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Immunology

What is immunology? | Harvard Immunology

The Science of Immunology

The science of Immunology encompasses the study of the development, anatomy functions and malfunctions of the immune system, all of which are of fundamental importance to the understanding of human disease. The immune system is made up of many types of molecules and cells that are distributed in every tissue of the body, as well as specialized lymphoid organs, which act in a coordinated manner to prevent or eliminate microbial infections, to suppress the growth of tumors, and to initiate repair of damaged tissues. The immune system normally recognizes and responds to foreign molecules or damaged self, but not healthy host cells and tissues. The innate immune system maintains barriers to microbial invasion and provides critical biochemical and cellular first responders to infections that are absolutely essential for survival in a world teeming with microbes. Innate immune recognition initiates stereotypical inflammatory or anti-viral responses to a limited number of molecular patterns that are shared by different pathogens or expressed by injured or infected host cells. The more highly evolved adaptive immune system relies on collections of millions of clones of B and T lymphocytes to provide protection for the host, each clone capable of recognizing a distinct molecule. Furthermore, B and T lymphocytes are capable of differentiating into several different types of effector cells that perform distinct functions, and into long-lived memory cells that prevent or minimize repeat infections by a microbe.

Many diseases occur when there are fundamental defects in the immune system, or when the normal immune system is challenged in ways that evoke responses that damage rather than protect host cells and tissues. These diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality in every human population worldwide. Immunodeficiency diseases are manifest by increased risk of infections and tumors, and are caused by gene mutations, malnutrition, certain viruses such as HIV, or by treatments for cancer. Immune responses that are inappropriately targeted against self-molecules result in autoimmunity, which is manifest by diverse clinical problems related to the tissues or organs involved. Autoimmune diseases are caused by a combination of inherited genes and environmental factors that result in a failure of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and immune regulation. Excessive or chronic immune responses to infections are often the cause of disease related to certain microbes that are not cytopathic by themselves. Similarly, immune responses to otherwise nonpathogenic environmental antigens are the basis for allergic diseases. As the science of Immunology has progressed, it has become clear that immune responses are key to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic in nature, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases.

Harvard investigators have historically made many major contributions to the field of Immunology (see History of Immunology at Harvard). Current research activities at Harvard Medical School and affiliated institutions promise to bring more important discoveries and development of new therapies. Some examples of these activities include:

Browse People and Labs to find out more about the current scope of Harvard Immunology research.

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What is immunology? | Harvard Immunology

Immunology

Immunology Service | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

The Immunology Service at CHOP provides sensitive, patient-centered care to children and young adults with immune deficiencies. Our team team works closely with your whole family to provide education about immune deficiencies, as well as comprehensive immunology therapies.

We also help connect you with other families facing similar medical challenges, so you can learn from others who understand your experiences.

Primary immune deficiency disease can present in many ways including recurrent infections, unusual infections and autoimmune diseases. Our expert staff is world renowned in the diagnosis of these diseases. Our Clinical Immunology Laboratory provides advanced diagnostic tools, which are critical to finding an accurate diagnosis for your child and beginning a treatment plan that will improve her quality of life.

Particular areas of clinical emphasis include:

Each of the nearly 150 primary immune deficiency diseases has a specific therapy. We offer the most up-to-date therapies for our patients.

Many patients can be treated with probiotics, medications and other interventions to improve their quality of life. Hospital admissions are infrequent and the emphasis is on a normal life style. We work with our Day Medicine Unit for infusion therapy and use home care to maximize time spent at home.

Our Transition Clinic supports young adults as they become more independent and their medical needs change. We emphasize management of immune deficiencies as a way of life rather than an illness that restricts opportunities.

The Immunology Service participates in longitudinal registries of patients with immune deficiencies that aim to define optimal treatments of these diseases. These studies include USIDNET, CIBMTR and PIDTC. Ongoing research efforts are focused on:

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Immunology Service | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Embryology

Oxford Journals | Medicine & Health | Human Reproduction …

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Human Reproduction Update publishes comprehensive and systematic review articles in human reproductive physiology and medicine.

Basic, transitional and clinical topics related to reproduction are of primary interest. This includes all the relevant areas of andrology, embryology, infertility, gynaecology, pregnancy, reproductive endocrinology, reproductive epidemiology, reproductive genetics, reproductive immunology, and reproductive oncology.

Human Reproduction Update is published on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). The highest scientific and editorial standards are maintained.

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Oxford Journals | Medicine & Health | Human Reproduction ...

Neuroscience

Neurology Conference – Neuroscience event | Madrid | Spain

Conference seriesLLC organizes conference series all around the world in 2017; here it is our pleasure to invite you to Neurology conference entitled 11thWorld Congress on Neurology and Therapeutics during March 27-29, 2017 at Madrid, Spain.

Neurological disordersare diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them. There is ample evidence that pinpoints neurological disorders as one of the greatest threats to public health. There are more than 600 diseases of the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease,brain tumors, epilepsy,Parkinson's disease, and stroke as well as less familiar ones such as frontotemporal dementia and an estimated 6.8 million people die every year as a result of these disorders there by making it necessary to investigate the unresolvedNeurological Disorder.

