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Biochemistry

Global Biochemistry Analyzer Industry Market Forecast 2025 Top Players Analysis Includes: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xylem Analytics, Agappe…

A complete research offering of comprehensive analysis of the market share, size, recent developments, and trends can be availed in this latest report by Big Market Research.

As per the report, theGlobal Biochemistry Analyzer Industry Marketis anticipated to witness significant growth during the forecast period from 2020to 2025.

The report provides brief summary and detailed insights of the market by collecting data from the industry experts and several prevalent in the market. Besides this, the report offers a detailed analysis of geographical areas and describes the competitive scenario to assist investor, prominent players, and new entrants to obtain a major share of the global Biochemistry Analyzer market.

Our analysis involves the study of the market taking into consideration the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Please get in touch with us to get your hands on an exhaustive coverage of the impact of the current situation on the market. Our expert team of analysts will provide as per report customized to your requirement. For more connect with us at [emailprotected] or call toll free: +1-800-910-6452

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The report presents a summary of each market segment such as type, end-user, applications, and region. With the help of pie charts, graphs, comparison tables, and progress charts a complete overview of the market share, size, and revenue, and growth patterns areaccessible in the report.

Additionally, an outline of each market segments such as end user, product type, application, and region are offered in the report.The market across various regions is analyzed in the report which includes North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.The report explains future trends and growth opportunities in every region. These insights help in understanding the global trends in the market and form strategies to be implemented in the future. Moreover, the research report profiles some of the leading companies in the global Biochemistry Analyzer industry. It mentions their strategic initiatives and offers a brief about their business. Some of the players profiled in the global Biochemistry Analyzer market include:

Key players in the Biochemistry Analyzer covers :Thermo Fisher ScientificXylem AnalyticsAgappe DiagnosticsHORIBARMSMicroLab InstrumentsAbbottLabindia InstrumentsSiemens Healthcare

Analysts have also stated the research and development activities of these companies and provided complete information about their existing products and services. Additionally, the report offers a superior view over different factors driving or constraining the development of the market.

The Biochemistry Analyzer can be split based on product types, major applications, and important countries as follows:

The basis of applications, the Biochemistry Analyzer from 2015 to 2025 covers:Hospital and Diagnostic LaboratoriesHome CareAcademic and Research Institutes

The basis of types, the Biochemistry Analyzer from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:Semi AutoFully Auto

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The report clearly shows that the Biochemistry Analyzer industry has achieved remarkable progress since 2025 with numerous significant developments boosting the growth of the market. This report is prepared based on a detailed assessment of the industry by experts. To conclude, stakeholders, investors, product managers, marketing executives, and other experts in search of factual data on supply, demand, and future predictions would find the report valuable.

The report constitutes:Chapter 1 provides an overview of Biochemistry Analyzer market, containing global revenue, global production, sales, and CAGR. The forecast and analysis of Biochemistry Analyzer market by type, application, and region are also presented in this chapter.Chapter 2 is about the market landscape and major players. It provides competitive situation and market concentration status along with the basic information of these players.Chapter 3 provides a full-scale analysis of major players in Biochemistry Analyzer industry. The basic information, as well as the profiles, applications and specifications of products market performance along with Business Overview are offered.Chapter 4 gives a worldwide view of Biochemistry Analyzer market. It includes production, market share revenue, price, and the growth rate by type.Chapter 5 focuses on the application of Biochemistry Analyzer, by analyzing the consumption and its growth rate of each application.Chapter 6 is about production, consumption, export, and import of Biochemistry Analyzer in each region.Chapter 7 pays attention to the production, revenue, price and gross margin of Biochemistry Analyzer in markets of different regions. The analysis on production, revenue, price and gross margin of the global market is covered in this part.Chapter 8 concentrates on manufacturing analysis, including key raw material analysis, cost structure analysis and process analysis, making up a comprehensive analysis of manufacturing cost.Chapter 9 introduces the industrial chain of Biochemistry Analyzer. Industrial chain analysis, raw material sources and downstream buyers are analyzed in this chapter.Chapter 10 provides clear insights into market dynamics.Chapter 11 prospects the whole Biochemistry Analyzer market, including the global production and revenue forecast, regional forecast. It also foresees the Biochemistry Analyzer market by type and application.Chapter 12 concludes the research findings and refines all the highlights of the study.Chapter 13 introduces the research methodology and sources of research data for your understanding.

