouse mounted male or female mice, the researchers observed neural activity in an area of its brain called the hypothalamus, which controls, among other things, hunger, thirst, metabolism, and defensive behaviors. In particular, two regions of the hypothalamus seemed to be involved: the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl). The MPOA showed high levels of activity when the male mouse was mounting, and singing to, a female; conversely, the VMHvl showed high levels of activity when the male mouse was mounting, but not singing to, a male.

The team then took a closer look at the activity of individual neurons in the MPOA and VMHvl. They found that distinct groups of neurons were activated during reproductive mounting and aggressive mounting, in each brain region. In addition, the researchers discovered that they could train a computer to correctly predict whether the mounting was sexual or aggressive, based purely on the pattern of neuronal activity in these two regions.

The researchers then tested to see if those brain regions actually controlled the two mounting behaviors, or if activity in the regions was simply correlated with the behaviors. They did this using a technique called optogenetic stimulation, in which light is used to trigger the firing of neurons. By directing the light to specific areas of the brain, researchers can induce neuronal activity there, and thus induce behaviors.

When the researchers presented a female mouse to a male mouse, the male mouse began to sing and mate with a female. But when the researchers stimulated the males VMHvl, the male stopped singing and started to show aggressive mounting behavior toward the female. Conversely, if a male mouse was engaging in aggressive behaviors toward another male and the researchers stimulated its MPOA, the aggressive mouse would stop fighting, begin to sing, and attempt to mate with the other male.

Karigo and Anderson liken this to a seesaw of love and hate. Activity in the MPOA tilts the seesaw toward love, while activity in the VMHvl tilts it toward hate (or aggression).

In this study, we used mounting behavior as an entry point to understand the underlying neural mechanisms that control emotional or motivational states, Karigo says. She says their findings advance our understanding of how the mouse brain, and more broadly the mammalian brain, works to control emotions, and she adds that they may one day help us to better understand human behaviors.

The paper describing their findings, titled, Distinct hypothalamic control of same- and opposite-sex mounting behaviour in mice, was published online by Nature on December 2, 2020. Co-authors are Ann Kennedy, formerly of Caltech and now at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University; neurobiology graduate students Bin Yang and Mengyu Liu of Caltech; Derek Tai, formerly a research assistant at Caltech and now at the Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine; Iman A. Wahle (BS 20), a Schmidt Scholar at Caltech; and David J. Anderson.

Reference: Distinct hypothalamic control of same- and opposite-sex mounting behaviour in mice by Tomomi Karigo, Ann Kennedy, Bin Yang, Mengyu Liu, Derek Tai, Iman A. Wahle and David J. Anderson, 2 December 2020, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2995-0CaltechAUTHORS: 20200909-142458487

Funding for the research was provided by the National Institutes of Health, the Simons Collaboration on the Global Brain Foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, of which Anderson is the director.

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Neuroscientists Find Thin Line Between Love and Hate in the Mouse Brain - SciTechDaily

Human Behavior

The coronavirus in winter may be worse than scientists thought – Quartz

A year after the emergence of the disease that has killed 2 million people, humans keep underestimating the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

This winter, Covid-19 is turning out to be even more dangerous than epidemiologists and public health officials had fearedand not just because of the more contagious variants now circling the globe. As recently as October, Nature reported it was too soon to say whether COVID is seasonal like the flu. Evidence hinted that winter weather could increase transmission of the virus: In the lab, the virus persisted under cold, dry conditions and was inactivated by the ultraviolet rays in sunlight.

There was reason to hope that wasnt the case. Coronaviruses, which generally showless seasonal variation than the influenza virus, tend to have a weak response to changing temperatures. Outbreaks such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 were not thought to be seasonal at all, although the outbreak ended too quickly for scientists to definitively test that idea.

Yet SARS-CoV-2 appears to be different. New research on the viruss response to colder temperatures reveals the world may face a bigger fight this winter than expected. People are thinking theyre looking at something like influenza, and its a lot worse, says Richard Carson, a professor in the economics department at the University of California San Diego, who published a preprint in November analyzing Covid-19 death rates as temperatures changed in the early months of the outbreak.A lot of things people were doing in the summer we thought were working was actually hotter temperatures giving the appearance these things were working.

A lot of things people were doing in the summer we thought were working was actually hotter temperatures giving the appearance these things were working.

Carson and his co-authors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Wake Forest University suggest that SARS-CoV-2s reaction to changing temperatures, known as its temperature response curve, may be even more pronounced than influenza, the ultimate seasonal virus.

They arrived atthis conclusion by excavating a unique data set: states death certificate records. Statistics on Covid-19 case counts and deaths in the US are notoriously noisy. Local and state governments do not report standardized data. Labs overwhelmed with tests may delay reporting positive cases long after administering tests. Deaths reported on any given day may have occurred weeks before. All these inaccurate counts stymie attempts to measure temperatures role in transmission rates.

But Carsons team, with experience applying econometric techniques to modeling and forecasting environmental impacts, found a solution in Massachusetts Covid-19 statistics reporting last year. Buried deep in the report was an alternative death count by the date on the death certificate, he said. Once we found it, took us two months to get that data from most of the big states. By pulling dates from death certificates, the team could match trends in Covid-19 deaths against maximum daily temperatures over a three-month period between Apr. 16 and Jul. 15.

