Monthly Archives: December 2019

Neuroscience

The Must-Read Brain Books of 2019, Part 2 – Forbes

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The must-read brain books of 2019 featured addiction, perception, evolution, sleep, tribalism, artificial intelligence, and the power of emotional communication. The nine books on this list all reveal important, timely insights about who we are, what we do, and why we do it.

This is part two of a two-part list; the first installment is here.

The Nocturnal Brain: Nightmares, Neuroscience, and the Secret World of Sleep

By Guy Leschziner (St. Martins Press)

Well begin the second part of this list with what Im going to call the ultimate neuroscience of sleep book and I say that as someone whos read a few.What separates this book from many others is its practicality. Leschziner is a neurologist and sleep treatment specialist in London and his perspective is colored by real-world experience with patients struggling with their nighttime demons (and thats both figuratively and literally true, as some of his patients suffer from sleep-stealing demonic hallucinations). I can explain to you what coffee does to your brain at night, for example, but reading Leschziners chapter on the topic, based on a series of patient experiences back-dropped by the latest neuroscience, brings the subject into a light that only the best brain books manage to accomplish. Sleep as a health-science topic is reaching something of a saturation point in pop media, so now we need credible, detailed analysis from the perspective of specialists in the field. Thats what this book delivers and its a worthy addition to this years list.

Humanimal: How Homo Sapiens Became Natures Most Paradoxical Creature

By Adam Rutherford (The Experiment)

In the evolution of humanness category comes this brief (204-page) book thats deceptively comprehensive for being so readable. While the material it covers is a mixture of old and new, Rutherfords thesis is refreshing and (more important for anyone debating between books) his treatment of the topic is enjoyable.In a nutshell: are human beings exceptional standouts in the animal world?The list of things we used to think made us exceptional dwindles more all the time (for example, humans are the only self-aware creatures on the planet, right? ...maybe not), and were certainly not the only animals that communicate, cooperate and build together. But our cultures are more complex than any other species, and certain aspects of humanity do separate us from even the most intelligent of species. This is the human paradox, and Rutherford addresses it from several angles with examples (like the peculiarities of human sexuality) that engage and challenge. If this subject is your bag, this quick, gratifying read wont disappoint.

The Human Brain Book: An Illustrated Guide to Its Structure, Function, and Disorders (New Edition)

By Rita Carter (DK: Penguin Random House)

A few years ago I happened upon the first edition of this fantastic brain book by Rita Carter (also the author of two other great brain books, Mapping the Mind and Multiplicity), and was convinced it was the most accessible nuts-and-bolts breakdown of brain function Id seen. With the new edition in hand, Im just as convinced now. Choose any brain topic you can think of and theres a section in this book that walks through it with the latest science captured in readable prose and vivid illustrations. Carter and her co-authors (Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page and Steve Parker) left nothing untouched in this comprehensive volume, plus it has a great glossary to boot. In the one-stop-shop category, this book takes top prize for the year.

Scatterbrain: How The Minds Mistakes Make Humans Creative, Innovative, and Successful

By Henning Beck (Greystone Books)

Finishing this years list, I place this readable yet semi-technical book that argues our perfectionist leanings are totally wrong. Trying to get everything right isnt right, its a misapprehension about how our brains work. For example, forgetting things is annoying, but Beck argues (with ample recent research) that forgetting is one of the ways our brains retain and recall important information. Distraction is irritating and sometimes dangerous, but the science points to significant reasons why were so prone to being distracted by simple things, even as we miss other obvious things right in front of us.Turns out, distraction is linked to creativity in ways that wouldnt occur to us.This book covers a variety of such mistakes we make all the time that the science suggests are key to our innovation, creativity and decision-making ability.If you dont mind finding out that your everyday assumptions are probably wrong (especially if youre a perfectionist) and are open to science-based arguments for changing your thinking, this book may pique your interest and maybe help take the pressure off, if even just a little.

Part one of this list is here.

