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Neuroscience

Exponential Growth Expected for Neuroscience Market With Complete SWOT Analysis by Forecast From 2022 to 2028: Alpha Omega, Inc., GE Healthcare, Axion…

CoherentMarket Insightshas released a new disquisition study on the Neuroscience Market which aims to give a thorough examination of the factors impacting global business prolusion and outlook. The Global Neuroscience Market Report detailed information and overview illuminate the most recent trends in various regions. Leading request actors will benefit from the trading perceptivity handed in this report. The Neuroscience Market disquisition report is an intelligence report that includes precise and precious data on request size, development countries, request share, and profit vaticinations through 2028. It also provides information on the requests development and capabilities.

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Also, it will also include the openings available in micro requests for stakeholders to invest, a detailed analysis of the competitive terrain, and product services of pivotal players. Analysis of Neuroscience companies, pivotal tactics followed by Leading pivotal Players: Alpha Omega, Inc., GE Healthcare, Axion Biosystems, Inc., Siemens Healthineers, Scientifica Ltd., Blackrock Microsystems LLC, Femtonics Ltd., LaVision Biotec GmbH, Intan Technologies, NeuroNexus Technologies, Inc., Newport Corporation, Neuralynx Inc., Plexon Inc., Mediso Medical Imaging Systems, Noldus Information Technology, Sutter Instrument Corporation, Thomas Recording GmbH, and Trifoil Imaging Inc.

Overview and Compass of the Report

The Global Neuroscience Market Analysis Report provides a detailed analysis of the request size of various corridor and countries in former times, as well as vaticinations for the coming times. The Neuroscience Market report presents a detailed competitive terrain of the global request. The request dynamics, drivers, and segmentation by operation, type, region, and manufacturer are all mooted in this report. With respect to the regions and countries covered in the report, this Neuroscience Market report provides both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sedulity.

The Study Objects are

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Crucial Openings

The report examines the pivotal openings in the Neuroscience Market and identifies the factors that are driving and will continue to drive the sedulitys growth. It takes into account past growth patterns, growth drivers, as well as current and future trends.

Regional Analysis: The Neuroscience Market report is largely structured intoaregion-wise study. The indigenous analysis completely done by the researchers highlights pivotal regions and their dominating countries counting for substantial profit share in the request.

Following are the various regions covered by the Neuroscience Market disquisition report:

North America( theU.S., Canada, and Mexico), Europe( Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Rest of Europe), Asia Pacific( China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, South East Asia, and Rest of APAC), South America( Brazil, Argentina, Columbia and Rest of Latin America), Middle East & Africa( Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, Nigeria, UAE and Rest of MEA)

Pivotal Questions Answered

1. What is the request size and CAGR of the Neuroscience Market during the cast period?2. How is the growing demand impacting the growth of Neuroscience Market shares?3. What is the growing demand of the Neuroscience Market during the cast period?4. Who are the leading merchandisers in the request and what are their request shares?5. What is the impact of the COVID- 19 epidemic on the APAC Neuroscience Market?

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About us:

Coherent Market Insights is a global market intelligence and consulting organization that provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. We are known for our actionable insights and authentic reports in various domains including aerospace and defense, agriculture, food and beverages, automotive, chemicals and materials, and virtually all domains and an exhaustive list of sub-domains under the sun. We create value for clients through our highly reliable and accurate reports. We are also committed in playing a leading role in offering insights in various sectors post-COVID-19 and continue to deliver measurable, sustainable results for our clients.

Contact Us:

Mr. ShahCoherent Market Insights1001 4th Ave, #3200 Seattle, WA 98154, U.S.Email: [emailprotected]United States of America: +1-206-701-6702United Kingdom: +44-020-8133-4027Japan: +050-5539-1737India: +91-848-285-0837

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Exponential Growth Expected for Neuroscience Market With Complete SWOT Analysis by Forecast From 2022 to 2028: Alpha Omega, Inc., GE Healthcare, Axion...

Human Behavior

Global study yields new insights into the effectiveness of social distancing messaging – News-Medical.Net

A massive, global study of social distancing motivations has yielded new, psychology-based insights into the effectiveness of different styles of social distancing messaging.

Illinois Institute of Technology associate professors of psychology Nikki Legate and Arlen Moller, in collaboration with co-lead coauthor Thuy-vy T. Nguyen, an assistant professor of psychology at Durham University, found that messages that encouraged personal agency were more likely to influence individuals' behaviors than those that were controlling or shaming.

Though the study began early into the pandemic, Moller says its findings may continue to prove helpful going forward.

As pandemic fatigue sets in, many people across the globe are considering abandoning risk-mitigating behaviors, while some even go out of their ways to defy them, despite threats of death and long-COVID to self and others, and rising case rates in many places."

Nikki Legate, Associate Professor of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology

The study was launched in response to a 2020 call for projects from the Psychological Science Accelerator, a democratic network of labs around the world, to use psychological science to help solve global problems related to COVID-19.

"The mission of this project [was] to find universally effective ways of motivating people to engage in social distancing around the world, and to see whether there are unintended costs of using common motivational strategies like shaming and pressuring people," Legate says.

The researchers engaged 27,190 study participants from 89 countries, and collected data from April to September 2020.

"There haven't been that many projects that have involved coordinating team science in this way," Moller says. "I think it's at the very edges of advancing how psychological science is done."

The team's paper, titled "A Global Experiment on Motivating Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic," was published in May in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a peer-reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences. It was also presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine's Annual Meeting in April. More than 500 collaborators from around the world served as reviewers and coauthors on the paper.

"It's a pandemic that is affecting every corner of the world," Legate says. "It was very important to us to really know, if our messages were effective, were they effective globally? We're interested in finding solutions that can apply all over the world, not just in specific subsets. We're trying to figure out solutions for a global population, so the fact that we observed a few small generalizable effects is exciting."

Study participants were randomly assigned one of three conditions: an autonomy-supportive message that inspired reflective choices, a controlling message about social distancing that was forceful and shaming, or no message at all. They read a short passage that was an appeal to engage in social distancing, and then took a one-time survey in response.

"The messages were pretty identical except for some key words-;blaming and shaming versus those that promoted agency and personal choice," Legate says. "What we found is that these messages that we're calling autonomy supportive-;messages that encourage choice and personal agency around social distancing-;had some benefits compared to messages that were controlling, really shaming, or making people feel like a terrible person if they don't do it."

For example, participants reading an autonomy-supportive message experienced lower feelings of defiance, compared with those reading a message that was controlling or shaming. Moller cites news coverage of "COVID parties" during the pandemic-;instances where people showed up for large social gatherings despite government recommendations to stay home and socially distance, or to socialize in small groups only-;as an example of defiance. He also says the study's findings mirrored those of other studies around human behavior and motivational messaging.

"The correlational findings were almost entirely as predicted in terms of defiance and long-term intentions," Moller says. "There is a lot of behavioral medicine research that follows similar patterns to what we observed here-;to exercise, take your medicine, etc. But I don't think any study on motivating health behavior has been as large and diverse as this one."

The data set from this project is available to any researchers interested in conducting follow-up studies.

"The insights from the first stage of analyzing these data were about global messaging campaign strategies," Moller says. "Follow-up research could look at the many different dimensions that cultures vary on. Researchers who are interested in one or multiple aspects of culture can now go deeper to see, with more nuance, if in a particular culture, one messaging strategy was more or less effective. We hope to continue developing this research to help control COVID and future pandemics."