Track 1:Migraine and Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain(neuralgia) is a pain that comes from problems with signals from the nerves. It was mainly classified into peripheral neuropathic pain and central neuropathic pain which includesspinal cordinjuryand central disorders. Pain is a significant public health problem that costs society at least and560-and635 billion annually. Women were more likely to experiencepainin comparison to men. According to the recent survey, Chronic Pain affects 47% of USA Adults. The main intent of this session is to understand Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) that is associated with dysregulation ofCentral Nervous System(CNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The current session on clinical neurology and pain focuses on: Neurological conditions affecting people and treatment of neurological or personality disorders.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, Neuro Informatics, Alicantae, Spain, 12th Congress of theEuropean Association ofNeuro-Oncology, Germany, 9th InternationalSymposium onNeuroprotectionandNeurorepair2016,Germany, 12th Congress of theEuropean Association ofNeuro-Oncology, Germany,Brain Aneurysm FoundationandBrain InjuryAssociation of America, Inc.,EpilepsyFoundation and Epilepsy Institute,Huntington's Disease Society of America and Hydrocephalus Association,International Dyslexia Association and International Essential Tremor Foundation,International Rett Syndrome Foundation and IntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation.Children'sBrain DiseaseFoundation,Myelin Repair Foundation and Myositis Association.

Track 2:Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke

Neurodegeneration or neuron death is the progressive loss of structure or function ofneuronswhich includes disorders like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease etc. In the United States, near about 60,000 cases of Parkinsons disease are diagnosed per year. The 3rd leading cause of death after cancer and heart disease is Stroke, thereby focusing on the epidemiology ofstrokeand risk factors. The main classification of stroke is haemorrhage stroke and ischemic stroke. The areas highlighted for discussion in this session are: Motor neuron diseases and Ataxias,Alzheimers Disease, Mechanism and Diagnosis, Novel Insights and Therapeutics for Parkinsons disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further we will discuss more about the various diagnosis procedure,Imagingtechnique, and acute stroke management,Migraine Research Foundationand MitoAction,NBIA Disorders AssociationandNeurofibromatosisNetwork,Brain Injury Resource Center and Brain Trauma Foundation,Epilepsy Therapy Project and Exceptional Parent Magazine,Huntington's Disease Society of Americaand Hydrocephalus Association,Multiple Sclerosis Association of America Multiple Sclerosis Foundation,Multiple System Atrophy Coalition, The MUMS National Parent-to-Parent Network

RelatedNeurology Conferences|Neurology Congress|Neuroscience Events|Neurologist Meeting

11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA,9th InternationalSymposium onNeuroprotectionandNeurorepair2016,Germany, 12th Congress of theEuropean Association ofNeuro-Oncology, Germany,Neuropathy Associationand Nevus Outreach, Inc,Brain Injury Resource Center and Brain Trauma Foundation,Epilepsy Therapy Project and Exceptional Parent Magazine,Huntington's Disease Society of America Hydrocephalus Association,Multiple Sclerosis Association of Americaand Multiple Sclerosis Foundation,Multiple System Atrophy Coalition, Theand MUMS National Parent-to-Parent Network

Track 3:Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation

Paediatricneurologyevaluates children with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. A large proportion in US population suffers from autism, mental retardation, dyslexia, seizures and other developmental disabilities. Approximately 1,300 U.S children experience severe or fatalbraintrauma from child abuse.Epilepsyis the fourth commonneurological disorderin the US after migraine, stroke, and Alzheimers disease. So there is a need to take into account, the following diseases to dissertate: congenital hydrocephalus,Autism, Neonatal encephalopathy, Paediatrics tumour, Neurodevelopment disorder, Epilepsy and Child psychological disorders.

Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical process which aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury. Rehabilitation is an access to reduce brain abscesses thereby increasing the Neural Repair. Neurological rehabilitation program is aimed to create awareness about the neural disorders and its diagnosis.Physiotherapyand remediation is a novel approach that remediates impairments and promotes mobility. Conference on Neurology and Therapeutics is an effort to address all areas towardsNeurorehabilitationand Neural Repair.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA,Autism, ADHD and Developmental Disabilities New Zealand Cruise 2016, Sydney, Australia,11thFENS Forum ofNeuroscience2016, Copenhagen, Denmark,Society forNeuroscience2016, California, USA, 9thInternational Symposium onNeuroprotectionandNeurorepair2016,Germany,Brain Aneurysm FoundationandBrain InjuryAssociation of America, Inc.,EpilepsyFoundation and Epilepsy Institute,Jain Foundationand John Douglas FrenchAlzheimer'sFoundation,Children'sBrain DiseaseFoundation,Myelin Repair Foundation and Myositis Association,Migraine Research Foundationand MitoAction,NBIA Disorders AssociationandNeurofibromatosisNetwork

Track 4:Neuroinfections and Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is a field of neuroscience, combining immune system and thenervous system. The immune system administer defence against these organisms, inefficiency of the same results in Infections. The condition is much worse in developing countries; it has been a significant health problem in Australia. Some 350,000 to 500,000 patients suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) in the United States .The conference onneurologyis a platform to put our heads together and thrash out the cause of Multiple sclerosis and auto immune neuropathies,Neuroimmunologicalinfectious disease, Neuromicrobial disorders and Neurological Lyme diseases, Neuroinflamation, Neuroimmuno genetics. This session also includes to group think the alteration inneuromodulationand psychiatric diseases and the recent Drug development in the field of Neuro immunology.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference onNeuroprotectionandNeurorepair2016,Germany, Copenhagen, Denmark, Society forNeuroscience2016 Annual, California, USA, EANS2016: 16th European Congress ofNeurosurgery, Athens, Greece,NationalNeurotraumaSociety Symposium2016, Kentucky, USA,Muscular Dystrophy Associationand Musella Foundation forBrain TumorResearch and Information,Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Inc.and Myelin Project, Myotonic Dystrophy Foundationand Narcolepsy Network, Inc.,Neuropathy Associationand Nevus Outreach, Inc,National Organization on Disability and NationalParkinsonFoundation, National Patient Travel Centerand NationalRehabilitationInformation Center