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The Must-Read Brain Books of 2019, Part 2 - Forbes

Neuroscience

Study looks at intermittent fasting as weight loss option for the New Year – KLTV

The studys author, Professor of Neuroscience Mark Mattson, has been fasting intermittently for nearly 30 years. He says Intermittent Fasting can do more than help you lose weight. It can reduce high cholesterol, blood pressure and inflammation while increasing memory, cognition and and resistance to disease. He explains, Intermittent fasting enhances the ability of cells to cope with stress.

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Study looks at intermittent fasting as weight loss option for the New Year - KLTV

Neuroscience

How to be a more patient person and why it matters – Ladders

Patience carries a wealth of wisdom for a calm life. It has long been recognised as a human strength.

Genius is eternal patience, says Michelangelo, an Italian artist, sculptor, and painter of the High Renaissance art movement.

In our busy world, many people expect everything to happen instantaneously and become instantly aggravated when it doesnt. The smallest setbacks become a frustrating experience.

Patience is the very antidote to the stress of our fast-paced lifestyles. Patience is the ability to be calm in the face of disappointment, adversity or distress. Some people are more patient than others. But we can all work on it and improve you can learn how to do better.

With practice, you can get better at responding to adversity, and the many frustrations of with life and living it. Patience is linked to self-control, and consciously trying to regulate our emotions can help us train our self-control muscles,writesKira M. Newman, managing editor ofGreater Good.

When you are impatient, you feel rushed, stressed and unhappy nearly all the time especially if the same situation repeats over and over again.

When you are impatient, your stress hormone levels rise, which in turn triggers the flight or fight response this can lead to a panic attack or an anxiety attack and generally a whole host of negative consequences on your health.

Impatience can also lead to snap judgments and decisions. People who lack patience are unable to delay gratification for more than the moment, which fills them with frustration.

Patience puts you in direct control of yourself. When you practice patience, you wont lose your temper for the smallest mistakes at home, or at work.

When youre patient, youre calmer, so youre able to keep persisting when its difficult and youre not prey to goal disengagement, she says. Youre able to know when to act and when to conserve energy, saysSarah A. Schnitker, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Baylor University.

Patience increases your threshold of tolerance it gives you the foresight to expect setback on your path and to deal with them calmly.

Astudyon the examination of patience and well-being found that patience as a personality trait is modifiable. The program led to increased patience, decreased depression, and increased positive affect relative to a control condition, suggesting that patience may be modifiable, Schnitker concluded.

If you find yourself getting frustrated and stressed more than youd like, some of these ideas might help you control your emotions.

First, identify your triggers. Some people are impatient around other people while some people may react to situations or objects.

Which situations set you off careless drivers, technological glitches, slow printers, slow-moving cashiers, etc. When you know what everyday scenarios that frustrate you, you can start changing your behaviour and apply positive changes in your life thatll help you gain patience.

Reframe how you think about the situation. What do you tell yourself when are faced with a setback? It pays yo to evaluate the risk properly without overexaggerating the consequences.

Theres something that youre either saying to yourself, an image you have, a feeling in your body that is triggering that response, that youre under threat, argues M.J. Ryan, executive coach and author ofThe Power of Patience: How This Old-Fashioned Virtue Can Improve Your Life.

The things we tell ourselves in an uncomfortable situation determines our next response or action. Once you figure out what youre telling yourself about the situation I cant be bothered to wait in this line, for example then you can address your internal concern, interrupt the stress response cycle and stay out of fight-or-flight mode,saysAnna Goldfarb of New York Times.

Reframe the situation differently. Instead of dwelling on your irritation, think about something productive you will do with your time later in the day. Letting go of your frustration in this way will instantly make you feel better

Think with your purpose in mind. Remember the benefits and importance of controlling your emotions or frustrations practicing patience in everyday situations will not only make life more pleasant in the present but might also help pave the way for a more satisfying future.

In other situations that dont require immediate response, example when you are angry or caught up in an argument, walk it off. Walking away from the situation allows you to think clearly, and refocus so that you can come back with a clear head and face the situation without fear of losing your temper.

Keep practicing. Getting control takes time. You can use other exercises like running, joining a sports group as a release outlet.

Keep identifying your triggers (you can even start a journal to keep track of situations that cause an impatient reaction) and keep applying the techniques here to manage your impatience.

