Blood-based biomarker can detect, predict severity of traumatic brain injury – National Institutes of Health

News Release

Wednesday, July 8, 2020

A study from the National Institutes of Health confirms that neurofilament light chain as a blood biomarker can detect brain injury and predict recovery in multiple groups, including professional hockey players with acute or chronic concussions and clinic-based patients with mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury. The research was conducted by scientists at the NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, andpublished in the July 8, 2020, online issue ofNeurology.

After a traumatic brain injury, neurofilament light chain breaks away from neurons in the brain and collects in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The scientists confirmed that neurofilament light chain also collects in the blood in levels that correlate closely with the levels in the CSF. They demonstrated that neurofilament light chain in the blood can detect brain injury and predict recovery across all stages of traumatic brain injury.

Currently, there are no validated blood-based biomarkers to provide an objective diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury or to predict recovery, said Leighton Chan, M.D., M.P.H., chief of the Rehabilitation Medicine Department at the NIH Clinical Center. Our study reinforces the need and a way forward for a non-invasive test of neurofilament light chain to aid in the diagnosis of patients and athletes whose brain injuries are often unrecognized, undiagnosed or underreported.

The study examined multiple groups including professional hockey players in Sweden with sports-related concussions, hockey players without concussions, hockey players with persistent post-concussion symptoms, non-athlete controls, and clinic-based patients at the NIH Clinical Center who were healthy or with acute, subacute, and chronic mild traumatic brain injuries. The study showed that neurofilament light chain in the blood:

In the clinic-based patients, the levels of blood neurofilament light chain at five years after a single mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury were significantly increased compared to healthy controls. This suggests that even a single mild traumatic brain injury (without visible signs of structural damage on a standard clinical MRI) may cause long-term brain injury, and serum neurofilament light could be a sensitive biomarker to detect even that far out from initial injury.

This study is the first to do a detailed assessment of serum neurofilament light chain and advanced brain imaging in multiple cohorts, brain injury severities, and time points after injury, said the studys lead author, Pashtun Shahim, M.D., Ph.D., NIH Clinical Center. Our results suggest that serum neurofilament light chain may provide a valuable compliment to imaging by detecting underlying neuronal damage which may be responsible for the long-term symptoms experienced by a significant number of athletes with acute concussions, and patients with more severe brain injuries.

The study was funded by the Intramural Research Program at NIH, the Department of Defense Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Uniformed Services University, and the Swedish Research Council.

Traumatic brain injury is a major leading cause of death and disability in the United States with more than 2.87 million emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths annually. While majority of all traumatic brain injuries are classified as mild (also known as a concussion), it remains difficult to diagnose this condition. There are a wide range of variable behavioral and observational tests to help determine a patients injuries but most of these tests rely on the patient to self-report signs and symptoms. Also, imaging has limitations with detecting micro-structural injuries in the brain.

About the NIH Clinical Center:The NIH Clinical Center is the worlds largest hospital entirely devoted to clinical research. It is a national resource that makes it possible to rapidly translate scientific observations and laboratory discoveries into new approaches for diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. Over 1,600 clinical research studies are conducted at the NIH Clinical Center, including those focused on cancer, infectious diseases, blood disorders, heart disease, lung disease, alcoholism and drug abuse. For more information about the Clinical Center, visit https://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/index.html.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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Blood-based biomarker can detect, predict severity of traumatic brain injury - National Institutes of Health

Off The Beaten Path: Lickity Split – Journal & Topics Newspapers Online

Stick it out and say, Ahhhhhh!

If the face of Helen of Troy was responsible for launching a thousand ships according to playwright Christopher Marlowe, and the eyes were the mirror of the soul to novelist Paulo Coelho De Souza, and the ears were accredited as the last feature to age by visionary Malcolm de Channel, and loose lips could sink ships, and the nose knows well then, what about the tongue, that very curious pinkish impish body part inside our skulls?

Perhaps not as physically attractive as other features, the tongue is certainly an important part of the human anatomy. Dr. Sam Webster, senior lecturer in anatomy and embryology, Swansea University Medical School in the United Kingdom, explains in his Muscles of the Tongue Anatomy presentation that the tongue is comprised of eight muscles.

The eight muscles are categorized into two groups, intrinsic and extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles, the superior longitudinal muscle, the inferior longitudinal muscle, the vertical muscle, and the transverse muscle, alter the shape of the tongue, running along the length not attached to bone. The four extrinsic muscles, the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus, change the position of the tongue and are anchored to bone.

The tongue performs continuously like the heart. Even when sleeping, the tongue pushes saliva down the throat. We know that the tongue plays an important role in tasting and breaking down food, swallowing and speech. Thanks to the tongue containing inguinal tonsils, germs are filtered out of the body. The medical community describes the tongue as a mass of interlacing skeletal muscle connective tissue with some mucous and serous glands, and pockets of adipose tissue, covered in oral mucosa. Like a fingerprint and snowflakes, each individuals tongue print is unique.