Track 5:Alzheimers Disease and Dementia

The brain immediately confronts us with its great complexity.Alzheimer'swhich is a type of Dementia is: An Underlying Disease that causes problems with memory,behaviourand thinking. As estimated,5.3 million Americans of all ages haveAlzheimer's diseasein the recent survey. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans of age 65 and older. The etiological factors, other than older age includesgeneticsusceptibility. so it is important to exchange views on Causes and Prevention of Alzheimers, Alzheimers Disease Diagnosis and Symptoms, Alzheimers Disease Pathophysiology and Disease Mechanisms, Care Practice and Awareness. we are also going to analyse the Alzheimers Disease Imaging , Mechanisms for Treatment andTherapeuticTargets.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, AmericanAssociation ofNeuromuscularand Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Hawaii, USA,NeuromuscularCare Conference, Nottingham, UK, 9thNeuromuscular Translational Research Conference, 2016, Oxford, United Kingdom,Neuromuscular Disorders,2016, London, UK,Muscular Dystrophy Associationand Musella Foundation forBrain TumorResearch and Information,Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Inc.and Myelin Project, Myotonic Dystrophy Foundationand Narcolepsy Network, Inc.,Neuropathy Associationand Nevus Outreach, Inc,National Organization on Disability and NationalParkinsonFoundation, National Patient Travel Centerand NationalRehabilitationInformation Center

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4thInternationalConferenceon Vascular Dementia, June 30 - July 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain, 5th WorldCongress onAlzheimers Diseaseand Dementia, September 29-Oct 1, 2016 London, UK, 11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, 31st International,Muscular Dystrophy Associationand Musella Foundation forBrain TumorResearch and Information,Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Inc.and Myelin Project, Myotonic Dystrophy Foundationand Narcolepsy Network, Inc.,Neuropathy Associationand Nevus Outreach, Inc,National Organization on Disability and NationalParkinsonFoundation,National Patient Travel Centerand NationalRehabilitationInformation Center

Track 6:Neuromuscular Disorders

Neuromuscular disorders is known to affect the nerves that control the voluntary muscles. One of the causes is thegeneticand immune system disorder. More than a million people in the United States are affected by some form ofneuromusculardisease, and about 40 percent of them are under age18.Diagnosis includes a multi-step process like muscle biopsy, NCV test, biochemical, genetic test etc. The goal of this session is to understand the origin of spine muscular atropies,Musculardystrophy, Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other neuromuscular junction disorder. Further there will be an interactive conversation on Spasticy, Hyper reflexia and its prevention. In addition a talk will be deliberated on Is it true that High dose ofantibioticsleads to neuromuscular junction mal function and the findings in the field of neuromuscular medicine.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, 5th Euro-CNSBasic Course inNeuropathology, 2016,Aachen, Germany, 12th Annual UpdateConference on Clinical NeurologyandNeurophysiology, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, The 11th WorldCongress on Controversies inNeurology(CONy) 2016, Lisboa, Portugal,NationalNeurotraumaSocietySymposium 2016, Kentucky, USA,Brain Aneurysm FoundationandBrain InjuryAssociation of America, Inc.,EpilepsyFoundation and Epilepsy Institute,Jain Foundationand John Douglas FrenchAlzheimer'sFoundation,Children'sBrain DiseaseFoundation,Myelin Repair Foundation and Myositis Association,Migraine Research Foundationand MitoAction,NBIA Disorders AssociationandNeurofibromatosisNetwork

Track 7:Neuroimaging and Brain Engineering

What seems astonishing is that engineering techniques likebrainengineering, or Neural tissue engineering can be used to understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the properties of neural systems and Neurocomputing is the study of brain function in terms of the information processing properties of the structures that make up the nervous system. current researches in the field of neuroengineering include: Neural imaging and neural networking,Biomoleculartherapies in neural regeneration,Neurorobotics, Biological neural networking, Neuro hydrodynamics and clinical treatment, Engineering strategies for repair, Computational clinical neuroscience, biological-neuronmodelling, Behaviors of networks and advanced therapies. People will also be enlightened on Advancement in brain computer interface and deep brain stimulation.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA,3rdNeuromuscularBiology, Disease and Therapy, 2015, Ottawa, Canada, AmericanAssociation ofNeuromuscularand Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Hawaii, USA,NeuromuscularCare Conference, Nottingham, UK, 9thNeuromuscular Translational Research Conference, 2016, Oxford, United Kingdom,Neuromuscular Disorders,2016, London, UK,International Rett Syndrome FoundationandIntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation,Intractable Childhood Epilepsy AllianceandIron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc,Caregiver Action NetorkandCarter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly,Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Charcot-Marie-Tooth AssociationandCharlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies,Chiariand Syringomyelia FoundationandChildhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 8:Neurosurgery and Neural Circuits