If you do it on a daily basis and then also connect it to that bigger picture story of why its important, it can grow and develop just like a muscle, says Dr Schnitker.

Getting more patient involves conscious thoughts. Your capacity to alter your responses to adhere to better values in life will improve if you are mindful of your emotional discomfort.

This article first appeared on Medium.

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How to be a more patient person and why it matters - Ladders

Immunology

Solving the puzzle of IgG4-related disease, the elusive autoimmune disorder – QS WOW News

Scientists piece together the inflammation mechanism in IgG4-related disease, an autoimmune condition with no current cure, revealing possible therapeutic targets

IgG4-related disease is an autoimmune disorder affecting millions and has no established cure. Previous research indicates that T cells, a major component of the immune system, and the immunoglobulin IgG4 itself are key causative factors, but the mechanism of action of these components is unclear. Now, Scientists from Tokyo University of Science have meticulously explored this pathway in their experiments, and their research brings to light new targets for therapy.

Autoimmune diseases are a medical conundrum. In people with these conditions, the immune system of the body, the designated defense system, starts attacking the cells or organs of its own body, mistaking the self-cells for invading disease-causing cells. Often, the cause for this spontaneous dysfunction is not clear, and hence, treatment of these diseases presents a major and ongoing challenge.

One recently discovered autoimmune disease is the IgG4-related disease (or IgG4-RD), which involves the infiltration of plasma cells that are specific to the immunoglobulin (antibody) IgG4 into the body tissue, resulting in irreversible tissue damage in multiple organs. In most patients with IgG4-RD, the blood levels of IgG4 also tend to be higher than those in healthy individuals. Previous studies show that T cellswhich are white blood cells charged with duties of the immune responseplay a key role in the disease mechanism. In particular, special T cells called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs, were found in abundance from the inflamed or affected pancreas of patients, along with IgG4. But what was the exact role of CTLs?

In a new study published in International Immunology, a team of scientists from Tokyo University of Science decided to find the answer to this question. Prof. Masato Kubo, a member of this team, states that their aim was twofold. We planned to explore how IgG4 Abs contributes to the CTL-mediated pancreas tissue damage in IgG4-RD, and also to evaluate the pathogenic function of human IgG4 Abs using the mouse model that we have established. The latter is especially important, as IgG4 is not naturally present in mice, meaning that there is a severe lack of adequate animal models to explore this disease.

With these aims, they selected mice that have been genetically programmed to express a protein called ovalbumin (the major protein in egg white) in their pancreas. Then, they injected IgG4 that specifically targets ovalbumin into the mice. Their assumption was that IgG4 would target the pancreas and bring about IgG-4-RD-like symptoms. However, what they found was surprising. No inflammation or any other symptom typical of IgG4-RD appeared. This convinced the researchers that IgG4 alone was not the causative factor of IgG4-RD.

Next, to check if it was the CTLs that were perhaps the villain of the story, the scientists injected both IgG4 specific against ovalbumin as well as CTLs. Now, the pancreas of the mice showed tissue damage and inflammation. Thus, it was established that the presence of CTLs and IgG4 was necessary for pancreatic inflammation.

When they probed further, they found that another variation of T cells, known as T follicular helper or TFH cells, which develop from the natural T cells of the mice, produce self-reactive antibodies like IgG4, which induce inflammation in combination with CTLs.

Once the puzzle was pieced together, the scientists now had the opportunity to zero in on the target step for intervention; after all, if one of these steps is disrupted, the inflammation can be prevented. After much deliberation, they propose that Janus kinase, or JAK, can be a suitable target. JAK is a key component of the JAK-STAT cellular signaling pathway, and this pathway is an integral step in the conversion of natural T cells of the mice to TFH cells. If this JAK is inhibited, this conversion will not take place, meaning that even the presence of CTLs will not be able to induce inflammation.

Prof. Kubo also suggests a broader outlook, not limited to the therapeutic option explored in the study. He states, based on our findings, the therapeutic targets for IgG4-related diseases can be the reduction of TFH cell responses and the auto-antigen specific CTL responses. These can also provide the fundamental basis for developing new therapeutic applications.