According to theresearch(pdf) now undergoing peer review, the data show thevirulence of the virus increases below 31C (88F). Its sweet spot, says Carson, is around 4.4C (40F), but thats only its preferred condition. Temperatures between 5C and 10C (41F to 50F) favor transmission and infection.

The studys model revealed a strong correlation between changing temperatures and the number of Covid-19 cases and deaths from a baseline of 31C, the US mid-summer average. By the time the weather drops to a chilly 5C, the model shows deaths rising by 160% due only to the influence of cold weather, even after controlling for state shelter-in-place orders.

Covid-19 transmissions showed an even stronger effect. Four times more new Covid-19 positive cases are expected when temperatures drop to 5C, assuming no other interventions such as masks or social distancing. Only when temperatures drop a few degrees below freezing, the point when water droplets quickly freeze in the air, do Carson and his team project transmission to slow.

Its a real frightening paper, says Carson. We know the temperature response curve for influenza. This one is much steeper.

For most of the US, sitting in the northern hemisphere, a temperature response curve like this makes for a treacherous winter. Any delay in responding to elevated virus activity, the data imply, will lead to a rapid escalation in cases because of the feedback loop between cold temperature and the viruss exponential growth curve. The patterns of the outbreak in mid-December almost exactly match what the temperature response would predict, says Carson.

Adam Kaplin, a physician and public health researcher at theJohn Hopkins University School of Medicine, was not surprised. Its really hard to see it any other way, he said having reached a similar conclusion in his research recently submitted (pdf)to the journal PLOS ONE. Virus transmission is going to up because of the temperature. Thats clear.

Virus transmission is going to up because of the temperature. Thats clear.

Kaplin analyzed SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates and daily temperature records in 50 countries between January and April 2020, a period before most mask orders took effect, allowinghis international team of researchers to isolate the influence of temperature. They found for each degree temperatures fell between 30F and 100F, the rate of transmission rose 3.7%

If this strong and robust association is correct, the paper states, countries must spend their spring and summer months containing the virus to have any hope of containing winter outbreaks given the effects of decreasing temperatures. This is a race we should have been running a lot earlier, says Kaplin. We should have been way ahead of it. We blew this and many people died who didnt need to die.

Viruses kill millions of people each year, yet we know shockingly little about why their virulence fluctuates from season to season. The flus winter spread is commonly attributed to human behavior patternsstaying inside, where germs spread more easilybut that explanation has been questioned.I dont think youll find a uniform answer to this question, says Joe Eisenberg, chair and professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigans School of Public Health.This research was not prioritized in the past.

Carson was not able to tease out the relative influence of viral biology and human behavior on SARS-CoV-2s response to cold temperatures. His research could only eliminate humidity as a likely factor in transmissibility; temperature and UV light (which fluctuates in lockstep with temperature) were much better at explaining Covid-19 transmission patterns.

But Kaplin thinks the evidence points to a very strong candidate. Its the biology of the virus, he argues. Yes, people are going inside more but its playing much less of a role than biology. Nothing in the scientific literature, he notes, supports the idea that this seasonality is driven by human behavior. In the journal Medical Hypotheses, a 2016 paper could find no evidence that winter crowding drives seasonal viral transmission, noting that time spent indoors in the US changes less than 10% between summer and winter. Evidence in the tropics, where the flu circulates year-round, contradicts this hypothesis, too.

Reducing the transmission rate will mean redoubling mask and social distancing efforts. Now preventative measures must escalate merely to keep the epidemics rate of spread in check.

Its a grim treadmilland were already slipping off. The big policy notion is every week the temperature drops, you have to reduce the effective contact rate to keep the virus in check and prevent exponential growth, says Carson. People arent doing that, and thats why youre seeing those outbreaks.

The big policy notion is every week the temperature drops, you have to reduce the effective contact rate to keep the virus in check and prevent exponential growth.

The new variant adds a wild card to the mix. This new variant is more transmissible, but it may still have a strong seasonal signal, says Eisenberg. We just dont know.

So far, policymakers have waited too long to respond to Covid-19s winter surge. In the UK, cases began piling up again this fall after a brief summer respite. Hospitals warned of a crush with the arrival of colder weather. But national restrictions werent reimposed until Jan. 9, when the healthcare system was already in crisis battling the more contagious variant. Today, the UKs per capita death rate from Covid-19 is among the highest in the world and more than 40,000 Covid-19 patients are hospitalized, roughly double last years peak.

The US is in even worse shape. The country never got the pandemic under control. Although transmission slowed over the summer, the virus has come roaring back. The US now accounts for 20% of the worlds Covid-19 deathsdespite having less than 5% of its populationand is on track to reach 600,000 deaths in 2021. The only immediate solution is to establish herd immunity before next winter through a mass vaccination campaign that reaches more than 70% of the population. If the pandemic continues to spiral out of control, far more deaths will be unavoidable.