Years considered for this report:Historical Years: 2015-2019Base Year: 2019Estimated Year: 2020Forecast Period: 2020-2025

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Global Biochemistry Analyzer Industry Market Forecast 2025 Top Players Analysis Includes: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xylem Analytics, Agappe...

Biochemistry

UM Sophomore and Her Steeds Stealing Shows – Ole Miss News – Ole Miss News

UM sophomore Suzanne Crull and her steed Ready Aim Afire J placed in the Top 5 of the Arabian Country English Pleasure Junior-Owner-To-Ride category of the 2019 Arabian Horse Association Region 9 competition. Submitted photo

OXFORD, Miss. Since she was 7, Suzanne Crull has loved horses and horseback riding. As a young adult, the University of Mississippi sophomore and her steeds have become prize-winning regulars in regional and national Arabian Horse Association competitions.

The Arabian horse is a breed that originated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most recognizable and oldest horse breeds in the world.

A biochemistry major from Magnolia, Texas, Crull owns three purebred Arabians. Ready Aim Afire J, whose barn name is Red, is her show horse. Her other steeds names are Valmont and OH Arise.

I find being able to just ride and show my horse to be the most enjoyable part (of competing), Crull said. It is very fulfilling and gratifying to have a class where there are no major mistakes and have it be a clean ride in general.

Getting a ribbon is always fun, but just the ability to go into a class and show off my horse is what makes it worth it to me, even if I dont necessarily win.

Suzanne Crull

Crull is a third-generation Ole Miss student. Both her grandparents and her father graduated from the university and her older sister, Allison, is a junior linguistics major.

My connection to the school was one of the main reasons I chose it, Crull said. And I knew I would have my sister close by.

The AHA offers more than 500 competitions for Arabian purebreds; Half-Arabians, which must have at least 50 percent Arabian blood and one purebred Arabian parent; and Anglo-Arabian horses, which require a minimum of 25 percent and no more than 75 percent blood from each breed.

The competitions range from grassroots schooling shows local achievement events that qualify riders for regional and national contests to national championships which include Youth Nationals, Canadian Nationals, Sport Horse Nationals, Distance Nationals and U.S. Nationals and distance rides, multiday events that test a horses condition and stamina, rider intelligence and horsemanship under veterinary supervision on a cross-country trail.

I have gone to Arabian Youth Nationals in Oklahoma City for the past three years and Region 9 in Fort Worth, Texas, for the past two years, Crull said. I enjoy spending time at them and competing with my horses. My love of horses and the sport has been what keeps pushing me to be better.

When shes on campus, Crull cant ride, but her horses continue training in Texas. When home, Crull rides two to four times a week. She has been able to increase her riding time during the COVID-19 pandemic.

While home, Ive been able to manage both my schoolwork and going to the barn by dedicating a certain amount of time each day to those activities, she said. This year, I most likely will have to pick and choose which qualifying and regional shows I go to in order to not have a conflict with school.

Because Crull holds an amateur card, she has competed only in the Junior to Ride, for all riders ages 14-18; Junior Owner to Ride, for owners 18 and under; Amateur to Ride, all ages 18 holding an amateur card; and the Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horse categories. Crull and her steeds have swept several divisions, including:

Suzanne Crull and her horse Red won in the AHA Region 9 Arabian Mounted Native Costume Junior-To-Ride category in 2019. Submitted photo

At Youth Nationals, Crull placed in the Top 10 Arabian Mounted Native Costume in 2019 and Top 10 in Arabian English Ladies Side Saddle in 2020.

In this years Region 9 competition, Crull won Reserve Champion in Arabian Show Hack, among several other categories in which she placed in the Top 5.

Casey Goslin, Crulls trainer, said she has greatly improved over the past two years of training with him.

