One Mind: Looking at genetics and environment – The Knox Student

Like any aspect of medicine or biology, mental health is quite a complex subject and there isnt really any one thing that can improve or worsen it. In most cases, genetics is a key factor. A lot of mental conditions, or even just mental health issues in general, tend to be rather common in some families. Obviously, genetics is a complex subject, and family history can only explain so much of it. For instance, Down Syndrome, one of the most common mental health conditions, is caused by an abnormality in the number of chromosomes a person has. Schizophrenia has been traced to one very specific gene. Autism, on the other hand, is largely genetic, but has been linked to hundreds, perhaps even thousands of genes, and there isnt one or even a specific set of these genes that seem to cause it.

Confused yet? Believe me, it gets weirder. Many of these autism genes have been traced to pre-evolution, meaning that humans have had them before they were human. The number of autistic genes has since increased. This, combined with a possible occurrence of a few of these genes in child prodigies, has led some to believe that autism was a positive mutation for humanity at some point and played a small role in species survival. Also, even though autism is highly genetic and can run in families family members almost never have the same autistic symptoms, nor do they fall on the same place on the spectrum.

Schizophrenia is just as complex and surprising. For instance, that one gene that has been linked to Schizophrenia has been named DIS (Disrupted in Schizophrenia). The reason for this is because scientists still have no idea what the gene is supposed to do. They only know that its malfunction results in Schizophrenia. Another weird statistic is that Schizophrenia seems to be slightly more common in gay men than most other groups, and the scientific community still has no idea why.

Perhaps strangest of all is that despite all of this genetic complexity, the mentally ill and those with physical disabilities are still a minority population-wise. The mentally ill make up only about one-fifth of the American populace. Most people are able-bodied and neurotypical despite literally thousands of interconnected parts designed to fit together in one specific way. One of my personal favorite biology facts is that evolution functions on genetic diversity. Literally every creature that exists today does so because somebody was born different from everyone else, and, miracle of miracles, that individual had an easier go at life than all the others, and so that became the new normal. Take us, for example. We have opposable thumbs, are mostly hairless, walk on two feet, stand up straight, live in communities, etc., and the basic reason for all of it? Well it worked for that first guy.

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One Mind: Looking at genetics and environment - The Knox Student

Fulgent Genetics Forms JV in China – GenomeWeb

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) Fulgent Genetics this week said in a regulatory document that it has formed a joint venture in China to offer genetic testing services in that country.

In a document filed with the US Securities Exchange Commission, Fulgent said it has formed a joint venture with Chinese firms Xilong Scientific and Fuzhou Jinqiang Investment Partnership (FJIP) to establish Fujian Fujun Gene Biotech. Under the agreement Fulgent will provide to the JV genetic sequencing and other equipment costing no more than about RMB60 million ($8.7 million) over a three-year period.

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Fulgent Genetics Forms JV in China - GenomeWeb

2000+ set to graduate from ETSU this spring – Johnson City Press (subscription)

Dr. Thomas Kwasigroch will be the speaker during the 10 a.m. ceremony, and Janet Ayers will deliver the 2 p.m. address.

Kwasigroch is associate dean of ETSUs Quillen College of Medicine and a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, directing studies in medical and human anatomy and embryology. He is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Physical Therapy in ETSUs College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences.

Kwasigroch joined the faculty of the Quillen College of Medicine at its inception in 1979 and has taught every graduate of the college since that time. He is the most awarded faculty member at the medical school, having received more than 50 awards. Among these are numerous Professor of the Year honors at Quillen and Gender Equity Awards from the American Medical Womens Association. He was recognized nationally as a McCann Scholar for Excellence in Mentoring and Teaching in 2005 and as the 2015 recipient of the Alpha Omega Alpha Robert J. Glaser Distinguished Teacher Award from the American Association of Medical Colleges.

Kwasigroch served with the 6th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and as a first lieutenant, infantry platoon leader, company executive officer and battalion liaison officer in Vietnam, where he was awarded the Purple Heart, Bronze Star and Army Commendation Medal.

He holds a B.S. degree from Niagara University and a Ph.D. in anatomy and embryology from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Freie Universitt-Berlin in Germany.

After receiving her bachelors degree in health care administration from ETSU in 1986, Ayers began her career as the administrator of Four Oaks Health Care Center in Jonesborough, where she remained for five years. She then assumed the administrator position at Erwin Health Care, where she remained for 15 years.

During her career as an administrator, Ayers was an active member of the Tennessee Health Care Association and received awards for distinguished professional and association service. She also served as commissioner of the Tennessee Health Facilities Commission for five years.

In 2007, Ayers became president of The Ayers Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for the people of Tennessee with a special emphasis on Decatur, Henderson, Perry and Unicoi counties. The foundation believes this is best accomplished by providing grants for scholarships, counselors, programs and related projects for educational enhancement and innovative health care, and by supporting organizations dedicated to the preservation of natural resources and wildlife habitats for hunting and fishing.

Ayers, who resides in Nashville, is a member of the new ETSU Board of Trustees.

Complete information on commencement for graduating students and the public is available online at http://www.etsu.edu/reg/graduation/ceremony.php.

Individuals participating in or attending the 10 a.m. ceremony are advised to avoid State of Franklin Road in downtown Johnson City between East Main Street and Watauga Avenue, because this major artery and parts of the historic Tree Streets district will be closed for a road race.

