Monthly Archives: July 2020

Biochemistry

Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market 2020: Challenges, Growth, Types, Applications, Revenue, Insights, Growth Analysis, Competitive…

Automatic biochemistry analyzer (FABCA) could be a high-performance micro-controller based mostly measurement organic chemistry instrument used to live varied blood organic chemistry parameters like glucose, urea, protein, and bilirubin etc. that are related to varied disorders like diabetes, kidney diseases, liver malfunctions and alternative metabolic derangements. The global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market is segregated on the basis of Type as Semi-automated and Fully-automated. Based on End-User the global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market is segmented in Hospitals, Clinics, and Others.

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The global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market report provides geographic analysis covering regions, such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World. The Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market for each region is further segmented for major countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany, the U.K., France, Italy, China, India, Japan, Brazil, South Africa, and others.

Competitive Rivalry

Siemens Healthcare, Abbott, Hitachi, Mindray Medical, GaomiCaihong, Horiba Medical, Sunostik, Tecom Science, Sysmex, Senlo, and others are among the major players in the global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market. The companies are involved in several growth and expansion strategies to gain a competitive advantage. Industry participants also follow value chain integration with business operations in multiple stages of the value chain.

The Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market has been segmented as below:

Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market, By Type

Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market, By End-User

Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market, By Region

Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market, By Company

The report covers:

Report Scope:

The global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market report scope includes detailed study covering underlying factors influencing the industry trends.

The report covers analysis on regional and country level market dynamics. The scope also covers competitive overview providing company market shares along with company profiles for major revenue contributing companies.

The report scope includes detailed competitive outlook covering market shares and profiles key participants in the global Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers market share. Major industry players with significant revenue share include Siemens Healthcare, Abbott, Hitachi, Mindray Medical, GaomiCaihong, Horiba Medical, Sunostik, Tecom Science, Sysmex, Senlo, and others.

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Table of Contents:

4.1 Introduction4.2.1 Drivers4.2.2 Restraints4.2.3 Opportunities4.2.4 Challenges4.2 Porters Five Force Analysis

8.Competitive Insights

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Bench-top Automated Biochemical Analyzers Market 2020: Challenges, Growth, Types, Applications, Revenue, Insights, Growth Analysis, Competitive...

Cell Biology

There’s a Weird Structure in Our Inner Ears That Hardly Anybody Talks About – ScienceAlert

Deep inside your ear there's a tiny thing you may not know about - a dead-end tube called an endolymphatic sac. Details on its function have been debated, but it was only in 2018 that scientists figured out (at least in part) what this odd structure is for.

According to a chance discovery in zebrafish, the endolymphatic sac may play the role of some kind of 'safety valve' in the inner ear.

The story behind the find starts several years ago when Harvard Medical School systems biologist Ian Swinburne made a connection between a pulsating blob of cells in a developing zebra fish and that cul-de-sac thing poking out of our own inner ear.

If you missed seeing it on your high school biology exam, don't worry about it. You won't often find the endolymphatic sac on diagrams of the inner ear; possibly because none of us know what it actually does.

Imagine your inner ear as a long tube shaped like a weird snail. At one end, it curls into a shell-like structure called a cochlea. At the other where the snail's eyes would be there are three perpendicular loops called a labyrinth.

Fluid in the snail-shell part transfers waves we interpret as sound, while the fluid in the loops acts like a biological spirit-level, sloshing about to tell you which way is up.

Between these two structures, behind the window where a tiny hearing bone called the stapes plugs in, there are two chambers called the utricle and the saccule. These chambers in turn connect to a short, thin tube ending in that mysterious sac. Try to picture it hidden behind the diagram below:

Diagram of the inner ear, missing some bits. (7activestudio)

While nobody is certain about what it does, there are some clues. It's understood to have a starring role in Mnire disease, a condition characterised by symptoms that include vertigo and tinnitus.

The disease is presumed to be caused by excess fluid in the inner ear overinflating the structure, and since surgery on the endolymphatic sac has been shown to help alleviate symptoms, the sac probably has something to do with fluid regulation.

Circumstantial evidence is a good place to start, but Swinburne and his zebrafish offered an opportunity to do a compare and contrast on this weird bubble of tissue.

Watching the endolymphatic sac at work inside something as dense as a human head is easier said than done.But in the zebra fish, Swinburne could use dyes to watch and record the movement of fluid slowly flow in and then quickly out of the tiny structure.