These proposed therapeutic targets need further exploration, but once developed, they have the potential to improve the lives of millions of patients with IgG4-RD worldwide.

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Reference

Journal:

International Immunology

About The Tokyo University of Science

Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japans development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.

With a mission of Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society, TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of todays most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.Website: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/

About Professor Masato Kubo from Tokyo University of Science

Dr Masato Kubo is a Professor at the Tokyo University of Science. A respected and senior researcher in his field, he has more than 226 publications to his credit. He is also the corresponding author of this study. His research interests include Immunology and Allergology. He is the team leader at the Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences.

Funding information

This study was supported by grants from JSPS KAKENHI (grant no. 19H03491), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), AMED-CREST, and Toppan Printing CO., LTD.

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Solving the puzzle of IgG4-related disease, the elusive autoimmune disorder - QS WOW News

Immunology

Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years in Prison – The New York Times

BEIJING A court in China on Monday sentenced He Jiankui, the researcher who shocked the global scientific community when he claimed that he had created the worlds first genetically edited babies, to three years in prison for carrying out illegal medical practices.

In a surprise announcement from a trial that was closed to the public, the court in the southern city of Shenzhen found Dr. He guilty of forging approval documents from ethics review boards to recruit couples in which the man had H.I.V. and the woman did not, Xinhua, Chinas official news agency, reported. Dr. He had said he was trying to prevent H.I.V. infections in newborns, but the state media on Monday said he deceived the subjects and the medical authorities alike.

Dr. He, 35, sent the scientific world into an uproar last year when he announced at a conference in Hong Kong that he had created the worlds first genetically edited babies twin girls. On Monday, Chinas state media said his work had resulted in a third genetically edited baby, who had been previously undisclosed.

Dr. He pleaded guilty and was also fined $430,000, according to Xinhua. In a brief trial, the court also handed down prison sentences to two other scientists who it said had conspired with him: Zhang Renli, who was sentenced to two years in prison, and Qin Jinzhou, who got a suspended sentence of one and a half years.

The court held that the defendants, in the pursuit of fame and profit, deliberately violated the relevant national regulations on scientific and medical research and crossed the bottom line on scientific and medical ethics, Xinhua said.

Dr. Hes declaration made him a pariah among scientists, cast a harsh light on Chinas scientific ambitions and embroiled other scientists in the United States who were connected to Dr. He. Though Dr. He offered no proof and did not share any evidence or data that definitively proved he had done it, his colleagues had said it was possible that he had succeeded.

American scientists who knew of Dr. Hes plans are now under scrutiny. Dr. Hes former academic adviser, Stephen Quake, a star Stanford bioengineer and inventor, is facing a Stanford investigation into his interaction with his former student. Rice University has been investigating Michael Deem, Dr. Hes Ph.D. adviser, because of allegations that he was actively involved in the project.

Dr. Quake has said he had nothing to do with Dr. Hes work. Mr. Deem has said he was present for parts of Dr. Hes research but his lawyers have denied that he was actively involved.

During the Hong Kong conference, Dr. He said he used in vitro fertilization to create human embryos that were resistant to H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS. He said he did it by using the Crispr-Cas9 editing technique to deliberately disable a gene, known as CCR, that is used to make a protein H.I.V. needs to enter cells.

The international condemnation from the scientific community that followed Dr. Hes announcement came because many nations, including the United States, had banned such work, fearing it could be misused to create designer babies and alter everything from eye color to I.Q.

Although China lacks laws governing gene editing, the practice is opposed by many researchers there. Dr. Hes work prompted soul-searching among the countrys scientists, who wondered whether many of their peers had overlooked ethical issues in the pursuit of scientific achievement.

Many of them said it was long overdue for China to enact tough laws on gene editing. Chinas vice minister of science and technology said last year that Dr. Hes scientific activities would be suspended, calling his conduct shocking and unacceptable. A group of 122 Chinese scientists called Dr. Hes actions crazy and his claims a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science.

I think a jail sentence is the proper punishment for him, said Wang Yuedan, a professor of immunology at Peking University. It makes clear our stance on the gene editing of humans that we are opposed to it.

