Egg meets sperm (article) | Embryology |Khan Academy
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Egg meets sperm (article) | Embryology | Khan Academy
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TeachMeAnatomy - Making Anatomy Simple
Primary menu Posted in Internal Organs | Tagged diagram, heart, heart anatomy, heart chart, heart diagram, heart diagram with labels, human heart, human heart anatomy Posted in Women | Tagged female reproductive organs, female reproductive organs chart, female reproductive organs charts, female reproductive organs diagram, female reproductive organs diagrams, female reproductive organs graph, female reproductive organs graphic, female reproductive organs graphs, female reproductive organs image, female reproductive organs infographic, female reproductive organs plot, female reproductive organs table Posted in Diagrams | Tagged human organ system, human organ systems, human organs, organ system Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human, human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Cell, Diagrams | Tagged cell, cell diagram, cells, human cell, human cell diagram, human cell types Posted in Diagrams, Internal Organs | Tagged nerve anatomy, nervous system, nervous system diagram Posted in Diagrams | Tagged human lungs, lungs, lungs chart, lungs diagram, lungs explained Posted in Diagrams | Tagged human teeth, teeth, teeth chart, teeth diagram Posted in Diagrams | Tagged all bones, human skeleton, skelet, skeleton Posted in Diagrams, Internal Organs Posted in Diagrams, Internal Organs | Tagged ear, ear chart, ear diagram, human ear Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Bones, Diagrams | Tagged body skeleton, human skeletal anatomy, human skeleton, human skeleton anatomy, skeletal, skeletal anatomy, skeletal images, skeletal system, skeleton Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams, Women | Tagged female anatomy, female body, female body diagram, female diagram, female health, female organs, woman anatomy, women anatomy, women health Posted in Diagrams Posted in Bones, Diagrams | Tagged body skeleton, human skeletal anatomy, human skeleton, human skeleton anatomy, skeletal, skeletal anatomy, skeletal images, skeletal system, skeleton Posted in Diagrams Posted in Bones, Diagrams | Tagged body skeleton, human skeletal anatomy, human skeleton, human skeleton anatomy, skeletal, skeletal anatomy, skeletal images, skeletal system, skeleton Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Diagrams Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Diagrams, Women | Tagged female anatomy, female body, female body diagram, female diagram, female health, female organs, woman anatomy, women anatomy, women health Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Posted in Diagrams, Muscles | Tagged human muscles, human muscles anatomy, muscle, muscle chart, muscle diagram, muscles, muscles anatomy, muscles diagram, muscles system Post navigation
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Anatomy System - Human Body Anatomy diagram and chart ...
Learning Objectives
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the bodys structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root that means to cut apart. Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.
Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (Figure 1a). Macro- means large, thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means small, and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices (Figure 1b). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues. As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.
Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the bodys structures: regional and systemic. Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region. In contrast, systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body systemthat is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.
Whereas anatomy is about structure, physiology is about function. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Much of the study of physiology centers on the bodys tendency toward homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body.
Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking. Physiologists may work from the organ level (exploring, for example, what different parts of the brain do) to the molecular level (such as exploring how an electrochemical signal travels along nerves).
Form is closely related to function in all living things. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat. At a smaller level of analysis, the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. Even the three-dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function.
Your study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you continually relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. In fact, it can be somewhat frustrating to attempt to study anatomy without an understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of how the human hand manipulates toolsfrom pens to cell phoneshelps you appreciate the unique alignment of the thumb in opposition to the four fingers, making your hand a structure that allows you to pinch and grasp objects and type text messages.
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the bodys structures. In the past, anatomy has primarily been studied via observing injuries, and later by the dissection of anatomical structures of cadavers, but in the past century, computer-assisted imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to look inside the living body. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body. Physiology explains how the structures of the body work together to maintain life. It is difficult to study structure (anatomy) without knowledge of function (physiology). The two disciplines are typically studied together because form and function are closely related in all living things.
1. Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
2. A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.
1. Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
2. For whom would an appreciation of the structural characteristics of the human heart come more easily: an alien who lands on Earth, abducts a human, and dissects his heart, or an anatomy and physiology student performing a dissection of the heart on her very first day of class? Why?