Writer Josh Dulaney in his article Why your tongue isnt as necessary as you might have thought explains that Cal State University has been involved in research concerning humans born with a very rare condition called isolated congenital aglossia, meaning without a tongue. Cal States Betty McMicken, associate professor in the department of Speech-Language Pathology, and Long Wang, assistant professor in the department of Family and Consumer Sciences, worked with Kelly Rogers, a Saddleback College student who was born without a tongue but is still able to speak and detect basic tastes. Rogers muscles on the floor of her mouth have compensated for her loss of a tongue without medical intervention. Wang refers to it as the natural condition, the natural progression. Such discoveries give hope to those who have no tongues or who have had partial removals.

The adult mans average tongue length is 3.3 inches and the average womens length is 3.1 inches. The Guinness World Records reports the title of the Worlds Longest Tongue belonging to Nick Stoeberl, measuring in at 3.97 inches. Some competition has curled up with a young woman, Adrianne Lewis, claiming a 4-incher that can reach her eye!

While were talking tongue, there is no denying the popularity of Mick Jagger and the Rolling Stones very famous and familiar Tongue and Lip Design logo, which came to be referred to as the Stones Tongue, created by British art designer John Pasche. The notorious image depicts cartoon-like parted lips, white top teeth, and a tongue protruding in a downward position. Studying at the Royal College of Art, Pasche started working with Mick Jagger and the Rolling Stones while he was still a student in 1969. Rolling Stone reports Pasche explaining, The design concept for the Tongue was to represent the bands anti-authoritarian attitude, Micks mouth and the obvious sexual connotations. (The coronavirus has put a damper on some of the 50-year anniversary events acknowledging the famous logo.)

According to Best Classic Bands website (bestclassicbands.com): Pasche who had previously designed posters for several British films and Jagger met, and the artist was shown a piece of artwork depicting the Indian goddess Kali, whose tongue was sticking out in the painting. Pasche went to work and came up with the tongue and lips design, now so ubiquitous (the bright red was added later by an Atlantic Records executive).

Revolutionary for its time, the Stones tongue image worked well with the rock group with its lead singer gyrating on the stage, singing nasty lyrics about unmentionables, and seemingly implying some form of oral sex. Simple and kind of crude, the design has lived on through the years. Because the logo debuted in the Stones Sticky Fingers album package, many people incorrectly believed that cover designer Andy Warhol came up with it. (Warhols cover design featured a picture of the bulging crotch of Joe Dallesandro, an artist in tight jeans with a prominent zipper!) Craig Braun, designer, actor, and all-around Chicago born entrepreneur is often considered as a co-designer of the tongue image as he played a major role in the Sticky Fingers packaging and design.

Branded forever, the Stones tongue design was voted in August 2008 as the greatest band logo of all time in a poll conducted by Gigwise, a British online music news site that features music news, photos, album reviews, music festivals, and concert tickets. The logo which Pasche said took him a week to finish earned him a total of approximately 250 pounds of sterling (today about $312).

And the beat goes on with the popular American band Maroon 5 immortalizing the Stones Tongue in their 2010 hit song Moves Like Jagger:

Take me by the tongue and Ill know you/Kiss me till youre drunk and Ill show you/Got them moves like Jagger/I got the moves like Jagger, I got the mooooooooves like Jagger

Until we meet again, as James of Scotland would say, Keep well thy tongue.

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Off The Beaten Path: Lickity Split - Journal & Topics Newspapers Online

Early fertility preservation in patients with endometriosis helps increase their chances of pregnancy – PRNewswire

VALENCIA, Spain, July 9, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Endometriosis is a disease that can seriously compromise ovarian function and can therefore pose a threat to the fertility of women who suffer from it. In fact, approximately 50% of patients with endometriosis will experience infertility; therefore, preserving fertility in this population should definitely be considered.

"Last April we presented a study showing the suitability oocyte vitrification in patients with endometriosis to preserve their fertility. In cases where ovarian surgery was required, the highest success rates were observed when the oocytes were vitrified prior to surgery, especially in patients under 35 years of age. As several scientific publications show, this is due to the fact that, even in very expert hands, cystectomy can cause a decrease of up to 40% in serum AMH levels, reflecting a significant impairment of the ovarian reserve as a result of the endometriosis removal surgery, or because in addition to removing the cyst, healthy tissue may also be removed inadvertently. However, it is not known whether the survival of the oocytes and the clinical outcomes would be negatively affected in patients with endometriosis who preserved their fertility compared to women without endometriosis who vitrified their oocytes for social reasons?" asked Dr Ana Cobo, Director of IVI Valencia's Cryobiology Unit.