When Suzanne came to me, she was a fair rider and very shy, Goslin said. Over the years, she has become an excellent rider who is much more outgoing and confident. She didnt know how to ride side saddle very well when she started, but shes really good at it now.

As Crull ages out of the youth category and enters adult competitions, she plans to bring at least two horses to next years nationals.

I just bought OH Arise in order to compete next year in either English Pleasure or Country English Pleasure at the 2021 youth national, Crull said. I hope that my education from Ole Miss will allow me to continue to support my participation with horses and in the Arabian show world.

Crull is the type of student who is a pleasure to have in a class, said Gerald Rowland, instructional associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry.

Suzanne is intelligent, motivated and hard-working, Rowland said. She would always take the time to help her classmates during in-class assignments. She is a very caring person that is a pleasure to be around.

For more about the Arabian Horse Association, visit https://www.arabianhorses.org/.

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UM Sophomore and Her Steeds Stealing Shows - Ole Miss News - Ole Miss News

Neuroscience

Gereau honored for mentorship and training in neuroscience research – Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

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Recognized with Landis Award from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Gereau

Robert W. Gereau IV, PhD, the Dr. Seymour and Rose T. Brown Professor and vice chair for research in the Department of Anesthesiology, has received the Landis Award for Outstanding Mentorship from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The award, one of six presented this year, is named for Story Landis, PhD, who directed the NINDS from 2003-14 and established programs to promote the development of neuroscientists.

Gereau, also a professor of neuroscience and director of the Washington University Pain Center, studies the molecular mechanisms involved in pain sensation. Much of the work in which he mentors pre- and postdoctoral trainees includes studies in optogenetics, which uses light to activate or deactivate nerve cells that transmit pain signals from the periphery of the body to the brain. The ability to visualize how neural circuits connect and transmit pain signals could allow for the development of new treatments and therapies for pain.

Nominations for the Landis Award are submitted by current and former trainees, and award recipients receive $100,000 to supplement their existing NINDS grant support and help subsidize the career advancement of trainees.

Washington University School of Medicines 1,500 faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals. The School of Medicine is a leader in medical research, teaching and patient care, ranking among the top 10 medical schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.

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Gereau honored for mentorship and training in neuroscience research - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market Size by Top Companies, Regions, Types and Application, End Users and Forecast to 2027 – Bulletin Line

New Jersey, United States,- Verified Market Researchhas recently published an extensive report on the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market to its ever-expanding research database. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the market size, growth, and share of the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market and the leading companies associated with it. The report also discusses technologies, product developments, key trends, market drivers and restraints, challenges, and opportunities. It provides an accurate forecast until 2027. The research report is examined and validated by industry professionals and experts.

The report also explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the segments of the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays market and its global scenario. The report analyzes the changing dynamics of the market owing to the pandemic and subsequent regulatory policies and social restrictions. The report also analyses the present and future impact of the pandemic and provides an insight into the post-COVID-19 scenario of the market.

Global Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market was valued at USD 2.42 Billion in 2018 and is projected to reach USD 5.14 Billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 9.7% from 2019 to 2026.

The report further studies potential alliances such as mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, product launches, collaborations, and partnerships of the key players and new entrants. The report also studies any development in products, R&D advancements, manufacturing updates, and product research undertaken by the companies.

Leading Key players of Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market are:

Competitive Landscape of the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market:

The market for the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays industry is extremely competitive, with several major players and small scale industries. Adoption of advanced technology and development in production are expected to play a vital role in the growth of the industry. The report also covers their mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, joint ventures, partnerships, product launches, and agreements undertaken in order to gain a substantial market size and a global position.

Global Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market, By Product

Consumables Instruments

Global Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market, By Technology

Clinical Chemistry Immunoassays/Immunochemistry Molecular Diagnostics Other Technologies

Global Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market, By Application

Drug Discovery & Development Research in Vitro Diagnostics

Global Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market, By End-User

Hospitals & Diagnostics Centers Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies Academic & Research Institutes

Regional Analysis of Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market:

A brief overview of the regional landscape:

From a geographical perspective, the Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market is partitioned into

North Americao U.S.o Canadao MexicoEuropeo Germanyo UKo Franceo Rest of EuropeAsia Pacifico Chinao Japano Indiao Rest of Asia PacificRest of the World

Key coverage of the report:

Other important inclusions in Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market:

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Verified Market Research is a leading Global Research and Consulting firm servicing over 5000+ customers. Verified Market Research provides advanced analytical research solutions while offering information enriched research studies. We offer insight into strategic and growth analyses, Data necessary to achieve corporate goals, and critical revenue decisions.