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2000+ set to graduate from ETSU this spring - Johnson City Press (subscription)

Arbiters of Change: The new pro-life generation – Great Falls Tribune – Great Falls Tribune

Lauren Rhoda, president of the Saints for Life club at Carroll College, outlines her thoughts on the pro-life movement. "I think a cultural focus shift towards loving life and celebrating it will help a lot of other things fall into place," she said. TRIBUNE VIDEO/JULIA MOSS

Lauren Rhoda doesnt back down from her beliefs.

She is a modern crusader for the pro-life movement and lives a life devoted to maintaining the ideals of the cause.

But Rhoda is not an abortion-focused protester picketing outside clinics. She is not angry. Rhoda does not admonish or judge women who get abortions. In fact, she loves them unequivocally.

Lauren Rhoda is not your fathers pro-life advocate.

Lauren Rhoda believes that pro-life is about the whole life. Its about the whole person and making sure that everyone knows they are cared for and loved. (Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/JULIA MOSS)

The entirety of the 22-year-old Carroll College students belief system is rooted in science, from her activism for life to her Catholic faith. The Colorado-native brings an unwavering smile and brightness to her efforts.

She is a human sunflower sowing Helena in positive energy and love.

Rhoda is a chemistry major and the president of the Saints for Life club. She leads the group in activities that promote its mission statement: to protect and advocate for life from conception to natural death.

This entails spending hours offering support and prayer outside the local Planned Parenthood, but also includes volunteering with the elderly at the nursing center, hosting human-trafficking awareness and prayer vigils and advocating for the environment.

Its not just about abortion, Rhoda said. How can we advocate for a pro-life ethic if we are not loving those and caring for those that are already alive and already with us and suffering among us?

Through their association with the national Students for Life of America group, Rhoda and her fellow club members hosted an informational immigration display earlier in the semester to give Carroll students the opportunity to read through and understand President Donald Trumps immigration policies and what they mean.

The Saints for Life provided students tools to write letters to their state representatives to speak out against the immigration plan if they chose to do so. More than 150 letters were written in three hours.

Saints for Life member Marko Prizmic said some students were apprehensive about the motives of the display after realizing who was hosting it.

When the group attended the Womens March on Jan. 21, Prizmic said the group was largely met with support. However, a limited few still brandished their middle fingers as they passed by.

The group attributes it to a misunderstanding of its cause.

Pro-life is often associated with staunch religion and the more conservative side of the political spectrum, but Rhoda said the true essence of the movement doesnt assign itself to a specific party or faith, and the rest of the Saints for Life agree.

Saints for Life members, left to right, Cordell Andersen, Mary Leslie, Lauren Rhoda and Marko Prizmic meet to discuss club positions at Carroll College on March 23. Saints for Life focuses on abortion, but tackles a host of other pro-life topics, including environmental issues and immigration. Were consistent all the way through across issues Prizmic said. We carry over the idea of dignity for everyone. Theres a focus on abortion because it affects so many. (Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/JULIA MOSS)

Were consistent all the way through across issues, Prizmic said. We carry over the idea of dignity for everyone. Theres a focus on abortion because it affects so many.

That can make the voting booth a difficult place.

Transgender teen an ambassador for the LGBTQ community

We dont take a purely conservative stance, and we dont take a liberal stance either, Rhoda said. We live in a country where the political climate is very hot right now, unfortunately. I believe that our country was founded on the principles laid out in the Declaration of Independence life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Principle among these is life, so I do very much vote with that in mind.

Rhodas love for life in all of its stages is genuine, and she beams as she talks about her Saturdays spent in the local nursing home, the Rocky Mountain Care Center. Every weekend, she visits the older women to hang out, talk to them, be there for them and paint their nails.

Its just one of the most wonderful things in the world, Rhoda said. One time I was painting this elderly womans nails, her name is Agnes, and she leaned in and gave me a kiss on the forehead. It was so sweet, and I mean thats why we do what we do. Pro-life is about the whole life, and its about the whole person and making sure everyone is cared for and loved and knows that.

Though Rhodas focus isnt solely concentrated on abortion, that facet of the movement is still what brought her into the fold. She remembers having an epiphany in high school that changed her life.

I was taking this biology class of all things, AP biology, and it was in public school, Rhoda said. We were studying embryology and I realized that, biologically speaking, life begins at conception when that sperm meets that egg so I realized there is this inconsistency in the way I was thinking. I couldnt deny these embryos life because they technically were certainly alive in the biological sense.

Lauren Rhoda completes a lab assignment as part of her major in chemistry at Carroll College on March 23. (Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/JULIA MOSS)

Her new-found belief system didnt jump the gap from pro-choice to pro-life, instead Rhoda said she lived her life with a barrier between her and the issue of abortion. She was never for it, but figured it wasnt her business, and so she didnt think about it.

Rhoda said she has always been passionate about advocating for the marginalized, and her personal scientific breakthrough brought the most basic form of human life into her main area of focus. She said this is when she committed herself to being pro-life and began to learn more and more about what that would mean for her.

Like most things in her life, Rhoda said it meant continuing her pro-science ethic.

Biologically speaking, life begins at conception, she continued; there is not a more solid point to define the start of life.