Source:

Journal reference:

Massey, D., et al. (2022) A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111091119

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Global study yields new insights into the effectiveness of social distancing messaging - News-Medical.Net

Human Behavior

Research Lead: Is Equality Zero-Sum, The Norm of Self-Interest, Failing Better, and More – Heather Graci & Evan Nesterak – Behavioral Scientist

You think failure is hard? So is learning from it

Fail fast, fail often, goes the business mantra. But theres a problem. The Silicon Valley catchphrase doesnt tell the whole story of failure. It takes for granted that we actually learn from it. And thats not always so easy, explain Lauren Eskreis-Winkler and Ayelet Fishbach. In a new paper in Perspectives on Psychological Science, they outline the emotional and cognitive barriers that can get in the way of learning when things go wrong.

Emotionally, for example, failure is ego-bruising, and facing up to it means getting over the desire to protect our self-image. Cognitively, we may miss valuable information when we fail because understanding what went wrong is a less direct process than figuring out what went right. In their paper, Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach offer ideas for ways to overcome these emotional and cognitive hurdles so that when the inevitable happens, we can make the most of it. [Perspectives on Psychological Science; open access]

Rediscovery: The norm of self-interest (1999)

What are we to make of evidence suggesting that material self-interest is a powerful force in peoples lives? asks Dale Miller in his 1999 essay in American Psychologist. In his article, Miller explains that this evidence is inherently ambiguous because the ideology of self-interest, widely celebrated in individualistic cultures, functions as a powerful self-fulfilling force.

A key aspect of the self-fulfilling force, and the focus of MIllers paper, is that individualistic cultures spawn social norms that induce people to follow their material self-interest rather than their principles or passions. What that means, he explains, is people act and sound as though they are strongly motivated by their material self-interest because scientific theories and collective representations derived from those theories convince them that it is natural and normal to do so.

Miller concludes: As Kagan (1989) observed, People treat self-interest as a natural law and because they believe they should not violate a natural law, they try to obey it. [American Psychologist, open access]

The misperception that equality is zero-sum

Is equality inherently zero-sum? A new Science Advances paper illustrates that those with the greatest power to enact change tend to think so, even in the face of evidence suggesting otherwise. Across nine studies, the authors examine the reactions of advantaged group members to equality-enhancing policies and find that they consistently and incorrectly assume that increasing equality harms their group.

In one study, they conducted a longitudinal field experiment examining support for affirmative action. The more the advantaged group (in this case, white and Asian Americans) believed that eliminating the ban would harm their own groups access to employment and education, the less likely they were to vote for the proposition. The perception of harm was more indicative of voting behavior than outright prejudice, political orientation, or opposition to equality, lending support to the authors argument that the misperception of harm is a significant roadblock in garnering support for real-world equality-enhancing policies.

In a separate series of lab studies, they tested whether incentives, collective benefit (i.e., policies that would increase resources for everyone, not just the disadvantaged group), and explicit guarantees that the advantaged group would be unaffected could help mitigate this false assumption. Nothing seemed to workacross scenarios ranging from mortgage lending discrimination to university admission, the authors observed the persistent and pernicious misbelief that equality itself is inherently zero-sum. [Science Advances]

Challenging the notion of slavery as the economic engine of the early United States

Did slavery play an indispensable role in the rise of the U.S. economy to world preeminence? asks economic historian Gavin Wright.

The answer, he argues, is no. Accounts of the sources of U.S. economic growth in the nineteenth-century suggest that slavery and the shift of the slave-owning South to cotton production early in the century had relatively little effect on growth for the nation as a whole, he writes. The deeper source of long-run U.S. economic growth were improvements in technology, internal transportation, finance, and education, and the slave-owning South lagged in all of these areas.

One reason for this lag was that slavery and growing cotton incentivized fractured and independent economic decisions, meaning there was little reason to invest in shared infrastructure, like roads or education. Becuase slaves were movable personal property in a well-developed regional market, their value was virtually independent of local development, Wright explains. Because slaves provided captive labor for setup tasks like land-clearing, owners had little reasons to engage in recruitment of workers or settlers, activities that engaged extensive entrepreneurial energies in the states where slavery was prohibited.

A simple summary of these patterns, Wright concludes, might be this: Slavery enriched slave-owners, but impoverished the southern region and did little to boost the U.S. economy as a whole. [Journal of Economic Perspectives]

American enslavement and the recovery of Black economic history

In the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Economist Trevon Logan makes the case for a more human-centered look at the economic history of slavery. Drawing on data and narratives from his own familys work growing cotton in the 1950s and 1960s, he illustrates what current methods of economic history miss and what could be gained if the methodological approach is expanded. Importantly, a deeper understanding the economic history of slavery can help inform contemporary conversations about its legacy and effects.

Racial identity and economic identity are deeply related in ways that are immediately obvious in qualitative data but are obscured in much of the current work on race in economic history, Logan writes. Race as an experience, he continues, means that it is a process that is not easily described by a fixed variable in a dataset. Limiting ourselves to the quantitative record gives us partial answers to the questions we ask about racial economic inequality and the endurance of those inequalities over time. [Journal of Economic Perspectives]

The possibility for peace in Colombia

After the emergence of the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) in the 1950s, Colombia spent many years racked with internal conflict. In 2016, a peace deal was put to a popular vote through a national referendum. But it was rejected. Although a revised deal was ultimately ratified, peace remains an aspiration rather than a reality.

A peaceful resolution is unlikely without popular support for the reintegration of former FARC combatants into Colombian society. To help drive this support, a group of researchers and local filmmakers teamed up to develop a five-minute media intervention featuring interviews with former FARC combatants. The goal of the video was to assuage doubts among non-FARC Colombians about the ability and willingness of ex-FARC members to change. And they succeededacross three studies, the video helped reduce reported dehumanization of former FARC members and boosted support for peace and reintegration. The positive effect persisted even in a 10-12 week follow-up survey.

The authors are hopeful their media intervention approach could contribute to resolving conflict more broadly: Practically, this intervention can be scaled up relatively easily and thus has the potential to nudge Colombian society, as well as other societies immersed in conflict, towards more lasting peace. [Nature Human Behaviour]

People see political opponents as more stupid than evil

Conservatives think liberals are stupid, and liberals think conservatives are evil, wrote the political columnist Charles Krauthammer. But do they? Rachel Hartman, Neil Hester, and Kurt Gray probe this oft-cited but unstudied idea in an article in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Across four studies, they surveyed over 1,600 people to better understand how they viewed their political opponents intelligence and morality.

In each study, they asked participants to evaluate their political ingroup and political outgroup across six dimensions of unintelligence (e.g., not smart, illogical) and six dimensions of immorality (e.g., immoral, have bad intentions). Across the studies, they found that both conservatives and liberals perceived the other side as more unintelligent than immoral. Or, in Krauthammers framing, more stupid than evil. One caveat is the relative stakes of intelligence and moralityevil is a much more damning label than stupid.

The authors suggest a takeaway geared toward finding a way to come together: If partisans view each other as more unintelligent than immoral, there is reason to believe that asking them to reflect on the morality of their outgroup may reduce animosity toward them. [Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin]

The promises of summer youth employment programs: lessons from randomized evaluations

Summer youth employment programs (SYEPs) are a policy tool for supporting youth, particularly those from underserved communities, during their pivotal transition into adulthood. A team from J-PAL North America reviewed the results of 13 randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of SYEPs in New York City, Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia.

