All posts by medical

This app reduces the risk of depression by changing eating habits – The South African

A new therapy app called Flow developed by Flow Neuroscience claims to help users reduce the risk of depression by changing their eating habits to a Mediterranean diet.

According to the creators, it is Europes first and only medically-approved, home brain stimulation treatment for depression, and recommends foods that reduce the risk of depression.

In addition, the app also offers psychological strategies to switch off the autopilot craving mechanism to help users avoid foods which may trigger symptoms.

The project is based on a randomised controlledtrial which showed that over 32.3% of depressed patientshad significantly reduced the risk ofdepression after 12 weeks just by changing their eating habits.

Moreover, the app is free to download oniOSandAndroid devices. It also features interactive content, along with daily chat conversations about the impact of nutrition on depression.

The app recommends a diet rich in vegetables, fruit, fish, berries, unsalted nuts, legumes, seeds and olive oil. Foods to avoid include fried food, ready meals, soda, processed meat, stabilisers, sweeteners and thickeners

Studies have shown that a diet high in sugar, white flour and processed meats could, in fact, lead to chronic inflammation. That, in turn increases the risk of depression.

Furthermore, the Flow app can be used with the Flow Neuroscience home brain stimulation headset. Daniel Mansson, clinical psychologist and co-founder of Flow, explains:

Clinical studies have demonstrated thatby changing your eating habitsitispossible to reducethe risk ofdepression.Eating lots of fruit and vegetables could present a natural, inexpensive and non-pharmaceutical means to support a healthy and happy brain. Our mission is to empower everyonetoimprove their depression and mental healthbased on well-grounded science.

According to Flow creators, theBritish Journal of Psychiatryalso showed that the type of brain stimulation used in the headset had a similar impact to antidepressants; but with fewer and less-severe side effects. Read more here, here and here.

Moreover, the headset is classified as a ClassIIamedical device. Class IIa devices generally constitute low to medium risk; pertaining mainly to devices installed within the body in the short term.

Examples include hearing-aids, blood transfusion tubes, and catheters. Requirements include technical files and a conformity test carried out by a European Notified Body.

Flow was founded by clinical psychologist Daniel Mansson andneuroscientist Erik Rehn. It consists of prominent researchers in the field of psychiatry, clinical psychology, brain stimulation, neuroscience and machine learning.

The SA Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG)can be reached on 011 234 4837 from 8:00 to 20:00 on Mondays to Sundays. The emergency line is 0800 567 567, and the 24-hr helpline: 0800 567 567 [www.sadag.org]. Alternatively, LifeLine can reached on 0861 322 322 (24hrs) [www.lifelinesa.co.za]. Additional resources and contact groups for various provinces can be found on http://www.suicide.org.

Also read South Africas children arent getting the mental health care they need

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This app reduces the risk of depression by changing eating habits - The South African

Vermont By Degrees: When do we succeed at UVM? – Rutland Herald

Editors note: Vermont By Degrees is a series of weekly columns written by representatives of colleges and universities from around the state about the challenges facing higher education at this time.

A three-time Pulitzer-prize winning New York Times reporter. The first African-American to be inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. Two Nobel Peace Prize winners. One of Fortune magazines 50 Most Powerful Women. The producer of the Hunger Games movies and a Golden Globe winner. And the author of one of the Library of Congresss 10 most influential books of our time. (In order: Eric Lipton, George Washington Henderson, Jody Williams and John McGill, Charlene Begley, Jon Kilik and Gail Sheehy.)

What do these ultra-high achievers have in common? All are alumni of the University of Vermont.

The universitys track record of producing highly accomplished contributors to society is no accident.

Throughout its history, UVM has created a rich learning environment designed to help undergraduate and graduate students excel, both while theyre at the university and after they leave, by showing them how to be critical, innovative thinkers. Its the mindset exemplified by another graduate, philosopher John Dewey, whose ideas shaped education and social reform in the 20th century. And its the type of approach that will position our graduates to thrive and lead in our fast-changing and highly interconnected world.

Continuing the tradition of promoting student success, and building the infrastructure to promote it, are at the top of my agenda for UVM.

Our approach begins with academics.