This was the starting point for the study entitled Oocyte survival and clinical outcome is impaired in young endometriosis patients after fertility preservation (FP), led by Dr. Cobo, and which is presented at the 36th edition of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Congress.

"The results of this study showed similar success rates in patients over 35 years of age, but in the under 35 group we observed that all parameters analyzed worse off in women with endometriosis. One might think that this finding is due to the fact that patients with endometriosis may have fewer eggs, and yes, this is one of the reasons, but not the only one. The truth is that the implantation rate, which does not depend on the number of oocytes, is about 15 points lower (39% in endometriosis vs. 55% in preservation for social reasons), which may be related to oocyte quality. The oocyte survival rate (85% in endometriosis vs. 91% in social preservation) reinforces this thesis," added Dr. Cobo.

In this sense, the results of survival, implantation and the lower reproductive potential observed in young patients with endometriosis confirm the negative impact of the disease on the ovarian reserve and most probably on the quality of the oocytes. To this we add the morphokinetic alterations observed by other authors in the embryos of patients with endometriosis, suggesting a poorer quality embryo.

This is a retrospective work that included 485 women with endometriosis who preserved their fertility, a sample from the study previously presented, compared to the 641 women who preserved for social reasons -without endometriosis-, a sample from the study that Dr. Cobo published in 2018. All of them used their vitrified oocytes subsequently to achieve pregnancy.

"Despite the high incidence of endometriosis and the growing number of women suffering from this disease who have vitrified oocytes to safeguard their fertility, very little is known about the effectiveness of the strategy in these cases. This study helps us clarify some of the main questions regarding the impact of endometriosis on reproductive outcomes. The study findings will also help us in advising these patients regarding their prospect of becoming mothers with their own eggs. They should preserve their fertility at an early age to increase their chances of pregnancy. Knowing that not only surgery can be harmful to the ovarian reserve, but also that endometriosis can alter the quality of the eggs, negatively affecting the rate of gestation, the sooner they are preserved, the greater the chance of success,"concluded Dr. Cobo.

About IVIRMA Global

IVI was founded in 1990, as the first medical institution in Spain fully dedicated to assisted reproduction. Since then it has helped with the birth of more than 200,000 babies thanks to the application of the latest technologies. In early 2017, IVI merged with RMANJ, becoming the largest assisted reproduction group in the world. It currently has more than 65 clinics in 9 countries and is the leading centre for reproductive medicine. http://www.ivi.es- http://www.rmanetwork.com.

CONTACT: Olesia Plokhii, (617) 997-8779, [emailprotected]

SOURCE IVIRMA Global

http://www.ivirma.com

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Early fertility preservation in patients with endometriosis helps increase their chances of pregnancy - PRNewswire

I met my sperm donor birth father after years of wondering and was left crushingly disappointed – Telegraph.co.uk

What I remember most about meeting my father for this first time was his opening gambit: This pub is one of my favourites. He gestured to a picnic bench and asked me if I wanted a beer.

I was conceived by anonymous donor sperm and for years Id fantasised about meeting my biological father in my head hed loomed large, like an astronaut or Nobel laureate. The only things that my biological mother, Miranda, and her partner Dawn, knew about the donor was that he was green eyed and a medical student. Yet the man I met was an ordinary, unremarkable 50-year old who worked in human resources (turns out he actually had blue eyes and had studied economics), and the entire conversation as we fished around for topics we might have in common and found very few was crushingly disappointing.

He chatted awkwardly about draft beer and football, while I told him about being raised by lesbian mums and my career, and by the time I left the pub in north London, I felt shaken. Far from making me wish Id had a relationship with this man, the experience only made me miss Dawn, who Id always seen as a parent figure and who had died two years earlier. I remember calling Mum and crying down the phone. Hes a nice enough man, but hes not Dawn, I admitted. And yet I decided to give it another shot and meet up with him again.

Id known I didnt have a father for as long as I can remember and for years Id felt OK about it. Back in 1992 when I was born, being conceived by sperm donation was still an oddity, as was being raised by same-sex parents. Our house in the suburbs of Bristol was in a traditional neighbourhood with 2.4-children families and I remember making up ridiculous stories, as a very little kid, to account for being fatherless: my dad being a sailor, for example, who had died at sea. But my creative lesbian home was a haven and we did lots of dressing up and art.

When my mum split up with Dawn, when I was around six, and got together with Jayne, a woman who was visibly more masculine, and loud and proud at the school gates, I started being bullied. I think kids picked up on the fact that there was something different about me from their gossipy parents. A Christian woman who ran the after-school club was especially cruel. I ended up moving schools because I was being picked on.

There were plenty of upsides about having three mums. When I came out as liking boys at the age of 11, they were unsurprised and very supportive. And I knew how much they loved me. Yet there was always a niggling fear, when I was a child, about being incomplete: a fatherless boy without dad to take me to football or show me the ropes. This absent biological father became a mythical godlike figure until my teens when everything changed. It was the 2000s and being from an alternative family was suddenly cool. When another boy with two mums joined my secondary school, I remember being livid: having two mums was mysuperpower.