Across these studies, the authors found that most teens (90 percent) who received a summer employment offer through an SYEP accepted ita dramatic improvement from the 20-30 percent baseline summer employment rate. They also found that program participants were less likely to enter the criminal justice system. Encouragingly, the youth at the highest risk for negative outcomes (e.g., arrests, convictions, and premature death) were those that benefitted the most. [Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]

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Research Lead: Is Equality Zero-Sum, The Norm of Self-Interest, Failing Better, and More - Heather Graci & Evan Nesterak - Behavioral Scientist

Human Behavior

Tribeca: ‘The Integrity of Joseph Chambers’ Faces Morality in the Woods – Cinemacy

'The Integrity of Joseph Chambers'

If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound? Or, in director Robert Machoians case, if a man murders another man in a secluded nature preserve and no one sees it, is he guilty? Exploring themes of personal accountability and masculine fragility told through an intimate lens, The Integrity of Joseph Chambers is a methodical study of human behavior and the self-preservation tactics we default to when we fear the unknown.

Robert Machoians previous feature film, 2020s Sundance-selected drama The Killing of Two Lovers, offered an introspective look into a fraught relationship from the perspective of a scorned ex-lover. Machoian once again re-teams with his lead actor Clayne Crawford (Hollywood Critics Association Award-nominee), who played the jilted ex in the slow-burn drama. That same ethos of exploring the darker sides of mans ability to rationalize hardships is very much on display here too, in his new film The Integrity of Joseph Chambers.

Here, Crawford plays Joseph Chambers, an insurance salesman who, despite being an inexperienced hunter, challenges himself to catch a deer. Believing that his manhood is on the line if he cant provide for his family with his survivalist instincts, he disregards his wifes (Jordana Brewster) numerous attempts to get him to bring a friend along. After all, what if something happened and Joseph was out in the woods, alone?

The day starts out smoothly enough. A confident, rugged Joseph eats his packed lunch and plays with his hunting rifle. However, things take a dark turn when he shoots at what he thinks is a deer, only to discover it was a man. This revelation causes Joseph to spiral, jumping between scenarios that involve burying the body and hiding the evidence to coming clean to the police. Either way, his life is forever changed.

This dilemma gives the film its psychologically thrilling roots. What would we do if we were Joseph, were left to ponder. Director Robert Machoian does so much with so little; the setting is bare, and the films entirety rests on Clayne Crawfords performance. But it is the combination of the sound editing and score that gives the film life and much-needed emotional catharsis. Composer William Ryan Fritch crafts a hauntingly visceral sonic language that perfectly adds to the slow burn of the visuals. Rounding out the films small but mighty impact are supporting actors Michael Raymond-James and Jeffrey Dean Morgan.

The Integrity of Joseph Chambers is a psychologically dense watch that faces an ugly truth. Are we really selfish beings, capable of lying and cheating when we think there are no consequences? Or does the thought of unraveling morality cause us to feel shame, making us own up to our mistakes? Thats the chilling question at the center of this layered, pointedly crafted character study.

96 minutes.

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Tribeca: 'The Integrity of Joseph Chambers' Faces Morality in the Woods - Cinemacy

Human Behavior

Human Rights, Antitrust Behavior And The PGA-LIV Showdown – Forbes

LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 07: Justin Harding, Ratchanon Chantananuwat, Greg Norman, Chase Koepka and ... [+] Phil Mickelson pose for a photograph following the LIV Golf Invitational - London Draft on June 07, 2022 in London, England. (Photo by Joe Maher/LIV Golf/Getty Images)

With the first LIV Golf Tournament teeing off in London June 9-11th, and PGA Tour Commissioner Jay Moynihan threatening to penalize golfers who participate in the Saudi-backed tour, this sports business drama may not draw as many eyeballs as the Johnny Depp v Amber Heard trial, but this golf industry showdown begs many questions - both legal and moral.

Its a contrast in personal right versus human rights.

Does one side with the golfers right to choose where they can play?

Or does one chastise and ostracize golfers for selling out to a tour where the financial backing for their events comes from a country with an abysmal human rights record?

Personal Right: The Antitrust Argument

On the one hand, there is the issue of labor mobility and freedom of choice for these independent contractors.

Historically, golfers have had the freedom to play in the tournaments they wish to play in. Golfers from America, Europe, South Africa, Asia, Australia, and all over the world have had the right to choose which global tournaments they wish to compete in.

Historically, most of the worlds best golfers chose to play the majority of their golf on the PGA Tour, because the tournaments on the PGA Tour had the highest purses and greatest prestige.

And most germane for this discussion, the PGA Tour has not prevented players from playing select events in Saudi Arabia in the past...despite the appalling human rights abuse record of the Saudi government. To this point, linked below are the final standings of the Saudi International tournament from 2022, 2021, and 2020. The leaderboards reflect the top names in global golf, including many PGA Tour members.

Where was the PGA Tours outrage and suspension threats then?

Their lack of outrage or attempts to prevent Tour members from competing in past Saudi-backed tournaments is evidence that Commissioner Moynihans current sanctioning threats are more about turf-protection and attempts to nix competition from a rival tour than anything else.

With the LIV defections weve already seen - Dustin Johnson, Bryson DeChambeau, Patrick Reed, Phil Mickelson and more - one can understand why Moynihan is worried.

Then there are the legal questions. Can the PGA Tour even legally suspend players? Antitrust lawsuits will almost certainly be filed by golfers who feel their personal right to choose where to play is being unfairly and unlawfully infringed upon.

Intuitively, it appears that blocking independent contractors - who have historically been allowed to play anywhere in the world - from playing in events seems ripe for antitrust litigation.

Human Rights: Economic Ramifications of the Social Conscience Component

While confident none of the golfers or golf executives who are affiliated with LIV Golf condone or excuse the past human rights abuses of the Saudi government, the golfers must realize the potential for long-term reputational effects on their personal brand.

The perception they were lured by so-called blood money.

Megastars like Dustin Johnson and Phil Mickelson - who have reportedly received $125 million and $200 million respectively to simply be a part of LIV golf - have already lost endorsement partners due to their decision to compete in LIV events.

Can the PGA Tour and LIV Golf Co-exist?

As a mere practical and logistical matter, the answer is absolutely yes.

None of the LIV Golf events will ever have the legacy cache of the majors, the PGA Tours other marquee events (like last weekends Memorial Tournament hosted by legendary Jack Nicklaus), the Players Championship, and a handful of other top tier events throughout the year.

Why not? No history. No storied past of the games past greats conquering on that track.

But as a means of exposing the viewing public to a different style of golf - the team game - and by scheduling events to avoid conflicts with the marquee events referenced above, it certainly is feasible for golfers as independent contractors to pick-and-choose which events they play.

Also, we have sadly been reminded this year and even more recently with his announcement to skip the U.S. Open, Tiger Woods will not be around the PGA Tour forever. The game and tour have enjoyed riding on the coattails of Tigers massive appeal and presence for decades, and all golfers and the tour of appreciative of the financial largesse Tigers greatness has created for all involved.

But as we witness the beginning of the end of Tigers regular competitive presence at tour events, competition from a rival tour in terms of event presentation and competition format could be healthy for the overall demand for the sport.

In a world where the average consumer enjoys Top Golf more than an afternoon on the sofa watching a regular PGA Tour event, perhaps this rivalry from LIV introduces both media production and competitive elements which appeal to younger generations of sports consumers.

Will more competition for their services improve the economics for players on the PGA Tour?

As a mere matter of historical precedent across other sports leagues, the answer is absolutely yes.

We as employees, if we have two or more companies bidding on our services, this will raise your wage.

When the upstart USFL started vying for professional football players like Steve Young and Jim Kelly, this forced the NFL to raise salaries.