Liberal arts are at the core of the university and will remain so. Study after study shows employers seek out, rather than shun, English, History, Philosophy and other liberal arts majors, attracted by their problem-solving abilities and knack for learning new tasks.

In addition to preserving the excellence at our core, we are also adapting existing courses so they respond to contemporary issues (like a recent Homer course we offered to veterans enrolled at UVM) and evolving new areas of study.

UVMs new data science and bioengineering majors and graduate programs, for instance, are attracting students in droves. Our neuroscience curriculum, just a few years old, is wildly popular with undergrads and Ph.D. students alike. And new cross-college hybrid programs are emerging, such as health and society, which uses the social sciences to address critical questions related to health. This model of bridging disciplines is one we plan to make emblematic of a UVM education so an English major/computer science minor, an electrical engineering major/business minor or a natural resources Ph.D. with a certificate in complex systems are commonplace at the university.

While enhancing the quality, variety and relevance of our classroom offerings, we are also motivating students to succeed by engaging them deeply in a range of experiential programs that enrich their classroom learning.

UVMs status as a small research university with highly productive faculty brings significant benefits not just to society, but to students, many of whom work in the research labs of their professors or assist with their scholarship. Even undergraduates over 40% of them report being involved with a faculty members research before graduating, and many are transformed by the experience.

Helping students bring passion to their studies goes beyond the research lab. Our Career Center encourages students to expand their horizons by choosing from a vast array of internships; the center listed more than 14,000 last year, including 624 in Vermont. Similarly, nearly 500 study-abroad options are available to students. And the university offers 90 service-learning courses that embed students in communities from Vermonts Northeast Kingdom to rural Peru where they put their classroom lessons to work solving real-world problems.

Thanks to these programs, 91% of UVM students report being engaged in an experiential-learning-based activity before they graduate. As good as that is, I have an even more ambitious goal: that no student leave UVM without having had a meaningful research, internship, service-learning or study-abroad experience.

With so many choices, its imperative that students have a roadmap to help them navigate their time at UVM. Enhanced advising is a critical component of our plan to prioritize student success.

Quality academic advising is essential. All students need help deciding what courses to take and when to take them, learning what fellowships are available and determining what graduate programs to pursue.

But were also broadening advising to include career considerations that mesh with students academic interests. In combination with a robust cross-campus effort to find and coordinate opportunities, advisors will soon routinely alert students to, for instance, an internship opportunity with a U.S. senator, a study-abroad program in Colombia that emphasizes public health, or a service-learning course in Dorset on flooding remediation.

UVMs commitment to student success also recognizes the clear connection between academic achievement and overall well-being. The universitys Wellness Environment has received national attention for its unique combination of substance-free housing, incentives that help students make healthy choices, and a neuroscience course showing the impact that good and bad choices have on the developing brain. About one-quarter of UVMs on-campus population lives in WE, and its effects have helped spur a culture shift across campus. High risk drinking has declined 34.5% over the past six years.

Our commitment to student health is only expanding. With the opening of the Phiddy Davis Recreation and Wellness Center in 2022, a part of UVMs new Athletic Facilities Project, students will have significantly more access to wellness programming and state-of-the-art fitness equipment.

Last but far from least, our plan to promote student success returns me to the start of this essay: UVMs vast network of successful alumni, 100,000 strong, who live in every state in the nation and 101 countries.

Weve always connected our students with high-achieving alums through regional events in Washington, San Francisco, Boston, New York, Burlington and other communities.

But more recently, weve begun leveraging the power of technology to forge even more connections. Through UVM Connect, an online network, over 7,000 alumni, an exceptional figure for this new initiative and one that is growing rapidly, have volunteered to assist students in myriad ways from helping them network to lining up job interviews and thousands of students are taking them up on the offer.

And, our emphasis on success wont end with graduation. Id like UVM to act as a lifelong learning magnet for alumni interested in exciting online or on-campus courses designed to expand their knowledge and skills.

The all-encompassing focus we place on student success continues to attract students to the university, keeps them engaged, and prepares them to enter the world and truly make a difference.

Delivering legions of highly skilled, deeply educated and well-rounded UVM graduates to the worlds doorstep every year, who are eager to take on the thorniest challenges confronting the globe, is at the heart of UVMs mission.

Its why my colleagues and I come to work every day.

Suresh V. Garimella is president of the University of Vermont.