This is a warning effect, signaling that there is a bottom line that cannot be broken.

Despite the outcry, Dr. He was unrepentant. A day after he made his announcement on the genetically edited babies, he defended his actions, saying they were safe and ethical, and he was proud of what he had done.

Dr. He faced a maximum penalty of more than 10 years in prison if his work had resulted in death. In cases that have caused serious damage to the health of the victims, the punishment is three to 10 years in prison.

The court said the trial had to be closed to the public to guard the privacy of the people involved.

Dr. Hes whereabouts had been something of a mystery for the past year. After his announcement, he was placed under guard in a small university guesthouse in Shenzhen and he has made no statements since. But his conviction was a foregone conclusion after the government said its initial investigation had found that Dr. He had seriously violated state regulations.

After Dr. Hes announcement, Bai Hua, the head of Baihualin, an AIDS advocacy group that helped Dr. He recruit the couples, said that he regretted doing so and was deeply worried about the families. In a statement posted on his organizations official WeChat account, Mr. Bai, who uses a pseudonym, said he felt deceived.

When reached by phone, Mr. Bai said he had no idea where the babies were now and declined to say whether he was assisting the government with its investigation.

One H.I.V.-infected man Dr. Hes team tried to recruit said he was not told of the ethical concerns about editing human embryos, according to Sanlian Weekly, a Chinese newsmagazine. The man said a researcher had told him that the probability of his having an unhealthy baby was low and that the team had achieved a high success rate in testing with animals.

The announcement captured the attention of many Chinese people who had not seen or heard from Dr. He in the past year. The hashtag Sentencing in the Genetically Edited Babies Case was trending on Weibo, Chinas version of Twitter.

He violated medical ethics, disrespected life and let three poor children bear the consequences, all for his fame and fortune, one user wrote. I think this punishment is too light.

Elsie Chen contributed research.

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Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years in Prison - The New York Times

Cell Biology

Understanding Pathophysiology – 7th Edition – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Business Wire

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Understanding Pathophysiology. Edition No. 7" book has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Make difficult pathophysiology concepts come to life! Filled with vibrant illustrations, simplified language, and detailed online content Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition delivers the most accurate information on treatments, manifestations, and mechanisms of disease across the lifespan. This new edition is fully revised and includes coverage of rare diseases and epigenetics to you with a thorough understanding of conditions affecting the human body. Plus, with over 30 new 3D animations on the companion Evolve site, quick check boxes at the end of each chapter, and disease progression algorithms, this text helps you engage with the fundamental knowledge you need to succeed in nursing school and in practice.

Key Topics Covered:

PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Unit 1: The Cell

1. Cellular Biology

2. Genes and Genetic Diseases

3. Epigenetics and Disease

4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense

6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

7. Adaptive Immunity

8. Alterations in Immunity NEW

9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense

10. Stress and Disease

Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer

11. Biology of Cancer

12. Cancer Epidemiology

13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents

PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES

Unit 4: The Neurologic System

14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction

18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Unit 5: The Endocrine System

19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW

Unit 6: The Hematologic System

22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

23. Alterations of Hematologic Function

24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Unit 8: The Pulmonary System

28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function

30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems

31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems

34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Unit 11: The Digestive System

37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System

38. Alterations of Digestive Function

39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems

40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

44. Alterations of the Integument in Children

Glossary Index

Author

For more information about this book visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/73mf81

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Understanding Pathophysiology - 7th Edition - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire

Cell Biology

2019 Was Big for Academic Publishing. Heres Our Year in Review – The Scientist

The global push to make the scholarly literature open access continued in 2019. Some publishers and libraries forged new licensing deals, while in other cases contract negotiations came to halt, and a radical open access plan made some adjustments. Here are some of the most notable developments in the publishing world in 2019:

This year, The Scientist heard scientists complaints about the supplementary files that accompany journal articles and concerns about predatory journals on PubMed, the massive repository of abstracts and citations belonging to the US National Library of Medicine (NLM).