Answers for Review Questions
Answers for Critical Thinking Questions
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1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology - opentextbc.ca
Immunology focuses on the human bodys built-in defense system. In a healthy person, the immune system helps the body fight infection by rejecting foreign viruses and bacteria. When the immune system is defective, it can fail to protect the body, or even attack it. Diseases caused by disorders of the immune system may be caused by immunodeficiency, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response, or autoimmunity, in which the immune system over responds, causing damage to the body of its host. Other immune disorders include hypersensitivity, in which the system responds inappropriately or too intensely to harmless compounds, as in asthma and allergies.
Carter Immunology Center (CIC) researchers study a broad variety of defective immune responses. In cancer, for example, UVA researchers have developed an immune therapy for melanoma, a dangerous skin cancer. The vaccine works by activating the human immune response to destroy cancer cells. This approach is showing great promise and is currently in phase 2 clinical trials. In diabetes, UVA researchers are working to create a way to selectively suppress the part of the immune response that acts to create inflammation that destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In hepatitis C, CIC investigators study the mechanisms by which the virus evades or suppresses the immune response, allowing it to reestablish itself even after a liver transplant. In addition, CICinvestigators are unraveling the mystery of the lethal pneumonia produced by the immune response to lung infection with avian influenza (bird flu) virus and developing new methods to prevent and treat this infection.
In Crohns disease, AIDS, asthma, and a host of other diseases, CICresearchers are conducting essential research that will help us better understand what causes these diseases and what makes them spread. Support for this research provides hope for millions suffering from any number of dangerous illnesses. By focusing research efforts on core immunological functions, we gain knowledge with infinite potential for curing and treating diseases as diverse as asthma, cancer, hepatitis, lupus, and AIDS.
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What is Immunology? | Carter Immunology Center
You've probably wondered how you developed diabetes. You may worry that your children will develop it too.
Unlike some traits, diabetes does not seem to be inherited in a simple pattern. Yet clearly, some people are born more likely to develop diabetes than others.
Type 1 andtype 2 diabeteshave different causes. Yet two factors are important in both. You inherit a predisposition to the disease, then something in your environment triggers it.
Genes alone are not enough. One proof of this is identical twins. Identical twins have identical genes. Yet when one twin hastype 1 diabetes, the other gets the disease at most only half the time. When one twin has type 2 diabetes, the other's risk is at most 3 in 4.
In most cases of type 1 diabetes, people need to inherit risk factors from both parents. We think these factors must be more common in whites because whites have the highest rate of type 1 diabetes.
Because most people who are at risk do not get diabetes, researchers want to find out what the environmental triggers are. One trigger might be related to cold weather. Type 1 diabetes develops more often in winter than summer and is more common in places with cold climates. Another trigger might be viruses. Perhaps a virus that has only mild effects on most people triggers type 1 diabetes in others.
Early diet may also play a role. Type 1 diabetes is less common in people who were breastfed and in those who first ate solid foods at laterages.
In many people, the development of type 1 diabetes seems to take many years. In experiments that followed relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, researchers found that most of those who later got diabetes had certain autoantibodies in their blood for years before. (Antibodies are proteins that destroy bacteria or viruses. Autoantibodies areantibodies'gone bad' that attack the body's own tissues.)
If you are a man with type 1 diabetes, the odds of your child developing diabetes are 1 in 17. If you are a woman with type 1 diabetes and your child was born before you were 25, your child's risk is 1 in 25; if your child was born after you turned 25, your child's risk is 1 in 100.
Your child's risk is doubled if you developed diabetes before age 11. If both you and your partner have type 1 diabetes, the risk is between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4.
There is an exception to these numbers. About 1 in every 7 people with type 1 diabetes has a condition called type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. In addition to having diabetes, these people also have thyroid disease and a poorly working adrenalgland. Some also have otherimmune systemdisorders. If you have this syndrome, your child's risk of getting the syndromeincluding type 1 diabetesis 1 in 2.
