UCC currently taking applicants for 21 jobs with some incredible pay – Cork Beo

University College Cork currently has 21 jobs on offer with some of them paying incredible money.

Unfortunately for some of these jobs you will need plenty of experience and expertise - hence the great pay.

But it's always interesting to look at what jobs our out there and what it would take to nab a job in the local University.

There are plenty of lecturing jobs available at the moment so this is worth looking at if that is your type of thing.

Here's a list of all the roles available with information on how to apply over at UCC's official website.

- Professor & Senior Lecturer in Applied Psychology, School of Applied Psychology

- Executive Director of Development and Alumni Relations

- IT Project Management Officer, IT Services

- Lectureship in Development Education & Global Citizenship

- Nurse, Student Health Department

- Post-Doctoral Researcher, APC Microbiome Ireland

- Post-Doctoral Researcher - 2 positions, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

- Post-Doctoral Researcher, Centre for Research in Vascular Biology/APC Microbiome Ireland

- Post-Doctoral Researcher, Cork University Business School, College of Business and Law

- Post-Doctoral Researcher, School of Nursing and Midwifery

- Professor in Economics & Professor in Economics, Cork University Business School, University College Cork

- Research Assistant, School of Nursing and Midwifery

- Research Officer (Policy & National Programmes)

- Research Support Officer - Clinical (Nurse/Physiotherapy), School of Nursing and Midwifery

- Research Support Officer - Administration, Centre for the Integration of Research, Teaching and Learning (CIRTL)

- Research Support Officer - Administration, Environmental Research Institute/School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences

- Senior Lectureship in Paramedical Science, School of Medicine

- Senior Post-Doctoral Researcher, MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute

- Senior Post-Doctoral Researcher, School of Computer Science & IT

- Senior Research Co-Coordinator (Senior Clinical Neuropsychologist), INFANT Research Centre, College of Medicine & Health

- Spin-Out Manager, UCC Innovation

And best of luck if you do end up applying for any of the roles.

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UCC currently taking applicants for 21 jobs with some incredible pay - Cork Beo

yestohealth New Year’s resolutions and setting goals for exercise and healthy habits FOX 17 11:01 – WSYM-TV

The New Year is right around the corner so we went to the experts when it comes to setting goals for exercise and healthy habits.

Todd Buckingham, Ph.D., Lead Exercise Physiologist with Mary Free Bed Sports Rehabilitation joined us in studio to offer some tips for people with different levels of experience.

Beginner

Start. Thats it. The hardest part is starting so just getting out the door. It doesnt have to be on January 1st either. Today is as good a day to start as any! On average, it takes about 2 months for a habit to form, so dont get discouraged if youre not making progress or you find the going is tough to begin with. And start slow, even doing something for 10 minutes is beneficial. A review of the scientific literature recently determined that ANY amount of running is associated with a 27% lower risk of death from all causes, a 30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and a 23% lower risk of dying from cancer. So you dont have to jump all in on a training plan and start exercising 5 hours every week. Just 10 minutes a day has been shown to provide a host of benefits.

Intermediate

Having trouble finding motivation to exercise in the cold, dark, winter months in Michigan? Find a friend! Exercising with another person can make it more enjoyable and increase your chances of sticking with your exercise plans. And even if you cant physically exercise together, having someone who gives you the emotional support to keep exercising has been shown to be just as effective.

Advanced

If youre a serious athlete and have lofty goals, personalized training can help you optimize your performance. Not every day needs to be pushing yourself as hard as you can. In fact, most high-level athletes train too hard too often. Having specific training zones and a plan to get you closer to your goal is going to be important along the way. The more advanced you get, the harder it is to see big improvements in your time. If youre going from not exercising at all to suddenly exercising for an hour each day, youre going to see big gains in your performance. However, if youve already been training 10 hours/week and dont have any more time to devote to training, you have to get smarter about the way you train. The Performance Lab at Mary Free Bed Sports Rehabilitation can provide insights to your personal physiology and what is the best way to help you achieve your goals.