Rhoda poses several questions about the issue.

What constitutes a living, human? Is it the environment in the womb versus out? Is it at 40 weeks? What about babies who gestate past their due date? Is it when they have brain waves? That doesnt happen at the exact same time for all babies. Is a baby defined as less of a person because it is developing slower?

It makes it too arbitrary, Rhoda said. The most definite line we can use is just the moment of conception.

Rhoda speaks in absolutes. Life begins at conception. Abortion is the killing of an unborn child. There are no gray areas.

But love and compassion should prevail. There are no gray areas there either.

She assesses women who opt to abort not as bad people, but as people in difficult situations who deserve comfort and support. Rhoda wants to meet scared, unsure pregnant women where theyre at and offer them comfort and alternatives. Should a woman decide to go ahead with an abortion, Rhoda said it is then even more critical to be there for her, help her heal and not look down on her for the decision she has made.

I wish, in an ideal world, that it wasnt thinkable, Rhoda said. I wish for people to never feel that pressure. Maybe their immediate gut reaction is, Oh no, Im 16, and Im pregnant. How am I going to do this? I think it would be really empowering to let women know that they can do it and there are more options. There needs to be a societal reform wherein mothers are embraced and supported by the community.

Lauren Rhoda advocates for pro-life issues through her position as president of the Saints for Life club at Carroll College. (Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/JULIA MOSS)

As she sits in a monthly Saints for Life meeting, she and her friends demolish a few pizzas and talk about whats going on in their lives. They discuss inspiring pro-life lectures theyve attended and opportunities to learn more about the cause and what they can do.

Rhoda is not alone in her all-encompassing love for life. She is merely one face in the new pro-life generation.

We want to create an environment where abortion is not needed, Prizmic said. We need to give support so that she doesnt need to make that choice. We need to take care of her and respect her. I will never know what shes going through, but I know I love her.

Through their charity and demeanor, the group is actively changing the pro-life movement.

I know in the 80s, they would bar doors, bomb clinics, kill doctors thats not pro-life, Prizmic said. That part is small now, but it still exists.

Mary Leslie, another Saints for Life member, nods in agreement. Though she isnt a Carroll student, she still jokes that she goes to Carroll because she technically is going there ... for the pro-life club meetings.

The answer to violence isnt more violence, Leslie said.

There is a lingering distrust of pro-life advocates who stand outside Planned Parenthood, despite the good intent of the Saints for Life.

Sometimes theyre kind, but its obvious theyre told not to talk to us, Leslie said. They know well be there, and theyre told not to respond. But some do ask questions. We let them know that no matter what, its OK and theyre still loved.

She, too, is a joyful human with a big smile and love to spare. Leslie finds encouragement through her faith, but said her involvement in the pro-life movement has nothing to do with religion.

Even if I walked away from the church, Id still be pro-life, Leslie said.

Though Rhoda does hang out in pro-life circles, she has several pro-choice friends and believes each side has a lot to learn from the other.

Though she is in disagreement with their stance, Rhoda said she can empathize with the passion her pro-choice friends have in supported a womans right to choose and ardent belief that she cannot be told what to do with her own body.

That is something, Rhoda said. Thats true. You cant force someone to do something. You can just hope that theyll want to and you have to make it possible for that to happen and make room for that to happen.

A flower crown hangs before a print of Michelangelos Creation of Adam in Lauren Rhodas room. (Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/JULIA MOSS)

Rhoda always goes back to love and support.

She has a friend back in Colorado who was sexually assaulted and became pregnant as a result. Her friend chose to keep the child, though it was a difficult decision. Rhoda said she was there for her throughout the decision, to comfort her.

Similarly, if I had a friend who chose to have an abortion, itd be my job to support her and love her, not necessarily support the abortion, but say Im here for you no matter what, Rhoda said. Thats all you can do. An especially if she has an abortion, shell probably be hurting after that.

Rhoda is ready to make allowances for unsure pregnant women who are grappling with this heavy decision.

But dont forget, Rhoda is anti-abortion. She supports all women, but she is vehemently against the organization seemingly synonymous with abortion: Planned Parenthood.

Her seemingly permanent smile quickly drops. She sits forward in her seat. Her words lose their softness and become sharp.

I think Planned Parenthood is a fundamentally corrupt organization, Rhoda said.

She cites Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, and her involvement in the eugenics movement of the 1900s and the convoluted argument that the birth control clinics were part of a larger racist agenda.

There is no question that Sanger was a eugenicist but several studies into her writings have refuted the idea that she was trying to weed out the black population. However, this idea has remained a prevalent talking point for many pro-life organizations.

In 2001, Herman Cain, a Republican from Georgia who made a run for the presidency, said Sanger started Planned Parenthood, the objective was to put these centers in primarily black communities so they could help kill black babies before they came into the world.

Then, in 2015, Ben Carson, now the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, said Sanger believed people like me should be eliminated, or kept under control. He later clarified that people like me referred to the black population.

Much of this claim comes from a Dec. 10, 1939, letter penned to Clarence Gamble by Sanger in which she said, We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members."

However, the sentence is often taken out of context. The rest of the correspondence indicates Sanger was saying she didnt want misinformation to go out. Instead, Sanger was developing a public health venture, called the Negro Project, for underprivileged black communities.