But we can prevent this winter from getting even worse, say Eisenberg. The public health measures were already taken need to ramp up if were going to keep SARS-CoV-2 in check. It intensifies our recommendations, he says, but doesnt change our recommendations.

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The coronavirus in winter may be worse than scientists thought - Quartz

Human Behavior

3 Explosive IPO Stocks to Buy in 2021 – Motley Fool

2020 was a record year for initial public offerings (IPOs), with 480 companies going public on U.S. stock exchanges, and more stocks doubling in their first day of trading than ever before. 2021 is on track to be another huge year for IPOs, and some innovative companies making public market debuts could go on to deliver tremendous returns.

With that in mind, we asked three Motley Fool contributors to profile a recent or upcoming IPO stock that looks primed to be a big winner. Read on to see why they identified PubMatic (NASDAQ:PUBM), Instacart, and Coinbase as IPO stocks that are poised for explosive performance this year.

Image source: Getty Images.

Keith Noonan(PubMatic):Digital advertising is at the heart of the internet experience. Nearly every media site and social media platform that doesn't exclusively rely on subscriptions is built around advertising, and tech giants including Alphabet and Facebook have built massive tech empires on the foundation of strong digital ad units.

The digital advertising revolution is still at a relatively early stage, and PubMatic is a promising player that could wind up delivering huge returns for patient shareholders. The programmatic advertising specialist had its initial public offering on Dec. 8, and its share price has climbed roughly 25% since market close on the day of its debut. The stock still offers explosive upside.

Data analytics and artificial intelligence technologies are revamping the way advertising campaigns are targeted and deployed, giving companies the opportunity to track real-time data results and pivot targeting on a dime. Internet media and commerce revolves around grabbing and holding attention, and PubMatic provides a cloud software platform that makes it easy to connect ad buyers and publishers and track up-to-date info on whether campaigns are effective.

Big names including Forbes, Microsoft, and Unity Softwarealready rely on PubMatic's solutions, and the advertising specialist has big room for growth as it brings new customers on board its platform and delivers results that encourage increased spending per client. With a market capitalization of roughly $1.8 billion, PubMatic is still in small-cap territory and even smaller wins amid a backdrop of momentum for its industry niche could translate to big stock gains.

Jamal Carnette (Instacart): Talk about a delivery markup: Last year soon after taking a private round of funding at a $17.7 billion valuation, on-demand grocery delivery company Instacart shocked investors by announcing it had entered a deal with Goldman Sachs to go public early in 2021 at an estimated value of $30 billion. In the long run, the company will likely be worth significantly more than that figure.

Instacart benefited from the pandemic, as the service was able to take online grocery market share away from Walmart during the lockdown. However, it's folly to believe the bearish argument there will be mass exodus when we return to normal as this doesn't account for human behavior. Much like e-commerce, once users discover the convenience of online grocery delivery, they tend to continue or at least adopt a hybrid shopping model.

The online grocery market is quickly resembling the e-commerce market of 10 years ago and battle lines are being drawn now. Amazon is moving forcefully to build out distribution centers and Amazon Fresh stores that double as critical last-mile delivery centers. Target and Walmart spent big to beef up their e-commerce operations: Walmart acquired Jet for $3 billion in 2016 and Target acquired Shipt for $550 million in 2017.

If the remaining grocers are looking to compete against behemoths in this space quickly, cheaply, and at scale, there's no better solution than Instacart. Keep an eye on this IPO.

Joe Tenebruso (Coinbase): Bitcoin is once again making headlines after its price soared to new all-time highs above $40,000. If you'd like to profit from bitcoin's popularity -- without the risks of investing directly in cryptocurrency -- buying Coinbase's stock could be a great way to do so.

The leading U.S. cryptocurrency exchange is prepping for its stock market debut. Coinbase's initial public offering will reportedly take place as early as February, in what's widely expected to be one of the biggest IPOs of the year.

Coinbase is no doubt benefiting from the rising interest in bitcoin and other digital assets among investors. Trading volumes tend to increase along with prices, which, in turn, boost profits for exchanges.

With bitcoin becoming a more accepted investment among hedge funds and family offices now that respected investors -- such as Paul Tudor Jones and Stanley Druckenmiller -- have added the cryptocurrency to their widely followed portfolios, trading volumes are likely to rise even further in the coming months. Coinbase's revenue and earnings could thus be poised to soar. All of this bodes well for Coinbase's upcoming IPO, which is likely to be well received by professional and individual investors alike.

Early valuation estimates for Coinbase vary widely. Crypto market analysis company Messari valued the exchange at $28 billion in December, while recent reports have Coinbase's market value reaching as high as $75 billion. Coinbase's final IPO price will be determined after more investors have had the opportunity to peruse its as-yet-undisclosed financials. But based on what we do know, if Coinbase's IPO settles at the lower end of that price range, its stock could be an attractive buy for long-term investors.