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Vermont By Degrees: When do we succeed at UVM? - Rutland Herald

Biochemistry Analyzers Market 2020: Insights, New Project Investment And Growth Status In The Future – Nyse Nasdaq Live

The latest research report on the Biochemistry Analyzers Market published by Stratagem Market Insights offers a profound awareness of the various market dynamics like trends, drivers, the challenges, and opportunities. The report further elaborates on the micro and macro-economic elements that are predicted to shape the increase of the Biochemistry Analyzers market throughout the forecast period (2020-2027).

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The major manufacturers covered in this report:

Transasia Biomedicals Ltd., Beckman Coulter Inc., Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Siemens AG, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Awareness Technology, Inc., Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., and Nova Biomedical Corp.

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The Biochemistry Analyzers Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.

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In terms of region, this research report covers almost all the major regions across the globe such as North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa and the Asia Pacific. Europe and North America regions are anticipated to show an upward growth in the years to come. While Biochemistry Analyzers Market in Asia Pacific regions is likely to show remarkable growth during the forecasted period. Cutting edge technology and innovations are the most important traits of the North America region and thats the reason most of the time the US dominates the global markets. Biochemistry Analyzers Market in the South, America region is also expected to grow in the near future.

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Biochemistry Analyzers Market 2020: Insights, New Project Investment And Growth Status In The Future - Nyse Nasdaq Live

Ancient origins of allosteric activation in a Ser-Thr kinase – Brandeis University

In a new paper in Science, biochemist Dorothee Kern and her collaborators reveal the ancient origins of allosteric regulation for the first time.

One of the key features in the evolution of more complex organisms is the emergence of allosteric regulation. Allostery is a process by which a proteins activity can be modulated by binding an effector molecule distal to the active site.

Despite the enormous importance of allostery in biology, the question of how such a feature evolved is unexplored territory.

In an article published online on February 22 in Science, professor of biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Dorothee Kern and her lab address what is arguably one of the most fundamental evolutionary drivers for biology allostery.

By tracing the evolutionary path of modern protein kinases from their ancient common ancestors about 1.5 billion years ago to the present, Kern and her colleagues discovered the ancient origins of allosteric regulation for the first time.

To study such a fundamental question, the researchers chose to resurrect the evolution of Aurora kinase together with its allosteric regulator, TPX2. These proteins control the cell cycle in humans and are therefore hot cancer targets.

In the paper, the scientists first calculated the amino acid sequences of these ancient proteins using the hugest sequence database available to date and bioinformatics. They then made these enzymes in the laboratory and characterized their biochemical properties.

They found that the oldest kinases (about 1.5 billion years old) already use autophosphorylation for their regulation. This makes sense from an evolutionary point of view since the process needs only its own catalytic machinery.

The more sophisticated allosteric regulation, via binding to a second protein, starts about 1 billion years ago with the occurrence of that partner, TPX2.

Strikingly, the scientists found that contrary to the common view, there is no coevolution reciprocal changes in both partners along the evolutionary trajectory but that rather the entire interphase of their interaction stays constant for 1 billion years. In other words, they found that co-conservation was an extremely strong evolutionary constraint.

But what happened to allosteric activation? This advanced regulation is gradually evolving over 1 billion years leading to the strongest allosteric activation in our human kinase. The researchers discovered that its mechanism is the evolution of a sophisticated allosteric network that spans the entire kinase from the site of the TPX2 binding to the other side of the protein.

Kerns findings have far-reaching implications for understanding the evolution of complexity from extremely primitive creatures to the human species, and for novel approaches to cancer therapy taking advantage of the newly discovered allosteric networks in our modern proteins.

Kerns coauthors were Adelajda Hadzipasic, Christopher Wilson, Vy Nguyen, Nadja Kern, Chansik Kim, Warintra Pitsawong, Janice Villali and Yuejiao Zheng, all from her lab.