There was just one question.

"We had all these movies where you could see the whole structure pulsing, and when Ian injected dye into the sac we could see fluid flowing out," said Swinburne's postdoctoral advisor Sean Megason back in June 2018.

"But it wasn't clear how that fluid was getting out. It seemed like something weird was going on."

Then, the team got lucky. In a separate zebrafish study, a mutant fish with a variation of a certain genetic regulator happened to have an endolymphatic sac that was larger than usual.

Whatever this mutated gene did, it seemed to cause the structure to overfill and fail to deflate properly, hinting at a structural difference that might show how a normal sac works.

Using high-resolution electron micrographs the researchers found their answer. Inside the sac there were overlapping, flap-like projections called lamellae poking out of the cells.

"Biologists like to say that structure determines function," said Swinburne."When we saw the lamella for the first time, it all clicked."

The cells lining the endolymphatic sac appear to have spaces between them to allow fluid to pass. Those lamellae plug the gaps, but as the pressure builds they slide apart, until suddenly the whole sac can leak like a sieve.

A closer look using more advanced microscopy techniques showed that this was indeed what was happening.

"It looks like a cell that's migrating, but they are part of the epithelium. It's really weird cell biology," said Swinburne.

For people who suffer problems maintaining the balance of fluid in their inner ear, new information about the endolymphatic sac's role as a pressure release valve could one day come in handy.

And just maybe we can finally add it into those anatomy text books.

This research was published in eLife.

A version of this article was first published in June 2018.

Continued here:
There's a Weird Structure in Our Inner Ears That Hardly Anybody Talks About - ScienceAlert

Cell Biology

Single-Cell Analysis Market is Predicted to Register Highest Growth Value during 2020-2025 | Leading Players Merck, Thermo Fisher Scientific – 3rd…

In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics at the single cell level.

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COVID-19 Impact:

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Single-Cell Analysis Market is Predicted to Register Highest Growth Value during 2020-2025 | Leading Players Merck, Thermo Fisher Scientific - 3rd...

Cell Biology

Researchers unravel how the body fights off urinary tract infections – News-Medical.net

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Jul 2 2020

Anyone who has ever had cystitis knows that urinary tract infections of this kind are annoying and painful. They can be well treated by antibiotics, but may be fatal if left untreated. These infections are usually caused by what are known as uropathogenic E. coli bacteria when they bind to the cells of the bladder, ureter or urethra with their pili, the thread-like appendages that grow out of them like hairs. But protection is at hand in the form of a certain protein, produced naturally in the body, called uromodulin. Around 70 percent of all people carry a uromodulin gene variant in their genome, which means that they produce this protective protein in particularly large quantities. Accordingly, they have a smaller risk of contracting urinary tract infections.

But the exact process by which uromodulin prevents inflammation had never been understood. Now an interdisciplinary team, drawn from three research groups at ETH Zurich together with researchers from the University of Zurich and the Children's Hospital Zurich, has filled this knowledge gap by investigating uromodulin's appearance and how the protein goes about neutralizing uropathogenic E. coli. Their findings, which have been published in the journal Science, should help to develop new strategies for the treatment of urinary tract infections in the future.

First, the researchers analysed how the protein binds to the bacterial pili at the molecular level.

We already knew that a bond is formed and that this presumably plays a part in uromodulin's protective function, but nobody had studied this in greater detail."

Gregor Weiss, doctoral student in molecular biology at ETH and one of the study's lead authors

Their biochemical investigations have now shown that the bacterial pili recognise certain sugar chains on the surface of the uromodulin and bind to them extremely readily and strongly.

Next, the team examined uromodulin using cryo-electron tomography, an imaging technique that produces three-dimensional views of the structure of proteins and cells with no need for chemical modification or dehydration. This showed them that uromodulin forms long filaments consisting on average of around 400 individual protein molecules strung together. And that each link of this protein chain contains the characteristic pattern of sugar chains to which bacterial pili like to bind.

Cryo-electron tomography was also the team's chosen technique for investigating at a larger scale what effect these properties have - this time in the presence of the culprits, the uropathogenic E. coli bacteria. They discovered that the uromodulin filaments literally envelop the pathogen, and that a single uromodulin filament can dock with several pili of a bacterium.

"This neutralizes the pathogens," Weiss explains: "Once the bacteria are shielded in this way, they can no longer bind to the cells in the urinary tract, which means they can't cause infection."