When the reserve clause was removed from players contracts across various sports leagues which gave rise to free agency (nod to Marvin Miller and Curt Flood here), players salaries exploded.

In short, this financial pressure from LIV Golf will ultimately have a favorable impact on PGA Tour purses.

Whats the endgame?

While it is possible that the social corporate outcry from doing business with the Saudis could reach decibel levels which could squash LIV Golf, I wouldnt bet on that outcome.

Rather, I believe it is more likely that the PGA Tour, to avoid both expensive lawsuits and the appearance of behaving in an anti-competitive and draconian fashion, will ultimately relent and allow players to compete in both their events and LIV Golf. That may not happen right away, but I believe thats where this drama is ultimately headed.

On this last point, Im reminded of what the NCAAs preliminary threat was to any state that approved name, image, and likeness statutes. As California did in Fall 2019.

Analogously, the PGA Tour has talked tough in the build-up to this first LIV event. But as more stars of the game decide to dip their toes in the LIV waters, the tour must realize that if they ban all of these golfers, they wont have enough star power at their own events to attract fans, sponsors, and future media rights.

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Human Rights, Antitrust Behavior And The PGA-LIV Showdown - Forbes

Human Behavior

Why Covid-19 ‘delayed positives’ are on the rise – The Daily Briefing

In recent months, experts have seen an increased prevalence of "delayed positivity," where individuals test negative for the coronavirus early in their illness before testing positive several days later, Katherine Wu writes for The Atlantic.

Prepare and adapt your Covid-19 communication strategy with external and internal stakeholders

A rise in cases of "delayed positivity" has left many experts wondering why certain individuals test negative several days in a row after the onset of Covid-19 symptoms before ultimately testing positive.

Currently, no one knows how often early negatives happen, or which individuals are most at risk. But according to Amesh Adalja, an infectious disease physician at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, "[i]t's become more common."

If the coronavirusischanging the course of early-infections, "that makes it really scary," said Susan Butler-Wu, a clinical microbiologist at the University of Southern California's Keck School of Medicine. "You can't test and get a negative and actuallyknowyou're negative."

The virus is "acting differently from a symptom perspective for sure," noted Emily Martin, an infectious disease epidemiologist at the University of Michigan.

"That's worth paying attention to," Wu writes. "The start of symptoms has always been a bit of a two-step: Is it COVID, or not? If SARS-CoV-2 is re-choreographing its moves, we must tooor risk losing our footing."

Unfortunately, experts do not yet know exactly why these "delayed positives" happen.

Currently, experts are operating off limited evidence. "I don't even know of any data that systematically evaluates this," said Yonatan Grad, who studies the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 at Harvard University's School of Public Health.

According to Wu, "several phenomena could plausibly be muddying the testing timeline" and "[i]t's likely that population immunity, viral mutations, and human behavior all have some role."

Among the experts Wu spoke with, the most popular theory was the immunity hypothesis. "Perhaps symptoms are preceding test positivity, less because the virus is peakinglate,and more because illness is arrivingearly, thanks to the lightning-fast reflexes of people's primed immune systems," Wu writes.

Sometimes, sickness comes as the direct result of a virus. However, common symptoms of a respiratory infection, including a runny nose, muscle and joint aches, chills, fevers, fatigue can also serve as "signs that the immune system is being activated," said Aubree Gordon, an infectious disease epidemiologist at the University of Michigan.

At the start of the pandemic, infections occurred only in people who had never been infected with the coronavirus before. As a result, illness typically took several days to manifestand the immune system struggled to fight as the virus grew stronger.

"Once people are vaccinated, though, their immune systems kick in right away," said Emily Landon, an infectious disease physician at the University of Chicago.

Notably, prior infection could also impact testing. "If the body makes fast work of the invader, some people mayneverend up testing positive, especially on antigen tests," Wu writes. "Others may see positivesa few days after symptoms start, as thevirusbriefly gains a foothold."

However, some unimmunized individuals have also experienced delayed positivity, and many who have been fully vaccinated and boosted still test positive before feeling ill.

Another theory supported by experts is the virushypothesis, which recognizes that coronavirus traits could be "flipping the sickness script," Wu writes. According to Ryan McNamara, a virologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, any strain of omicron is "just a different beast."

Several studies have suggested that "[omicron] struggles to penetrate deep into thelowerairway, and may notaccumulateto thedensitiesthat Delta did in the nose, which could make false negatives more likely," Wu writes.

"[I]t's really hard to separate if all of this is a property of the virus, or a property of the immune system, or both," said Roby Bhattacharyya, an infectious disease physician at Massachusetts General Hospital.

In addition, testing and symptom severity involve "just so many variables," said Ali Ellebedy, an immunologist at Washington University in St Louis. "People's vaccination status, age, genetics, even the dose of virus, can affect if, when, or how they feel ill, and whether their infection registers on a test," Wu writes.

Ultimately, if delayed positivity is becoming more and more prevalent, "you cannot trust a negative rapid test at the beginning of illness," Landon said.(Wu, The Atlantic, 6/10)

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Why Covid-19 'delayed positives' are on the rise - The Daily Briefing

Human Behavior

Tim Cook expects our behavior to change when we feel ‘surveilled all the time’ by tech: ‘It changes society in a major way’ – CNBC

Apple CEO Tim Cook is no stranger to criticizing other tech companies for monitoring their users' data. Now, he's upping the ante by indicating that such data collection could soon become a widespread problem for society at large.

At the TIME100 Summit 2022 on Tuesday, Cook said he was "quite worried" about tech companies surveilling their users, because it could change the way most humans behave and interact with each other.

"I fear deeply the loss of privacy," Cook, 61, said. "If we begin to feel like we're being surveilled all the time, then our behavior changes. We begin to do less. We begin to think about things less. You begin to modify how you think. In a world like that where you're restraining yourself, [it] changes society in a major way."

Several studies show that humans behave differently when they know they're being watched. In 2018, researchers from a Dutch university found participants "cheated significantly less" on tests when cameras were present. In an Axios survey published in 2019, some participants self-reported that being watched affected their behavior, and 48% said surveillance could cause them to change their behavior at work.

Cook's comments join a chorus of recent controversy surrounding tech companies and user data. Last month, more than one million Illinois residents received checks for up to $397 after Facebook settled a $650 million class action lawsuit. According to plaintiffs, the platform gathered facial recognition data without user consent which is illegal under Illinois state law.

Google Photos is in the midst of a similar lawsuit, and as CNBC reported in 2017, all of Google's platforms including Gmail, Google Docs and the company's eponymous search engine store information like your phone number, location data and the websites you've visited.

Google maintains that it doesn't sell the personal information it stores, but rather uses it to curate personalized ads for its users. The company recently announced tools to help users request the removal of their personal data from its search results.

Google, Amazon and even Apple have also come under fire for collecting and reviewing audio samples from smart home systems. Google and Amazon eventually acknowledged their use of the practice with Google Assistant and Alexa, providing opt-out options for users. Apple, which is generally viewed as more privacy-conscious than most of its rivals, went a step further by apologizing and suspending its "human grading" practice across all Siri services.

Despite the tech world's myriad privacy issues, Cook noted on Tuesday that a surveillance-heavy future isn't a foregone conclusion yet. He said he's "optimistic" that tech companies will develop more ways to respect individuals' data, though he did not specify whether those changes would be motivated by altruism, lawsuits or the threat of federal regulations.

"It's tough to say that a company, or anyone for that matter, should be able to step in and on an uninformed basis vacuum up your data," Cook said.

