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Cell Biology

The Biology Project: Cell Biology

Cell Membranes Learn that membranes are fluid, with components that move, change, and perform vital physiological roles as they allow cells to communicate with each other and their environment.

Cell Signaling Learn that living organisms constantly receive and interpret signals from their environment. Cells of multi-cellular organisms also receive signals from other cells, including signals for cell division and differentiation.

Studying Cells Introduce yourself to the cell as the fundamental unit of life and the scientific method.

The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Understand the events that occur in the cell cycle and the process of mitosis that divides the duplicated genetic material creating two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis Understand the events that occur in process of meiosis that takes place to produce our gametes.

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Learn about the cells that make up all living systems, their organelles, and the differences between living cells and viruses.

The Cytoskeleton Learn that the cytoskeleton acts both a muscle and a skeleton, and is responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and the organization of the organelles within the cell.

Overview of Cells including their makup and the differences between animal and plant cells (link courtesy of Carey Konarski)

CELLS Alive! is a highly visual site, where you will find movies and animated illustrations on cell processes, parasites, penicillin and more.

cell.de Online-Service for Cell Biology includes digital media in internet quality and further information for university and high school on cellular and molecular biology. The IWF - Institute for Scientific Film, Gttingen (Germany) prepares educational media about cellular and molecular biology didactically and technically for different media carriers.

C. elegans Movies A visual introduction to C. elegans and its development. This page has links to movies made by C. elegans researchers worldwide.

Biology Mad. This website is mainly aimed for students studying AQA (spec. A) Biology in the UK. It is informative, beautifully designed and easy to use.

http://www.actionbioscience.org is an education resource of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The site provides peer-reviewed articles by scientists, science educators, and science students. In addition, the web site provides educators with original lessons and other resources to enhance bioscience teaching. Selected articles are translated into Spanish.

biochem4schools, is an online collection of biochemistry resources. With comprehensive reviews and extensive cross-referencing, this site will be an indispensable tool for teachers and students involved in biochemistry at all levels.

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The Biology Project: Cell Biology

Cell Biology

Cell Biology Content – CELLS alive

Cell Models- the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

How Big is a ... ?- from dust mites to Ebola on the head of a pin

Mitosis- interactive animation of mitotic stages

Meiosis- interactive animation

The Cell Cycle- how mitosis fits into a cell's overall life cycle

Cell CAMS- see cancer cells and bacteria multiplying in real time

Pumping Myocytes- these heart cells got rhythm

Apoptosis- when a cell commits suicide

Quiz on Cell Biology- check your knowledge

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Cell Biology Content - CELLS alive

Cell Biology

Biological Cell Introduction – Biology Online

It only takes one biological cell to create an organism. In fact, there are countless species of single celled organisms, and indeed multi-cellular organisms like ourselves.

A single cell is able to keep itself functional by owning a series of 'miniature machines' known as organelles. The following list looks at some of these organelles and other characteristics typical of a fully functioning cell. The italic links for each lead to an extra description in the dictionary, as do all similar links in the tutorials;

Cells can become specialised to perform a particular function within an organism, usually as part of a larger tissue consisting of many of the same cells working in tandem, for example;

Cells combine their efforts in these tissue types to perform a common cause. The task of the specialised cell will determine in what way it is going to be specialised, because different cells are suited to different purposes, as illustrated in the above list and below example;

Many of these cells contain organelles, though after some cells are specialised, they do not possess particular characteristics as they do not require them to be there. i.e. efficiency is the key, no resources are wasted and the resources available are put to their idyllic optimum.

The cell membrane, otherwise known as the plasma membrane is a semi-permeable structure consisting mainly of phospholipid (fat) molecules and proteins. They are structured in a fluid mosaic model, where a double layer of phospholipid molecules provide a barrier accompanied by proteins.

It is present round the circumference of a cell to acts as a barrier, keeping foreign entities out the cell and its contents (like cytoplasm) firmly inside the cell.

The plasma membrane allows only selected materials to pass in and out of a cell, and is thus known as a selectively permeable membrane. There are a number of methods that allow the exchange of materials in and out the cell possible, mentioned below.