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Ancient origins of allosteric activation in a Ser-Thr kinase - Brandeis University

Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market 2019 Global Growth Opportunities, Applications, Key Players, Analysis and Forecast 2026 – Nyse…

The market research report on the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer estimates its global standing in the forecast period from 2019 to 2026. The study undertakes primary and secondary research techniques to provide an analysis of the market in the different regions by examining the trends in the industry, along with the factors expected to fuel the market growth in the forecast years. The study assesses and interprets the market based on different segments and inspects factors affecting the total revenue of the global sector. The report also evaluates the size, share, and growth rate of the businesses by conducting detailed scrutiny of the contribution of leading market players to the global industry. The report investigates companies based on their standing in the geographical regions as segmented in the report, to study their performance and the factors aiding their progress. The study also provides a detailed statistical analysis of the critical aspects of the market like the drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges, to give the reader vital information that can influence the market in the forecast years.

Request a sample Report of keyword Market at: https://www.eternityinsights.com/request-a-sample/13564

Scope of the Report:

The market intelligence report conducts a detailed evaluation of the growth trends of the market, growth prospects, the regulatory framework that governs the industry, and the impact it will have on the progress of the sector in the forecast years. The study also looks at some of the leading players in the industry to assess their market share, along with core competencies. Technological advancements have been listed in a dedicated section, with a thorough analysis of their influence on the market and companies. The report also highlights technological innovations that are in the pipeline and the opportunities they offer to both the existing companies and new entrants. The report discusses competitive undertakings, including, but not limited to, investments, joint ventures, collaborations, acquisitions, mergers, and expansions.

In market segmentation by geographical regions, the report has analyzed the following regions-

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Middle East and Africa

Latin America

The research report on the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market employs both bottom-up and top-down techniques for market estimation to estimate the growth of the global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer industry. While assessing the global size of the industry, the research also includes submarkets. It relies on both qualitative and quantitative methods of study and refers to statistical data for various aspects of the market, along with customer inclination, to forecast the market size, profit, revenue, sales, and growth the industry might record in the forecast years with the help of detailed charts, tables, and graphic images.

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The research provides answers to the following key questions:

Thare are 15 Chapters to deeply display the global keyword market

The report is distributed over 15 Chapters to display the analysis of the global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market.

Chapter 1 covers the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, driving factors;

Chapter 2 talks about the top manufacturers and analyses their sales, revenue and pricing decisions for the duration 2018 and 2019;

Chapter 3 displays the competitive nature of the market by discussing the competition among the top manufacturers. It dissects the market using sales, revenue and market share data for 2018 and 2019;

Chapter 4, shows the global market by regions and the proportionate size of each market region based on sales, revenue and market share of Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer, for the period 2014- 2019;

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, are dedicated to the analysis of the key regions, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions;

Chapter 10 and 11, talk about the application and types of Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market in the market using the same set of data for the period 2014-2019;

Chapter 12 provides the market forecast by regions, types and applications using sales and revenue data for the period 2019-2026;

Chapter 13, 14 and 15 describe the value chain by focusing on the sales channel and the distributors, traders, dealers of the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market. The concluding chapter also includes research findings and conclusion.

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC covers:

Chapter 1: Methodology & Scope

Definition and forecast parameters

Methodology and forecast parameters

Data Sources

Chapter 2: Executive Summary

Business trends

Regional trends

Product trends

End-use trends

Chapter 3: KEYWORD Industry Insights

Industry segmentation

Industry landscape

Vendor matrix

Technological and innovation landscape

Chapter 4: KEYWORD Market, By Region

Chapter 5: Company Profile

Business Overview

Financial Data

Product Landscape

Strategic Outlook

SWOT Analysis

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Our reputed market research & consulting portal, eternity insights publishes industry/market reports, equity & financial data, and analytical research reports. We focus on almost all industries and deeply examine their segments & sub-segments. Our platform further probes the market revenues, ongoing trends, driving/preventive factors of the industries, key categories & sub-categories, competitive overview, etc. We have an expert team of research executives & data collectors that provide market intelligence services to facilitate better decisions. These decisions help clients with regards to more opportunities & penetration. eternity insights also exposes its customers to competitive strategies, impending events, survival plans, anticipated perils, and growth opportunities.

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Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market 2019 Global Growth Opportunities, Applications, Key Players, Analysis and Forecast 2026 - Nyse...

Finding the Root to Treat Aging through… – ScienceBlog.com

Researchers at the University of Minnesota Medical School believe they discovered a new way in which diet influences aging-related diseases.