The NLM has quality control procedures for PubMed in place, but some articles have slipped through the cracks. Academics began raising concerns about the presence of predatory journals on PubMed for several yearsand those worries remain today.

Supplementary files, on the other hand, have been criticized by scientists for containing broken hyperlinks and being published in clunky and outdated formats. As a result, more scientists are opting to deposit their files into online repositories hosted by universities, research institutions, and companies. Publishers, too, have begun to encourage this practice.

New tools can have their own flaws. This summer, several scientists noted that their papers were erroneously flagged by journals automatic plagiarism detectors. Instead of identifying actual cases of plagiarism, they were picking out author lists, methods, or references. Despite some of the current limitations of this technology, some publishers are working on extending the reach of artificial intelligence into other parts of the peer-review process, such as identifying statistical issues. These will turn out to be useful editorial tools, Bernd Pulverer, chief editor of The EMBO Journal, told The Scientistin June. But [they] most certainly should not replace an informed expert editorial assessment, let alone expert peer review.

At the end of February, contract negotiations between Elsevier and the University of California (UC) came to a halt. The two sides had failed to agree on terms after more than half a year of discussions. The previous contract ended in December 2018, but Elsevier continued to provide free access until July. Since then, UC has been unable to read new content published in Elseviers journals.

Our commitment hasnt wavered, and our faculty has continued to tell us we should be standing firm.

Jeffrey MacKie-Mason, University of California, Berkeley

In August, UC faculty members protested Elsevier by stepping down from the editorial boards of Cell Press journals, which include some of publishers most prestigious titles such as Cell, Neuron,and Current Biology. More than 30 professors signed an open letter stating that they would not return to their posts until a deal between UC and Elsevier was made.

Like Project DEAL, a consortium that represents approximately 700 academic institutions in Germany, UC has been pushing for a contract that combines subscriptions to read paywalled journals and publishing in open-access formats into a single fee. Project DEAL is also currently in a standstill with Elsevier, and hundreds of German institutions have let their subscriptions with the publisher lapse since 2016.

From the very beginning, we said that cost reduction, or at least cost containment, and full open access were the essential elements, Jeffrey MacKie-Mason, the university librarian at the University of California, Berkeley, and the co-chair of UCs negotiation task force, told The Scientistearlier this month. Our commitment hasnt wavered, and our faculty has continued to tell us we should be standing firm.

Other publishers have also faced difficult negotiations. This week, swissuniversities, an organization that represents universities in Switzerland, announced that they would no longer have a contract with Springer Nature starting in January 2020 due to a failure to come to a new licensing agreement.

In January, Wiley and Project DEAL announced that they had successfully forged a new licensing agreement. The deal allows member institutions to access paywalled papers and publish open-access articles for a single annual fee that is determined by the total number of published manuscripts. With Wiley, we found a publisher on the other side of the table that was willing to make this transition [to open access] in partnership with us, Gerard Meijer, a molecular physicist at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society and a member of the DEAL negotiations team, told The Scientistin March.

Wiley subsequently announced deals with open-access elements (which are often called transformative deals) with consortia of research institutions in Norway and Hungary, where negotiations with Elsevier had also come to a standstill. Unlike the DEAL contract, however, these agreements included fixed fees and a specified number of articles that could be published open access per year.

In the months since, Elsevier has managed to turn the tide in Norway and Hungary, where it now has transformative deals in place. The publisher also recently forged such an agreement with the Bibsam consortium, which represents academic institutions in Sweden. Bibsam had previously terminated its negotiations with Elsevier and let their contracts lapse in mid-2018. I think Elsevier has become more flexible during the last couple of months, Wilhelm Widmark, the library director at Stockholm University and a member of the steering committee for the Bibsam consortium, told The Scientistthis month.

Elsevier has also made transformative deals with both individual universities and library consortia in several other countries. Many other publishers, including Springer Nature, Cambridge University Press, and Frontiers, have also forged new transformative deals this year.

Last year, a group of European funding agencies calling themselves cOAlition S launched a radical plan to put an end to paywalled journals. The initiative, dubbed Plan S, mandated that academics receiving grants from participating funders must publish solely in open-access journals starting in 2020. The plan also highlighted 10 key principles, which included funders commitments to assist with publication fees and sanctions for those who broke the new rules.