I always knew that at 18 Id be able to write to the HFEA (Human Fertility and Embryology Authority) for more information about the man who had donated the sperm, but I didnt hold out hope. Back then, sperm could be donated anonymously and only if the donor chose to waiver it could the child apply for the information once theyd turned 18 (although a change in the law means that children conceived after 2005 have an automatic right to know their donors identity). Id read up a little on the statistics and found that only one in ten sperm donors waive their right to anonymity. I wrote off on my 18th birthday and discovered that although there was no news about my donor, I had five donor siblings, two of whom were happy to be contacted. Oddly however, I couldnt get excited about this revelation, as the donor was the one who Id fixated on.

Even so, a few years later, when I was in my early 20s, I decided to track down my half-siblings, mainly as material for my work when I was writing a play about being a donor child. But as I set this up with the HFEA, they sent me the shock news that there had been a mixup and my father WAS able to be contacted after all. I felt a mixture of queasiness and excitement. It was a strange time to hear the news as Dawn had died of cancer a couple of years earlier. Id dearly loved her and considered her a parent and now, suddenly, here was another parent figure emerging.

Looking back, I should have let it all sink in before deciding whether to meet him but I went ahead immediately, after checking with Mum first. I was anxious: would it seem like a betrayal? She seemed excited but worried, though she put on a supportive front.

Desperate to meet him, I carefully hand-wrote a letter to him thanking him for his involvement in my life, enclosing a photo and my email and tentatively suggesting we meet for coffee. It took him less than a week to email back - and it was a pretty nail-biting time. I spent it obsessively Googling him, looking into his career history as well as finding a small pixelated headshot. Mum helped with the research and I loved that she was so much a part of it all

By the time we finally met, my nerves were still raw. Id told friends in London about it and my then-partner, and they were all supportive. The problem was that they couldnt really understand how it felt to meet this man that was so instrumental in my being, but wasnt a dad. Mum advised me not to get my hopes up in advance of the meeting, adding be yourself Jordan, thats enough.

After the shock of discovering this man I had built up in my head was an ordinary bloke, it struck me that were were oddly similar in some ways, particularly our mannerisms like the way he moved his hands and gazed off into the near distance and his prominent nose that was far more like mine than my Mums dainty button one.

I asked what compelled him to become a donor - he had donated five times - and when he admitted that it was for the money as hed been a student at the time and that hed only come forward because of his Catholic beliefs, it hurt. Happily he was very unjudgmental about my lesbian mums. It would have been tough if there had been any note of homophobia, or disapproval.

We groped around for other things we might have in common: politics, work, social attitudes, and found very little. He was into money and cars while I had stayed true to my chickpea-eating hippy roots instilled in me by my Mums.

We left it hanging but I could sense he wanted to meet me again. So we kept in touch and a few months later he suggested we meet again. By this point the swell of disappointment had subsided and I thought: why not?

It made me even more grateful to my mum and Dawn for the way they raised me and how loving my upbringing had been. On some level, I thought that meeting him would heal the emotions around Dawns death, but instead it had starkly reminded me of what Id lost. I became depressed and only got through it with the help of my mum and my two half sisters, conceived from the same donor. Id met up with them in person shortly before I met the donor - theyd also met him in person - they were both thoughtful women, born within a week of me [same year] and we shared personality traits and understood each other like no one else could: we had been through the same emotional ups and downs, high expectations and crashing disappointments of meeting our sperm donor and they were extremely supportive.

Looking back at it all, I feel conflicted. Being a sperm donor child is quite new and society projects all sorts of baggage onto us of being somehow lacking, and that can be tough. What does it mean if we dont feel fatherless? And if we do, is that in some way a rejection of the parents who raised us?

Ive seen my donor a few times since that first meeting and were building a relationship, of sorts, at a distance. Hes part of the puzzle that made me but hell never be my dad, and thats OK. I had all the parenting a boy could need. Meeting the donor has affected my relationship with mum in a lovely way: we were close before but now we share everything. Sometimes what were searching for is in front of us all along.

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I met my sperm donor birth father after years of wondering and was left crushingly disappointed - Telegraph.co.uk

Rising Demand for Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer Market to Significantly Boost Revenues through the COVID-19 Crisis – Cole of Duty

A fresh specialized intelligence report published by KandJ Market Research with the title Global Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer Market Research Report By Type, Application and Regions Forecast to 2026 has the ability to help the decision-makers in the most important market in the world that has played a significantly important role in making a progressive impact on the global economy. The Global Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer Market Report present and showcase a vital vision of the global scenario in terms of market size, market potentials, and competitive environment. The study is derivative from primary and secondary statistical data and consists of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the industry and key players.