Our 250 Analysts and SMEs offer a high level of expertise in data collection and governance use industrial techniques to collect and analyze data on more than 15,000 high impact and niche markets. Our analysts are trained to combine modern data collection techniques, superior research methodology, expertise, and years of collective experience to produce informative and accurate research.

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Neuroscience Antibodies & Assays Market Size by Top Companies, Regions, Types and Application, End Users and Forecast to 2027 - Bulletin Line

Immunology

Saag named division director of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology – UAB News

A long time UAB rheumatologist has been named director of division in the UAB School of Medicine.

Kenneth G. Saag, M.D., MScKenneth G. Saag, M.D., MSc, has been named director of the Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is the Jane Knight Lowe Professor and also serves as vice chair of Outcomes and Effectiveness Research in UABs Department of Medicine.

Saag has been a practicing physician with UAB Medicine and researcher in the UAB School of Medicine for 23 years, with particular expertise in osteoporosis, gout, and outcomes research.

Im humbled to serve our division as director and to continue to build upon the reputation of patient-centered care, academic prowess and national leadership in the field that UAB Rheumatology is known for, Saag said. I have ambitious plans to grow our faculty and fellowship program, expand our clinical services, and enhance both clinical and fundamental scientific research in rheumatology and immunology. Im excited for what is to come for our faculty and patients alike.

He succeeds former division director S. Louis Bridges Jr., M.D., Ph.D., effective July 1, 2020.

Saag will begin serving as president-elect of the American College of Rheumatology this fall and he is past-president of the National Osteoporosis Foundation. He has served UAB as director of the Center for Outcomes, Effectiveness Research and Education (COERE) since 2009, and directs the Center of Research Translation (CoRT) in Gout and Hyperuricemia, a program supported by the NIH for nearly a decade. He also serves as Vice Chair for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research in the Department.

UABs Rheumatology program was just ranked 10 in the nation by U.S. News and World Report.

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Saag named division director of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology - UAB News

Immunology

Neutrophils key to mounting effective immune response when receiving pneumonia vaccine, preclinical study shows – UB Now: News and views for UB…

UB scientists exploring the nature of immunity after vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia in people, have discovered that a specific type of white blood cell called neutrophils plays a more critical role than was previously known.

The research is especially relevant for the elderly because immunity declines with age.

Researchers at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB have found that in order to generate a protective response when vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae, an individual must have a sufficient level of neutrophils.

The preclinical study is important because it is the first to use Prevnar-13, one of two pneumonia vaccines on the market, instead of a model antigen to study the nature of the immune response triggered by the vaccine.

The idea behind our research is ultimately to make a better pneumonia vaccine, says Elsa Bou Ghanem, assistant professor of microbiology and immunology in the Jacobs School and senior corresponding author on the paper, published in May in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.

While B cells are a key factor in the immune response because they produce antibodies that fight viruses and pathogens, Bou Ghanem says the new findings about neutrophils could be relevant to potential improvements in developing vaccines against S. pneumoniae.

Now we have to think about the other immune cells in the mix as well, she says. Now we understand that its a little more complicated.

Bou Ghanem describes neutrophils as the first defenders, noting that whenever any foreign object appears in the lungs, neutrophils are the first infection-fighting cells to appear.

That fact has long been known about neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). They play key roles in the bodys rapid response to bacterial infection, known as the innate response.

But the UB researchers found that they also play a role in generating the adaptive response, the immune systems slower, more customized response to a specific infection.

We have learned now that neutrophils orchestrate the whole immune response, both innate and adaptive, says Essi Tchalla, first author on the paper and a doctoral student in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology in the Jacobs School.

They made the discovery while studying how two groups of mice responded after being vaccinated with the polysaccharide conjugate vaccine: One group was normal and one group had had its neutrophils significantly depleted.