But this point is still heavily contested by anti-abortion advocates.

Anti-abortion lawmaker wants voters to define person

I dont think anything good can come from an organization like that, Rhoda said. I also believe theyve been caught in a few lies, and thats important to focus on. Such as when they were selling parts of aborted fetuses or such as when they claim to offer mammograms, and they actually dont.

Rhoda said, in her eyes, the good they do doesnt outweigh the bad, and there are other low-income options for men and women.

I believe that the funds being allocated toward Planned Parenthood ought to be allocated more toward the federally qualified health care centers, Rhoda said. And yes, while I agree that they do offer health care services if you knew that your dry cleaner, for instance, they were actually running a meth lab in the back, should you still support them?

Rhoda is soft, but she is strong. She knows what she believes and she sticks to it.

In late January, she traveled to San Francisco to participate in the Walk for Life. Reminiscing on the experience coaxes her signature smile back out. As she talks about the walk, her mind is back in California.

She was surprised by the diversity of those in attendance. She held her I am the pro-life generation sign and marched with the young and the old of different creeds and races. The flip-side of her poster had the same message, but in Spanish.

Yo soy la generacion provida.

I thought it was just amazing to see everyone coming together to support this and to advocate for the most vulnerable among those who dont have a voice, Rhoda said. It was just a really joyful gathering in the midst of San Francisco overall it was just, it was a very joyful experience.

She beams.

The camaraderie, the love, the support thats what its all about for Rhoda. That is what it means to be pro-life to her.

I hope that for all the pro-life people in the movement that it comes from a place of love and just caring, she said.

Follow Sarah Dettmer on Twitter @GFTrib_SDettmer

More from the Arbiters of Change series

This story is the second installment of the Arbiters of Change series describing efforts made by progressive and conservative young people to enact change in their community. The next installment will feature local young professionals involved in the Great Falls Rising political activism group for local progressives.

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Arbiters of Change: The new pro-life generation - Great Falls Tribune - Great Falls Tribune

Management Team Strengthened; Executive Level New Hire and Internal Promotion – Yahoo Finance

WOBURN, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Frequency Therapeutics, a company developing a pipeline of new drugs that activate progenitor cells within the body and restore healthy tissue, today announced the expansion of its management team with the promotion of Raj Manchanda, Ph.D. to Chief Development Officer and the appointment of Steven Dworetzky, Ph.D., to Senior Vice President of Molecular and Cell Biology. Dr. Dworetzky brings over 27 years of experience in key research and development roles to Frequency and will be working closely with senior leadership on scientific strategy and program development.

Frequency continues to rapidly advance our Progenitor Cell Activation (PCA) platform with a lead program addressing hearing loss. I am very pleased to have a proven scientist and businessman like Steven lead the Frequency team in our Farmington, CT location, said David Lucchino, President, CEO and Co-founder of Frequency. I am also honored to announce the well-deserved promotion of Raj to Chief Development Officer. Rajs leadership has been critical in transforming Frequency to a highly efficient development stage organization since joining us from Biogen.

Raj Manchanda, Ph.D., has been promoted to Chief Development Officer from his prior role as the Senior Vice President of Pharmaceutical Development and Technical Operations. He will continue to spearhead development activities including formulation and analytical development, manufacturing and non-clinical safety studies to facilitate clinical trials and broaden Frequencys drug development pipeline. Raj joined Frequency in 2016 from Biogen where he held a series of leadership positions, most recently as Vice President of Neurodegeneration. While at Biogen, he led the CMC development for approval and commercialization for Tecfidera, the leading oral therapy for MS. Before Biogen, held key R&D positions at Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (acquired by Eli Lilly), PerkinElmer, and Diatide (acquired by Schering AG). During his 20 years in the pharmaceutical industry, he has worked on over 25 INDs and 6 NDAs, including two Fast Track programs. Raj holds a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Yale University and was the Anna Fuller Postdoctoral Fellow at MIT.

Steven Dworetzky, Ph.D. joins Frequency as Senior Vice President of Molecular and Cell Biology Research. Dr. Dworetzky rose to the level of Senior Principal Scientist in the Neuroscience department at Bristol-Myers Squibb, with experience leading interdisciplinary programs to the clinic. Stevens ion channels team was responsible for bringing multiple compounds into clinical study. Post BMS and prior to joining Frequency, Steven was Chief Scientific Officer and Senior Vice President of Discovery Research at Knopp Biosciences. While there, he implemented a fully integrated drug discovery team for ALS and other neurology indications, as well as new directions in hematopoiesis studies. Steven received his Bachelors degree in Biology and Chemistry from Skidmore College and his Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular Biology from the University of Florida in Gainesville.

Frequencys PCA platform presents outstanding opportunities for the development of new medicines in indications with high unmet medical needs, said Dr. Dworetzky. I look forward to lending my experience and expertise to continue the work started by Bob Langer and Jeff Karp, and bolstering the Company goals in driving the next wave of regenerative medicine.