Set SMART goals. Goals should be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-oriented. Having these 5 qualities in a goal increases the likelihood of achieving said goal by 33%

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yestohealth New Year's resolutions and setting goals for exercise and healthy habits FOX 17 11:01 - WSYM-TV

Local News Looking back on the University of Arizona’s contributions to science Brian Brennan 6:11 – KGUN

TUCSON, Ariz. The new year is around the corner and 2019 will soon be coming to a close. For the University of Arizona it was another year of being a leader in the world of science.

The first ever image of a black hole may have been the biggest headline of the year, but UArizona has been contributing to science for over a century.

The University of Arizona has been an absolute leader in arid lands study for decades, said Desert Laboratory Director Ben Wilder.

The Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill established in the early 1900s gave birth to the sciences of plant physiology, ecology and arid land studies.

The plots that they established continue to be monitored today by U of A scientists and that is a 115 year span of time, so it is longest continuously monitored vegetation plot in the world.

Scientific achievements can be found across many disciplines.

The University of Arizona helped pave the way to a new thinking or new approach to manage chronic pain, said Associate Professor Mohab Ibrahim.

The University of Arizona helped develop compression only CPR, guided men on the moon, constructed the biosphere 2, and worked in an international effort to get that image of a black hole.

This is the first time ever we managed to take a picture of a black hole with a resolution that allowed us to see the point of no return where even light cannot escape from it, said Professor of Astronomy and Physics Dr. Dimitrios Psaltis.

Psaltis says the school is one of the most critical universities in the world of astrophysics.

This is the place where the first simulations of formation and structure of galaxies has happened, this is the place where the first simulations of supernova explosions have happened.

The scientists and researchers we talked to say the University of Arizona has had an impressive track record in science. And they say the accomplishments of the past will be a foundation for new discoveries in the future.

The extremes are getting more extreme, global weirding, so that baseline that we have of data on Tumamoc Hill is the best baseline the best data set for any arid region in the world, said Wilder.

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Local News Looking back on the University of Arizona's contributions to science Brian Brennan 6:11 - KGUN

How a Sydney rehab centre helped challenge the view of what it means to be ‘disabled’ – SBS News

Kevin Luu never envisioned 18 months of his early 20s would be spent going between the hospital and a rehabilitation centre in Sydneys north-west.

I was a full-throttle kind of guy, he told SBS News.

At the time of his accident, Kevinwas holding down two jobs as a swimming instructor and bicycle salesman and completing an internship for his exercise physiology degree.

I was always moving, always active, mentally stimulated, mentally engaged, he said.

But on Mother's Day 2013, a crash on his road bike redefined his life.

Kevin during his recovery.

Supplied

Like most people who have suffered a traumatic brain injury, Kevincannot remember the details of the accident. Instead, his friends and family helped piece together a timeline.

Despite wearing a helmet, he suffered a traumatic brain injury.

He underwent ten surgeries to relieve pressure on his brain and reconstruct his skull, but relearning to walk, talk and eat was just the start of recreating himself.

Kevin, 27, has since completed multiple marathons, finished his university studies, and hopes to land a job in the physiology field, but says it wouldn't be possible without the support ofRoyal Rehab.

For 120 years, Royal Rehab in the Sydney suburb of Ryde has provided disability and rehabilitation services to more than 61,000 Australians.

I know that [number] is a conservative estimate, Julie Pryor, Royal Rehabs director of research and innovation said.

Ms Pryor has been with the organisation since 1987 and jokes that she has done every role, including fixing taps to electrical work.

We must be doing something right, not perfect, but doing something right and we will continue to strive to do the best we possibly can.

Attitudes about disability have changed in the 120 years since Royal Rehab began.

SBS News

The organisation, with its 711 staff members, 155 volunteers, and modern accommodation and rehabilitation facilities, is a far cry from its humble beginnings as a centre set up by Susan Schardt in 1899.