There are three methods in which ions are transported through the cell membrane into the cell,

In cells, sometimes it is required to breakdown more complex molecules into more simple molecules, which can then be 're-built' into what is needed by the body with these new raw materials.

'Pinocytosis' where to contents of a structure (such as bacteria) are drank, essentially by breaking down molecules into a drinkable form.

'Phagocytosis' where contents are 'eaten'. See cell defence for more information in regards to this.

Absorption is the uptake of materials from a cells' external environment. Secretion is the ejection of material.

This page is designed to give you an introductory overview of a single cell. The continuing cell biology tutorial elaborates on the concepts mentioned here, and will give you a fuller understanding of the biological cell at work.

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Biological Cell Introduction - Biology Online

Biochemistry

Biochemical Society – What is biochemistry?

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems.

Biochemistry focuses on processes happening at a molecular level. It focuses on whats happening inside our cells, studying components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells communicate with each other, for example during growth or fighting illness. Biochemists need to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function, allowing them to predict how molecules will interact.

Biochemistry covers a range of scientific disciplines, including genetics, microbiology, forensics, plant science and medicine. Because of its breadth, biochemistry is very important and advances in this field of science over the past 100 years have been staggering. Its a very exciting time to be part of this fascinating area of study.

What do biochemists do?

Provide new ideas and experiments to understand how life works

Support our understanding of health and disease

Contribute innovative information to the technology revolution

Work alongside chemists, physicists, healthcare professionals, policy makers, engineers and many more professionals

To find out more about careers in biochemistry read our booklets Biochemistry: the careers guide and Next Steps.

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Biochemical Society - What is biochemistry?

Biochemistry

Biochemistry (ACS Publications)

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Biochemistry (ACS Publications)

Biochemistry

biochemistry | science | Britannica.com

Alternative title: physiological chemistry

Biochemistry,study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of vital processes. All chemical changes within the organismeither the degradation of substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the buildup of complex molecules necessary for life processesare collectively termed metabolism. These chemical changes depend on the action of organic catalysts known as ... (100 of 5,651 words)

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biochemistry | science | Britannica.com

Biochemistry

Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry

The key thing to remember is that biochemistry is the chemistry of the living world. Plants, animals, and single-celled organisms all use the same basic chemical compounds to live their lives. Biochemistry is not about the cells or the organisms. It's about the smallest parts of those organisms, the molecules. It's also about the cycles that create those biological compounds.

Every cycle has a place, and each one is just a small piece that helps an organism survive. In each cycle, molecules are used as reactants and then transformed into products. Life is one big network of activity where each piece relies on all of the others. A compound, such as an herbicide, may only break one part of one cycle in a plant. However, because everything needs to work together, the whole plant eventually dies.

We like biochemistry because we learn about things that are inside of us. We can relate to what happens when we eat and how our bodies are constructed. We can imagine how the molecules are moving around the mitochondria or chloroplasts, as opposed to chemical changes that make natural gas. If you choose a career in biology or chemistry, you will need to understand the information in both biochemistry and organic chemistry. Why? Because the movement of atoms in the bio-chem world follows the same rules you will learn in o-chem.

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Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry

Anatomy

Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body

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Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body

Anatomy

Anatomy | Define Anatomy at Dictionary.com

Historical Examples

Psychology is therefore of equal importance with anatomy and acoustics as an element of Vocal Science.

Its use has practically been superseded by the study of anatomy.

Nobody e'd have blamed you any if you'd aimed at a vital section of his anatomy; but you let him off with little more'n a scratch.

His legs were the only part of his anatomy which seemed to him as long as his nose.

Until the end of the fifteenth century progress in anatomy was almost imperceptible.