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3 Explosive IPO Stocks to Buy in 2021 - Motley Fool

Human Behavior

Work for success and work for satisfaction – Daily Excelsior

Prof. A.N. SadhuHuman life is a long journey. It involves a bodily effort to sustain oneself along the time path from birth to death. The evolution of human society necessitates an organized form of physical and mental activity to bring about sustainability and scientific advance for exploration and enhancement of quality of life that humans need to work, both, on mental and physical front is a natural requirement. The human activity may be categorized as work for success and work for satisfaction. People do work out of necessity. They also work for status progression as also for economic progression. Obviously, their focus is on work for success. Human nature and necessities of life demand that people should work to fit in the social system evolved over time. Normal human behavior would warrant that people work for success. This is necessitated by the requirement of sustaining self and family besides meeting other desirable and unavoidable expenditures in everyday life. The distinction between work for success and work for satisfaction may look philosophical and spiritual but, in real life, it is distinct on humanitarian principles. However, people born with silver spoon, do also work for physical fitness and robust health. They hardly realize either the necessity or the desirability of distinguishing between work for success and work for satisfaction. Their lack of this understanding on the one hand and the clout of a rich legacy on the other, makes them a social liability. They consume their capital at the cost of their future.The work for success is a normal human behavior. Career advancement and urge for recognition is a natural instinct. What is important is the means adopted for success. It is observed that if success alone is set as a goal for work people may adopt dubious ways to scale up the ladder of success and their work may be more pretentious than substantial. The poor content of their work is often camouflaged by sycophancy and it sells well in the mediocre officialdom. Substance takes the backseat against the salesmanship and showoff resulting into, many a times, people succeeding in selling barley for wheat. Unfortunately, the developing countries that emerged after the World War II have fallen in this trap. Success as a goal is a natural instinct but it should be pursued legitimately. The goal should be achievable within the means of hard and sincere work, honest handling of the assigned roles and skillful management for public good. Frequent scandals, that surfaced in the developing countries in the recent past have betrayed the public faith in the systems that have been evolved overtime. These tendencies could perhaps have been minimized if not eliminated had people set their goals not only for success but for satisfaction as well. Work for success is exclusive while as work for satisfaction is inclusive in character.The work ethos demands that one should work for satisfaction which automatically includes work for success as well. The exclusivity of work for success may tend to be devoid of ethics and result into corruption- both mental and material. Such a work is carried out in violation of basic principles of humanity; truth, honesty, commitment and sincerity in work. This restricts the evolution of healthy practices in the individual organizations as also in the overall systems of a nation. Success should be an honest pursuit which will lead a person highly satisfied at the end of the day. This success should not be stolen by cheating, it should come of its own as a reward for honest work. Work and morality should go together; that culminates in the work for satisfaction. Success through dubious means may be devoid of satisfaction and cause lot of regret in the long run.Work for satisfaction demands missionary zeal, sublime temperament and commitment to serve the society with higher ideals. Vivekananda has said that life is to be helpful to others and it is death not to be helpful to others. Work for satisfaction implies that it should not be only self-serving it should be serving the society as well. The work for satisfaction is self-realization at a higher pedestal. Attachment to cause and detachment from worldly temptations is a prerequisite of work for satisfaction. Look within to realize the essence of life. Dont assess yourself; let others do it. The work for satisfaction emanates from the environment one creates for oneself which in turn requires that people around you are happy because of your work and not that you alone are happy because of the work that you do. Work for satisfaction would also require that besides enhancing your competence, you also promote your social quality. Speak to enlighten, work to help and think to elevate yourself in comprehending the subtilities of social domain. One should not belong to the sole but to the whole. The work leading to ones success brings a smile on his face but the work leading to satisfaction brings a smile to the society. Men should remember; they belong to the society and do not live in isolation.If in an organization you are given a responsible position, the rest will look at you as a leader and leader is one who supervises, guides and transforms his team of workers into an asset. The leader does not command he only inspires. The motivation is a strong force to cultivate the spirit of teamwork. The satisfaction of work lives with the performer on everlasting basis when the success does not live beyond a point of time. Men in the lasting memory of the world have all worked for satisfaction and not for success alone. History is replete with stories of outstanding persons who worked throughout their life for satisfaction and success followed them and made them the men of all times such as Vivekananda and others.feedbackexcelsior@gmail.com

The Leading Daily of Jammu and Kashmir , India

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Work for success and work for satisfaction - Daily Excelsior

Human Behavior

Revolutionizing the future of Human-Machine-Interaction – ARY NEWS

Do you remember the Minority Report? Imagine you arrive home and you enter your bedroom: Widgets fly around enabling the control of your IoT devices, feeding you with relevant information, and providing you with data-driven action proposals for the start of your weekend.

According to Incari HMI Development Platforms CEO Osman Dumbuya it wont take 2054 until most people control their devices in mid-air. His company created an HMI development platform that forces HMI design from the backrooms of highly specialized teams of engineers, developers, and technicians to the toolkit of every creative.

But what is this HMI and what kind of challenges does it impose?

Human-machine-interface refers to every kind of configuration that integrates the interaction between human behavior and technological devices. These arrangements have a long history going back to the pre-industrial age when the first machines were created and the requirement to command and control them arose. Following the enhancing performance of technological innovations, we could observe an increasing interdependency between them and their human counterparts. While the mechanical fabrications had initially been concocted to solve human problems, technological problems became human problems and called for enhanced usability to handle the continuously increasing complexity of the human-machine-entanglements.