Ms Schardt, who was blind from birth, opened the first space to care for people with disabilities after meeting a man without legs who destined for a life on the streets. She was filled with compassion and decided to act.

120 years ago there was no community support, Ms Pryor said.

Founder Susan Schardt is said to have been filled with compassion when she came across a man with no legs that was destined for the streets.

Supplied

There was a widely held belief that people brought disabilities upon themselves. Even if they were born with a disability, clearly had nothing to do with bringing it upon themselves, there was a sense that people were somehow responsible.

Past social attitudes towards people with disabilities are revealed in Royal Rehabs former names, The Commonwealth Home for Destitute Invalids and The New South Wales Home for Incurables.

Weve moved a long way as a society in the way we appreciate people with disabilities and the space they have in our community,'Ms Pryor said.

'But that doesnt mean we should become complacent, theres still a lot more work to do around community attitudes ... We have to continue to demystify what disability is and different forms of ability are just different forms of ability.

Kevin Luu now volunteers at Royal Rehab.

Laurie Lawira, SBS News

What has remained constant at Royal Rehab is Susan Schardts legacy. Even today, Royal Rehab remains largely funded by philanthropy and is a not-for-profit, allowing it to be innovative in its approach to services.

Ms Pryor, who leads the organisations research, says early support for people who suffer traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries allows them to see a brighter future post-accident.

The very important role we play here and we value here is helping people reshape their identity following a newly acquired disability, she said.

If you do that in the confines of a traditional clinical service that only offers traditional hospital type services then it is quite possible that someone with a newly acquired disability will shape their new identity as disabled, dependent, requiring care.

If you introduce things like early intervention vocational rehabilitation early after someones injury and you introduce sport and recreation and gardening, ordinary everyday activities, people actually then start to see the future with these sorts of possibilities in it. So they have a much wider view of what is possible and they have much more hope for the future.

Caitlin Lisle was supported by Royal Rehab after her accident.

SBS News

Caitlin Lisle broke her back in a horseriding accident in 2005, leaving her an incomplete paraplegic, with limited movement and feeling in her legs. Like many others, her understanding of disability was limited.

I never really knew anyone in a wheelchair, probably thought that was something for older people or people born with disabilities, or never thought that it was something that could happen to me, she said.

Caitlinhas very little memory of what transpired in the immediate aftermath of her accident but recalls how much an outing organised by Royal Rehab gave her some small comfort.

The fact you can get on a ferry and go and have lunch seems like such a small thing, but when youre going through that change and [thinking] 'can I ever do something so normal again?'

Since her accident, Caitlin, 32, has travelled the world, had two children and locked down a successful career.

I always wanted to be a vet, and I didnt think I would be able to do that, I always wanted a family again, I didnt really think Id be able to that. So everything I thought my 17-year-old self wanted to do, Ive been able to achieve.

Disability is part of my life but it just moulds into everything else in my life. I dont think its one concrete thing, its just like everything.

Kevin now volunteers for the organisation that put his life back on track, lending his support to those through his lived experience of brain and spinal cord injuries.

Im a big believer in doing the small things to help other people gain a sense of purpose and fulfilment in their lives, that I want to be able to help them to achieve that, he said.

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How a Sydney rehab centre helped challenge the view of what it means to be 'disabled' - SBS News

Maternity and Women’s Health Care – 12th Edition – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Business Wire

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Maternity and Women's Health Care. Edition No. 12" book has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Stay up-to-date with the latest in women's health! Maternity and Women's Health Care, 12th Edition provides evidence-based coverage of everything you need to know about caring for women of childbearing age. The new edition is thoroughly updated and consistent with the NCLEX test plan, focusing on prioritization of care and how best to work among interprofessional teams. As in previous editions, this text emphasizes childbearing concerns like newborn care, wellness promotion and the management of women's health problems. The 12th edition integrates the continuum of care throughout, focusing on the importance of understanding family, culture, and community-based care along with new medication alerts, future trends in contraception, human trafficking, the zika virus, and more! Content on many high-risk conditions has been updated to reflect newly published guidelines.