While the topic sounds pretty small, but we needs more speciality and critical care in this discipline. An estimated 69,720 new cases of primarybrain tumorsare expected to be diagnosed in 2013, that includes both malignant (24,620) and non-malignant(45,110) brain tumors. Basing on the prevalence of diseases, the conference focuses on Post-surgical neuralgias, Brain tumour and metastatis, Oncologicalneurosurgery, Spine neurosurgery, Neuroanaesthesia and surgery and Vascular malfunctions and surgery . The neurons are organized into ensembles called Anatomical and functionalneuralcircuits. Current researches identify disorders that affect different components of that neural circuit and a set of neural circuits that are critically involved in a specific disorder. Highest incidence rate of primary intracranial tumor was in Europe and the lowest rate in Africa. So it is requisite to enhance our knowledge on Currentneurosurgerymethod.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA,9th InternationalSymposium onNeuroprotectionandNeurorepair2016,Germany, 5th Euro-CNSBasic Course inNeuropathology, 2016,Aachen, Germany, 12th Annual UpdateConference on Clinical NeurologyandNeurophysiology,Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, The 11thWorld Congress on Controversies inNeurology(CONy) 2016, Lisboa, Portugal, Asian-Australasian Society for Stereotactic and FunctionalNeurosurgeryMeeting 2016, Cairns, Australia,International Rett Syndrome Foundationand IntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation, Intractable Childhood Epilepsy Allianceand Iron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc, Caregiver Action Netork and Carter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly, Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association and Charlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies, Chiari and Syringomyelia Foundationand Childhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 9:Neuropharmacology

Increase in technology and our understanding of the nervous system has lead to the development ofdrugsand medicines in the two main branches i.e. molecular and behavioural beyond our imagination that has continued to rise with an increase in drug specificity and sensitivity. current topic to be discussed are New pharmacological approaches for treatment ofneuraldisorders, drug development in cell signalling and synaptic spasticity, and the latest advancement in neuropharmacologcaltherapyand drug development in this particular sector. The present conference also aims to educate the researchers on Neuroimmuno pharmacology and Interfearance of pharmacological agents in neural disorder mechanism.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference onNeurorehabilitation, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia, 11thWorld Congress on Controversies inNeurologyMarch 17-20, 2016 Lisbon, Portugal; 9thWorld Congress forNeurorehabilitationMay 11-13, 2016 Philadelphia, USA,International Rett Syndrome Foundationand IntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation, Intractable Childhood Epilepsy Allianceand Iron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc, Caregiver Action Netork and Carter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly, Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association and Charlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies, Chiariand Syringomyelia Foundationand Childhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 11:Neurogenetics

Genes affect the wiring and workings of thebrain, which is the authority of all our rides. It is ultimately and solely the genes that give rise to a particular type of protein that may be beneficial or harmful that reflects the need of research in this particular field. 6000 and more emerginggenetic disordersaccount for a significant portion of human disease and conditions. Nearly 4 percent of the approximately 4 million babies born each year have a genetic disease or major birth defect. Around 15,000 Americans are diagnosed to haveHuntingtonsdisease (HD).Keeping the same in view the following sub tracks are designed to enlighten the thoughts related to Huntington's disease (HD) and related genetic disorder, Genetic engineering to overcome neurological problems, The genes as a link between the brain andneurologicaldiseases, Gene defect and diseases, studies on genome wide association and disease diagnostics, sequencing of gene as a tool in determining the abnormal gene loci, Mutation of gene and neuronal migration defect.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA 11thFENS Forum ofNeuroscienceJuly 2-6, 2016, Copenhagen, Denmark, American Society for PeripheralNerveAnnual Meeting, Jan15- 17, 2016, Scottsdale, United States:Society forNeuroscience2016 Annual Meeting Nov 12-16 2016, San Diego, United States,International Rett Syndrome Foundationand IntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation, Intractable Childhood Epilepsy Allianceand Iron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc, Caregiver Action Netork and Carter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly, Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association and Charlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies, Chiariand Syringomyelia Foundationand Childhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 11:Autonomic and Central Nervous System

Autonomic disorders may result from other disorders that damage autonomicnervesor they may occur on their own. Progressive autonomic failure usually becomes apparent in the sixth decade of life. The Working of the central nervous system has proved to be more and more extensive and more and more fundamental as experiment has advanced in examining it. CNS disorder can be eithermyelopathyor encephalopathy.

Specified disorders to be discussed under this category are: Bipolar disorder, Migraine and Neuropathic pain syndromes, Accessory nerve disorder, Autonomic dysreflexia and neuropathy, CNS disorder and structural defects, Facial nerve paralysis andMeningitis.

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11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA 6thAnnualTraumatic Brain InjuryConference May 11-12, 2016 Washington, USA; 11thFENS Forum ofNeuroscienceJuly 2-6, 2016 Copenhagen, Denmark; 9thWorld Congress forNeurorehabilitationMay 11-13, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 11thWorld Congress on Controversies inNeurologyMarch 17-20, 2016 Lisbon, Portugal;Barriers of theCNSJune 18-19, 2016 New London,UK,International Rett Syndrome FoundationandIntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation,Intractable Childhood Epilepsy AllianceandIron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc,Caregiver Action NetorkandCarter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly,Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Charcot-Marie-Tooth AssociationandCharlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies,Chiariand Syringomyelia FoundationandChildhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 12:Clinical Neurology and Neuropsychiatry

It is admirable to discuss about clinical neuroscience as this focuses on the fundamental mechanisms of diseases and disorders of the brain and central nervous system and seeks to develop new ways of diagnosing such anarchy, leading to the development of novelmedication. As per the estimates by the World Health Organization, neural disorders affect over 1 billion people worldwide, constitute 12% of the burden of disease globally, and cause 14% of global annihilation.