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Human Behavior

Human Rights Watch’s Opposition to CARE Court (SB 1338) – Human Rights Watch

Honorable Mark StoneChair, Assembly Judiciary Committee1020 N. Street, Room 104Sacramento, CA 95814

Re: Human Rights Watchs Opposition to CARE Court (SB 1338) as amended May 19, 2022

Dear Assemblymember Stone:

Human Rights Watch has carefully reviewed SB 1338[1] , the amendments to SB 1338, and the proposed framework for the Community Assistance, Recovery and Empowerment (CARE) Court created by CalHHS,[2] and must respectfully voice our strong opposition. CARE Court promotes a system of involuntary, coerced treatment, enforced by an expanded judicial infrastructure, that will, in practice, simply remove unhoused people with perceived mental health conditions from the public eye without effectively addressing those mental health conditions and without meeting the urgent need for housing. We urge you to reject this bill and instead to take a more holistic, rights-respecting approach to address the lack of resources for autonomy-affirming treatment options and affordable housing.

CARE Court proponents claim it will increase up-stream diversion from the criminal legal and conservatorship systems by allowing a wide range of actors to refer people with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders to the jurisdiction of the courts without an arrest or hospitalization. In fact, the bill creates a new pathway for government officials and family members to place people under state control and take away their autonomy and liberty.[3] It applies generally to those the bill describes as having a schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder and specifically targets unhoused people.[4] It seems aimed at facilitating removing unhoused people from public view without actually providing housing and services that will help to resolve homelessness. Given the racial demographics of Californias homeless population,[5] and the historic over-diagnosing of Black and Latino people with schizophrenia,[6] this plan is likely to place many, disproportionately Black and brown, people under state control.

CARE Court is Coerced Treatment

Proponents of the plan describe CARE Court in misleading ways as preserving self-determination and self-sufficiency, and empower[ing].[7] But CARE Court creates a state-imposed system of coerced, involuntary treatment. The proposed legislation authorizes judges to order a person to submit to treatment under a CARE plan.[8] That treatment may include an order to take a given medication, including anti-psychotic medications, housing, and other enumerated services.[9] Housing must be provided through a designated list of existing program that includes interim housing or shelter options that may be unacceptable to an individual and unsuited to their unique needs.[10] The CARE Court proposal does not provide additional housing.

A person who fails to obey the court ordered treatment plan may be referred to conservatorship, which would potentially strip that person of their legal capacity and personal autonomy, subjecting them to forcible medical treatment and medication, loss of personal liberty, and removal of power to make decisions over the conduct of their own lives.[11] Indeed, the court may use failure to comply with their court-ordered treatment, as a factual presumption that no suitable community alternatives are available to treat the individual, paving the way for detention and conservatorship.[12] In practical effect, the mandatory care plans are simply pathways to the even stricter system of control through conservatorship.

This approach not only robs individuals of dignity and autonomy but is also coercive and likely ineffective.[13] Studies of coercive mental health treatment have generally not shown positive outcomes.[14] Evidence does not support the conclusion that involuntary outpatient treatment is more effective than intensive voluntary outpatient treatment and, indeed, shows that involuntary, coercive treatment is harmful.[15]

Coerced Treatment Violates Human Rights

Under international human rights law, all people have the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.[16] Free and informed consent, including the right to refuse treatment, is a core element of that right to health.[17] Having a substitute decision-maker, including a judge, or even a supporter, make orders for health care can deny a person with disabilities their right to legal capacity and infringe on their personal autonomy.[18]

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities establishes the obligation to holistically examine all areas of law to ensure that the right of persons with disabilities to legal capacity is not restricted on an unequal basis with others. Historically, persons with disabilities have been denied their right to legal capacity in many areas in a discriminatory manner under substitute decision-making regimes such as guardianship, conservatorship and mental health laws that permit forced treatment.[19] The US has signed but not yet ratified this treaty, which means it is obligated to refrain from establishing policies and legislation that will undermine the purpose and object of the treaty, like creating provisions that mandate long-term substitute decision-making schemes like conservatorship or court-ordered treatment plans.

The World Health Organization has developed a new model that harmonizes mental health services and practices with international human rights law and has criticized practices promoting involuntary mental health treatments as leading to violence and abuse, rather than recovery, which should be the core basis of mental health services.[20] Recovery means different things for different people but one of its key elements is having control over ones own mental health treatment, including the possibility of refusing treatment.

To comport with human rights, treatment should be based on the will and preferences of the person concerned. Housing or disability status does not rob a person of their right to legal capacity or their personal autonomy. Expansive measures for imposing mental health treatment like the process envisioned by the CARE Court plan infringe on it and discriminate on the basis of disability. As discussed below they also run the risk of being abused by self-interested actors. This coerced process leading to treatment undermines any healing aim of the proposal.

CARE Court Denies Due Process

The CARE Court proposal authorizes family members, first responders, including police officers or outreach workers, the public guardian, service providers, conservators, and the director of the county behavioral health agency, to initiate the process of imposing involuntary treatment by filing a petition with the court.[21] These expansive categories of people with the power to embroil another person in court processes and potential loss of autonomy, many of whom lack any expertise in recognition and treatment of mental health conditions, reveals the extreme danger of abuse inherent in this proposal. For example, interpersonal conflicts between family members could result in abusive parents, children, spouses, and siblings using the referral process to expose their relatives to court hearings and potential coerced treatment, housing, and medication.

Law enforcement and outreach workers would have a new tool to threaten unhoused people with referral to the court to pressure them to move from a given area. These state actors could place those who disobeyed their commands into the CARE Court process and under the control of courts. Given the long history of law enforcement using its authority to drive unhoused people from public spaces, a practice that re-traumatizes those people and does nothing to solve homelessness, it is dangerous to provide them with additional powers to do so.[22]

The legislation does not set meaningful standards to guide judicial discretion and does not delineate procedures for those decisions.[23] It establishes a contradictory and unworkable procedure that allows certain people diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders to be ordered into treatment if, among other criteria, a judge believes that they have impaired insight or judgment that risks their health and safety, or that they are at risk of relapse or deterioration into grave disability or potential harm. [24] These criteria are extremely subjective and speculative and subject to bias. On a mere showing of prima facie evidence that the petition is true, the person is then required to enter into negotiations with the county behavioral health agency to come up with a purportedly voluntary treatment plan.[25] However, failure to agree to that plan results in an evaluation by that same behavioral health agency, which is used to impose a mandatory, court-ordered course of treatment.[26] Once ordered, if a person does not complete the CARE program, they may be involuntarily reappointed to the program for an additional year.[27] This process is entirely involuntary and coercive. The role of the behavioral health agency poses a great potential for conflicts of interest, as they will presumably be funded to carry out the Care Plans that result from their negotiations and their evaluations.

The CARE Court plan threatens to create a separate legal track for people perceived to have mental health conditions, without adequate process, negatively implicating basic rights.[28] Even with stronger judicial procedures, this program would remain objectionable because it expands the ability of the state to coerce people into involuntary treatment.

CARE Court will harm Black, brown, and Unhoused people

The CARE Court directly targets unhoused people to be placed under court-ordered treatment, thus denying their rights and self-determination. Governor Newsom, in pitching this plan, called it a response to seeing homeless encampments throughout the state of California.[29] CARE Court will empower police and homeless outreach workers to refer people to the courts and allow judges to order them into treatment against their will, including medication plans. CARE Court does not increase access to permanent supportive housing or mental health care and instead relies on existing programs and service providers that already struggle to meet the needs of the unhoused.[30]

Due to a long history of racial discrimination in housing, employment, access to health care, policing and the criminal legal system, Black and brown people have much higher rates of homelessness than their overall share of the population.[31] The CARE Court plan in no way addresses the conditions that have led to these high rates of homelessness in Black and brown communities. Instead, it proposes a system of state control over individuals that will compound the harms of homelessness.