ABOUTPROGENITOR CELL ACTIVATION (PCA) Frequencys precise and controlled approach transiently causes Lgr5+ progenitor cells to divide and differentiate, much like what is seen in naturally regenerating tissues such as the skin and intestine. Frequency activates stemness through mimicking signals provided by neighboring cells (the stem cell niche) with small molecules, and this proprietary approach is known as the Progenitor Cell Activation (PCA) platform. Frequency believes that PCA has the potential to yield a whole new category of disease-modifying therapeutics for a wide range of degenerative conditions. To fuel its drug discovery programs, Frequency is leveraging a PCA screening platform using primary human cells, including cochlear progenitor cells and adult human progenitor cells from the GI tract. Frequencys initial focus is on chronic noise induced hearing loss. Other potential applications include skin disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and diabetes.

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ABOUT FREQUENCY THERAPEUTICS Frequency Therapeutics develops small molecule drugs that activate progenitor cells within the body to restore healthy tissue. Through the transient activation of these progenitor cells, Frequency enables disease modification without the complexity of genetic engineering. Our lead program re-creates sensory cells in the inner ear to treat chronic noise induced hearing loss, which affects over 30 million people in the U.S. alone. http://www.frequencytx.com.

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Management Team Strengthened; Executive Level New Hire and Internal Promotion - Yahoo Finance

Marquette scientists discover the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases MC1 GR2 – Marquette Wire

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Marquette biologists and mathematicians are using bakers yeast to understand the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzehimers and Parkinsons.

Dr. Anita Manogaran, an assistant professor of biological sciences, and her lab are studying the impact of basic cell biology on neurodegeneration. By understanding what goes on in a single cell, Manogarans lab was able to gain insight into the bigger picture of neurodegenerative diseases. Many neurodegenerative diseases involve misfolded proteins, or molecules sticking together and making shapes they arent supposed to. The lab used bakers yeast to observe how certain proteins misfold in individual cells.

We are doing something unorthodox by studying proteins in bakers yeast, Manogaran said. We are able to get a lot of information really fast when we use bakers yeast.

The lab utilized 4-D live cell imaging to observe how the proteins misfold in the cell in order to learn more about these early stages of formation.

Brett Wisniewski, a research technician in Manogarans lab, believes that using yeast and other simple organisms will always be an excellent starting point for understanding the most complex human diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are common in older patients, but this new discovery by Manogarans lab found proteins associated with these diseases misfold in the brain years before symptoms occur. Manogaran hopes this discovery can lead to future progress tohelp control and cure these diseases.

It would be rewarding to see other groups use our work to inform their experiments on more complex organisms and eventually influence therapies for neurodegenerative diseases in humans, Wisniewski said.

Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, with Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease being the most common.

I think that it is special that the Marquette science community is being innovative in understanding the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, Hannah Seeman, a sophomore in the College of Communication said. I value the scientists that are making strides to aid those predisposed to Alzheimers disease since it runs in my family.

The authors of this study include Jaya Sharma, a post-doctoral student in Manogarans lab. Additional researchers on the project include Stephen J. Merrill, a professor of mathematics, statistics and computer science; Emily Paulson, a graduate student in mathematics, statistics and computer science; and Joanna O. Obaoye, an undergraduate biology student.

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Marquette scientists discover the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases MC1 GR2 - Marquette Wire

A mechanism shared by healing wounds and growing tumors – The Rockefeller University Newswire

Cancerous cells in a skin tumor become locked in an abnormal state as a result of the activation of a gene-regulating element (green).

Like an image in a broken mirror, a tumor is a distorted likeness of a wound. Scientists have long seen parallels between the two, such as the formation of new blood vessels, which occurs as part of both wound healing and malignancy.

Research at The Rockefeller University offers new insights about what the two processes have in commonand how they differat the molecular level. The findings, described April 20 in Cell, may aid in the development of new therapies for cancer.

Losing identity

At the core of both malignancy and tissue mending are stem cells, which multiply to produce new tissue to fill the breach or enlarge the tumor. To see how stem cells behave in these scenarios, a team led by scientists in Elaine Fuchss lab compared two distinct types found within mouse skin.

One set of stem cells, at the base of the follicle, differentiates to form the hair shaft; while another set produces new skin cells. Under normal conditions, these two cell populations are physically distinct, producing only their respective tissue, nothing else.

But when Yejing Ge, a postdoc in the Fuchs lab, looked closely at gene activity in skin tumors, she found a remarkable convergence: The follicle stem cells expressed genes normally reserved for skin stem cells, and vice versa. Around wounds, the researchers documented the same blurring between the sets of stem cells.

Master switches

Two of the identity-related genes stood out. They code for so-called master regulators, molecules that play a dominant role in determining what type of tissue a stem cell will ultimately producein this case, hair follicle or skin. The researchers suspect that stress signals from the tissue surrounding the damage or malignancy kick off a cycle that feeds off itself by enabling the master regulators to make more of themselves.

Access to DNA is the key. To go to work, master regulators bind to certain regions of DNA and so initiate dramatic changes in gene expression. The researchers found evidence that stress signals open up new regions of DNA, making them more accessible to gene activation. By binding in these newly available spots, master regulators elevate the expression of identity-related genes, including the genes that encode the master regulators themselves.

Locked in

While wounds heal, cancer can grow indefinitely. The researchers discovered that while stress signals eventually wane in healing wounds, they can persist in cancerand with prolonged stress signaling, another region of DNA opens up to kick off a separate round of cancer-specific changes.

Tumors have been described as wounds that never heal, and now we have identified specific regulatory elements that, when activated, keep tumor cells locked into a blurred identity, Ge says.