Since the plans debut, several other national and charitable agencies around the world, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in the US, the World Health Organization, and Jordans Higher Council for Science and Technology, joined the coalition.

Plan S has been met with mixed reactions. Although many researchers have praised the open-access mandates, the initiative has been criticized by both publishers and members of the academic community. One of the key concerns was a ban on hybrid journals, which contain both open-access and paywalled articles and include titles such as Cell, Science, and The Lancet.

In response, cOAlition S has since relaxed its initial guidelines. The updated rules, which were published in May, include a temporary reversal of a proposed cap on article processing fees (payments for publishing open-access articles) and a softened stance on hybrid journalsthey will now be allowed for a limited time if they are a part of a transformative agreement. The group also postponed the deadline for implementing its rules from 2020 to 2021 to give publishers and academics more time to prepare for the changes.

Other notable developments in publishing this year include: a $50 million fine for OMICS International, a publisher and conference organizer accused of predatory behavior, a call from academics to drop statistical significance, and a new preprint server for clinical research.

Diana Kwon is a Berlin-based freelance journalist. Follow her on Twitter@DianaMKwon.

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2019 Was Big for Academic Publishing. Heres Our Year in Review - The Scientist

Cell Biology

Global Transmission Electron Microscope Market 2019 Industry Statistics on Key Trends, Market Status, and Opportunities to 2025 – Market Reports…

Global Transmission Electron Microscope Market Professional Survey Report 2019

This report studies the Transmission Electron Microscope market with many aspects of the industry like the market size, market status, market trends and forecast, the report also provides brief information of the competitors and the specific growth opportunities with key market drivers. Find the complete Transmission Electron Microscope market analysis segmented by companies, region, type and applications in the report.

If you are looking for a thorough analysis of the competition in the global Transmission Electron Microscope market, then this report will definitely help you by offering the right analysis. Under the competitive analysis section, the report sheds light on key strategies, future development plans, product portfolios, and other aspects of the business of prominent players. Main players are evaluated on the basis of their gross margin, price, sales, revenue, business, products, and other company details.

Get sample copy of this report: https://www.reportsandmarkets.com/sample-request/global-transmission-electron-microscope-market-professional-survey-report-2019-one

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an imaging technology in which electron beams pass through very thinly sectioned specimens. As the electrons are transmitted through the specimen and interact with its structure, an image resolves that is magnified and focused onto an imaging medium, such as photographic film or a fluorescent screen, or captured by a special CCD camera. Because the electrons used in transmission electron microscopy have a very small wavelength, TEMs can image at much higher resolutions than conventional optical microscopes that depend on light beams. Due to their higher resolving power, TEMs play an important role in the fields of virology, cancer research, the study of materials, and in microelectronics research and development.

Transmission electron microscope market has been growing at a steady pace, owing to its growing demand in healthcare research. This microscope provides high magnifications and high resolution images, which are highly regarded in identifying various microorganisms and cell structure. They are also utilized for molecular and cellular biology. Additionally, growing demand in materials science has also been positively impacting the growth of the market. There is a growing demand for developing lighter and stronger metals, for utilization in body of vehicles, energy production and machineries among others. Such demand has led to higher application of transmission electron microscopes, as it allows for higher visibility of structure and composition of the newly developed material. It also allows for viewing of any possible defects in the structure. Such applications have been promoting the growth of the market. However, these microscopes require the specimen to be thin enough for allowing electrons to pass through. Such specimen preparation difficulties have been hindering the growth of the market for transmission electron microscopes. Increasing application of transmission electron microscopes in semiconductor research and mining sectors are expected to offer good growth opportunities during the forecast period.

Transmission Electron Microscope in its database, which provides an expert and in-depth analysis of key business trends and future market development prospects, key drivers and restraints, profiles of major market players, segmentation and forecasting. A Transmission Electron Microscope Market provides an extensive view of size; trends and shape have been developed in this report to identify factors that will exhibit a significant impact in boosting the sales of Transmission Electron Microscope Market in the near future.