British Dictionary definitions for anatomy Expand

the science concerned with the physical structure of animals and plants

the physical structure of an animal or plant or any of its parts

a book or treatise on this subject

dissection of an animal or plant

any detailed analysis: the anatomy of a crime

(informal) the human body

Word Origin

C14: from Latin anatomia, from Greek anatom, from anatemnein to cut up, from ana- + temnein to cut

Word Origin and History for anatomy Expand

late 14c., "study of the structure of living beings;" c.1400, "anatomical structures," from Old French anatomie, from Late Latin anatomia, from Greek anatomia, from anatome "dissection," from ana- "up" (see ana-) + temnein "to cut" (see tome). "Dissection" (1540s), "mummy" (1580s), and "skeleton" (1590s) were primary senses of this word in Shakespeare's day; meaning "the science of the structure of organized bodies" predominated from 17c. Often mistakenly divided as an atomy or a natomy.

anatomy in Medicine Expand

anatomy anatomy (-nt'-m) n.

The morphological structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.

The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts.

Dissection of an animal to study the structure, position, and interrelation of its various parts.

A skeleton.

The human body.

anatomy in Science Expand

The structure of an organism or any of its parts.

The scientific study of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts.

anatomy in Culture Expand

The structure of an animal or plant; also, the study of this structure through techniques such as microscopic observation and dissection. (Compare morphology and physiology.)

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Anatomy | Define Anatomy at Dictionary.com

Anatomy

Anatomy – Tips & Advice for Studying – About Biology …

Anatomy Artwork Showing Muscles. Credit: SCIEPRO/Getty Images

By Regina Bailey

Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organisms. This subdiscipline of biology can be further categorized into the study of large scale anatomical structures (gross anatomy) and the study of microscopic anatomical structures (microscopic anatomy). Human anatomy deals with anatomical structures of the human body, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Anatomy is always linked to physiology, the study of how biological processes function in living organisms.

Therefore it is not enough to be able to identify a structure, its function must also be understood.

The study of human anatomy gives us a better understanding of the structures of the body and how they work. When taking a basic anatomy course, your goal should be to learn and understand the structures and functions of the major body systems. It is important to remember that organ systems don't just exist as individual units. Each system depends on the others, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. It is also important to be able to identify the major cells, tissues, and organs being studied and to know how they function.

Studying anatomy involves lots of memorization. For instance, the human body contains 206 bones and over 600 muscles. Learning these structures requires time, effort, and good memorization skills. The following tips will help make learning and memorizing body structures easier.

The most important thing to understand when studying anatomy is the terminology. Using standard anatomical terminology ensures that anatomists have a common method of communicating to avoid confusion when identifying structures. Knowing anatomical directional terms and body planes for instance, enables you to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body. Learning the common prefixes and suffixes used in anatomy and biology is also helpful. For example, if you are studying the brachiocephalic artery, you can figure out its function by knowing the affixes in the name. The affix brachio- refers to the upper arm and cephal refers to the head. If you have memorized that an artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, you can determine that the brachiocephalic artery is a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the head and arm regions of the body.

Study aids are very useful when studying anatomy. Believe it or not, anatomy coloring books are one of the best ways to learn and memorize structures and their location. The Anatomy Coloring Book is a popular choice, but other coloring books work as well. Anatomy flash cards, like Netter's Anatomy Flash Cards and Mosby's Anatomy & Physiology Study and Review Cards are recommended as well. Flash cards are valuable for reviewing information and are not meant to be a substitute for anatomy texts. Acquiring a good complementary text, such as Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, is a must for higher level anatomy courses and those interested in or already attending medical school. These resources provide detailed illustrations and pictures of various anatomical structures.

I can't state it enough, to really make sure you comprehend the material, you must constantly review what you have learned. It is vital that you attend any and all anatomy review sessions given by your instructor. Be sure to always take practice quizzes before taking any test or quiz. Get together with a study group and quiz each other on the material. If you are taking an anatomy course with a lab, be sure that you prepare for what you are going to be studying before lab class. The main thing you want to avoid is falling behind. With the volume of information that is covered in most anatomy courses, it is important that you stay ahead and know what you need to know, before you need to know it.

For information on some of the tissues, organs and systems of the body, see:

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Anatomy - Tips & Advice for Studying - About Biology ...