RelatedNeurology Conferences|Neurology Congress|Neuroscience Events|Neurologist Meeting

11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA InternationalConference onNeurorehabilitation, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CNS2016 April 2-5, 2016, New York, USA;Congress ofNeurologicalSurgeonsSeptember 24-28, San Diego, California, USA; 9thWorldCongress forNeurorehabilitationMay 11-13, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 11thWorldCongress on Controversies inNeurologyMarch 17-20, 2016 Lisbon, Portugal;Barriers of theCNSJune 18-19, 2016 New London, UK; 11thFENS Forum ofNeuroscienceJuly 2-6, 2016 Copenhagen, Denmark,International Rett Syndrome Foundationand IntracranialHypertensionResearch Foundation, Intractable Childhood Epilepsy Allianceand Iron Disorders Institute, ISMRD-International Advocate For Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesand Jacob's Cure, Inc, Caregiver Action Netork and Carter Centers forBrain Researchin Holoprosencephaly, Cerebral Palsy Foundationand CHADD - Childrenand Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association and Charlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies, Chiariand Syringomyelia Foundationand Childhood BrainTumorFoundation

Track 13:Neurotherapeutics, Diagnostics and Case Studies

Various neurology conferences are held all over the world like world congress ofneurology2015 Chile in order to enhance and empower the knowledge of neuroscience. The 5th International conference on neurology and therapeutics that will be held at Madrid in March 2017, addresses all areas pertinent to this endeavour concentrating on NovelTherapeuticsand Diagnostics at the cellular and molecular level. There is a profound increase in the diagnostics procedure and drug discovery in the field of Neurology.

In order to accelerate the discovery of novel diagnostic therapy, the gathering of researchers is encouraged in order to discuss on the themeStem cellsin neurological disorder and treatment, Nerve injury and repair, Sleep disorders and headache,Neurogenesis, and last but not the least new therapeutics evolved for neurological disorders

RelatedNeurology Conferences|Neurology Congress|Neuroscience Events|Neurologist Meeting

11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA 11thFENS Forum ofNeuroscienceJuly 2-6, 2016, Copenhagen, Denmark,American Society for PeripheralNerveAnnual Meeting, Jan15- 17, 2016, Scottsdale, United States:Society forNeuroscience2016 Annual Meeting Nov 12-16 2016, San Diego, United States,Neuropathy Associationand Nevus Outreach, Inc,Brain Injury Resource Center and Brain Trauma Foundation,Epilepsy Therapy Project and Exceptional Parent Magazine,Huntington's Disease Society of Americaand Hydrocephalus Association,Multiple Sclerosis Association of Americaand Multiple Sclerosis Foundation,Multiple System Atrophy Coalition, Theand MUMS National Parent-to-Parent Network

Track 14:Neurological Nursing

Neurological Nursing is a very challenging nursing specialty dealing with assessment, nursing diagnosis, and management of many neurological disorders in which nurses provide patient care. A Neuroscience Nurse assists patients with brain andnervous systemdisorders which includes trauma,brain injuries, stroke,seizures, tumours, headaches, infections, and aneurysms, as well as a host of other neurological complexities.

RelatedNeurology Conferences|Neurology Congress|Neuroscience Events|Neurologist Meeting

11thWorld Congress on Neurologyand Therapeutics, March 27-29, 2017 Madrid, Spain, 6thWorldNeurologicalConferenceSeptember 28-30, 2016 Toronto, Canada, 2nd InternationalConference onBrain Disordersand Therapeutics October 26-28, 2016 Chicago, USA, InternationalConference on Neuro Oncologyand Brain Tumor, July 21-22, 2016 Brisbane, Australia 7thGlobal NeurologistsAnnual Meeting on NeurologyandNeuro Surgery, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria, 2ndInternationalConference on Epilepsyand Treatment, October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy, Internationalconference on Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mental Disorders, October 26-27, 2016 Chicago, USA 3rd Annual InternationalConference onNeuroscienceand Neurobiology Research: 6thAnnualTraumatic Brain InjuryConference, May 11-12, 2016, Washington, United States: 11th FENS Forum ofNeuroscienceJuly 2-6, 2016, Copenhagen, Denmark,American Society for PeripheralNerveAnnual Meeting, Jan15- 17, 2016, Scottsdale, United States:Society forNeuroscience2016 Annual Meeting Nov 12-16 2016, San Diego, United States, Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis and Acid Maltase Deficiency Association,Acoustic Neuroma Association and ADA Disability and Business Technical Assistance Program,Aicardi Syndrome Foundation and Alliance for Aging Research, ALS Association and ALS Therapy Development Institute,Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation andAlzheimersDrug Discovery Foundation.

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Neurology Conference - Neuroscience event | Madrid | Spain

Biochemistry

First Class Chemistry Tutor resume in Lagos, Nigeria – August …

KOLAWOLE OMOWUNMI OLUFEMI

* ******* ******* ********, ******* village, Lagos State.