With the uprise of the mass-market computer age, mankind rapidly advanced in creating new ways of human-machine interaction. Buttons and punch-cards turned into keyboards and were made accessible to the mainstream by Amiga and Spectrum. In 1984 it was the Macintosh from Apple that displayed its functionalities through a graphical user interface and came along with the mouse as the primary input device. Only one year later the first Nintendo Entertainment System arrived and opened new realities that interacted through a ramified system comprising your hands, the controller, the TV, and most likely your cohabitants. Nowadays touchscreens, voice-controlling technologies, and motion control have become everyday standards in mass-market human-machine interfaces. For the upcoming decades, one of the central goals of human-machine interface manufacturing will target the development of brain-computer interfaces that will be commanded through the sheer power of your mind.

The user interface of the future wont be just on screens. Paul Jankowski, Lead of Business Development from Incari platform states. Working in an environment that is rapidly revolutionizing human behavior calls for a different approach when thinking about development. That is why Incaris scope is not limited to the user interface design but focused on the greater effort of creating a unique and user-centred experience. Whether it is the latest haptics technology, voice and gesture control, AR/VR/SR, 3D audio, eye tracking or stereoscopic displays, companies like Incari collaborate with the biggest innovators of future HMI technologies to create a seamless interplay of upcoming innovations long before the respective hardware arrives. For this purpose, Incari provides the bricks to create connectivity, a set of integrated, predefined nodes that are ready-to-use plug-ins and are continuously reworked along with the evolution of the corresponding technologies.

Already known in the German Automotive industry for its modular architecture that streamlines the cross-department-collaboration during recent years Incari HMI Development has evolved as the platform to connect and conduct the orchestra of the multifarious instruments that create the unique symphony of your individual environment. Back in the days, CGI Studio GmbHs Incari started with HMI projects for Porsche and Volkswagen until they decided to create their one-stop solution for the entire HMI-production process. Ever since Incari has been adopted by more and more German car manufacturers for the future-proof technology it provides. Today HMI creation is simplified through their native 3D engine and the visual coding that allows designers to work on content in the same window as their colleague engineers who program the connectivity of different components. Incari is one of the platforms that provide the opportunity of a visual coding editor that enables the coding without writing a single line of code.

What will the future of HMI bring?

Rooted in the automotive industry, due to its special needs for innovative and secure connectivity solutions HMI platforms are spreading out to all areas of life. Years ago companies like Incari already blurred the disciplinary boundaries in the HMI development processes. Today they continue to smudge the boundaries between human and non-human-activity to simplify the operation of our devices as well as our lives. Tomorrow there will likely be an operating system, specifically designed to interconnect the multifariousness of immersive technologies, which will not only circulate through automotive, medical devices and engineering processes but is easy to use and affordable enough to become the futures every-day standard for basically everyone.

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Revolutionizing the future of Human-Machine-Interaction - ARY NEWS

Human Behavior

Alan Tudyk on Kissing Heath Ledger and Why He Believes in Aliens – The Daily Beast

Harry Vanderspeigle, the hero of Syfys newest comedy, Resident Alien, is a totally normal guy. The local doctor for the tiny, sleepy town of Patience, Colorado, he likes to spend his time fishing and going for treks out on the nearby frozen slopes, and watching Law & Order re-runs.

Theres just one catch: Hes actually an alien on a mission to kill all of humanity. Hes fishing for the corpse of the actual Dr. Harry Vanderspeigle, which accidentally fell into the lake after Alien Harry murdered him to assume his likeness. He hikes mountains because he needs to find his spaceship, which crash-landed before he could drop his murderous payload. And the Law & Order re-runs are actually his study materials; after all, what better way to learn normal human behavior than by mimicking Jerry Orbach and Sam Waterston?

Alan Tudyks delightfully idiosyncratic repertoire makes him one of the only actors on Earth one can imagine pulling off such a roleand, indeed, he makes a whole meal out of it across the seven episodes made available to critics before Syfy premieres the show on Jan. 27.

Its a fun challenge for him to be likable if hes here to kill us all, the actor said of his character during a recent interview with The Daily Beast. And the way hes likable is because even though hes so advanced, hes stupid when it comes to humans.

For those wondering: Yes, Tudyk does believe in aliens. On Resident Alien creator Chris Sheridans recommendation, he pored over Communion: A True Storythe 1987 book written by UFOlogist and horror author Whitley Strieber, who claims to have recovered memories of his own abductions after hypnosis. (In 1989, Philippe Mora adapted the book into a film starring Christopher Walken.) Tudyk is effusive in his recommendation: Oh my God! Read that book, he said. Its disturbing as hell.

But its not just books that have convinced Tudyk; hes heard some credible stories, as well.

For instance: a news report from his home state of Texas, where a man named Roy gave testimony about his run-in with a UFO. (I thought I was going to shoot it, and I thought, Why? Tudyk paraphrased in a perfect Texan drawl. No point in shooting it, so I didnt.)

I believe it, 1,000 percent, Tudyk said. I know people like Roy, and they dont lie about stuff like that. Theres no purpose to it.