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Rising Demand for Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer Market to Significantly Boost Revenues through the COVID-19 Crisis - Cole of Duty

New ICE rule leads to concerns about the future of Utahs international students – ABC 4

SALT LAKE CITY, Utah (ABC4 News) As the country continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic, many college and university students are opting to take a full load of online classes next month. But for international students, that could mean disqualification to remain in the United States legally.

We are not sure what the rationale behind this is. But what I think as an immigration attorney is that President Trump is creating an invisible wall to keep our foreign nationals from coming or staying in the United States, said Kim Buhler-Thomas. I believe why were doing this is more of a political move so he can have a stronger backing from his constituents.

Laura Fonseca, a business major at Salt Lake Community College flew to her native country, Colombia to visit family for spring break. But due to the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions, she hasnt been able to return to Utah.

The airports were closed and theyre still closed, she said.

Meanwhile, BYU biochemistry student Peter Liang has remained at home while taking online classes to keep his wife and baby safe.

The fear of getting COVID-19 and bringing it back to my family really weighs heavily on me on a mental level. My wife has some health concerns and if she got the virus, she could have very serious symptoms, he said.

On Monday, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) announced a new rule that requiresinternational students on an F-1 or M-1 visa to take no more than one class online at a college or university unless the course has an in-person component. Those who fail to comply could be forced to return to their native country.

The announcement left thousands of international students in Utah concerned about their health and safety during the pandemic.

I was shocked by this policy change because Ive always felt like the U.S. has been a country where humanity is one of its principal values. This policy is just so brutal towards international students. It feels like we have to choose between COVID-19 or leaving the U.S. I think its inhumane, said Liang.

Im really worried about the possibility that when school opens in the fall, were going to see a rise in cases which will force classes to move completely online again. If that happens in the middle of the semester, I would have to move back to Korea, said Jee Ha, a mechanical engineering student at the University of Utah.

The policy further complicated Mary Jantalerts situation, who explains that she already completed her Masters degree and was planning to leave the country to pursue her career before the COVID-19 pandemic hit and led to travel restrictions.

I reached out to Homeland Security and they said they were not extending their grace period so they told me to go back to school if I wanted to stay here legally, she said.

Jantalert enrolled for a software development program in the meantime at Salt Lake Community College to maintain her student status. But ICEs new rule, she says, puts her in limbo because her native country of Thailand currently has travel restrictions that would prevent her from re-entering their borders.

I feel so confused. I dont know what the benefit of this is for either side. We international students pay triple the amount of tuition that a resident student pays. So they would lose all that money if a bunch of us left, she said.

ButBuhler-Thomas said there is some hope. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology filed a lawsuit Wednesday against the new rule.

If successful, it would institute a temporary restraining order and prevent the government from enforcing the directive. Therefore, buying time for international students who would have otherwise only have six weeks to take action.

They just have to show irreparable harm to their institution if this order is allowed to continue, she said. We would hope that this injunction would apply across the board for all schools.

Other potential barriers posed to international students may include lack of financial means to return to their native country, difficulty of transferring to another institution, lost opportunity to work in the U.S. after graduation, and emotional trauma.

I dont know how long it will be until I can return to the United States and what if I dont make it back before Fall semester to fulfill that in-person requirement? Im so stressed out and Im so sad because Im close to graduating, said Fonseca.

Buhler-Thomas said there are still many questions that remain about the new rule. Consequently, international students may have to transfer to another institution, request a visa from a third country, or risk deportation while staying in the U.S.

ABC4 News reached out to six of Utahs universities and two colleges to ask about online v. in-person class availability. Most will offer a mixture of both in the fall, but some have not made their decisions yet.

Time is not on our side because we only have a few weeks before we find out what our options are. Thats not a lot of time for someone if they have to pack up their life and move out of the country, said Jantalert.

Officials from all eight schools that ABC4 News contacted ensured they would work with international students to make sure they could lawfully remain in the United States. For more information about a specific institution, please refer to statements provided below.

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New ICE rule leads to concerns about the future of Utahs international students - ABC 4

Letter to the Editor: Wu should speak up about Roxbury Prep – Dorchester Reporter

To the Editor:In February, I had a private meeting with City Councillor Michelle Wu in her office along with my former principal and current staff member at Roxbury Prep High School. We were there to ask that my school, Roxbury Prep, be treated fairly. For 400 days, my school has waited to be placed on the Boston Planning & Development Agency (BPDA) agenda for a vote on a project for a new high school at 361 Belgrade Ave. in Roslindale, a site that is already zoned for a school.

For the past several years, my peers in 11thand 12thgrade have been separated from 9thand 10thgraders. We didnt have a cafeteria or updated science labs. We ate lunch at our desks and walked a mile to theYfor gym. Meanwhile, 361 Belgrade continues to stand as an unused automotive service center instead of a beautiful public high school for beautiful Black and Latinx children.