The scientists hope this discovery could lead to precise treatments for cancer that cause less collateral damage than conventional chemotherapy. We are currently testing the specificity of these cancer regulatory elements in human cells for their possible use in therapies aimed at killing the tumor cells and leaving the healthy tissue cells unharmed, Fuchs says.

Elaine Fuchs is the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor, head of the Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.

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A mechanism shared by healing wounds and growing tumors - The Rockefeller University Newswire

Anatomy Of A Fake News Story: How A Muslim Politician Became A … – BuzzFeed News

Did you hear the one about how Anne Aly, Australias first female Muslim federal MP, refused to lay a wreath at a recent Anzac Day service?

If youre a traveller in right wing Australian Facebook circles, theres a fair chance you did. From the Kim Vuga Love Australia Or Leave Party page to the Bolt Report Supporters group, rumours of Alys disrespect have been circling for a few days.

The only problem is, its just not true.

The rumour appears to have kicked off at around 8:30pm on Anzac Day which marks the anniversary of Australia and New Zealands first major battle in WWI when it was posted to the Kim Vuga Love Australia or Leave Party page.

The must read story was posted by Vuga, the founder and president of the Love Australia or Leave Party and posed the question: What the hell are they doing in our country? You can guess who they refers to.

The story came to Vuga from Gary, a regular commenter on the page who apparently sent it to her via direct message. It claimed that Gary was at the Wanneroo RSL dawn service, north of Perth in Western Australia.

Everything went very well until the Wreath laying ceremony when the guy announcing the people laying Wreaths said the Local Member Anne Ally would not be presenting the Wreath for the local government, the post said.

What a bitch.

A few hours later Vugas post was picked up by the Fair Suck Of The Sav, Mate Facebook page, where Alys failure to lay a wreath had now become a refusal.

That post was shared more than 450 times by the pages 49,000 followers, and from there it took off, bouncing around the right wing Facebook echo chamber, whipping conservatives into a fevered frenzy about the Muslim MP who disrespected our Diggers.

Alys WA electorate of Cowan has two dawn services one at Wanneroo and one at Ballajura and because the sun only rises once a day, she can only attend one.

Last year it was Wanneroo, so this year she attended the Ballajura ceremony and sent a wreath to Wanneroo, where state MP Sabine Winton laid it on her behalf.

Alys been to three Anzac ceremonies this week, and shell attend three more before the week is out.

Aly, who was a counter terror and deradicalisation expert before entering parliament, says the claims are offensive and distracting.

I have a strong relationship with the RSL, she told BuzzFeed News. I take a lot of pride in it. I work a lot with victims of terror and with first responders, with people who have sacrificed. I have a lot of respect for our service men and women.

The news has now seeped into the mainstream. Aly says shes heard it being reported on some local talkback stations.

Its absolutely disgusting that the very people who are falsely claiming outrage are the same people who are disrespecting Anzac day for their own agenda, she said.

I dont look at my life through the lens of my religious identity. I dont look at everything only through the lens of Islam. But people look at me only through that lens and cant see me as anything else.

When contacted by BuzzFeed News Kim Vuga was unrepentant about any role she played in the spreading of a false rumour.

She said she had never claimed that Aly had refused to lay a wreath, only that she had failed to lay one, and said she trusted her friend Gary to tell the truth.

I only shared what I was given, she told BuzzFeed News.

When asked why she hadnt checked her facts before posting, she said that that was the job of journalists, and perhaps BuzzFeed News would be better off investigating the recent controversy surrounding Muslim writer and TV host Yassmin Abdel-Magied.

Vuga hasnt yet passed on Garys details to us, but if she does, well update this post.

More here:
Anatomy Of A Fake News Story: How A Muslim Politician Became A ... - BuzzFeed News

7 Greatest ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Elevator Scenes of All-Time – Hidden Remote

5 Obscure Marvel Comics that Could Be Great TV Shows by Mario McKellop

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Photo Credit: Greys Anatomy/ABC Image Acquired from Disney ABC Media

Its unbelievable how manymemorable Greys Anatomy moments have unfolded behind the closed doors ofthe elevators of Grey Sloan Memorial (formerly known as Seattle Grace). Weve watched friendships and relationships begin, grow and come to an end(includingmore thanour fair share of makeups and breakups), watched a few dozen truth bombs be dropped on unsuspecting victims, been treated toplenty of lighthearted banter and have even a witnessed a few emergency procedures go down.

Sure the hospitals on-call and supply rooms havegiven us some of the steamier and gossipymoments, the confines of the hospitals elevators have gifted us with some of the iconic moments inGreys Anatomy history that left us on the edge of our seats and on the verge of breaking down.

Join us now on a stroll down memory lane to revisit some of the greatest elevator moments to ever unfold onGreys Anatomybeginning with a heartbreaking omission that still stinks to this day.

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7 Greatest 'Grey's Anatomy' Elevator Scenes of All-Time - Hidden Remote

Freedom Day: An anatomy of privilege – News24

Ahead of Freedom Day, City Press followed two children to document their vastly different lives

Tolgas day

Its 6am in Blairgowrie, 40km northwest of Katlehong. Tolga Gles (9) untangles himself from his blanket cocoon. He rubs sleep from his eyes and pads across his bedrooms carpeted floor to give his mother a kiss.