Another real-life encounter Tudyk has heard about? Chris Sheridan also told him he saw a UFO on his own honeymoon. I mean, hes not as legitimate a witness as Roy, Tudyk quipped, but I believe him, too. Why not?

But unlike most aliens, who seem to visit Earth only fleetingly in these stories, Harry is stuck here on Earth. And despite his dedication to his studies at the Law & Order School of Human Behavior, he doesnt exactly fit in with his Colorado neighbors. His smile is unnerving, and his laugh is unhinged; despite being a doctor, he doesnt realize that tits is not the preferred term for breasts in a medical setting; and speaking of mammary glands, he likes to drink his milk straight from the cows teat.

The first few episodes of Resident Alien find Tudyk knee-deep in physical comedy, and as the series progresses, Harrys relationships with other humans provide some emotional texture to complement his many comedic faux pas. But even as Harry bonds with some of his fellow Patience residentsparticularly his colleague Asta Twelvetrees (Sara Tomko) and her high school friend, local bartender Darcy (Alice Wetterlund)he never abandons his mission. Humanity must be destroyed.

Somehow, most of the people of Patience completely fall for Harrys acteven if they think hes kind of a weirdo. But there is one exception to that rule: a mischievous young boy named Max who can somehow see through Harrys disguise. Pint-sized actor Judah Prehn plays the precocious little squirt, whose feud with his extraterrestrial neighbor quickly becomes one of the shows most reliable punchlines.

Hes always a step ahead of me, the little shit! Tudyk said with a laugh. Its something that we carried off-set, poking at each other... Im always getting in trouble because I keep swearing around him.

Theres already a swear jar on set, which Tudyk has quickly filled over and over again. I thought Id learn fast; I did not learn fast, the actor said. And he learned how to make money.

When asked how one prepares to play an extra-terrestrial, Tudyk cited a couple influences. He noted that his past experience playing robots helped a bit; their tendency toward ergonomic movement, he reasoned, could also apply to aliens whose primary motivation is efficiency. But the real key to cracking Harry as a character came from another source entirely: clowns.

Tudyk took his first clowning class with Christopher Bayes during his Juilliard days in the 1990sand returned to the director for another clowning intensive in Los Angeles before he started shooting Resident Alien.

Im a huge proponent of clowns.

Im a huge proponent of clowns, the actor said. Now, a lot of people are down on the clowns. They think It, they think maybe that creepy clown in Venice Beach that wears dirty white makeup and makes very suggestive balloon animals... Thats not the clown Im talking about.

The clowns Tudyk is talking about are those from the European Lecoq school of clowning; the Bill Irwin and Charlie Chaplin types, and even Wall-E. That is one of the best clown stories, Tudyk said of the Pixar flick. That first portion of Wall-E is all clown.

As for how it helped him play an alien, Tudyk said, One principle of clowning is that clowns are what you would get if you never told a child no. That curious, rambunctious child that doesnt know where any of the lines are drawn... That is, in a lot of ways, how Harry operates.

Harry isnt the only oddball character Tudyk will play on Syfy in the coming weeks, either. On Feb. 6, Syfys animated series Devil May Care will also premierewith Tudyk at its center playing Satan.

The show, which takes its cues from classic Adult Swim animation, is built around the idea that everything that is useless on Earth ends up in hell. The Devil isnt so much a villain, Tudyk explained, but instead just a guy who wants to make the underworld a better destination. He doesnt want to do all that torture stuff anymore; he just wants it to be a fun place, Tudyk said. Its full of monsters and demonsand torture here and there, but people seem to enjoy the torture.

And as much as Tudyk has to look forward to this year, 2021 also marks a fascinating time to look back on one of his earliest hits, as A Knights Tale turns 20 in May.

In a distinctly pre-2010s recollection, Tudyk noted that the entire cast brought cameras with them throughout filming in the Czech Republic, and spent the duration of the shoot taking photos on set and in precarious pedi-cabs. He remembers one snapshot in particular: a selfie star Heath Ledger took during the scene in which Tudyks character, Wat, delivers a kiss from Jocelyn, Ledgers character Williams love interest.

When we rehearsed it, Heath took the camerahe had this little Leica cameraand as I kissed him, and [as] Im just pulling away to spit because Wat spits, Heath took the picture... Hes staring at the camera with this little, bitty, wry smile. Its a great picture he took of the two of us.

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Alan Tudyk on Kissing Heath Ledger and Why He Believes in Aliens - The Daily Beast

Human Behavior

UC Berkeley & Embee Mobile Research Reveals Insights into Personal Beliefs and Behaviors, and Economic Impact, During the COVID-19 Pandemic -…

SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 19, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Today Embee Mobile, the company that builds and manages unique mobile-based insight communities, and the University of California Berkeley, announced a COVID-19 research brief titled "The Changing Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Individuals and Households in the U.S." reveals insights into two key areas - pandemic behaviors and attitudes, and the economic impact of the pandemic. The research challenges existing, singularly focused research by instead examining the interrelatedness of human behaviors, institutional actions, personal beliefs, and health outcomes.