I am grateful that many elected officials of color have already taken a position of support for our cause. I wanted Councillor Wu to do so as well. She lives in Roslindale, where our proposed school would be. We appealed to her for help. I was surprised by what she told me in that meeting in February.

She told us: You have been mistreated. You have been made to go on a wild goose chase. The reason you have not been placed on the agenda stems from racism. And then she told us that she would remain silent on this injustice.

She doesnt want to see a school at that site, even though it is zoned for a school. This is fine. Everyone is entitled to theiropinion. What is disheartening is that the councillor declined to call out the injustice in her own community, in her own back yard.

I just graduated from high school. Im headed to Brown University on a full scholarship to study biochemistry, despite the fact that our inadequate school building didnt have the type of lab that my new peers at Brown would have had. But my siblings are in middle school at Roxbury Prep. They deserve the new high school that my peers and I deserved and didnt get.

The world is different today than it was in February. Many people are recognizing that silence from good people is a tool of oppressors, allowing people to easily ignore the problem at hand. Councillor Wu wrote in her email to supporters recently: Black Lives Matter. And we must all use every platform and lever of power to confront racism in our lives, laws, and institutions.

She added: To move forward, the question for every elected official should not be whether we can point to some work to address racism, but whether we are taking all possible action within our power to implement anti-racist policies, from legislation to budgets and oversight. Hold us accountable to get it done.

I am hopeful in reading those words. Perhaps Councillor Wu now recognizes what that means to the students and families of Roxbury Prep and that she will finally make a public statement about 361 Belgrade.

YinessaBaezRoxbury Prep Class of 2020

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Letter to the Editor: Wu should speak up about Roxbury Prep - Dorchester Reporter

Gene yields insights into the causes of neurodegeneration | Cornell Chronicle – Cornell Chronicle

Across the globe, approximately 50 million people are living with dementia. The two most common forms are Alzheimers disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which develop when neurons in specific parts of the brain stop functioning triggering memory loss and other behavioral or personality changes.

Without a cure, the World Health Organization predicts that number could rise by as many as 10 million cases per year. However, predicting the onset of these diseases is tricky because neurodegeneration can start years before people present any outward symptoms.

An electron microscope shows the myelin sheath in a healthy mouse brain. The myelins fatty tissue insulates neurons and protects them from damage.

Cornell researchers including Fenghua Hu, associate professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and member of the Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, are taking a closer look at the factors that cause Alzheimers, FTLD and similar diseases. Hus latest study, A role of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration risk factor TMEM106B in myelination, was published June 23 in the journal Brain.

I want to have a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, Hu said. I hope that our research can facilitate therapeutic development of treatment options for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorders.

Her team started by investigating a specific gene, called TMEM106B, which had been previously identified as a risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers and FTLD. Researchers also knew that a particular mutation in that gene caused a neurological defect known as hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, which creates a myelin deficit in the brain, leading to the deterioration of both motor skills and mental acuity.

Myelin is the fatty tissue that wraps around nerve fibers, or axons, in the nervous system. Like insulation, this tissue forms a sheath that surrounds the nerve fibers, protecting them from damage and allowing electrical impulses to be quickly transmitted along the nerve.

Hu wanted to see exactly how that one mutation in TMEM106B could cause so much damage. She also wanted to learn more about how the gene regulates the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath under normal conditions.

We found that the mutation associated with the disease is a loss-of-function mutation, Hu said.

This distinction is critical since the Hu lab saw that TMEM106B is expressed in the cells that are responsible for forming the protective myelin tissue. Those cells are called oligodendrocytes, and within them, TMEM106B resides in the lysosome a tiny organelle that acts as a cellular recycling center.

Like the stomach, the lysosome must maintain a specific pH to keep its enzymes active. As oligodendrocytes build the myelin sheath, lysosomes remove any extraneous materials. They can also store myelins main membrane protein and deposit it in areas surrounding the nerve fibers.

Hus team discovered that the TMEM106B mutation prevented the gene from regulating both the pH inside the lysosome and the movement of the lysosome itself inhibiting the oligodendrocytes ability to build compact myelin layers.

Using a mouse model, Hu also noticed that an overall TMEM106B deficiency led to abnormal lysosome movement within the oligodendrocytes. This created defects in the myelin sheath, and the team observed behavioral changes, including poor motor coordination.

Additional research will examine the exact mechanism by which TMEM106B regulates lysosome function and will demonstrate how the mutation leads to the known neurological defects.

We want to explore whether the genes regulation of myelination contributes to its association with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers, FTLD and other age-related dementia, Hu said.

First author on the paper is postdoctoral associate Tuancheng Feng, and co-authors include other members of the Hu lab: Rory Sheng 19, Mohammed Ullah 21, Christina Mendoza 19, Isabel Iscol Katz 21, Daniel Paushter, Ph.D. 18, Peter Sullivan, Ph.D. 17, lab technician Xiaochun Wu, and former students Xiaolai Zhou and Laura Camila Martinez Enriquez.