When exposed to S. pneumoniae a month after vaccination, all of the mice with normal neutrophil levels were able to mount a strong immune response and all of them survived, with only 12.5% of them showing any symptoms.

But in the group that had been depleted of neutrophils at the time of vaccination, nearly 80% became severely ill and more than half of the mice did not survive. These mice exhibited between 10 and 100 times more bacteria in their lungs than was seen in the normal controls.

The researchers report it was the lack of neutrophils at the time when mice were vaccinated, not at the time of exposure to the bacteria, that caused them to suffer the worst outcomes. The neutrophils were required for the production of protective antibodies against S. pneumoniae following vaccination.

Now we want to figure out what is the contribution of neutrophils in regulating this vaccine response, Tchalla says.

She explains the team is looking at interferon gamma, which is involved in the innate immune response, and the possibility that neutrophils can produce interferon gamma, which in turn helps B cells to produce better antibodies against pathogens.

The long-range goal for Bou Ghanem and Tchalla is to investigate how the reduction in the efficacy of neutrophils in the elderly affects their ability to mount an immune response to S. pneumoniae when vaccinated.

One of their projects, currently on hold because of the pandemic, involves studying neutrophils provided by donors recruited through UBs Clinical and Translational Research Institute, a collaboration with Sanjay Sethi, professor and chief of the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine in the Jacobs School.

The findings may also be relevant to understanding the ability of elderly patients to generate an adequate immune response when vaccinated against other pathogens, including COVID-19, the UB researchers say.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Bou Ghanem has received additional NIH funding to study the factors that make the elderly susceptible to S. pneumoniae, and how to make vaccines more effective in elderly populations, in collaboration with Blaine Pfeifer, professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

In addition to Bou Ghanem and Tchalla, co-authors are Manmeet Bhalla, postdoctoral associate in Bou Ghanems lab, and Elizabeth A. Wohlfert, assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology.

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Neutrophils key to mounting effective immune response when receiving pneumonia vaccine, preclinical study shows - UB Now: News and views for UB...

Immunology

ImmunoScape Targets Immunology Breakthroughs for COVID-19 and Oncology with $11M in Global Financing Led by Anzu Partners and UTEC – BioSpace

SINGAPORE and SAN DIEGO, Aug. 12, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --immunoSCAPE (www.ImmunoScape.com), a biotech firm enabling unprecedented insights into the human immune system, today announced that it has raised USD $11 million (SGD $14.8 million) in a global equity financing round. US-based venture firm Anzu Partners led the round, joined by University of Tokyo Edge Capital (UTEC) in Japan, and NPR Holdings in Indonesia.

ImmunoScape's immune profiling platform, which provides deep insights into the T-cells of the human immune system, is already intensely engaged in COVID-19 related programs on three continents.

"There is an urgent need to understand how the T-cell immune response contributes to COVID-19 immunity and can be leveraged for vaccine design," said ImmunoScape co-founder and Chief Operating Officer Dr. Alessandra Nardin. "In global collaborations with Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Parma (Italy), and Duke-NUS, we are evaluating COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals. We are building a large data set on human T-cell response to COVID-19, in an effort to develop new therapies and better vaccines with our partners."

ImmunoScape also has established collaborations with several vaccine development companies, including the San Diego-based Arcturus which is running clinical trials in Singapore.

"As a Singapore-based firm supported by the Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), our team has deep experience assessing T-cell immune response to dengue, hepatitis B, and other viruses. It was clear that we must provide deep support to COVID-19 vaccine development in this global crisis," said ImmunoScape co-founder and CEO Choon Peng Ng, formerly a senior executive at A*STAR.

The company also aspires to continue its core mission of enabling advanced immunotherapies for cancer, an area where its scientific track record is very strong. "In 2019 we co-authored a paper together with collaborators at Genentech illustrating the role of our technology in evaluating checkpoint blockade immunotherapies," said Dr. Nardin. "The interest in those insights attracted global attention and encouraged us to seek financing to expand further into the US market."