"The preliminary data from our COVID-19 research suggests there's an axis of pain and an axis of non-compliance," said Raja Sengupta, a professor at UC Berkeley and director of its Smart Pandemic Management Group "People suffering economically suffer in other ways, as with a group of people who are being so disproportionately hurt as we speak that they are in desperate need of immediate and substantive relief. This data should be used to better target stimulus need beyond just income, taking the other economic indicators into consideration such as instability in housing, dependence on transit, and the absence of wealth."

Sengupta continues, "The data also suggests an axis of non-compliance in pandemic behavior, in which those who are non-compliant in one way, are non-compliant in many ways. This explains why pandemic management is more effective when done with community organizations that know their community. Perhaps a small group of people spread the disease by being vulnerable behaviorally, or by virtue of their work and housing. To hunt the virus, you have to understand the people in your community and our research will help communities do this."

No Masks, Attending Events, and Refusal to Get Vaccinated Are Related Behaviors Ten months into the pandemic and the issue of wearing masks is still a hot-button issue in various areas across the country. 52% of the panelists admitted to not always wearing masks as recommended by public health officials. The impact of simply not wearing a mask is compounded when we take the beliefs and behavior of this group into consideration. Not only are non-mask wearers traveling significantly more than mask-wearers, but this group of people is:

Conservatives More Likely to Take Health Risks During the Pandemic Overall, 21% of the panelists identify as conservative, while moderates make up 40% of the panel. Looking specifically at those who identify as conservative, we can see they are more likely to take risks with their health, and the health of others, during the pandemic due to their behavior and beliefs, as compared to other panelists. This group of people is:

Insights Into the 34% Who Push Back on COVID-19 Vaccination Prior to the pandemic one of our most divisive health issues was vaccination and its potential risks, and it has carried over into conversations about the various COVID-19 vaccines that are now being administered. The willingness to get vaccinated has decreased between the August and October surveys, as 30% initially reported they would definitely be getting vaccinated with this number later dropping to 20%. In total, more than one-third (34%) of panelists reported that they will not likely get a COVID-19 vaccine. This group of people is:

It's a Grim Outlook for Those Who Can't Endure the Pandemic's Economic Impact More than one out of every five panelists (22%) report that they could no longer endure the negative economic impact that the pandemic has had on their lives. Alarmingly, things will only get worse for this group with homelessness, depression, and the breakdown of household relationships coming into play. This group of people is:

More Households are Moving Residences and for Reasons of Economic Precarity While the news may report that many are moving out of large metropolitan areas to areas where they can have more space, the reality is that more households are moving for reasons of economic precarity. The national average for moving is 10% annually according to the U.S. Census Bureau, yet 12% of panelists said they have moved since the pandemic began in March 2020. This group of people is:

Transit Cuts Tied to Decreased Income, Decreased Elder Care for Vulnerable Households With more people working from home due to the pandemic and no longer commuting, cuts to public transportation have followed. Unfortunately, those who are affected by transit cuts - many of whom are seeking employment - become more vulnerable in a number of ways. Fifteen percent of panelists report they are impacted by transit cuts and this group of people is:

UC Berkeley and Embee Mobile expect to continue collecting and processing data to provide additional insights on pandemic management, behavior, and impacts as the pandemic continues.

The full report can be accessed here and here.

Research Approach UC Berkeley has found Embee Mobile's panel of individuals valuable. This is a panel that has been curated to cover multiple states and to represent diversity in demography, political belief, exposure to news sources, housing conditions, and employment status. UC Berkeley and Embee Mobile began piloting this method in August 2020 with a panel of 1,000 individuals. The data in this research was collected between August 2020 and October 2020. The most comprehensive forms of active and passive measurement were used. Passive data collection occurs via smartphone applications and includes browser searches, app use, and travel both before and during the pandemic. The passive data is complemented by an active survey platform with smartphone alerts to drive high engagement. A database of mandates by public agencies has also been created as it is necessary for the research.

About Embee Mobile Embee Mobile is a privately-held, San Francisco-based technology company that builds and manages fully opt-in and privacy-compliant mobile-based insight communities, enabling its clients some of the biggest consumer research companies and brands in the world to gain rapid, accurate insights into the behaviors and experiences of mobile device users worldwide. Embee Mobile's combination of ground-breaking measurement technologies and transparent, ethical panel methodologies provide deep, longitudinal insights otherwise unavailable through traditional panel methods. For more about Embee Mobile visit http://www.embeemobile.com.

About UC Berkeley The University of California Berkeley is a public research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university it's the oldest campus of the University of California system and a founding member of the Association of American Universities. UC Berkeley is comprised of 14 colleges and schools and offers over 350 various degree programs and enrolls some 31,000 undergraduate and 12,000 graduate students. Berkeley is ranked among the world's top universities by major educational publications.

This press release was issued through 24-7PressRelease.com. For further information, visit http://www.24-7pressrelease.com.

SOURCE Embee Mobile

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Human Behavior

Thoughts from former Board of Elections administrator | News, Sports, Jobs – Morning Journal News

To the editor:

As a retired elections administrator for the Columbiana County Board of Elections this is a communique that I thought I would never consider to write with reference to the non-stop nonsense of how fraud and ballot tampering occurred nationwide in the last election. The false narratives keep looping through the social media and in some public medias.