Under an optical microscope, the team also noted the formation of large clumps of hundreds of uromodulin filaments and E. coli cells, which are then presumably simply excreted with the urine.

Finally, the researchers checked to see whether all these processes they had observed in the laboratory also occur in patients. They analysed urine samples from infected patients provided by the Children's Hospital in Zurich and found exactly the same interactions between uromodulin and the pathogens. "Without interdisciplinary collaboration between different research groups and institutes, it would have been impossible to obtain this set of findings," stresses ETH Professor Martin Pilhofer, who led the electron tomography investigations.

The research team's work offers pointers for how to treat and prevent urinary tract infections without using antibiotics. Until now, patients have often been given preparations that contain the sugar mannose. To a certain extent, these prevent the E. coli bacteria from attaching themselves to the cells of the urinary tract. "Thanks to our analyses, we now know that the bacterial pili recognise not only mannose but also other sugars present on uromodulin," says Jessica Stanisich, doctoral student and another lead author of the study. "This might indicate that treatment with combined sugar supplements would be more effective."

The new findings also help in the development of new active substances, adds ETH Professor Rudi Glockshuber. This is because during an infection the uropathogenic E. coli attach themselves to the same sugar chains on the cell surfaces of the urinary tract as on uromodulin. Pharmaceutical companies are looking to identify new active substances that will prevent precisely these interactions - but this risks also disrupting the protective binding of uromodulin to the bacteria. "It would obviously be a highly undesirable side effect for a drug if that treatment simultaneously interfered with a natural protective function," Glockshuber says. However, the research team's analyses have now shown that the bonds between bacteria and uromodulin are extremely stable and cannot be broken down by active substances - an important finding in the search for remedies for unpleasant urinary tract infections.

Source:

Journal reference:

Weiss, G.L., et al. (2020) Architecture and function of human uromodulin filaments in urinary tract infections. Science. doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9866.

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Researchers unravel how the body fights off urinary tract infections - News-Medical.net

Physiology

Paul Meakin – The Conversation UK

2020

Elevated circulating amyloid promotes concentrations in obesity and diabetes promote vascular dysfunction. , Journal of Clinical Investigation

2018

Small vessels, dementia and chronic diseases molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology. , Clinical Science

2018

Bace1-dependent amyloid processing regulates hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in obese mice. , Scientific Reports

2018

The beta secretase BACE1 regulates the expression of the insulin receptor in the liver. , Nature Communications

2018

Itaconate is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates Nrf2 via alkylation of Keap1, Nature

2018

The BACE1 product sAPP induces ER stress, inflammation and attenuates insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. , Metabolism

2016

Dimethyl fumarate blocks pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of TLR induced M1 and K63 ubiquitin chain formation., Scientific Reports

2015

Beta2-integrin knock-in mice remain glucose tolerant in spite of insulin resistance, neutrophil infiltration and inflammation. , PLoS One

2015

Neuronal development is promoted by weakened intrinsic antioxidant defenses due to epigenetic repression of Nrf2, Nature Communications

2015

Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1b production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome., Journal of Autoimmunity

2014

The susceptibility of Nrf2-null mice to hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis upon consumption of a high-fat diet is associated with a profound disturbance in metabolic enzymes in the liver, but not with insulin resistance. , Journal of Cell Biology

2014

Antioxid Redox Phosphoinositide 3-kinases upregulate system xc- via eIF2 and ATF4 a pathway active in glioblastomas and epilepsy. , Antioxidant & Redox Signaling

2014

Nrf2 target genes can be controlled by neuronal activity in the absence of Nrf2 and astrocytes. , PNAS

2014

Altered amyloid precursor protein processing regulates glucose uptake and oxidation in cultured rodent myotubes. , Diabetologia

2013

Anorexigenic and orexigenic hormone modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity and the regulation of hypothalamic agouti-related protein mRNA expression. , Neurosignals

2011

Reduction in BACE1 decreases body weight, protects against diet-induced obesity and enhances insulin sensitivity in mice. , Biochemical Journals

2010

Loss of Nrf2 markedly exacerbates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. , Free Radical Biology and Medicine

2010

The unfolded protein response is activated in skeletal muscle by high-fat feeding: potential role in the down-regulation of protein synthesis. , American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