Key Topics Covered:

1. 21st Century Maternity and Women's Health Nursing

2. Community Care: The Family and Culture

3. Nursing and Genomics

4. Assessment and Health Promotion

5. Violence Against Women

6. Reproductive System Concerns

7. Sexually Transmitted and Other Infections

8. Contraception and Abortion

9. Infertility

10. Problems of the Breast

11. Structural Disorders and Neoplasms of the Reproductive System

12. Conception and Fetal Development

13. Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy

14. Nursing Care of the Family During Pregnancy

15. Maternal and Fetal Nutrition

16. Labor and Birth Processes

17. Maximizing Comfort For The Laboring Woman

18. Fetal Assessment During Labor

19. Nursing Care of the Family During Labor and Birth

20. Postpartum Physiologic Changes

21. Nursing Care of the Family During the Postpartum Period

22. Transition to Parenthood

23. Physiologic and Behavioral Adaptations of the Newborn

24. Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family

25. Newborn Nutrition and Feeding

26. Assessment of High Risk Pregnancy

27. Hypertensive Disorders

28. Hemorrhagic Disorders

29. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

30. Medical-Surgical Disorders

31. Mental Health Disorders and Substance Abuse

32. Labor and Birth Complications

33. Postpartum Complications

34. Nursing Care of the High-Risk Newborn

35. Acquired Problems of the Newborn

36. Hemolytic Disorders and Congenital Anomalies

37. Perinatal Loss, Bereavement, and Grief

Author

For more information about this book visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/3wxnfn

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Maternity and Women's Health Care - 12th Edition - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire

United Way appoints two new members to its board – The Central New York Business Journal

UTICA The United Way of the Valley and Greater Utica announced it has appointed Ross Bernston and Jennifer Adjodha-Evans to its board of directors.

Bernston is president and chief operating officer at Indium Corporation and has been with the company since 1996. Most recently, he lived in Singapore for two years, learning much about the daily activities in Southeast Asia and China while serving as executive VP and president of Indiums Asia holdings. Bernston is a graduate of Cornell University with an MBA and a bachelors degree in chemistry.

Adjodha-Evans is an assistant professor of anatomy and physiology at Herkimer County Community College and an adjust instructor of human anatomy and physiology at SUNY Polytechnic Institute. She serves on the Community and Behavioral Health Advisory Board at SUNY Poly and is president of the Adventist International Medical Missionaries. Adiodha-Evans received a Ph.D. in biology from the CUNY Graduate Center.

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United Way appoints two new members to its board - The Central New York Business Journal

The Neuroscience Behind Christmas Cheer – The National Interest Online

It is, for many of us, the most wonderful time of the year. Christmas cheer is that thing which is often referred to by those who believe December really is the season to be jolly. Its that feeling of joy, warmth and nostalgia people feel when the jingle bells start jingling. But what is the science behind it?

Evidence of Christmas cheer inside the brain was found during a study run at the University of Denmark in 2015. Twenty people were shown images with either a Christmas or non-Christmas theme while having their brain monitored in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine. The fMRI machine highlights parts of the brain when there is an increase or decrease in activity in that region. And when there was an increase of activity for this study, that region lit up like well, a Christmas tree.

When the participants saw photographs of Christmas themed images, such as mince pies, a network of brain regions lit up, leading the researchers to conclude that they had found the hub of Christmas cheer inside the human brain. What the activation in brain regions actually meant, the researchers couldnt say. One theory was that that network in the brain could be related to memories or spirituality. The scientific understanding of our internal experiences is changing and it now seems likely that Christmas cheer may be an emotion in itself.

What is an emotion?