Our healthcare as we age is analogous to a tree, and the way we go about it now, when a branch gets diseased, we go to a doctor, and they trim the branch. Then, we go to another doctor, and they trim another branch, saidDoug Mashek, PhD, a professor in the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics. Its the roots that we need to be focused onthe common roots of all of these diseases. Thats why we are excited because this pathway has been linked to almost all of them. Its the roots.

The root is part of a special dietone that Dr. Mashek and his team have studied over the last eight years with the help of multiple grants from the National Institutes of Health. Their research findings, recently published inMolecular Cell, focus on theMediterranean diet. The diet, originally touted by U-famedAmerican physiologist Ancel Keys, emerged during his Seven Countries Study when he helped link diet to cardiovascular disease for the first time.

Early studies suggested red wine was a major contributor to the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet because it contains a compound called resveratrol, which activated a certain pathway in cells known to increase lifespan and prevent aging-related diseases. However, work in Dr. Masheks lab suggests that it is the fat in olive oil, another component of the Mediterranean diet, that is actually activating this pathway.

We didnt start out by studying the Mediterranean diet; we first were focusing on fat, Dr. Mashek said. This fat is known to be protective against heart disease and many other aging-related diseases, so by identifying this pathway, it provides a new way of thinking about how consuming olive oil and the Mediterranean diet is actually linked to positive health benefits.

Yet, merely consuming olive oil is not enough to elicit all of the health benefits. Dr. Masheks studies suggest that when coupled with fasting, limiting caloric intake and exercising, the effects of consuming olive oil will be most pronounced.

We found that the way this fat works is it first has to get stored in microscopic things called lipid droplets, which is how our cells store fat. And then, when the fat is broken down during exercising or fasting, for example, is when the signaling and beneficial effects are realized, he said.

The next steps for their research are to translate it to humans with the goal of discovering new drugs or to further tailor dietary regimens that improve health, both short-term and long-term.

We want to understand the biology, and then translate it to humans, hopefully changing the paradigm of healthcare from you going to eight different doctors to treat your eight different disorders, Dr. Mashek said. These are all aging-related diseases, so lets treat aging.

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Finding the Root to Treat Aging through... - ScienceBlog.com

A Newly Biochemical Compound Is Able to Break Down the Pollutant in The Atmosphere – Chemicals Market News

Enzymes with flavin cofactor play an essential half in vegetation, fungi, microorganism, and animals: as oxygenases, they incorporate oxygen into natural compounds. For instance, this permits individuals to excrete international substances more successfully. Till now, scientists have been agreed that such flavin-dependent oxygenases use flavin C4a-peroxide as the oxidizing agent.

That is shaped by the C4a-atom of the flavin cofactor reacting with atmospheric oxygen (O2), earlier than one of many two oxygen atoms are transferred to the compound. A group headed by Dr. Robin Teufel from the Institute of Biology II on the University of Freiburg has found that O2 additionally reacts to flavin N5-peroxide with the N5-atom of the flavin cofactor. The researchers have printed their leads to the journal Nature Chemical Biology.

The newly-found flavin N5-peroxide has completely different reactive traits than the flavin C4a-peroxide. Some microorganism uses this to interrupt down secure chemical compounds, together with environmental pollution reminiscent of dibenzothiophene, an element of crude oil, or hexachlorobenzene, a plant safety agent. Utilizing X-ray structural evaluation and mechanistic research, the scientists had been in a position to clarify how the creation of this flavin N5-peroxide is managed at an enzymatic degree.

In future, Teufel and his crew need to examine how widespread this novel flavin biochemistry is in nature. In addition, they need to enhance understanding of the function, reactivity, and performance of the flavin N5-peroxide. With their work, theyre enabling additional research that can in the future permit the prediction of flavin enzyme performance or modification utilizing biotechnology. Robin Teufel and his workgroup are learning enzymatic reactions of the bacterial metabolism on the Institute of Biology II of the University of Freiburg.

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A Newly Biochemical Compound Is Able to Break Down the Pollutant in The Atmosphere - Chemicals Market News

University of Windsor researchers test lemon grass extract in cancer treatment – Windsor Star

University of Windsor biochemistry professor Siyaram Pandey speaks during a press conference at the school on Tuesday, February 18, 2020, regarding his research group and the ongoing project on the anti-cancer effects of dandelion root extract.Dan Janisse / Windsor Star

A University of Windsor research team whose dandelion root cancer cure-all fell short of human testing has its sights set on a clinical trial for another natural treatment.