Further, much research shows that mental health professionals diagnose Black and Latino populations at much higher rates than they do white people.[32] One meta-analysis of over 50 separate studies found that Black people are diagnosed with schizophrenia at a rate nearly 2.5 times greater than white people.[33] A 2014 review of empirical literature on the subject found that Black people were diagnosed with psychotic disorders three to four times more frequently than white people.[34] This review found large disparities for Latino people as well. CARE Court may place a disproportionate number of Black and Latino people under involuntary court control.

CARE Court Does Not Increase Access to Mental Health Care

The CARE plan would establish a new judicial infrastructure focused on identifying people with mental health conditions and placing them under state control for up to twenty-four months. While touted as an unprecedented investment in support and treatment for people with mental health conditions, in reality, the program provides no new funding for behavioral health care, instead re-directing money already in the budget for treatment to programs required by CARE Court.[35] According to the DHHS presentation on the proposal, the only new money allocated for the program will go to the courts themselves to administer this system of control.[36]

The court-ordered plans include housing, but not necessarily permanent supportive housing.[37] The proposal seems to anticipate allowing shelter and interim housing to suffice if available, without recognizing the vast shortage of affordable housing, especially supportive housing, throughout most of California.[38] To the extent the proposal relies on state investment in housing already in existence, it will prioritize availability of that housing for people under this program, meaning others in need would have reduced access to that housing.

California Should Invest in Voluntary Treatment and Supportive Services

CARE Court shifts the blame for homelessness onto individuals and their vulnerabilities, rather than recognizing and addressing the root causes of homelessness such as poverty, affordable housing shortages, barriers to access to voluntary mental health care, and racial discrimination. CARE Courts are designed to force unhoused people with mental health conditions into coerced treatment that will not comprehensively and compassionately address their needs.

Californians lack adequate access to supportive mental health care and treatment.[39] However, this program does not increase that access. Instead, it depends on money already earmarked for behavioral health initiatives and layers harmful and expensive court involvement onto an already inadequate system. Similarly, the Care plans mandated by the CARE Courts do not address the shortage of housing.

Investing in involuntary treatment ties up resources that could otherwise be invested in voluntary treatment and the services necessary to make that treatment effective.[40] California should provide well-resourced holistic community-based voluntary options and remove barriers to evidence-based treatment to support people with mental health conditions who might be facing other forms of social exclusion. Such options should be coupled with investment in other social supports and especially housing, not tied to court-supervision.

Rather than co-opting the language used by movements supporting housing and disability rights and cynically parading the trauma of family members let down by the state mental health system, as proponents of CARE Courts have done, we instead ask that you reject the CARE Court proposal entirely and direct resources towards making voluntary treatment and other necessary services accessible to all who need it.

Sincerely,

Olivia Ensign John RaphlingSenior Advocate, US Program Senior Researcher, US ProgramHuman Rights Watch Human Rights Watch

[1] California SB 1338, Community Assistance, Recovery, and Empowerment (CARE) Court Program (Umberg, Eggman), 2022, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB1338 (accessed April 12, 2022).

[2] California Health & Human Services Agency, CARE Court: A New Framework for Community Assistance, Recovery & Empowerment, March 2022, https://www.chhs.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/CARE-Court-Framework_web.pdf (accessed April 12, 2022).

[3] California SB 1338, Community Assistance, Recovery, and Empowerment (CARE) Court Program (Umberg, Eggman), 2022, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB1338.

[4] Marisa Lagos, Gov. Newsom on His Plan to Tackle Mental Health, Homelessness with CARE Courts,KQED, March 16, 2022, https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888316/gov-newsom-on-his-new-plan-to-tackle-mental-health-homelessness-with-care-courts (accessed April 12, 2022).

[5] Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, Report and Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Black People Experiencing Homelessness, December 2018, https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness (accessed April 12, 2022).

[6] Charles M. Olbert, Arundati Nagendra, and Benjamin Buck, Meta-analysis of Black vs. White racial disparity in schizophrenia diagnosis in the United States: Do structured assessments attenuate racial disparities?, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 127(1) (2018): 104-115, accessed April 12, 2022, doi: 10.1037/abn0000309; Robert C. Schwartz and David M. Blankenship, Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: A review of empirical literature, World Journal of Psychiatry 4 (2014): 133-140, accessed April 12, 20220, doi: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.133.

[7] CARE (Community Assistance, Recovery and Empowerment) Court, California Health & Human Services Agency, March 14, 2022, Slides 5, 10 and 20, https://www.chhs.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/CARE-Court-Stakeholder-Slides-20220314.pdf (accessed April 12, 2022); Marisa Lagos, Gov. Newsom on His Plan to Tackle Mental Health, Homelessness with CARE Courts, KQED, March 16, 2022, https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888316/gov-newsom-on-his-new-plan-to-tackle-mental-health-homelessness-with-care-courts (accessed April 12, 2022).

[9] SB 1338, Section, 5982; 5971

[10] SB 1338, Section 5982(c); CARE (Community Assistance, Recovery and Empowerment) Court. The DHHS presentation discusses a range of housing possibilities including interim or bridge housing, which in common usage means temporary shelter.

[11] SB 1338, Section 5979(a); California Welfare and Institutions Code Section 53505372, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WIC&sectionNum=5357 (accessed April 12, 2022).

[13] Sashidharan, S. P., Mezzina, R., & Puras, D., Reducing coercion in mental healthcare,Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences,28(6) (2019): 605612, accessed April 12, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000350 (Available research does not suggest that coercive intervention in mental health care are clinically effective, improve patient safety or result in better clinical or social outcomes.).

[14] Sashidharan, S. P., Mezzina, R., & Puras, D., Reducing coercion in mental healthcare,Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences,28(6) (2019): 605612, accessed May 5, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000350; Richard M. Ryan, Martin F. Lynch, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Edward L. Deci, Motivation and Autonomy in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Behavior Change: A Look at Theory and Practice, Invited Integrative Review 39(2) (2011): 193260, accessed May 5, 2022, doi: 10.1177/0011000009359313; McLaughlin, P., Giacco, D., and Priebe, S., Use of Coercive Measures during Involuntary Psychiatric Admission and Treatment Outcomes: Data from a Prospective Study across 10 European Countries,Plods one11(12) (2016), accessed May 5, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168720 (All coercive measures are associated with patients staying longer in hospital, and seclusion significantly so, and this association is not fully explained by coerced patients being more unwell at admission.).

[15] Joseph P. Morrissey, et al., Outpatient Commitment and Its Alternatives: Questions Yet to Be Answered, Psychiatric Services (2014): 812-814; S.P. Sashidharan, et al., Reducing Coercion in Mental Healthcare, Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28 (2019): 605-612.

[16] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (ICESCR), adopted December 16, 1966, entered into force January 3, 1976, Art. 12(1), https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx (accessed May 5, 2022).

[17] Human Rights Council; United Nations, General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, March 28, 2017, https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/35/21, para. 63. See also Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 12 read in conjunction with art. 25; Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: General comment No. 1 (2014), May 19, 2014, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/031/20/PDF/G1403120.pdf?OpenElement (accessed May 5, 2022), para. 31, 41.

[19] Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: General comment No. 1 (2014), May 19, 2014, para. 7.