Many scientists used to think that emotions were pre-programmed reactions, hardwired into human brains. According to the traditional view, when you see Christmas TV adverts, some dedicated part of you (a kind of happiness circuit) leaps into action to bring you Christmas cheer.

The happiness circuit was thought to be a single part of the brain responsible for making you feel that warmth in your chest, making your heart beat quickly with joy and forming an expression of happiness on your face an expression thought to be universal across peoples and cultures.

According to the traditional view, humans have a small set of core emotions, like fear and happiness. Each of these emotions has its own dedicated brain region which creates changes in physiology and behaviour changes which are similar (if not the same) across different instances of the same emotion. For example, it was thought that the happiness you feel when you see a puppy would activate the same neural and physiological systems as the happiness you feel when you spend time with your friends. And so, when activated, the happiness circuit should light up in the fMRI machine. The traditional view feels intuitive. But, in the 100 years science has been studying emotion, scientists have never been able to find a specific happiness circuit or a circuit relating to any emotion.

When it comes to Christmas cheer, this is likely the reason why there was no specific neural path found in the fMRI data. Rather, the general network of neural activation associated with Christmas cheer points to a more nuanced understanding of emotions.

Emotion on demand

The contemporary view says that emotions are the brain summing up three sources of information to create an on-demand experience. The brain combines information about your physiological state, environment and personal experiences to form a subjective feeling inside you. According to the contemporary view, when you see Christmas TV adverts, you feel positive because you associate good things with Christmas, your heart beats quicker because some part of you recognises the excitement the advert evoked in you as a child and you express the feeling physically, usually through facial expressions.

Read more: You may not believe in Christmas but once a year, we all get a touch of its magic

All of these things culminate as a feeling. A feeling which we label and categorise as an emotion. Throughout our lives we learn to label categories of emotions. This labelling is why we use the same word to describe the terror felt heading on to a rollercoaster and the terror associated with being in a car accident, despite the fact that these experiences feel completely different.

But because the brain constructs an emotion on-demand using a wide range of brain regions, there is no neural signature or physiological blueprint with which to record or measure the experience. Many different parts of the brain work together to create an emotion depending on whats going on around and inside you. This is why every experience of an emotion even the same emotion will look different in an fMRI scanner. When it comes to emotions, brain activation isnt predictable because each emotion is formed from different, unpredictable information and contexts.

At Christmas time, each person has associations with songs, foods and activities that help them use the label Christmas cheer to categorise the experience. These associations are totally unique to each person. This is why your festive family traditions dont always seem to translate when you introduce them to your friends or your significant other.

But Christmas cheer can be shared with others through rituals (such as decorating the tree) and language (through things like carol singing) to cement those emotion categories. Every time we encounter items or ideas that we relate to over Christmas because of our past, our brains create the emotion of Christmas cheer.

Bah humbug syndrome

But, of course, some people are like Ebeneezer Scrooge and just want to get through the holidays. A lack of Christmas cheer has anecdotally been called bah humbug syndrome. In the same way as Christmas cheer, bah humbug can be seen as an emotion. Perhaps its the dread of family politics or the tight, pounding chest people feel thinking about the cost of Christmas. But the brain combines these sources of information to create an emotion. So if youve had more negative experiences associated with Christmas, you are more likely to feel bah humbug than cheer.

Regardless of whether you tend to feel more of the Christmas cheer or the bah humbug emotion, there is a slither of magic in these festive emotions. In every waking moment, your brain is constructing your emotional reality. You have the power to increase your Christmas cheer or banish your feelings of bah humbug. This phenomenon is known as prediction, and its really just a numbers game. Rather than reacting to the world, your brain is running an internal model built around patterns of your previous experiences. The more instances your brain has of a positive experience relating to Christmas, the easier it is for your brain to construct Christmas cheer on-demand in the future.

So if you want to get into the Christmas spirit, spend time doing festive activities which you enjoy, share your experiences with the people you love, and do whatever rituals make sense to you. If science can give you anything this year, let it give you the gift of Christmas cheer.