2007

Fructose metabolism in the adult mouse optic nerve, a central white matter tract. , Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

2006

Fructose supports energy metabolism of some, but not all, axons in adult mouse optic nerve. , Journal of Neurophysiology

Continued here:
Paul Meakin - The Conversation UK

Physiology

NYC Nurse Thanks Fellow Heroes at Ascension Saint Thomas Rutherford – rutherfordsource.com

Trinette Lewis is a New York City nurse who pursued the profession because she loved studying anatomy and physiology and wanted to apply that knowledge in a tangible way. She says that her appreciation for her career has evolved in recent months, explaining: Once the pandemic began, I realized that nursing is more than a profession. Its a calling; its a movement, and its a beautiful expression of love.

Trinette has been working tirelessly on the front lines at Lenox Hill Hospital on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Earlier this month, she had the opportunity to take a much-deserved break to visit her mom in Murfreesboro. Though it would have been understandable if Trinette had used her vacation time to relax, she had something else in mind. I wanted to show appreciation to the nurses at Ascension Saint Thomas Rutherford because they have selflessly helped treat my grandmother, brother, and sister over the years, says Trinette. While Im far away in New York City, I am very grateful that I can trust Ascension Saint Thomas to care for my family when they are sick.

Determined to express thanks for Murfreesboros hard-working caregivers, Trinette and her mom delivered glazed donuts, hot coffee, and handmade prayer cards to the nursing staff. Trinette calls her gesture a small token of gratitude for the big ways nurses have helped our nation rise above this pandemic. To the nurses at Ascension Saint Thomas Rutherford, however, Trinettes gift was anything but small.

Trinette is now safely back at work in New York City.

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NYC Nurse Thanks Fellow Heroes at Ascension Saint Thomas Rutherford - rutherfordsource.com

Physiology

Preparation is key when returning to exercise after lockdown – Mirage News

With the resumption of full training activities and competitions for community sport this week, there are concerns about the risk of injury from people increasing their exercise loads too quickly.

While the beginning of lockdown saw an explosion of participation in online exercise classes and local parks filled with people completing their daily exercise, as restrictions eased, so did many peoples workout routines.

Lecturer in Exercise Physiology at UNSW Medicines School of Medical Sciences, Dr Mandy Hagstrom believes the risk of injury can be minimised by resuming training in the right manner.

If exercise is commenced gradually, then the risk of injury is minimal, she says.

The risk comes when people jump straight back into high volumes of physical activity when they havent been doing much for a while.

With delayed starts to sporting seasons, many people may be tempted to jump straight back into training at full intensity, hoping to make up as much ground as possible. But Dr Hagstrom recommends a more measured approach.

Start with less days per week, less time in the given activity, and perhaps at a slightly easier intensity than previously accustomed, she says.

You will be able to gauge how your body is going after a few sessions and increase as you can tolerate.

Its completely normal for people to feel a sense of fatigue and soreness when returning to activity, and equally as important for them to realise that these feelings will diminish over time with consistency in their routines.

Personal trainers can provide professional advice and guidance for people who are concerned about returning to exercise. Photo: UNSW Fitness & Aquatic Centre

Jack Burke, Health and Fitness Coordinator at UNSW Fitness and Aquatic Centre agrees, urging people to be kinder to themselves as they return to exercise.

For the vast majority of people, returning to exercise means not being in the same condition as pre-COVID, but you are not alone! he says.

Dont beat yourself up about coming back a little underdone in these unprecedented times. Stay positive, enjoy the feeling of exercise again and being back in the gym.

Dr Hagstrom also emphasises preparation as a key element of returning to training and exercise.

You can help prepare mentally, as well as physically, by planning out when you think you will exercise, she says.

What time of day will it be? What do you need to prepare beforehand? For example, do you need to pack breakfast to have at work? How many times are you going to try and exercise per week? Set yourself goals, but make sure they are achievable.

As for coaches and trainers working with large groups, Dr Hagstrom highlights that it is important to recognise that everyone will have been working at different levels during their time away from exercise.

People of different training backgrounds will be able to resume activity at different speeds, she says.

Dr Mandy Hagstrom emphasises the need for people to understand their own fitness levels and limits as they return to training.

Most people who were highly active, or competitive, will have managed to remain active even if its not in a manner that they were previously accustomed to and as such, they will likely be back to more normal routines sooner than others.