Joined by students whove studied the cancer-fighting properties of lemon grass extract, biochemistry professor Dr. Siyaram Pandey announced on Tuesday an Indian food extract company has pledged $1 million to test a lemon grass supplement on humans in conjunction with chemotherapy treatments.

Before that can happen, Pandey said, his lab must determine the lemon grass product reduces cancer activity, has no toxicity, and has no negative interaction with chemotherapy drugs work the company, Synthite, has given $70,000 to.

Im not saying its going to cure everything, he said. But some patient in India who received the supplement in conjunction with chemotherapy outside the pending clinical trial ended up in remission after having low chances of such a successful outcome, he said.

Rodent tumours studied in Pandeys lab also saw a size reduction when given lemon grass extract at the same time as chemotherapy drugs.

Despite positive lab results and anecdotal cases for dandelion root extract as a cancer treatment, that projects funding body, Advanced Orthomolecular Research Canada, decided not to fund the research teams drug on drug interaction research.

University of Windsor biochemistry professor Siyaram Pandey speaks during a press conference at the school on Tuesday, February 18, 2020, regarding his research group and the ongoing project on the anti-cancer effects of dandelion root extract.Dan Janisse / Windsor Star

I am a bit frustrated, because Im going uphill convincing the doctors. Doctors think it is a snake oil. This time I am really happy with oncologists so strongly supporting (us), Pandey said

If the lemon grass product does well as a supplement in the clinical trial, it is possible Pandey and his team could, in the future, shift focus onto lemon grass extract as a natural, non-toxic treatment to replace chemotherapy.

The group is also studying white tea, rosemary, long pepper and Lakshmi Taru for potential cancer treating properties.

Univeristy of Windsor science alumnus Lokanth Chawla pledged $100,000 to the teams cancer research on Tuesday. The 71-year-old presented a cheque for $50,000 and said he would give a second cheque in August.

Maybe after 20, 30 years you know how many people hes going to be helping? Chawla said. My mother died badly, with chemo and radiation. Thats the reason Im doing this.

The group began its work with dandelion root extract in 2010, funded in part by the family of Kevin Couvillion, who died that year at the age of 26 after a three-year battle with myeloid leukemia. The dandelion root research was named in his honour. Pandey and his changing team of students provide an update on their research each year on Couvillons birthday, Feb. 18.

More than 60 students have participated in Pandeys anti-cancer research since 2010, he said. Some of them have gone on to become doctors and pharmacists.

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University of Windsor biochemistry professor Siyaram Pandey speaks during a press conference at the school on Tuesday, February 18, 2020, regarding his research group and the ongoing project on the anti-cancer effects of dandelion root extract.Dan Janisse / Windsor Star

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University of Windsor researchers test lemon grass extract in cancer treatment - Windsor Star

Researchers map the cellular diversity of entire salivary gland tumors – News-Medical.net

What goes on inside and between individual cells during the very earliest stages of tumor development? Single cell sequencing technologies and a mouse model have enabled researchers to comprehensively map the cellular diversity of whole salivary gland tumors and trace the path of cancer stem cells.

Two research teams from the Max Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine and their collaborators have produced a detailed cell atlas of an entire salivary gland tumor in a mouse model, mapping individual cells throughout the tumor and its surrounding tissue. The "single cell" approach, recently described in Nature Communications, has provided key insights about cellular composition changes through the earliest stages of cancer development.

A solid tumor is not, as many might assume, a lump of cells that are all the same. Rather it is mix of many different cell types, including a variety of stromal and immune cells besides the actual tumor cells.

"Conventional methods in molecular biology often consider a sample as a whole, which fails to recognize the complexity within it," said Dr. Samantha Praktiknjo, senior scientist and first author from MDC's Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements Lab headed by Professor Nikolaus Rajewsky at the Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB). Developing a detailed understanding of the different cells within a tumor and how they interact could help identify more effective treatment strategies.

The team used single-cell RNA sequencing technologies developed in the Rajewsky lab and novel epitope profiling to produce the cell atlas, and identified the cells that were specific to the tumor by leveraging the reproducibility and the large sample size of their data.