Olly Robertson, Doctoral Researcher in Psychology, Keele University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Image: Reuters

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The Neuroscience Behind Christmas Cheer - The National Interest Online

South Fulton Youth Editorial: The South Fulton Effect – City of South Fulton Observer

Editorial by Kendall Henry

Often, the news shows our beloved City of South Fulton in a negative light. They dont show the positive events, the people produced, and the impacts made every day in South Fulton. The media does not show The South Fulton Effect. I was raised in the City of South Fulton. I now attend the University of Georgia as a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology major and Public Health minor. I am heavily involved on campus. I have made it my mission to apply my upbringing to my current life.

I attended Randolph ElementarySchool. As a dolphin, I was introduced to Girl Scouts. I started off as aBrownie in 2009 as part of the Randolph Girl Scouts and completed my GS journeyin May 2019 with earning the prestigious Gold Award. I devoted a part of my lifeto Girl Scouts and community service. In addition, I participated in WAPR.Welcome Asa Philip Randolph was the televised morning announcements. I was anews anchor on the show during my fourth and fifth grade year. This opportunityhelped me gain comfort in public speaking. My first cheerleading experience waswith Sandtown Park Recreational Sports. I cheered for the football team. Ilearned the basics of teamwork and cheerleading here. The South Fulton Effectis how I now organize my own service events, participate in multiple serviceorganizations on UGAs campus, speak in front of large crowds with no anxiety,and cheer on the UGA Competition Cheerleading Squad.

During my fifth-grade year, Iremember hearing that some of my classmates were planning to attend RidgeviewCharter for middle school. When I asked them why, they all told me because itis better than Sandtown. I was not quite sure what that meant but I knew Iwanted to go to the better school. My parents quickly shut down my notionsand I was off to Sandtown for middle school. As a Jaguar, I participated in toomany clubs to name. From yearbook club to cheerleading, I stayed after schoolevery day of the week for three years straight. Sandtown provided me with somany opportunities that broadened my horizons. I am forever grateful for that.This taught me time management and prioritizing. I know that Sandtown was thebetter school and gave me foundation. The South Fulton effect is how learnedhow to balance all of my organizations at UGA and still make stellar grades.

I then became a lion at WestlakeHigh School. This was the school to attend. My old classmates from Randolphattended North Fulton middle schools, fled back down to the south to gainadmissions into our esteemed Magnet program. At Westlake, I learned early aboutthe college admissions process. Therefore, from freshman year on forward I knewmy goals. During my sophomore year, UGA admissions office hosted an in-housefield trip. This was my first introduction to what the University of Georgiahad to offer, and I also met my admissions counselor. I had no idea that Iwould later attend this was the school for my undergraduate degree. Also, I wasin the Magnet and International Baccalaureate program. These programs pushed meto critically think and strive for academic excellence. Ultimately, I graduatedwith an IB Certificate and in the top 25 of my 500+ class. Sandtownsfoundation helped me stay involved at Westlake and I essentially touched everyclub the school had to offer. I cheered on Friday nights and led my school asSGA Vice President weekly. In addition, I developed the infamous renaming thecity petition as a Westlake Lion. The petition allowed me to see governmentprocedures and acquire a sense of community. Due to the Magnet/IB programrigor, I was a competitive college applicant and gained admissions into aprestigious public institution debt-free. In addition, I can handle heavycourse loads with no problem. This is how I completed eight courses andfinished my first college semester with a 3.9 GPA. Due to the vulnerability andsuccess of my petition, I am now the only African American female Senatorrepresenting the class of 2023 at UGA. In this role, I have the power to writelegislation that impacts the entire 35,000 student population. This is theSouth Fulton effect.

I am grateful for my upbringing in the City of South Fulton. My experiences here have truly shaped me and made me the person I am today. The people I have met here have been lifelong influences in my life. I will cherish this forever. Realize the positivity that is nurtured here. Power is being cultivated here. We must continue the South Fulton Effect.