In this Great Experiment we as citizens must accept tht democracy is fragile, and all of us need to keep alert and working to protect, preserve and keep it functioning as tritely stated elections have consequences. Our Founding Fathers disagreed on aspects of the Constitution from the start as George Washington recognized that differences of opinion will always be present in America, but he had stated that public service should always be conducted with civility with regard to influencing facts of racial, economic, social, regional and political differences. The ugly truths brought us the Civil War.

The hanging chad punch card debacle in Florida in 2000 was the watershed to look at voting systems that would have a greater trustworthiness and reliability.

In the summer of 2005, I, John Payne was asked by Ohio Secretary of State (SOS) Ken Blackwell, along with one other director of elections to serve on a task panel in Columbus with SOS staff to examine and evaluate various voting systems to eventually replace the punch card voting system in Ohio.

I was honored by humbled to serve as this was a significant task placed upon me and the other director as we served on the front line of elections while looking into the future of what was going to happen in Oho to move all 88 counties into new options on voting systems. The task panel spent days in a secure room in the SOS Office Complex critiquing various touch screens and optical scan voting systems.

My personal recommendation was to go with the optical scan because it provided a paper ballot and paper trail that could be counted and verified in the unlikely events a scanner in a polling place would fail.

As a result, the secretary of state permitted each county the option to select the optical scan or the touch screen voting system. In my evaluation I recognized an uneasy feeling with the touch screen as votes were recorded on a cash register paper tape inside the machine, and in my opinion it would be cumbersome to physically unroll a tape for a recount. I may add that after some counties went with touch screen they still had to print ballots for absentees and precincts. There was no cost savings.

Upon my return from the task panel from Columbus, I recommended that Columbiana County contract with an optical scan voting system, which the board saw as the most appropriate option.

My concern: Some of the social media sectors are inveighing about the 2020 election that there was a systematic ballot tampering and voting software manipulation across the county. One would have to have a willing suspension of disbelief to believe the Democratic and Republican election officials in 3,143 counties and the District of Columbia would communicate sub rosa to coordinate to rig an election to favor any candidate or issue on a ballot.

Get real as that aint going to happen. My years of experience with election officials in other Ohio counties an in other states has been one of trust, professionalism, transparency, and being forthright in the dedication and honoring the oath that all of have taken to support the Constitution and the laws of our respective states. The odds that Ds and Rs would use concerted efforts to corrupt the programming of a voting system would be like me climbing up Pikes Peak and have an eagle flying overhead to open his talons to drop a salmon on my head.

Free and fair elections are the lifeblood of democracy. Computer programming for elections and ballot layout go through multiple checkpoints by both political parties in Ohio in compliance with rules and regulations of the state in preparation for each local, state and federal election. Audits and test runs are conducted before an election to verify for each precinct the completeness and accuracy of ballot layout for spelling, wording, grammar, and legal language before getting the final approval by the Ohio Secretary of State. Draft printed ballots are fully examined for proper precinct rotation by multiple people before setting the green light for printing. Ballots are safely secured in the board office. Absentee applications are recorded and safely stored. The board advertises for a public demonstration of the current ballot counting procedure before every election for public viewing.

It has been my observation and experience that voting is largely an emotional response on how the individual voter expresses an opinion, feeling and/or belief toward or against a candidate or issue. Political polarization is now very much in the open and rampant, but it has always been in the U.S. Since the Constitution was written over different perceptions on the elements inside the wording of the document. There are literally thousands of books and research papers written on human behavior and psychological framework, and belief system along with the day-to-day coping skills of life.

Psychologists report that people want to view and live in a world that is predictable rather than chaotic. That being said people have the tendency to perceive what is complex and/or wrong to shift into what satisfies their particular bias and control. Reactions to a perceived fear is a motivation for seeking control to fit to extinguish the fear they perceive.. The book Hillbilly Elegy is a classic account in human study. Some people refuse to see the truth and that is why there is a Flat Earth Society in the U.S. Today.

There are sectors of the social media touching nerves to dispute the results of the 2020 election nationwide. There are charges of fraud in voting, and I can state in my 14 years as an election official in Columbiana County there is not one case or issue with voter fraud. On Election Day, I always stated the county had the best detective agency working the poll as hundreds of poll workers, who did not let anything like fraud to occur as the collective group, knew about every voter who came to vote. Provisional ballot were issued if there was a doubt, but voters did get the opportunity to vote.

Social media has been a two-edged sword for truth and lies as falsehoods flow like an open hydrant at times. We will always be a country of differences, but it is imperative to be critical thinks to ferret out the lies. It has been shown that if a lie is told many times and not consistently debunked it has a way of being rationalized and accepted to reduce a fear. While there are proven cases where foreign entities have visited voter registration records, there is absolutely no way anyone can hack a voting system in Ohio because they are not on the internet. We need to establish institutional trustworthiness.

It was an honor to serve with the Columbiana County Board of Elections as I extend my appreciation to the past and present board members as well to Lois Gall, Jan Mollenkopf, Mary Appeldorn and Mary Alice Cupp.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge stated that, in politics, what begins in fear usually ends in folly.

JOHN H. PAYNE,

Madison Township

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