The latter was possible by using a mouse model, developed in MDC's Signal Transduction in Development and Cancer Lab headed by Professor Walter Birchmeier, which harbors designed mutations that induce a salivary gland squamous cell carcinoma. This system provides a consistent supply of genetically similar tumors to sequence from the earliest stages of development, which is nearly impossible with human patients.

"In a patient, the tumor is already developed and you cannot go back and rewind time and look at how it started," said Dr. Benedikt Obermayer, a co-first author now at the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH). "Here, we have a model that is so controlled, we can watch it happen." And Dr. Qionghua Zhu, the third first author and a former postdoc at the Birchmeier Lab, added: "To fight cancer effectively, we need to find the driver mutations. This method gives us clues about the evolution trajectories of a tumor."

Sequencing technologies have advanced so that it is now possible to quickly and affordably sequence the RNA inside single cells, one at a time, as well as the proteins on the surfaces of cells in the tissues. While other methods grind up the tissue and identify what genes and molecules are present in the mix, the single cell approach precisely identifies how many of each type of cell is present, and which genes and molecules are associated with which cell.

For this study, the researchers sequenced more than 26,000 individual salivary gland cells from mice with tumors and healthy mice. They used computational models to analyze the huge amount of data and identify each individual cell and sort them into groups - such as stromal cells, immune cells, saliva producing cells, cancer cells - based on the hundreds of genes expressed and molecules present.

The single cell approach revealed something that surprised the researchers: "When I saw the data, I thought, where is the tumor?" Obermayer said. The population of cancer stem cells in the tumor was extremely small - less than one percent of all profiled cells in the tissue. Due to their low abundance, investigation of these cells still heavily depends on assumptions about surface markers and is often performed in cell culture-based systems. Here, the authors were able to identify the cancer stem cells directly from the solid tumor samples with their single cell approach.

Furthermore, the team was able to predict the progression of the different cell types through different stages of tumor development. Their model suggests that the cancer stem cells emerge from cancerous basal cells, then develop into another subtype before ultimately becoming a population of cells similar to luminal cells, a cell type present in normal, healthy salivary glands.

This progression supports the idea that when something goes awry in the basal cells of this solid tumor model, they are triggered to turn into cancer stem cells, which can then become a different type of cell. "What I found fascinating was clearly seeing the order of signals and events, transitioning from the progenitor to the progeny populations of the cancer stem cells," Praktiknjo said.

Further research is required to verify that individual cells are transforming through these stages, and explore the cellular and molecular interactions driving tumor growth. The team anticipates the approach they've demonstrated here can be applied to other cancer types as well.

To me the main conceptual insight is that we can apply ideas from single-cell based developmental biology to reconstruct molecular progression of tumorigenesis."

Professor Nikolaus Rajewsky, Head of MDC's Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements Lab and scientific director of the BIMSB

Source:

Journal reference:

Praktiknjo, S.D., et al. (2020) Tracing tumorigenesis in a solid tumor model at single-cell resolution. Nature Communications. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14777-0.

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This Entrepreneur Is Changing the Face Of Cancer Treatment In India – Entrepreneur

Dr. Manjiri Bakre is the founder of OncoStem Diagnostics, a Bengaluru-based start-up that has developed a test to help women with a certain kind of breast cancer be diagnosed and given the right kind of treatment.

February22, 20206 min read

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in India. Accounting for 25-32 per cent of all cancers in women, the mortality rate post-treatment is 60 per cent, compared to as much as 89 per cent in the United States. The numbers, to put it simply, are disappointing and an entrepreneur based in Bengaluru is trying to change that.

Dr. Manjiri Bakre, who has a postgraduate doctoral degree in cell biology, is the founder and chief executive officer of OncoStem Diagnostics, a start-up that has developed a test to help women with a certain kind of breast cancer be diagnosed and given the right kind of treatment.

One of her earliest encounters with breast cancer was when a friend during her PhD years was diagnosed with the same. Bakre says the friend felt the tumor herself, went to the doctor and since it was diagnosed early, got it removed. Thereafter, as did everyone, that friend went on her post doctoral fellowship, which was in Israel.