About the Author

Kendall Henry is apermanent resident of the City of South Fulton. She is a recent graduate ofWestlake High School. She now attends college at The University of Georgiawhere she is majoring in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Henry is most knownfor her participation in the city name change referendum. Henry spoke beforethe city council and delivered speeches on the importance of including theresidents in voting processes. As a result of her petition, the mayor of thecity vetoed the first vote made by the council and reverted the name back toThe City of South of Fulton. Kendall has been interviewed on WSB-TV, 11Alive,CBS46, and WABE 90.1.

Her biggest motivation for facilitating this movement was to show children and teens that you can still be involved in politics and be active in your community even though you are not eligible to vote. Henry is also a recipient of the Girl Scout Gold Award and Presidential Volunteer Service Award, both prestigious awards that are solely based on community service. Kendall has a passion for helping people to make progress in her community.

Photo: Kendall Henry addresses the City Council over the controversial name change in 2017.

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South Fulton Youth Editorial: The South Fulton Effect - City of South Fulton Observer

New ‘fishing’ technique to detect thousands of proteins – News-Medical.net

A new study published today in the journal Nature Cell Biology reports the use of a novel fishing method, under microscopy, to pick up thousands of proteins that are involved in supervising how the cell skeleton is assembled.

The scientists used as baits certain to pick up the proteins they were in search of from within the human cells in culture in their laboratory. Their catch using 56 types of baits was an amazing 9,000-plus proteins that attach to Rho family proteins.

The Rho proteins were discovered in the 1990s and became famous in being the managers of the cytoskeletal building process. The 20 human Rho proteins are GTPases, enzymes that operate by splitting the energy-storing molecule GTP. They are found all over the inner aspect of the cell membranes. When activated by a signal from outside or inside the cell, they come on to trigger other protein cascades, that in turn stimulate the remodeling of the cell skeleton, by either adding or removing bits according to the framework desired.

Three Rho proteins have been uncovered in detail so far. These are the Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA. The first is the protein that determines the path of blood cells migrating towards an infected locus. Rac1 is the protein that triggers the cellular apparatus responsible for pushing a cell (other than a muscle cell) forward. RhoA activates the process of forming fibers that aggregate to either pull in a cells walls or cause tissues to form a resistant mass, as for instance the fibers that form a blood vessels wall.

There are many other proteins in this family, however, and they link up with thousands of others to complete various processes. It was formerly thought that other proteins which bore close similarity to the three listed above would share their function. However, this was later found to be not the case. Instead, variations in the C-terminal ends caused by signal-dependent modifications, and in the cellular organelles they target, cause the biological activity to be quite different from the non-modified forms. It was to explore this area that the current study was begun.

HeLa cell expressing the proximity interaction probe BirA*-Flag-active RAC1. Actin filaments are in green and biotinylated proteins are in magenta. Image Credit: Amlie Robert (IRCM)

The scientists focused on identifying the molecules that interacted with the Rho family of proteins in a proximity interaction network. The Rho proteins are regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs), that switch them on and off as required to bind to the effector molecules.

The scientists used molecules that forced cells in culture to form two-headed proteins. One head consisted of one side of a Rho protein while the other was a biotin ligase enzyme, which attracts other proteins in the vicinity to label them with a biotin moiety using the Rho protein. This process is called proximity-dependent biotinylation. There were 28 of these two-headed proteins.

They also used GTPase enzymes in both active and inactive switch positions. These molecules regulate a host of cellular pathways. The combination of the bait proteins and the GTPases in different configurations enabled the researchers to snag well over 9,000 proteins.

The labeled proteins were then identified singly. To do this, the cells were torn up to release the proteins for analysis. While some of the proteins had already been characterized, such as those which switch the GTPases on and off, there were a multiplicity of other proteins that remained to be defined.