07066012601, 07056558446

acwba5@r.postjobfree.com

OBJECTIVE:

A versatile, analytical Scientist/Tutor with a strong passion for excellence, working with existing staff and facilities at my disposal to achieve organizational goals and objectives.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Sex: Male

Date of Birth: 20th June, 1989

State of Origin: Ogun

Marital Status: Single

Nationality: Nigerian

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE

In view Postgraduate Diploma in Education

National Open University, Lagos

2014-2015 Master of Science (MSc.) Biochemistry (DISTINCTION)

University of Lagos, Lagos

2008 2012: Bsc. Biochemistry (FIRST CLASS)

Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION

Member of Nigerian society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2015

Health Safety and Environment Level 2 2013

(Nigeria Institute of Safety Professionals)

CERTIFICATES OF HONOUR

Senate Annual Prize for First Class Honors Graduating students 2012

Prof. Ishola Adamson Prize for Best Graduating Student in Department 2012

of Biochemistry with a minimum CGPA of 4.00

Late Dr (Mrs) Apampa Prize for Best Graduating Student in Department 2012

of Biochemistry

NYSC/NDLEA Drug Free Club 2013

PERSONAL SKILLS

A good administrator/team leader

High level of Optimism and Enthusiasm

Strong verbal and written communication skills

Physical and mental alertness

Use of initiative, self-motivated and target oriented

Proficient in the use of computer software packages

WORK EXPERIENCE

Aladura Comprehensive High School, Anthony vilage, Lagos - 2014 till date

(Chemistry Teacher/HOD Science/Male Boarding Housemaster)

General Hospital, Oguta, Imo State

(NYSC primary Assignment as Laboratory Scientist) - 2012 2013

NIDOT Coaching centre, Ijebu Ode

(Biology/Chemistry Teacher) - 2012

Standard Medical Diagnostic Centre, Ijebu- Ode

(Industrial Attachment) - 2011

HOBBIES

Surfing the internet for updates, sports, scrabble, reading.

REFEREES

Prof. SumonuTaofiq

Professor

Department of Biochemistry, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara state.

08033939464

acwba5@r.postjobfree.com

Dr Adeniyi Ibidola

Supervisor Medical Services,

Mobil House Clinic, Victoria Island, Lagos State.

08023093604

acwba5@r.postjobfree.com

Prof. Magbagbeola Olubunmi

Professor/Head of Department

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos

08034378974

acwba5@r.postjobfree.com

Contact this candidate

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First Class Chemistry Tutor resume in Lagos, Nigeria - August ...

Neuroscience

Neuroscience – Loras College

L.NEU-145: Introductory Neuroscience This course will introduce students to the fundamental topics and concepts that are critical to understanding the biological and psychological components of Neuroscience. Topics to be covered include the biochemistry of action potentials, the functioning of ion channels, a brief overview of systems neuroscience (vision, audition, etc.), neurotransmitters and peripheral endocrine systems, learning and memory, the effects of neurotransmitters on behavior, the biology underlying several psychiatric disorders, and basic neuroanatomy. Prerequisites: L.BIO-115 or L.PSY-101. 3 credits.

L.NEU-211: Techniques in Neuroendocrinology This course will introduce students to techniques relevant to the field of neuroendocrinology, both in terms of the theory that describes the techniques and in terms of practicing the techniques with biological samples. Students will read and discuss primary literature sources from work with both human and non-human models. Extensive laboratory work will teach students laboratory techniques including sterile technique, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme immunoassay. Part of the term will be spent at the University of Nebraska, Omaha (UNO). 3 credits. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145. Instructor permission required. January term.

L.NEU-281: Exploring the Brain through TBI It is difficult to fully understand how the brain functions under completely normal working conditions. One technique used to investigate brain functioning through clinical cases where there has been trauma in a specified region of the brain. Thus, in people with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) neuroscientists can locate the region of trauma and any change in functioning of the individual. This course is designed to explore the brain through various historical cases and provide a deeper understanding of neuro-functioning from resulting deficits in dissociated brain regions. Clinical cases will be provided as we travel from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and beyond. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145 or L.BIO-345. 3 credits.

L.NEU-301: Neuropsychiatric Diseases This course will explore how translational research applies neuroscience knowledge to inform, prevent, treat, and cure brain diseases. Some topics will include the role of the blood brain barrier in preventing disease, the role of both central and peripheral cytokines in the manifestation of psychiatric disorders, how genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility to psychiatric conditions, and several psychiatric conditions including Parkinsons, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers Diseases, anxious and depressive disorders, and multiple sclerosis.Prerequisites: L.NEU-145 and L.BIO-115. 3 credits.

L.NEU-311: Hormones and Behavior This course will introduce students to several topics within the field of neuroendocrinology. Topics to be discussed will include the blood brain barrier, synthesis and release of neurotransmitters relevant to behavior, psychosomatic interactions, and the effects of various monoamine, peptide, and steroid hormones on sexual, reproductive, affiliative, aggressive, parental, and reward-seeking behaviors. In addition to readings from the text, students will read and discuss primary literature sources from work with both human and non-human models. Laboratory work will teach students several research skills and laboratory techniques including study design, behavioral observation and scoring, blood sampling, processing and storage, and data set management. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145. 3 credits.