"To deliver on the promise of individualized medicine for cancer, the biopharma industry desperately needs more insight into every patient's unique immune system. ImmunoScape can deliver this, and we are delighted to support them," said David Michael, Managing Partner of Anzu Partners.

ImmunoScape's technology can guide the development of immunotherapies, as the company has shown in major scientific journals," said Dr. Naonori Kurokawa, Partner of UTEC. "Now they are bringing these insights and capabilities to major biopharma clients globally."

ImmunoScape's technology was based on work begun at Stanford University, and continued at A*STAR of Singapore, where the company was established in 2017. ImmunoScape has received support from A*STAR and its commercialization arm A*ccelerate, as well as Enterprise Singapore. Technical founder Dr. Evan Newell, PhD, previously an A*STAR Science Fellow, is now based at Seattle's Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

For more information, please visit: https://ImmunoScape.com

About ImmunoScapeImmunoScape specializes in deep profiling of immune cells and identification of antigen specific T cells, based on the high dimensional mass spectrometry methods developed by Dr. Evan Newell, the company's co-founder. ImmunoScape enables pharmaceutical and biotechnologies companies to gain valuable insights from clinical trial patient data and to develop more effective immunotherapies. For more information, please visit https://ImmunoScape.com.

About ANZU PartnersAnzu Partners is an investment firm that funds breakthrough industrial and life sciences technologies. Anzu teams with entrepreneurs to develop and commercialize technological innovations by providing capital and deep expertise in business development, market positioning, global connectivity, and operations. For more information, please visit https://anzupartners.com. On Twitter: @anzupartners.

About UTECUTEC is a seed/early stage technology focused venture capital firm associated with academic institutes such as The University of Tokyo. UTEC supports the creation and growth of start-ups that vigorously foster business globally through the use of superior science and technology, collaborating with universities, research institutes and investment partners in and out of Japan. For more information, please visit https://www.ut-ec.co.jp/english/.

CONTACTRob Haralson for ImmunoScape+12026746679, rhh@anzupartners.cominfo@immunoscape.com

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ImmunoScape Targets Immunology Breakthroughs for COVID-19 and Oncology with $11M in Global Financing Led by Anzu Partners and UTEC - BioSpace

Immunology

Coronavirus: does the common cold protect you from COVID? – The Conversation UK

An article in Science recently generated a lot of interest by providing a possible explanation of why COVID-19 can be deadly to some yet go virtually unnoticed in others.

Scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California showed that infection with common cold coronaviruses can generate an immune response that resembles key pieces of the immune response generated by SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19. This raises the possibility that previous infection with one of the milder coronaviruses could make COVID-19 less severe. But how likely is this? And how does this relate to what we already know about coronaviruses?

A few weeks ago, a different article sat at the centre of the SARS-CoV-2 immunity debate. This one showed that the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 may decline over time.

The findings raised concern that SARS-CoV-2 could infect a person many times and that a vaccine might not generate lasting protection. But the article focused on just one arm of the immune response, the B cells, which produce antibodies that help to clear an infection.

T cells are also key to the immune response against viruses. They play a variety of roles, among them helping B cells to mature into disease-fighting machines. The article by Jose Mateus and colleagues at La Jolla Institute for Immunology is important because it shows that people keep T cells from the milder coronaviruses long enough to potentially interact with a new challenge by SARS-CoV-2 and that those T cells might even recognise SARS-CoV-2 and help to clear the infection.

For epidemiologists, the evidence of waning immunity and cross-immunity didnt come as a surprise. A study from 1990 showed that soldiers infected with one of the milder coronaviruses didnt retain immunity for much longer than a year. Also, the boom-bust cycle that the milder coronaviruses undergo from year to year can be explained by a mix of waning immunity and cross-immunity.

The milder coronaviruses can generate similar antibodies to the ones that are generated by the coronaviruses that cause Sars and Mers. These antibodies are so similar that they nearly tricked a British Columbia care facility into thinking they had an outbreak of Sars after the Sars epidemic had been declared over. In fact, the outbreak was caused by OC43, one of the coronaviruses that causes the common cold.

Nevertheless, infections that generate structurally similar antibodies dont necessarily provide cross-protection in a medically meaningful way.