Among those discovered was the protein that connected different parts of the Rho-dependent cytoskeletal assembly first noticed in the 1990s. The RhoA protein was known to cause another protein called ERM to become activated, causing a type of phosphorylation which in turn made the cytoskeleton more stable. But nobody knew how the ERM protein was activated via RhoA interaction. The current work showed that a protein called SLK connects the RhoA to the ERM protein.

Other unfamiliar proteins dredged up in the current study include GARRE and PLEKHG3. These were found to bind to active Rac1 and RhoG respectively. However, the researchers dont know exactly how these complexes function.

To find out more about them, the current study described the other molecules they found during their work so that other laboratories can characterize them and help to reveal their role.

The scientists have not only shown how RhoA-ERM signaling works but demonstrated a unique but successful way to catch a whole lot of proteins. The next step for them is to use this technique to help study how Ras family protein switches function. The Ras superfamily of GTPases, which lies at the heart of multiple cancer pathways is the protein group of which Rho GTPases form a subfamily.

Journal reference:

Bagci, H., Sriskandarajah, N., Robert, A. et al. Mapping the proximity interaction network of the Rho-family GTPases reveals signalling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Nat Cell Biol (2019) doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0438-7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-019-0438-7

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New 'fishing' technique to detect thousands of proteins - News-Medical.net

Top Technical Advances of 2019 – The Scientist

Artificial intelligence tackles life science

Look under the hood of many of this years headline-making discoveries in biology and youll find machine learning, a tool thats gaining ground in the life sciences thanks to growing computational power and the availability of big datasets needed for training. Among other advances in 2019, researchers reported successfully using machine learning to screen images for signs of cancer or infection by pathogens, and to identify epigenetic markers in blood samples that are associated with vascular complications in people with diabetes. Check out our special issue on AI for more examples of how the tool is transforming biology.

Even as computers take on more of the tasks once done by hand, engineers are exploring DNAs capacity to adopt a function usually associated with machines: information storage. This summer, researchers in Boston reported a way of harnessing DNA, together with CRISPR-like base editing machinery, to make a record of events inside living cells that can then be decoded via sequencing. Study coauthor Timothy Lu of MIT told The Scientist that its potential applications include detecting environmental toxins and recording developmental processes.

Another creative spin on CRISPR-Cas9 editing to come out this year is a detection device for particular DNA sequences. Here, the Cas9 enzyme is bound to an RNA and to a graphene chip and engineered not to make cuts in DNA. If the RNA-Cas9 complex connects to its target DNA sequence, it causes a change in the chips electric field and thus a positive readout. The chips developers suggest it could one day be used for quick DNA tests in clinical settings.

Among the endless variations of CRISPR scientists are engineering, one developed this year purports to reduce its off-target effects by avoiding double-strand DNA breaks. The technique, known as prime editing, uses the same Cas9 nuclease as frequently deployed in the CRISPR system but combines the enzyme with a guide RNA called pegRNA and a reverse transcriptase that initiates the addition of a new sequence or base into the genome. Once the new genetic material is incorporated into a cut strand of DNA, the prime editor nicks the unedited strand, signaling to the cell to rebuild it to match the edited strand.

As some researchers worked on their own variations of genome editing, others made an important edit of a recipe for induced pluripotent stem cells. First published by Shinya Yamanaka (now of Kyoto University) in 2006, the method overexpresses genes for four transcription factors in differentiated cells to reset them to a pluripotent state, creating what are known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The most important of the four overproduced factors was thought to be Oct4. But last month, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine announced theyd not only managed to make mouse iPSCs without tweaking Oct4 levels, but that the process was more efficient that way. If this works in adult human cells, it will be a huge advantage for the clinical applications of iPS cells, Yamanaka wrote in an email to The Scientist.

Shawna Williams is a senior editor atThe Scientist. Email her at swilliams@the-scientist.com or follow her on Twitter @coloradan.

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Top Technical Advances of 2019 - The Scientist