This report focuses on the global Transmission Electron Microscope status, future forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players. The study objectives are to present the Transmission Electron Microscope development in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South America.

The following manufacturers are covered: FEI, JEOL, Hitachi, Delong America

Market segment by Type, the product can be split into

Market segment by Application, split into

The Key Offering By This Report:

Table of Contents:

Global Transmission Electron Microscope Market Professional Survey Report 2019

Chapter One: Industry Overview of Transmission Electron Microscope

Chapter Two: Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

Chapter Three: Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Transmission Electron Microscope

Chapter Four: Key Figures of Major Manufacturers

Chapter Five: Transmission Electron Microscope Regional Market Analysis

Chapter Six: Transmission Electron Microscope Segment Market Analysis (by Type)

Chapter Seven: Transmission Electron Microscope Segment Market Analysis (by Application)

Chapter Eight: Transmission Electron Microscope Major Manufacturers Analysis

Chapter Nine: Development Trend of Analysis of Transmission Electron Microscope Market

Chapter Ten: Marketing Channel

Chapter Eleven: Conclusion

Chapter Twelve: Appendix

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This post was originally published on Market Reports Observer

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Global Transmission Electron Microscope Market 2019 Industry Statistics on Key Trends, Market Status, and Opportunities to 2025 - Market Reports...

Human Behavior

There is no recognizable human behavior in Uncut Gems. – Slate

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There is no recognizable human behavior in Uncut Gems. - Slate

Human Behavior

Want to Change Your Behavior? Make These 2 Changes to Your Environment First – Inc.

In full disclosure, I've got quite a few behaviors I'd like to change--I like to down French fries when I'm stressed out, for example. And since you're human like me, I'm guessing you've got some areas you'd like to tackle, too. You also might need to initiate change within your team to keep your company competitive in a rapidly shifting market.

In a June 2019 Ted Talk, Dan Ariely, professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University, asserted that the answer isn't just providing lots of information, even in the age of Big Data. And it's not to try to get the people themselves to change, either.

1. Reduce friction.

On one hand, this can mean simply reducing as many obstacles to the new behavior as possible, making the new behavior easier to adopt. For example, if you want you and your team to organize folders a particular way, you could ensure that all of the supplies necessary to do so are together in a single location, rather than scattered in different cabinets or closets.

But sometimes, reducing obstacles is not always possible to do. So more broadly, reducing friction means that you have to make the new behavior seem equal to the old behavior in terms of perceived risk, benefits and effort. For instance, you could have your tech support team ensure that a log-in process for a new application you want to implement is as similar as possible to the log-in process for the application your team is already familiar with. Once you've leveled the playing field like this, switching what you do isn't as scary and seems just as reasonable as what you used to do.

But having two equal options isn't necessarily going to move you to select one or the other, or even to take action at all. So what really tips the scale to behavioral change is the second point.

2. Add a motivator.

Now, Ariely aptly points out that figuring out the best motivator can be quite challenging. Lots of options can work, depending on the unique circumstances that your workers are in. So as a leader, you have to be willing to do the footwork and learn and constantly reevaluate what those circumstances are. And if what you did previously stops getting the result you want, you must be willing to pivot.

But in a case study Ariely describes, what got people to save money the most was simply tracking their saving by scratching on a coin. Why did this work? It was effective because it took the goal--setting funds aside--and made it highly visible and hard to forget.

In the same way, workers need ways to track progress on a new behavior and see the effect their effort is having. And this ties closely to what multiple research studies and surveys have shown--the biggest desire for most people is to have a sense of purpose. They stay motivated when they see their influence.

So identify a solid "why" for whatever behavior you want to do. Make sure the evidence of the hard work is not, as the proverb goes, hidden under a bushel basket, so that you have accountability as well as a reminder of the path you want to take and the success you've already achieved. Once you've gained some confidence from reaching your goal, your only job is to repeat the process for behaviors that will take you even higher.

The opinions expressed here by Inc.com columnists are their own, not those of Inc.com.

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Want to Change Your Behavior? Make These 2 Changes to Your Environment First - Inc.