Collaborators also include Fred Maxfield, professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Weill Cornell Medicine, and his research associate Santiago Domenech.

Hu received funding from the Bluefield project to cure frontotemporal dementia, National Institute on Aging, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Jana Wiegand is the editorial content manager for the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

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Gene yields insights into the causes of neurodegeneration | Cornell Chronicle - Cornell Chronicle

Lung physiology and immune function could spare children from severe COVID-19 – News-Medical.Net

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Jul 8 2020

Differences in lung physiology and immune function in children could be why they are more often spared from severe illness associated with COVID-19 than adults, according to pediatric and adult physicians at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Baylor College of Medicine, who teamed up to investigate the disparity.

The perspectives paper was recently published in American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology.

According to the paper, only about 1.7% of the first 149,082 cases in the U.S. were infants, children, and adolescents younger than 18 years old. Authors noted that children under 18 make up 22% of the U.S. population. Only three pediatric deaths were identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as of April 2020.

"These profoundly decreased rates of symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death are well beyond statistical significance, require further examination, and may hold the key to identifying therapeutic agents," the authors wrote.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2s, called ACE2, are the doors that allow SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, to enter the body's cells. Children naturally have less ACE2 in the lungs than adults.

ACE2 are important for viral entry and there seems to be less of them in children, because they increase with age."

Matthew Harting, MD, MS, assistant professor in the Department of Pediatric Surgery at McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, pediatric surgeon with UT Physicians, and senior author of the paper

Harting is also director of the pediatric ECMO program providing advanced cardiac and respiratory support at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital.

In addition to fewer ACE2 receptors, the authors note the immune system in children responds to viruses differently than that of adults, leaving less opportunity for severe illness in pediatric patients. There are several different mechanisms behind the differences, including the retention of T-cells in children, which are able to fight off or limit inflammation.

"T-cells have a viral response and also an immune modulator response. In severe cases of adult COVID-19 patients, we've seen that those T-cells are reduced, so the ability to fight the virus is also reduced. In kids, those T-cells seem to be maintained, so they are still able to prevent the virus," said Harry Karmouty-Quintana, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at McGovern Medical School, and a co-author of the paper.

Lung tissue in children naturally has a higher concentration of regulator T-cells. Patients with higher levels of T-cells also have higher levels of Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

"IL-10 inhibits the inflammation of other components like IL-6 that are detrimental. Adults tend to experience hyperinflammatory state, where kids do not," Karmouty-Quintana said. "In preclinical studies in mice, IL-10 has also shown to decrease with age."

The paper's findings were made possible through collaboration in a multidisciplinary group made up of pediatric and adult physicians and scientists in pediatric surgery, adult critical care, neonatology, and molecular biology.

"We, as physicians, have been challenged with the question of how to treat COVID-19 and we're learning in real time," said Bindu Akkanti, MD, associate professor of critical care medicine with McGovern Medical School, attending physician in critical care with Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, and a study co-author. "I knew that to figure out the best way to treat adults, we needed to get a team together to get to the bottom of why children were being spared from severe illness related to the virus. So, I reached out to Dr. Karmouty-Quintana and we teamed up with Dr. Harting and two other physicians in the Texas Medical Center to start investigating." Akkanti also sees pulmonary patients at UT Physicians.

"Collaborations like this between adult and pediatric providers are really important and this disease highlights where we can learn a lot when we compare the way it behaves in younger kids with older people," Harting said. "Even now as we're learning about effective treatments, we're seeing younger people handle this disease better than older people. Moving forward, physicians and scientists need multidisciplinary collaboration to continue learning - this is just another step in the right direction to attack this virus."

Krithika Lingappan, MBBS, was the first author of the paper and Jonathan Davies, MD, was a co-author. Both Lingappan and Davies are assistant professors of pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine and neonatologists with Texas Children's Hospital.

As a result of the collaboration, the team has begun a new study using blood samples from patients in different stages of COVID-19 to continue to understand how to treat the virus and the disparities in disease progression between children and adults.

Source:

Journal reference:

Lingappan, K., et al. (2020) Understanding the age divide in COVID-19: why are children overwhelmingly spared?. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00183.2020.

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Lung physiology and immune function could spare children from severe COVID-19 - News-Medical.Net

NIH researchers reframe dog-to-human aging comparisons – National Institutes of Health

News Release

Thursday, July 9, 2020

Comparing epigenetic differences between humans and domestic dogs provides an emerging model of aging.