L.NEU-390: Research Experience This experiential class will require students to either 1) propose a novel neuroscience research study or 2) conduct neuroscience research and write up a report of their findings. Students will meet weekly with the course instructor and students may take this course up to 3 times (with 1 credit given each semester). This course will give students a clear understanding of the scientific method and skills needed to conduct research in the field of neuroscience from conception to implementation to presentation. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145. Open to declared Neuroscience majors only. Instructor permission required. 1 credit.

L.NEU-490: Senior Seminar I This course will serve as the first semester of a capstone series for all students completing a major in Neuroscience. The course will meet once per week, and majors will enroll in the course during the fall semester of their Senior year at Loras College (exceptions (e.g. for study abroad programs, etc.) will be made at the discretion of the Neuroscience faculty). Restricted to senior Neuroscience majors only. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145. 1 credit.

L.NEU-491: Senior Seminar II This course will serve as the second semester of a capstone series for all students completing a major in Neuroscience. The course meetings will occur once per week, and majors will enroll in the course during the spring semester of their Senior year at Loras College (exceptions (e.g. for study abroad programs, etc.) will be made at the discretion of the Neuroscience faculty). Restricted to senior Neuroscience majors only. Prerequisite: L.NEU-145. 1 credit.

RELATED COURSES: Biology, Chemistry, Criminal Justice, Psychology, Social Work

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Neuroscience - Loras College

Anatomy

Human body – Wikipedia

The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and viability of human body.

It comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet.

The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

The body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and by artists to assist them in their work.

The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus.[1] These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.

The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres. This is made up of about 19 litres of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres of interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres of fluid inside cells.[2] The content, acidity and composition of the water inside and outside of cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside of cells are sodium and chloride, whereas within cells it is potassium and other phosphates.

The body contains trillions of cells, the fundamental unit of life.[4] At maturity, there are roughly 37.2 trillion cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totalling the cell numbers of all the organs of the body and cell types.[5] The body also plays the role of host to trillions of cells which reside in the gastrointestinal tract and on the skin.[citation needed] Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an extracellular matrix that consists of proteins such as collagen, surrounded by extracellular fluids.

Cells in the body function because of DNA. DNA sits within the nucleus of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are copied and sent to the body of the cell via RNA. DNA is used to create proteins which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Not all cells have DNA - some cells such as mature red blood cells lose their nucleus as they mature.

The body consists of many different types of tissue, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.[7] The study of tissues is called histology and often occurs with a microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues - lining cells (epithelia), connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.

Cells that lie on surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract (epithelia) or internal cavities (endothelium) come in numerous shapes and forms - from single layers of flat cells, to cells with small beating hair-like cilia in the lungs, to column-like cells that line the stomach. Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands. Lining cells regulate what can and can't pass through them, protect internal structures, and function as sensory surfaces.

Organs, structured collections of cells with a specific function,[9] sit within the body. Examples include the heart, lungs and liver. Many organs reside within cavities within the body. These cavities include the abdomen and pleura.

The circulatory system comprises the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells, and signalling molecules (i.e., hormones) from one part of the body to another. The blood consists of fluid that carries cells in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the spleen and bone marrow.[10][11][12]

The digestive system consists of the mouth including the tongue and teeth, esophagus, stomach, (gastrointestinal tract, small and large intestines, and rectum), as well as the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic molecules for distribution and absorption into the body.[13]

The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands: the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, parathyroids, and gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, and resulting in variety of changes of function.[14]

The immune system consists of the white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as antibodies, cytokines, and toll-like receptors, among many others.[15]

The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world.[16][17]

The lymphatic system extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function, to carry a body fluid.[18]

The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system.[19]

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The eyes, ears, tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment.[20]

The reproductive system consists of the gonads and the internal and external sex organs. The reproductive system produces gametes in each sex, a mechanism for their combination, and in the female a nurturing environment for the first 9 months of development of the infant.[21]

The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs. It brings oxygen from the air and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air.[22]

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes toxic materials from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.[23]

Anatomy is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four limbs (two arms and two legs), a head and a neck which connect to the torso. The body's shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The spine at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible vertebral column which surrounds the spinal cord, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body. Nerves connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of anatomical variations such as sesamoid bones and accessory muscles.

Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the heart. Venules and veins collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen, and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery, the aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver.

The body consists of a number of different cavities, separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and central nervous system reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the blood brain barrier. The lungs sit in the pleural cavity. The intestines, liver and spleen sit in the abdominal cavity

Height, weight, shape and other body proportions vary individually and with age and gender. Body shape is influenced by the distribution of muscle and fat tissue.[24]

Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.[25]

Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the neuroendocrine system. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters. At the same time, the endocrine system releases hormones, such as to help regulate blood pressure and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance (pH).[25]

Health is a difficult state to define, but relates to the self-defined perception of an individual and includes physical, mental, social and cultural factors.[citation needed] The absence or deficit of health is illness which includes disease and injury. Diseases cause symptoms felt, seen or perceived by a person, and signs which may be visible on a medical examination. Illnesses may be from birth (congenital) or arise later in life (acquired). Acquired diseases may be contagious, caused or provoked by lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use and diet, arise as the result of injury or trauma, or have a number of different mechanisms or provoking factors. As life expectancy increases, many forms of cancer are becoming more common. Cancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of one or more cell types and occurs more commonly in some tissue types than others. Some forms of cancer have strong or known risk factors, whereas others may arise spontaneously.