Those individuals who have been truly sedentary will have a much lower tolerance to exercise initially, however, these people will also make excellent results in the initial part of their program.

As with anything exercise prescription-related, individualisation is key, regardless of level.

For those who are concerned about their level of fitness and potentially sustaining an injury, Dr Hagstrom recommends consulting with a professional.

That may be a personal trainer, or an exercise physiologist if you have specific concerns related to your health and exercising, she says.

There wont be any judgement, and the professionals are here to help you achieve your goals.

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Preparation is key when returning to exercise after lockdown - Mirage News

Immunology

New Study Confirms COVID-19 Vaccine Will Need to Elicit T Cells to Work alongside Antibodies – HospiMedica

Image: Dr. Alessandro Sette and Dr. Daniela Weiskopf (Photo curtesy of La Jolla Institute for Immunology)

The study conducted by researchers at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI La Jolla, CA, USA) and Erasmus University Medical Center (Rotterdam, Netherlands) also revealed that both Dutch and American patients have similar responses to the virus. For the study, the researchers followed 10 COVID-19 patients with the most severe disease symptoms who were put on ventilators out of which two patients eventually died of the disease. An in-depth look at their immune system responses showed that all the 10 patients produced T cells that targeted the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These T cells worked alongside antibodies to try to clear the virus and stop the infection.

These findings are in line with a recent study that showed a robust T cell response in individuals with moderate cases of COVID-19. In both the studies, the T cells in these patients prominently targeted the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2. The virus uses the spike protein to enter host cells, and most vaccine efforts around the world are aimed at getting the immune system to recognize and attack this protein. The new study offers further evidence that the spike protein is a promising target and confirms that the immune system can also mount strong responses to other targets on the virus.

This is key to understanding how the immune response fights the virus, said LJI Professor Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol. Sci., who co-led the study with Erasmus MC Virologist Rory de Vries, Ph.D. You want vaccine approaches to be grounded in observations from rather diverse settings to ensure that the results are generally applicable.

Activating these cells appears to be at least as important as the production of antibodies, says Erasmus MC Virologist Rory de Vries, Ph.D., who co-led the study with Sette.

Related Links:La Jolla Institute for Immunology Erasmus University Medical Center

Originally posted here:
New Study Confirms COVID-19 Vaccine Will Need to Elicit T Cells to Work alongside Antibodies - HospiMedica

Immunology

Cancer Immunology And Oncolytic Virology Market to Exhibit Rapid Surge in Consumption in the COVID-19 Crisis – Cole of Duty

The global cancer immunotherapy market should reach $96.5 billion by 2021 from $73.0 billion in 2016 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7%, from 2016 to 2021.

Report Scope:

The scope of this report coverscurrent cancer immunotherapymarkets for most common cancers. The market segments included in this report are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (with special focus on checkpoint inhibitors), synthetic interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors; small kinase inhibitors of cancer-related targets; protective and therapeutic cancer vaccines; and adoptive cell therapies. This report also covers treatments that are in development for late-stage and early-stage oncolytic viruses. Detailed epidemiological information, discussion of incidence and mortality trends, overview of regulatory landscapes, and analysis of market shares for leading products and companies are also included in this report.

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Report Includes:

An overview of the global markets for cancer immunotherapies and oncolytic virology. Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2015, 2016, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2021. Analyses of factors influencing market demand, such as clinical guidelines, demographic changes, and market saturation. Information covering the latest trends, market structure, market size, key drug segments, and trends in technology. Coverage of colony stimulating factors (CSFs), interferon alfa and gamma products, interleukin products and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including antibody conjugates, cancer vaccines, and other cancer treatment immunology products. Technological discussions, including the current state, newly issued patents, and pending applications. Profiles of leading companies in the industry.

Report Summary

Cancer is a disease with global implications. There are many different types of cancer, of which the most common types include lung, breast, colon and rectal, stomach, head and neck, prostate, cervical, melanoma, and ovarian cancer, as well as leukemia. Cancer is a genetic disease that is conventionally treated by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy. Surgery is the mainstay treatment for all cancers. Usually surgery is complimented with radiation or chemotherapy to ensure the clearance of all residual cancer. Despite the advances in treatment, cancer has great plasticity; therefore, after a certain time the effects of treatment fade and cancer returns with acquired resistance. Combination therapy, using multiple modalities including surgery and pharmaceutical or radiation therapy, improves response to treatment.