One of the most common misconceptions is that one human year equals seven dog years in terms of aging. However, this equivalency is misleading and has been consistently dismissed by veterinarians. A recent study, published in the journalCell Systems, lays out a new framework for comparing dog-to-human aging. In one such comparison, the researchers found the first eight weeks of a dogs life is comparable to the first nine months of human infancy, but the ratio changes over time. The research used epigenetics, a process by which modifications occur in the genome, as a biological marker to study the aging process. By comparing when and what epigenetic changes mark certain developmental periods in humans and dogs, researchers hope to gain specific insight into human aging as well.

Researchers performed a comprehensive analysis and quantitatively compared the progression of aging between two mammals, dogs and humans. Scientists at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health, and collaborators at the University of California (UC) San Diego, UC Davis and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine carried out the research.

All mammals experience the same overarching developmental timeline: birth, infancy, youth, puberty, adulthood and death. But researchers have long sought specific biological events that govern when such life stages take place. One means to study such a progression involves epigenetics gene expression changes caused by factors other than the DNA sequence itself. Recent findings have shown that epigenetic changes are linked to specific stages of aging and that these are shared among species.

Researchers focused on one type of epigenetic change called methylation, a process in which molecules called methyl groups are attached to particular DNA sequences, usually parts of a gene. Attaching to these DNA regions effectively turns the gene into the "off" position. So far, researchers have identified that in humans, methylation patterns change predictably over time. These patterns have allowed the creation of mathematical models that can accurately gauge the age of an individual called "epigenetic clocks."

But these epigenetic clocks have only been successful in predicting human age. They do not seem to be valid across species, such as in mice, dogs, and wolves. To see why the epigenetic clocks in these other species differed from the human version, researchers first studied the epigenetic changes over the lifetime of a domestic dog and compared the resultsobtained with humans.

Dogs are a useful model for such comparisons because much of their environment, diet, chemical exposure, and physiological and developmental patterns are similar to humans.

"Dogs experience the same biological hallmarks of aging as humans, but do so in a compressed period, around 10 to 15 years on average, versus over 70 years in humans. This makes dogs invaluable for studying the genetics of aging across mammals, including humans," said Elaine Ostrander, Ph.D., NIH Distinguished Investigator and co-author of the paper.

Dr. Ostrander and her colleagues in Trey Ideker's laboratory at UC San Diego took blood samples from 104 dogs, mostly Labrador retrievers, ranging from four weeks to 16 years of age. They also obtained previously published methylation patterns from 320 people, whose ages ranged from 1 to 103 years. The researchers then studied and compared the methylation patterns from both species.

Based on the data, researchers identified similar age-related methylation patterns, specifically when pairing young dogs with young humans or older dogs with older humans. They did not observe this relationship when comparing young dogs to older humans and vice versa.

The study also found that groups of specific genes involved in development can explain much of the similarity, which had similar methylation patterns during aging in dogs and humans.

"These results suggest that aging can, in part, be explained by a continuum of changes beginning in development," said Dr. Ideker. "The programs of development are expressed incredibly strongly at defined periods when the pup is in the womb and childhood. But equally strongly are systems that clamp down to stop it. In a sense, we are looking at aging as the residual 'afterburn' of those powerful forces."

The researchers also attempted to correlate the human epigenetic clock with dogs, using this as a proxy for converting dog years to human years.

The new formula is more complicated than the "multiply by seven" method. When dogs and humans experience similar physiological milestones, such as infancy, adolescence and aging, the new formula provided reasonable estimates of equivalent ages. For example, by using the new formula, eight weeks in dogs roughly translates to nine months in humans, which corresponds to the infant stage in both puppies and babies. The expected lifespan of senior Labrador retrievers, 12 years, correctly translates to 70 years in humans, the worldwide average life expectancy.

The group acknowledges that the dog-to-human years formula is largely based on data from Labrador retrievers alone. Hence, future studies with other dog breeds will be required to test the formula's generalizability. Because dog breeds have different life spans, the formula may be different among breeds.

Dr. Ostrander noted, "It will be particularly interesting to study long-lived breeds, a disproportionate number of which are small in size, versus breeds with a shorter lifespan, which includes many larger breeds. This will help us correlate the well-recognized relationship between skeletal size and lifespan in dogs."

The study also demonstrates that studying methylation patterns may be a useful method to quantitatively translate the age-related physiology experienced by one organism (e.g., humans) to the age at which physiology in a second organism is most similar (e.g., dogs). The group hopes that such translation may provide a useful tool for understanding aging and identifying ways to maximize healthy lifespans.

"This study, which highlights the relevance of canine aging studies, further expands the utility of the dog as a genetic system for studies that inform human health and biology," said Dr. Ostrander.

This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research.

NHGRI is one of the 27 institutes and centers at the National Institutes of Health. The NHGRI Extramural Research Program supports grants for research, and training and career development at sites nationwide. Additional information about NHGRI can be found at https://www.genome.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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NIH researchers reframe dog-to-human aging comparisons - National Institutes of Health