[20] World Health Organization and QualityRights, Freedom from coercion, violence, and abuse, 2019, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329582/9789241516730-eng.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y (accessed May 5, 2022), p. 2, 8, 22.

[21] SB 1338, Section 5974; 5978

[22] Chris Herring, Complaint-Oriented Policing: Regulating Homelessness in Public Space, American Sociological Review 1-32, (2019), accessed May 5, 2022, doi: 10.1177/0003122419872671.

[23] SB 1338, Section, 5972-5978

[24] SB 1338, Section 5972.

[25] SB 1338, Section 5977.

[26] SB 1338, Section 5977.

[27]SB 1338, Section 5977.

[28] Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Guidelines on article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities: The right to liberty and security of persons with disabilities, (September 2015), https://www.google.com/search?q=Guidelines+on+CRPD+article+14%2C+paragraph+21&rlz=1C1PRFI_enUS936US936&oq=Guidelines+on+CRPD+article+14%2C+paragraph+21&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160.3045j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 (accessed May 5, 2022), para. 14.

[29] Marisa Lagos, Gov. Newsom on His Plan to Tackle Mental Health, Homelessness with CARE Courts.

[30] SB 1338, Section 5982(c).

[31] Kate Cimini, Black people disproportionately homeless in California, CalMatters, February 27, 2021, https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2019/10/black-people-disproportionately-homeless-in-california/ (accessed May 5, 2022) (about 6.5% of Californians identify as black or African American,but they account for nearly 40% of the states homeless population); Esmeralda Bermudez and Ruben Vives, Surge in Latino homeless population a whole new phenomenon; for Los Angeles, LA Times, June 18, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-latino-homeless-20170618-story.html (accessed May 5, 2022); Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, Report and Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Black People Experiencing Homelessness, December 2018, https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness (accessed May 5, 2022).

[32] Charles M Olbert,Arundati Nagendra, andBenjamin Buck, Meta-analysis of Black vs. White racial disparity in schizophrenia diagnosis in the United States: Do structured assessments attenuate racial disparities?, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 127 (2018): 104-115, accessed May 5, 2022, doi: 10.1037/abn0000309; Robert C. Schwartz and David M. Blankenship, Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: A review of empirical literature, World Journal of Psychiatry 4 (2014): 133-140, accessed May 5, 2022, doi: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.133.

[34] Schwartz and Blankenship, Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis.

[35] CARE (Community Assistance, Recovery and Empowerment) Court, California Health & Human Services Agency.

[37] SB 1338, Section 5971; 5982.

[38] Ibid.; National Low Income Housing Coalition, The Gap: A Shortage of Affordable Homes, March 2020, https://reports.nlihc.org/sites/default/files/gap/Gap-Report_2021.pdf (accessed May 5, 2022), p. 2, 9; California Housing Partnership, California Affordable Housing Needs Report, March 2020, https://1p08d91kd0c03rlxhmhtydpr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/CHPC_HousingNeedsReportCA_2020_Final-.pdf (accessed May 5, 2022).

[39] Liz Hamel, Lunna Lopes, Bryan Wu, Mollyann Brodie, Lisa Aliferis, Kristof Stremikis and Eric Antebi, Low-Income Californians and Health Care, Kaiser Family Foundation, June 7, 2019, https://www.kff.org/report-section/low-income-californians-and-health-care-findings/#:~:text=About%20half%20of%20Californians%20with%20low%20incomes%20%2852,not%20able%20to%20get%20needed%20services%20%28Figure%208%29 (accessed May 5, 2022). ( A majority of low-income Californians (56 percent) say their community does not have enough mental health care providers to serve the needs of local residents.)

[40] Physicians for Human Rights, Neither Justice nor Treatment: Drug Courts in the United States, June 2017, phr_drugcourts_report_singlepages.pdf (accessed May 5, 2022), p. 3.

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Human Rights Watch's Opposition to CARE Court (SB 1338) - Human Rights Watch

Human Behavior

Review: Netflix’s ‘Spiderhead’ Is Tonally All Over the Place – Black Girl Nerds

The latest psychological thriller from Netflix comes from Joseph Kosinski, director of the highly praised Top Gun: Maverick, and Deadpool writing duo Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It is based on the 2010 short story Escape from Spiderhead by award-winning author George Saunders, first published in The New Yorker and then later in his collection Tenth of December. Spiderhead has all the ingredients for an intriguing satire the dangers of technology, unethical practices for the greater good, redemption, survival, human emotion, etc. However, capturing the tone of George Saunders in a visual medium just seems impossible, and the film ultimately falls short.

Bespeckled scientist Steve Abnesti (Chris Hemsworth) runs a remote penitentiary housing convicts willing to undergo drug experiments in exchange for a cozier prison environment. Abnesti appears to be friendly with one of his subjects, Jeff (Miles Teller), who begins to question the ethics of the experiments. Abnesti answers to the vaguely named: Protocol Committee, and regularly spouts the rhetoric of the typical Silicon Valley tech villain Were changing the world. But we immediately see through this friendly warden act and know Abnesti has a more nefarious agenda.

Jeff has a playful, flirty kinship with fellow inmate Lizzy (Jurnee Smollett). The guilt he feels for his crime keeps an emotional barrier between them. The prisoners have all been sentenced for their various heinous crimes. Under Abnestis care, they have a sense of freedom, trading in cuffs or prison garb for a modern dormitory atmosphere. All they have to do is let this good-looking mad scientist inject them with mind-altering drugs that bring intense feelings of giddiness, obedience, arousal, happiness, and debilitating fear.

Anyone familiar with the work of George Saunders knows that he has a wickedly dark sense of humor and interest in human behavior. Escape from Spiderhead is funny, disturbing, and tragic. While its a great story, it doesnt translate well as a film. Whether or not youve read the story, the mystery at the center of Spiderhead isnt really that mysterious or revelatory. Tonally, its all over the place and doesnt have the same feel as Saunders story.

Kosinski told Deadline: Spiderhead is a reminder that not everything needs to be based on known IP and that the best special effect can be a fantastic performance. I definitely agree since I believe the acting is the only highlight of the film.

The lead actors do their best with the material theyre given. Without Jurnee Smolletts emotional nuances, Lizzy wouldve been a rather dull character.This film mightve done well with Jeffs inner dialogue guiding us instead of just translating bits of his narration as actual dialogue. Jeff is less interesting and insightful in the film, but thats the fault of Miles Teller. The actor said, I wanted to portray that sense of trust, in the beginning, to help show that theres a real earnestness and sincerity on Abnestis part toward helping everybody.

Abnesti is a complex character in Saunders story whose motivations are implied but not really explored because everything is from Jeffs point of view. Despite this, Hemsworth delivers an enjoyable performance. Hes already proven his comedic talents in other roles, most notably as the God of Thunder. The limited banter and tension between Abnesti and his assistant Mark (Mark Paguio) are almost as entertaining as it is in the original story.

The music in Spiderhead sounds like someones 80s playlist on shuffle. Its odd and distracting, jumping from song to song without any real purpose or transition. Halfway through the film, a tense score kicks in, but by that time, Id already accepted that music clearly wasnt used to convey, well, anything in particular. So, the change isnt quite jarring but suddenly feels more familiar, like it shouldve been like this the whole time.

Spiderhead is the ideal project to film during the pandemic. Sets have an open-spaced, minimalist aesthetic. Theres a touch of retrofuturistic, but the overall vibe is that any billionaire could have this same setup. The penitentiary looks more like the interior of a spaceship than an actual prison, which is Abnestis doing. The place is still windowless, save for a few skylights and Abnestis incredible view from his quarters, but there are no bars.