Evidence for cross-protection between all but the most closely related coronaviruses is scant.

It is difficult to say whether the milder coronaviruses protect against SARS-CoV-2 partly because we have done so little surveillance on them. Ideally, we would be able to look at historical data to identify which communities experienced major outbreaks of each milder coronavirus strain over the past few years and then see if there is a link with less severe COVID-19 cases.

Challenge studies, in which a person is intentionally infected with a milder coronavirus strain and then exposed to SARS-CoV-2, could also address the question but are dangerous and ethically fraught. For now, all we can say is that the possibility that the common coronaviruses might protect against SARS-CoV-2 remains just that a possibility. Indeed, Mateus and colleagues describe this theory as highly speculative.

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Coronavirus: does the common cold protect you from COVID? - The Conversation UK

Immunology

Why are some people protected from Covid-19 without having contracted the disease? – EL PAS in English

After months of uncertainty and grim headlines, some scientists are hesitantly recognizing what could be good news. During the first weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic, it was estimated that around 60% of the population would need to be exposed to the coronavirus to achieve herd immunity, which occurs when a high percentage of the community is immune to a disease.

A large-scale antibody study in Spain found that around 5% of the population had contracted the coronavirus, with significant differences between the regions in the Soria province, the figure was more than 14%, compared to 1.2% in Cdiz. The hope of achieving herd immunity seemed like a long shot. But as time passed, a growing amount of research began to suggest that more people are protected against the coronavirus, or at least its most serious versions, than the antibody studies indicated. Experts, however, do not want this news to be used as an excuse for the relaxation of coronavirus safety measures.

When there is an infection from a virus of the same family there could be a cross-reaction and the immune system could develop antibodies similar to the ones that neutralized the other virus

We have been living with coronaviruses for a very long time. Most of them cause minor respiratory problems [like the common cold], while others are more serious, like SARS and MERS, explains Juan Pablo Horcajada, the head of infectious diseases at the Mar Hospital in Barcelona. Four viruses in the coronavirus family cause around 25% of colds, and it is well known that when there is an infection from a virus of the same family there could be a cross-reaction and the immune system could develop antibodies similar to the ones that neutralized the other virus, he explains. What we dont know yet is if these antibodies can offer protection and if so, to what extent.

A study recently published in the journal Science estimated that at least 20% or perhaps up to 50% of people who have never contracted SARS-CoV-2 have some kind of cellular protection against the disease. It is likely this has been generated by previous contact with one of the coronaviruses that cause colds. The research, however, has been done on cell samples and the hypothesis still needs to be tested out in real situations and on real people. For now, the authors of the study, researchers from La Jolla Institute for Immunology in the United States, acknowledge that it is very speculative to link the better prognosis of some Covid-19 patients with their previous exposure to the coronaviruses that cause the common cold.

Similar research from other groups has found the presence of protective T cells, the white blood cells that destroy infected cells in the body, in between 40% and 81% of samples. This would explain the behavior of the pandemic in the last few weeks, says Manel Juan, the head of immunology at Clnic hospital in Barcelona. Although there is concern about the rise in cases, we are not seeing a repeat of the situation in March [when there were hundreds of daily deaths and hospitalizations] and this could be because a greater percentage of people are protected than is reflected in the antibody tests.

According to one study, up to 50% of people who have never contracted SARS-CoV-2 have some kind of cellular protection against the disease

Luisa Villar, the head of immunology at the Ramn y Cajal hospital in Madrid, says that more infections would have been expected, given that only 11% of people in the Madrid region have had the coronavirus, according to the serological study.

According to Villar, the response of T cells, developed by contact with similar viruses or a persons very immune system, could also explain the heterogeneous impact of the disease. In young people, T cells are more active, but this response starts to decline from the age of 70, she says. Thats why young people may have a minor case or even be asymptomatic, while seniors have much more serious symptoms.

One of the reasons why coronaviruses can cause colds is that they share a viral spicule protein that is used to colonize host cells. The laboratories working on a vaccine for Covid-19 see this spicule as the key to developing an immunological response.