Come on, time to get dressed and have breakfast, says his mother, Nicki.

He nods, still half asleep. His mother checks that her daughter, Saffiyya (11), is also up and hurries to the kitchen, where she prepares breakfast and packs their lunch of chicken sandwiches and a naartjie. The gleaming island in the kitchens centre is a celebration of choice, with butter, bread, cereals, vegetables and fruit on parade.

Light pours through the large glass windows in the kitchen and living room. The din of the morning news on the radio, the whisper of the stainless steel fridge, the final zip of a schoolbag packed and ready, and the dutiful plinking through a piano piece fill the four-bedroom house.

360 view of Tolga's room

The framed photos of Tolga and his family offer a glimpse into Tolgas middle class life, the culmination of generations of privilege. His home was bought with the help of a deposit secured by an inheritance from his great-grandfather. His life is enriched by overseas trips to London and Turkey to visit family. He spends holidays with his university-educated grandparents, learning maths and how to identify 25 different species of bird.

His parents, who are both employed, give Tolga and his sister what was given to them, and more.

A little before 7.30am, Tolga scrambles into his mothers comfortable SUV with his sister and a neighbourhood friend. They pass private security guards on patrol along their 1.4km route to Blairgowrie Primary School.

The former Model C school, with its sports field, swimming pool, courtyard and state-of-the-art learning facilities from the maths centre to the media centre bursting with books overlooks the city. Johannesburgs opportunities beckon the schools 819 pupils, 55% of whom are black.

I want to be an engineer one day because I like to make things, says Tolga. I want to build a robot that can cut bread for you. I want to create a chocolate that tastes the same but doesnt make you fat.

But I know I can be anything I want when I grow up. I can even be a cow Ive always wanted to be a mascot dressed as a cow for something.

360 view of Tolga's classroom

As the bell rings, Tolga and his fewer than 30 classmates find their seats in Mrs Rene Nels Grade 3 classroom. Colourful laminated posters adorn the walls, urging the children to B Someone U Would B Proud 2 Know! and reminding them of their times tables and vocabulary in English and Afrikaans.

Today, for our lesson on healthy eating, were going to do a tasting activity, says Nel. Youre going to get a plate of apples, grapes, oranges, carrots, peas and tomatoes, and I want you to taste each one and write down in your workbook a word that describes what it looks like, feels like, smells like and tastes like.

Remember, we dont want to use the word good to describe everything and I dont want to hear anybody say things like yuck or ew.

Tolga rummages through his pencil case, filled to the brim with a variety of stationery. Nel peruses each pupils work, encouraging them to use creative descriptions and spell out words they are unsure about.

You can make or break a child who is struggling, says Nel, who has been a teacher for more than 30 years.

I try to instil a sense of self-awareness and pride in every child to get them to believe that they can if they try.

Tolga is one of 30 learners in Mrs Nels grade 3 class at Blairgowrie Primary School. The school employs 18 extra teachers in order to keep class sizes small. Picture: Michelle Bao

Nel credits principal Pat Oosthuizen with fostering an environment of academic achievement, but also one of support and development.

The ethos of our school is all about the unity between the parents, the teachers and the children, says Oosthuizen, who has taught at Blairgowrie Primary since 1984.

We have a strong school governing body and a strong parent-teacher association, which allow us to raise extra funds and charge school fees. It means we can constantly improve our school, hire extra teachers and keep our classes small.

Tolgas school fees are R18715 a year.

Close to 1.20pm, Tolga and his classmates get antsy. As the final bell rings, Tolga grabs his backpack and winds his way down the steps, past the Grade 1 classrooms, to the pick-up area. His private transport, Granny Ann, drives him home and to the familys domestic worker, Auntie Mmapula.

After unpacking his bag, Tolga finds his mothers laptop, connects to the familys unlimited fibreoptic internet and plays one of his favourite online games.

When his sister returns, she signs in to the same game from the desktop in their parents bedroom. The house is quiet except for the click of the keyboard and the soft sizzle of the stove as Auntie Mmapula makes lunch.

Tolga and his older sister, Saffiya, cut out finger puppets and animal masks. They let their imaginations run wild as they make up storylines for the characters. Picture: Michelle Bao

When the virtual world no longer holds their attention, Tolga and his sister delve into the depths of their imagination, creating fictional worlds and breathing life into their toys. Later, as Tolga does his reading homework with his sister, he voices each character differently, in a tone and an accent he imagines would befit such a character.

We try not to limit him, says Tolgas father, Blent. We want to be home early to look after them and help them. Education starts at home.

It is important to his parents that Tolga understands he is privileged. To whom much is given, much is expected. He must have empathy for and help those who dont have, says his mother. Privilege is largely about what you have, but its also about what you have in your head: the tools youve been given to succeed.

For Tolga, this is beginning to sink in.

Privilege means Im very lucky to have what I have. I have an education, toys, books, experiences like travelling, a family, a roof over my head, clothes and food, he says.

I would say my life is lucky, appreciated, lovely, full of fun and excitement, and happy.

After dinner, a little before 8pm, Tolgas mother tells him its time for a bath and bed.

Come lie with me, Tolga says to his mother as he climbs into bed.