Health professionals learn about the human body from illustrations, models, and demonstrations. Medical and dental students in addition gain practical experience, for example by dissection of cadavers. Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are basic medical sciences, generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.[26][27][28]

Anatomy has served the visual arts since Ancient Greek times, when the 5th century BC sculptor Polykleitos wrote his Canon on the ideal proportions of the male nude.[29] In the Italian Renaissance, artists from Piero della Francesca (c. 14151492) onwards, including Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) and his collaborator Luca Pacioli (c. 14471517), learnt and wrote about the rules of art, including visual perspective and the proportions of the human body.[30]

In Ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Corpus described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles.[31] The 2nd century physician Galen of Pergamum compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages.[32] In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (15141564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book De humani corporis fabrica.[33][34] Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the microscope and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs.[35] Modern anatomy uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, fluoroscopy and ultrasound imaging to study the body in unprecedented detail.[36]

The study of human physiology began with Hippocrates in Ancient Greece, around 420 BC,[37] and with Aristotle (384322 BC) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Galen (c. 126199) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions.[38][39] The term physiology was introduced by the French physician Jean Fernel (14971558).[40] In the 17th century, William Harvey (15781657) described the circulatory system, pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment.[41] In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells.[40]Claude Bernard (18131878) created the concept of the milieu interieur (internal environment), which Walter Cannon (18711945) later said was regulated to a steady state in homeostasis.[37] In the 20th century, the physiologists Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew extended their studies to comparative physiology and ecophysiology.[42] Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.[43]

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Human body - Wikipedia

Neuroscience

Journal of Neuroscience

This confocal image shows a cortical region of a Somatostatin-Cre+/; Floxopatch+/ mouse. Somatostatin antibody (red) colocalizes with Floxopatch GFP expression (green), indicating a tight Cre-loxP system in this conditional mouse line. The recordings show optically induced action potentials from in vitro cultured dorsal root ganglia with voltage sensor QuasAr2 (red trace) and whole-cell patch clamp (white trace). The close correlation of the two traces indicates the high fidelity of the voltagesensitive fluorescence protein and the voltage activities. Cover image produced by Shan Lou. For more information, see the article by Lou et al. (pages 1105911073).

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Journal of Neuroscience

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Program | College of Arts & Sciences

The University of Tennessee Interdisciplinary Program for Neuroscience brings together Neuroscience research and education from all corners of the campus. It includes faculty from the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Nursing, Veterinary Medicine; the Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology; and the Graduate School of Medicine/UT Medical Center. This diversity of backgrounds and research perspectives within the program reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Neuroscience itself. To learn more about the resources, research capabilities, and clinical expertise available in the area, please visit the NeuroNET (Neuroscience Network of East Tennessee) website.

Building on the existing curricula in biology, psychology and engineering, this program provides a strong foundation in the neurosciences that emphasizes hands-on research training. Beyond the core classes, students can choose from a diverse array of more specialized courses that focus on a variety of basic, clinical and applied Neuroscience topics. Thus, students have the opportunity to tailor their Neuroscience degree to best suit their career goals, whether they include entering a graduate program or a health profession degree program, or getting a job in teaching or working in a research setting.

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Neuroscience Program | College of Arts & Sciences

Immunology

Archive of "Immunology".

Vols. 147 to 149; 2016 Vols. 144 to 146; 2015 Vols. 141 to 143; 2014 Vols. 138 to 140; 2013 Vols. 135 to 137; 2012 Vols. 132 to 135; 2011 Vols. 129 to 131; 2010 Vols. 126 to 128; 2009 Vols. 123 to 125; 2008 Vols. 120 to 122; 2007 Vols. 117 to 119; 2006 Vols. 114 to 116; 2005 Vols. 111 to 113; 2004 Vols. 108 to 110; 2003 Vols. 105 to 107; 2002 Vols. 102 to 104; 2001 Vols. 99 to 101; 2000 Vols. 96 to 98; 1999 Vols. 93 to 95; 1998 Vols. 90 to 92; 1997 Vols. 87 to 89; 1996 Vols. 84 to 86; 1995 Vols. 81 to 83; 1994 Vols. 78 to 80; 1993 Vols. 75 to 77; 1992 Vols. 72 to 74; 1991 Vols. 69 to 71; 1990 Vols. 66 to 68; 1989 Vols. 63 to 65; 1988 Vols. 60 to 62; 1987 Vols. 57 to 59; 1986 Vols. 54 to 56; 1985 Vols. 51 to 53; 1984 Vols. 48 to 50; 1983 Vols. 45 to 47; 1982 Vols. 42 to 44; 1981 Vols. 39 to 41; 1980 Vols. 36 to 38; 1979 Vols. 34 to 35; 1978 Vols. 32 to 33; 1977 Vols. 30 to 31; 1976 Vols. 28 to 29; 1975 Vols. 26 to 27; 1974 Vols. 24 to 25; 1973 Vols. 22 to 23; 1972 Vols. 20 to 21; 1971 Vols. 18 to 19; 1970 Vols. 16 to 17; 1969 Vols. 14 to 15; 1968 Vols. 12 to 13; 1967 Vols. 10 to 11; 1966 Vols. 8 to 9; 1965 Vol. 7 1964 Vol. 6 1963 Vol. 5 1962 Vol. 4 1961 Vol. 3 1960 Vol. 2 1959 Vol. 1 1958

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Archive of "Immunology".