While the research may explain why young people have less serious cases of Covid-19, it does not explain the gap in the contagion rates between Spains 17 regions. I would have thought that there would have been more protection in the north of Spain, because you would think there would be more colds there, but thats not what we are seeing, says Juan.

In young people, T cells are more active, but this response starts to decline from the age of 70

Jess Rodrguez Bao, the head of infectious disease at the Virgen Macarena hospital in Seville, also backs the hypothesis that people have more immunity to Covid-19 because they have been in contact with similar diseases, but says there still needs to be epidemiological confirmation of the data. Its a similar situation with the flu. There is a certain degree of immunity after contracting a virus like the flu, he explains, adding that given the virus has led to a global pandemic its unlikely that the immunity is widespread.

A better understanding of the immunity of a population could shed light on the mysteries that remain about why Covid-19 affects people so differently. But measuring real immunity, beyond the presence of antibodies, requires tests that are expensive and difficult to carry out. In Barcelona, Manel Juan is leading a European project to develop an easier and faster test for determining who has immunity from T cells. This information could be used to help find out who is protected and to what extent, and also help design new vaccines, which help the body to generate a more efficient reaction against the coronavirus. For the moment, however, the good news that people who have never had contact with the virus can be protected needs confirmation via research.

English version by Melissa Kitson.

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Why are some people protected from Covid-19 without having contracted the disease? - EL PAS in English

Immunology

Tevogen Bio Announces Partnership With Preeminent Scientist Professor Neal Flomenberg, MD, to Investigate Proprietary T-Cell Therapy for Treatment of…

METUCHEN, N.J., Aug. 10, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --Tevogen Bio announces a joint partnership with renowned bone-marrow transplant expertNeal Flomenberg, M.D., Professor and Chair of the Department of Medical Oncology at Thomas Jefferson University, with the intent to evaluate Tevogen' s proprietary antigen-specific T cell technology as a potential treatment for COVID-19 and influenza-A patients.

This collaboration aims to harness Tevogen's proprietary immunotherapy platform and Dr. Flomenberg's expertise and research prowess to investigate potential treatments for viral infections.

Dr. Flomenberg has been at the forefront of immunogenetics and immunology for more than four decades. "Tevogen's technology resonated with me as there have been several groups who have used T cells to treat patients after bone-marrow transplants. The idea of utilizing T cell therapies to potentially treat COVID-19 and other viruses is truly remarkable," Flomenberg said. "I'm enthusiastic about moving forward with an investigation of Tevogen's technologies."

Tevogen CEO Ryan Saadi, M.D., M.P.H., is leading the new biotech's efforts. "Our work has been to pioneer T cell therapies that can be abundantly and efficiently reproduced to develop an affordable and scalable cellular treatment for the biggest global health threats, including COVID-19, influenza, and a variety of cancers. We are very excited about Dr. Flomenberg's contribution to our efforts and hope to initiate our investigational study soon."

In addition to developing its potential therapies, Tevogen is committed to organizational and manufacturing efficiency. This should allow it to engage in affordable innovation to the benefit of all patients.

About Tevogen Bio

Tevogen Bio was formed after decades of research by its contributors to concentrate and leverage their expertise, spanning multiple sectors of the health care industry, to help address some of the most common and deadly illnesses known today. The company's mission is to provide curative and preventative treatments that are affordable and scalablein order to positively impact global public health.

About Dr. Neal Flomenberg

Dr. Neal Flomenberg is the Chairman of Medical Oncology at Jefferson University in Philadelphia and also heads the Hematologic Malignancies, Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Program. Throughout his more than four decades of practice, he has maintained a longstanding interest in the immunogenetics and immunology of stem cell transplantation, with the goal of making transplantation safer and more widely available. Dr. Flomenberg developed an approach to bone-marrow transplants that uses half-matched relatives as donors, a breakthrough that assures that the majority of blood and bone-marrow cancer patients can benefit from this potentially curative treatment.

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Mark Irion[emailprotected]

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Tevogen Bio Announces Partnership With Preeminent Scientist Professor Neal Flomenberg, MD, to Investigate Proprietary T-Cell Therapy for Treatment of...