Spiderhead isnt quite what viewers will expect, or even like. It barely fits into the dystopian sci-fi thriller category. Its more of a dark comedy attempting to convey a profound sci-fi message. The film mostly stayed true to its source material and featured some scenes/dialogue straight from the story, but failed to carry the same tone and wit as Saunders. Though Spiderhead isnt as dark as High Life, or as intriguing as Ex Machina, two highly acclaimed sci-fi thrillers of the last decade, it might still be worth a watch for the performances and set design.

Spiderhead begins streaming on June 17, 2022, on Netflix.

Cassondra Feltus is a St. Louis-based freelance writer best known for film, television, and pop culture analysis which has appeared on Black Girl Nerds, WatchMojo, and The Take. She loves naps, Paul Rudd, and binge-watching the latest series with her two gorgeous pups Harry and DeVito.

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Review: Netflix's 'Spiderhead' Is Tonally All Over the Place - Black Girl Nerds

Human Behavior

Study Links Depression with High Levels of an Amino Acid – The Scientist

A growing body of literature ties the gut microbiome to symptoms of depression in a seemingly circular relationship where each affects the other. However, many of the studies on this relationship merely link certain bacterial populations or diets to major depressive disorderleaving open critical questions about the underlying mechanisms of how the gut microbes might influence depression.

Research published last month (May 3) in Cell Metabolism takes an important step toward filling such gaps, demonstrating in multiple animal species that there is likely a causative relationship between depression severity and serum levels of the nonessential amino acid proline, which the study finds depend on both diet and the activity of proline-metabolizing bacteria in the gut.

To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time that a team actually demonstrates a causal relationship between proline intake and depressive behavior, Kings College London metabolism researcher Sandrine Claus, who didnt work on the study and is also chief scientific officer of the microbiome therapeutics company YSOPIA Bioscience, tells The Scientist over email. I am unaware of a proline-mediated gut-brain axis. This is therefore a completely novel mechanism of action.

Previous research had found that proline, among other dietary compounds, seems to play a role in major depressive disorder, but we found increased levels not only [in] major depression but also in subjects with moderate depression, study coauthor Jos Manuel Fernndez-Real, a researcher at the Girona Biomedical Research Institute and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, both located in Spain, explains. Indeed, the severity of the symptoms correlated with the subjects circulating proline.

Fernndez-Real and his colleagues uncovered this when they compared peoples responses on an 80-item food intake questionnaire with scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a common clinical survey for diagnosing and measuring the severity of a persons depression. Out of all the dietary nutrients in the questionnaire, Fernndez-Real says, the one most associated with depressive traits was precisely proline. Blood tests in the same participants solidified the correlation between proline and depressive traits.

However, some discrepancies emerged within the data that demanded a closer look. Not all subjects with increased proline in the diet had increased proline in the plasma, hinting that some yet-undiscovered factor was involved, Fernndez-Real explains. In search of that explanation, he and the other researchers determined the microbiome compositions of the human participants.

The paper notes that most previous studies attempting to do the same failed to achieve bacterial species-level resolution and have reached inconclusive and conflicting findings. But Fernndez-Real and colleagues employed a multi-omics approach that allowed them to link microbial function to the specific biological pathways associated with depression, granting their study a level of resolution that Fernndez-Real says was lacking from what he describes as underpowered previous studies.

In the study participants, plasma proline levels were associated with the presence and activity of specific gut bacteriapeople with high proline consumption and higher plasma proline levels had different microbiome compositions than those who consumed the same amount of proline but had less circulating in their blood. Furthermore, the team found that the microbial communities of the former were associated with more severe depression.

To determine whether theres a direct link between proline and depression, the researchers revisited and modified mouse and Drosophila melanogaster models that theyd previously used to study how the microbiome influenced cognitive abilities.

The researchers fed 10 mice a standard diet and another 10 a proline-supplemented diet, then subjected them to stressors typically used to trigger depression-like behaviors. After six weeks, the experimental group had significantly higher proline levels circulating in their plasma and exhibited more signs of depressive behaviors, such as a disinterest in sugar water and decreased mobility during a tail suspension test.

To see how the microbiome factored in, the researchers took fecal samples from 20 human volunteers (nine of whom had high proline levels and all of whom demonstrated a direct correlation between their PHQ-9 score and circulating plasma proline) and put them into antibiotic-treated mice, effectively transferring the human microbiomes into the animals. When the mice were subjected to another test meant to induce depressive behaviors, the researchers found that the mices behavior correlated with the PHQ-9 scoresand therefore circulating proline levelsof their donors as well as the mix of microbes now residing in their guts.

The data demonstrated that a particular microbiota metabolizes proline and is critical to develop more or less depressive symptoms, says Fernndez-Real.

The researchers also conducted RNA sequencing of the animals prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain associated with cognition. That revealed that genes related to depressive behaviors had been upregulated following fecal transplantationand that expression of the proline transporter gene Slc6a20 in the brain correlated with the mices behavior and their microbe donors PHQ-9 scores.

The microbiota from subjects with the highest depression scores induced emotional traits in the mice, says Fernndez-Real. Interestingly, the prefrontal cortex of transplanted mice showed increased expression of genes . . . that we also found in the intestine of subjects with increased proline intake.

From there, the researchers moved on to Drosophila experiments, subjecting both wild type control flies and those with downregulated CG43066the Drosophilaversion of sl6a20to stressors to see if the transporters affect whether the animals exhibit depressive behaviors. They then ran the same tests on Drosophila colonized with the bacteria found to increase or decrease proline metabolism in the prior experiments. Downregulating the proline transporter gene or colonizing the Drosophila with specific bacteria, especially certain Lactobacillus species, seemed to protect the flies from depressive behavior, the study found.

The researchers werent able to conduct similar experiments in people, which they concede limits the conclusions that can be drawn from their work. Going forward, Fernndez-Real says it will be important to test, for example, whether diets with different proline contents influence depressive traits and depressive symptomology.

Chrysi Sergaki, a microbiome researcher at the Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the UK who did not work on the study, tells The Scientistover email that using these [animal] models is a start. They can help us understand the impact of the microbiome on brain function, but that doesnt necessarily mean that it will work the same way in humans. Still, she says that because similar experiments cant be performed on humans, the animal models used in the new study can grant researchers a deeper understanding of how the microbiome can influence the functions of the organism they live in, adding that that knowledge can be valuable in the way we think about the microbiome when we move to humans.

Claus expresses similar sentiments. Modeling depressive behaviors in animals is . . . very challenging, she writes. I actually thought that the drosophila model was interesting despite the fact that we cannot directly translate behavioral observations from drosophila to humans. These are useful to study mechanisms of action though.

Still, Claus adds that a lack of data on circulating proline levels in the mouse model, combined with repeated reanalysis of the same cohort of people, make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the mechanism of microbial proline metabolism and its link to depression.

The authors keep reanalyzing the same cohort, insisting that they always find a consistent microbial signature with PHQ-9 and proline, Claus writes. But this is not surprising since proline is correlated to PHQ-9 score in this cohort, and PHQ-9 score is correlated with a microbial signature.

Sergaki applauds the study authors for describing the limitations of their work, adding that microbiome studies are notoriously difficult to reproduce and therefore validate. I think all microbiome scientists look at these studies with a critical eye, she tells The Scientist. The authors mention certain limitations of their study which are quite important. The biggest question is always this: correlation or causation? Due to the complexity of the system, this is very difficult to answer.

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