Thats when the cancer relapsed, and spread to multiple organs. It was so sudden; we really tried to help her by sending her for various therapies, even non-traditional ones but nothing helped, she says.

The sudden demise of this friend got Bakre thinking about why, despite early detection, so many patients like her are unable to survive.

If the tumor is five centimeters or ten centimeters large and has spread to nearby organs, then you understand that the patient has a limited lifespan but when the tumors are small and detected early, typically, such patients should be doing well.

While Bakre was thinking about those whys and working on a solution, a company in the US had come up with a similar test.

However, the biggest differences between patients there and in India is that the former are mostly postmenopausal women and because they have much better insurance schemes with regular, annual checkups, the tumors are also very small when first detected.

When the patient is elderly and diagnosed with a smaller tumor, the biology is different; our patients are younger and and we don't have great programmes of insurance, she says.

Compared to those in the west, Indian women are also more likely to have triple negative breast cancer, which is considered to be a more aggressive type.

Breast cancers are classified based on biomarkers that are proteins present on the tumor cells. If a patients tumor has three proteins: estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, they are called triple positive patients while their absence makes one a triple negative patient.

The hormone receptors are really key determinants of how the disease will progress; in the universe of breast cancer patients, if the patient's tumor has hormone receptors they do well, says Bakre.

OncoStems first and currently only test is for hormone receptorpositive patients. This test is only valid for early stage breast cancer patients, that is, for those at stage one and two.

With the tests, patients are certified into low recurrence or high recurrence categories and the treatments are done accordingly.

Majority of Indian patients are getting treated with chemotherapy, even in early stage hormone receptor positive cancer, which is supposed to be a less aggressive form of the disease. To really save the excessive chemotherapy, we decided to develop a test which would suit our population,

The idea was to cut down on chemotherapy,as the side effects are often enormous.

Another point where the company is different from others, according to her, is that theirs is a protein-based test while the others are gene-based. The company has a machine learning-based algorithm which gives the risk of cancer recurrence. Bakre claims the test is 95 per cent accurate.

The biomarker analysis process is patented while in her own terms, the ML-based algorithm is a trade secret.

Bakre incorporated the company in 2011 but it took six-seven years to develop the test and eventually go to market.

A major reason for such a long process was that they needed to do a five-year follow up. The patient base in India is huge but the system isnt organized enough to keep the follow ups going.

How the company managed to sustain over the period of time when they were developing the test and not making any revenue was through investor money. In the very early days, they received $1 million in seed funding from Artiman Ventures, an early stage Silicon Valley-based venture capital fund.

The biggest challenge, however, has been to work with hospitals, she says. Given that there are multiple layers to convince and explain the test to, it takes a lot of time and that's something investors are unable to understand. She feels a lack of clarity in terms of guidelines is also an issue that elongates processes.

On VC funding still not going much into the healthcare space, Bakre says, entrepreneurship is like bringing up a child; at every stage you have different issues, you cannot be like I have given you seed funding and thats enough, you have to think of the entrepreneur in the next stage.

Bakre feels that their kind of work requires a lot of patience from the side of the investors and a lot more than what many of the now well-known tech start-ups began with.

Our kind of work is not like you can buy a laptop and start working out of a coworking space, she jokes.

In 2017, the company raised $6 million in a Series A round led by Sequoia Capital.

Currently, the test is prescribed by 180 doctors across India and the company works with 15 hospitals, of which 12 are in India.

Bakre says the company is looking to touch the lives of about 1000 patients in the next one year and build from there. According to her, the way to reach the masses is through insurance schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana.

Because the majority of the chemotherapy costs for cancer patients are given by the government and so if 70 per cent don't need, it is saving about INR 750 crore per year, just on the cost of chemotherapy.

The test costs INR 60,000 to one patient and the strategy of working with government hospitals, and treating low-income patients is to provide discounts as the volumes go up.

If the numbers go up, our costs will come down, and then we can work on reducing the price of the test, says Bakre.

In terms of new offerings, OncoStem is now working on developing a test for triple negative patients as well as something for patients of ovarian cancer.

The ultimate goal, though, she says, is to work with pharmaceutical companies and help develop treatments for the patients being diagnosed.

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This Entrepreneur Is Changing the Face Of Cancer Treatment In India - Entrepreneur