Researchers are learning how to predict a person's odds of getting diabetes. For example, most whites with type 1 diabetes have genes called HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4. If you and your child are white and share these genes, your child's risk is higher. (Suspect genes in other ethnic groups are less well studied. The HLA-DR7 gene may put African Americans at risk, and the HLA-DR9 gene may put Japanese at risk.)
Other tests can also make your child's risk clearer. A special test that tells how the body responds toglucosecan tell which school-aged children are most at risk.
Another more expensive test can be done for children who have siblings with type 1 diabetes. This test measures antibodies toinsulin, to islet cells in thepancreas, or to anenzymecalled glutamic acid decarboxylase. High levels can indicate that a child has a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes has a stronger link to family history and lineage than type 1, and studies of twins have shown that genetics play a very strong role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Yet it also depends on environmental factors.Lifestyle also influences the development of type 2 diabetes.Obesitytends to run in families, and families tend to have similar eating and exercise habits.
If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes, it may be difficult to figure out whether your diabetes is due to lifestyle factors or genetic susceptibility. Most likely it is due to both. However, dont lose heart. Studies show that it is possible to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by exercising and losing weight.
Have you recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?Join our free Living With Type 2 Diabetes program and get the information and support you need to live well with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes runs in families. In part, this tendency is due to children learning bad habitseating a poor diet, not exercisingfrom their parents. But there is also a genetic basis.
If you would like to learn more about the genetics of all forms of diabetes, the National Institutes of Health has publishedThe Genetic Landscape of Diabetes. This free online book provides an overview of the current knowledge about the genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well other less common forms of diabetes. The book is written for healthcare professionals and for people with diabetes interested in learning more about the disease.
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Genetics of Diabetes | ADA
Atom; RSS Feed; Genetics Definition. Genetics is the branch of science concerned with genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It seeks to understand the process of trait inheritance from parents to offspring, including the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behaviour in the context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), gene distribution, and variation ...
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Genetics - Latest research and news | Nature
Genetics |Khan Academy
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Genetics | Khan Academy
Have you ever wondered why you have the same eye color as your mother or the same hair color as your father? Genetics is the study of inheritance orheredity. Genetics helps to explain how traits are passed from parents to their young. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis.
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Genetics Basics - thoughtco.com
Please save the date for oursecond Career Club of the fall semester!We are very excited to listen to Dr. Robyn Baldens talk about: Medical Science Liaison and other opportunities at Merck nextFriday,September 20th at12:00 PMinNMR/Rm. N127
Dr. Balden is a physician scientist and Regional Medical Scientific Director for Anesthesia/Surgery, South/Central US Medical Affairs division of Merck Research Labs. This role integrates internal and external scientific exchange and collaboration in order to facilitate and support clinical and drug development programs and maximize patient safety and outcomes related to existing pharmaceuticals including clinical trials, investigator-initiated studies, medical education, and scientific content creation.Her role at Merck began in 2018 as Associate Director, Medical Science Liaison for Anesthesia/Surgery, South/Central US, subsequent to gaining experience conducting medical research and directing business development for clinical trials at the Texas Center for Drug Development in Houston, TX. At the Texas Center for Drug Development she engaged in medical affairs focusing on coordination of clinical research for various therapeutic areas, serving as a supporting investigator for clinical trials, scientific discussion and account management with key physician leaders, and development of medical educational materials. Prior to this role she was a surgical intern, resident anesthesiologist, and clinical scholar at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA, where she initiated clinical studies for novel anesthetic regimens.
Dr. Balden received her MD and PhD in Neuroscience from Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine. Her passions involve the intersection of medicine and science with neuroimmunology and neuroendocrinology. She also collaborates with advocacy and student organizations, has written several academic papers on Vitamin D, and served as a member of the Vitamin D Councils Board of Directors contributing as a volunteer writer, podcast contributor, and graphic designer for the Vitamin D Council. Shelives with her family in Houston, TX and enjoys painting, design, traveling, scuba diving, outdoors, live music, reading, cooking, and gardening.
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Ph.D. in Genetics at Texas A&M University