Radiation and chemotherapy have many side effects. Biological treatment options provide less impactful treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy and it incorporates elements of the immune system in cancer treatment. The immune system has various types of cells and proteins that detect and act upon signs of a disease or infection by harmful and foreign substances such as microbes, bacteria and viruses. The immune system differentiates the bodys own cells and tissues through an evolutionary bar-coding system. This system helps the immune system understand encountered foreign substances as nonself. Cancer cells are recognized as nonself as well. The immune system monitors the body for cancer and destroys when it detects a malignancy. Cancer cells can avoid being recognized by the immune system and develop resistance through numerous methods.

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Since the early 1900s, the connection between cancer and the immune system has caught the attention of various scientists and medical practitioners. Although the early studies were bluntly done without current technological and scientific tools, they nonetheless shed insights leading to the development of the first monoclonal antibodies and to the use of biologically derived synthetic interleukins and interferons. After many decades of research, immunotherapy finally emerged as a fully functionalclinical area in the 1990s. Since then, the cancer therapeutics landscape has changed dramatically.

With the stream of product approvals in recent years, the global immunotherapy market has reached its current value. In 2015, the global cancer immunotherapy market hit $65 billion. The current immunotherapy market contains several blockbuster products reaching their end-of-market exclusivities; however, the market is mostly comprised of newly introduced and expensive therapies. In 2016, the market expanded by more than 10% over the previous year, reaching $73 billion. During the period of 2016 through 2021, the global cancer immunotherapy market is forecast to grow by a 5.7% compound annual growth rate (CAGR), reaching $96.5 billion in 2021.

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The strongest growth is expected to occur in checkpoint-inhibitor drugs with a 19.4% CAGR during the forecast period. Immunomodulators are anticipated to show the second-highest growth rates among immunotherapy products, with an 8.4% CAGR during the same period. The combined sales from both segments are expected to make up for nearly one-third of the market, with a combined sales value of $28 billion in 2021. Checkpoint inhibitors are virtually comprised of monoclonal antibodies; however,they are assessed separately due to their immense commercial and clinical significance. Sales from other therapeutic antibodies accrued to $28 billion in 2016, and this value is expected to remain relatively constant through 2021, due to several patent expiries, pressure from anticipated generic entries, and newly introduced classes of drugs expected by 2021.

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Cancer Immunology And Oncolytic Virology Market to Exhibit Rapid Surge in Consumption in the COVID-19 Crisis - Cole of Duty

Immunology

Government Invests 4.8m into Trinity-Led Coronavirus Research Hub – The University Times

Molly FureyDeputy Editor

The government has invested 4.8 million into a Trinity-led research hub looking into why some people are more susceptible to the coronavirus than others.

The government will be funding the partnership led by Prof Kingston Mills at the Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI) and Prof Aideen Long at the Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI) through Science Foundation Ireland.

In a press statement today, Minister for Higher Education Simon Harris said that he was delighted to establish the research partnership with Trinity.

Science and research have never been more important as the world faces a global pandemic. We still have so much more to learn about this virus and this partnership will be key to addressing some of the key questions, he said.

Harris added that the Trinity-led research would be of national importance given the immense societal and economic impact of the current pandemic and will enable us to contribute solutions to the challenges we face.

The 4.8 comes in addition to the 2.4 million committed by AIB back in April to establish a coronavirus research hub in Trinity. The research will seek to understand why some people are more susceptible to coronavirus than others in order to accelerate the process by which individuals can be identified as immune and therefore safe to return to work.

In a press statement, Prof Mill welcomed the development and said that the funding has allowed the creation of a centre of excellence in the Immunology of COVID-19.

The funding, he said, would allow Trinitys researchers to address key research questions designed to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and that the research could help in the development of a coronavirus vaccine.

The longer-term objective is to create a national research centre focused on the immunology of infection that will enable Ireland to be poised and better prepared, with the appropriately skilled and coordinated scientific and medical expertise, to deal with other infectious disease epidemics in the future, Mill added.

In a tweet announcing the partnership, Provost Patrick Prendergast said that the importance of fundamental science [was] never more obvious.

Trinity will lead the project in collaboration with researchers at University of Limerick and University College Dublin, and will work in conjunction with international collaborators in America, the Netherlands, France, Hong Kong and the UK.

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Government Invests 4.8m into Trinity-Led Coronavirus Research Hub - The University Times