Tolga wraps his arms and legs around her as the two share a pillow, touching foreheads and whispering about his day. As he drifts off to sleep, she gives him a kiss, turns off the light and wishes him good night.

Tolga is the son of a City Press staff member

At 6am, Thuli short for Thulisile Malinga is awake. The seven-year-old lives in a one-room backyard shack with her father in Katlehong. There isnt much in the room a television, two chairs, a bowl and a few dishes on the shelves. The bed takes up most of the space. Aside from stickers of smiling faces and stars, there isnt much evidence that a child lives there.

Freedom Day may not yet be significant to Thuli, but it is relevant to her life because the promised equal society is still not available to her.

His income is not always reliable, but Thulis father Lucky Fakude (32) works at a funeral parlour as a tent, chair and table packer, for which he earns about R400 a week. When he can, he gives Thuli a packed lunch and some money, but there are some mornings when she receives neither.

On Thursday morning, she has a lunchbox and R2.

360 view of Thuli's room

Thulis mother lives about 5km away with Thulis younger brother. Fakude says he has not paid lobola for his girlfriend of nine years because he doesnt have the money. Without it, her family will not allow them to live together.

Fakude ensures Thuli has her morning bath, eats her breakfast of two slices of bread with butter, brushes her teeth and combs her hair before 7am. He walks her to Intokozo Primary School, less than five minutes away, and leaves to catch his taxi to work.

Other pupils arrive, some with their parents, others alone and others by bus. Just before school starts at 7.30am, the children assemble near the classrooms and begin to sing the school song.

Intokozo Primary is a no-fee school, says principal Obert Mazibuko. But Grade R, which is not subsidised by government, has to be paid for. Fakude says they paid about R800 for Thuli last year.

Mazibuko says most pupils are poor. Most of the parents do not work, he says.

Sometimes these parents cannot give pupils all the support they need and the parents may have limited education themselves. Fakude left school in Grade 7.

Mazibuko says, despite their problems at home, his parents try to help the school with donations. The spirit of the community is one of his favourite things about working at Intokozo.

360 view of Thuli's school

When we call a parents meeting, they come in great numbers, he says.

But problems persist. There have been burglaries at the school and what little they have is lost.

Our computers get stolen. Its very difficult to replace that, he says.

Inside Thulis classroom, colourful letters of the alphabet decorate the wall above the windows. Above the chalkboard, the numbers one through 10 are stuck on the wall, along with posters depicting different shapes. The classroom isnt small, but with 37 pupils occupying the space, it can feel cramped.

Thulis teacher, Ms Bonisile Gule, faces her own struggles with her pupils and their parents, who battle financially and socially, which affects the children. When she sends work home, some return the next day with little to nothing done.

Education is not prioritised in some homes, she says. When her pupils returned from holiday last week, she had to reteach some of her first-term lessons.

At about noon, the children are fidgety. Its lunch time. Most are eating a packed lunch from home or one provided at school. One girl in Gules class has nothing to eat. Gule encourages her pupils to share their lunches and a child offers to do so.

Thuli knows there are differences between her life and those of others in South Africa.

Id like to go to a white school, she says, explaining that she thinks they have better food. Also, teachers at white schools dont mete out corporal punishment, she says.

Thuli says her teacher doesnt beat them, but she hears that it is different in other classes. Mazibuko says the school does not use or condone corporal punishment.

In Thulis classroom, the children finish eating and go out to play. When they return, its time for their isiZulu lesson.

There are few after-school activities because there is no hall or sports field, and Mazibuko says they try their best with a community soccer field.

Thuli walks home by herself, stopping briefly at her aunts house before going to a neighbour across the street.

She changes out of her uniform into a pair of jeans and a purpleT-shirt.

After school Thuli walks home by herself. Picture: Jacquelyn Guillen

She claims not to have any homework and takes a book that needs fixing out of her suitcase. She grabs a stick of glue and puts the book back together. It is her isiZulu workbook.

Its my favourite subject, she says, but quickly adds that theres too much work.

Thuli dreams of becoming a teacher. When shes older, she says, she wants to pass her matric, and buy a big house and a BMW.

Other children trickle in and Thuli starts playing hopscotch and skipping with two other girls in the front yard. Their laughter occasionally disrupts the silence on the block.

A squabble erupts, and Thuli begins to cry. Her cry is loud enough to catch the neighbours attention, but no one comes outside to see whats going on. Her two friends realise they hurt her and try to comfort her with hugs, but Thuli, who hasnt smiled much today, continues to cry.

After school, Thuli changes into casual clothing and spends time at a neighbours house across the street. The neighbour is a family friend and cares for Thuli until her father returns. Picture: Jacquelyn Guillen

Later, Thuli follows another child to the spaza shop on the corner, where she buys and eats a bag of chips.

After 6pm, she receives her second bath of the day and changes into her pyjamas. As she waits for her father, the neighbour gives Thuli dinner of chicken and pap, which she eats in front of the television.

Fakude arrives after 7pm, but doesnt stay long. He checks in on Thuli and leaves to take a bath himself. She sits around waiting, watching the soapies. When the TV no longer interests her, she begins writing in a magazine.

On some nights, she returns to her aunts home, where she falls asleep on the couch. When its time for bed at 9pm or 10pm, Fakude fetches her and takes her back to the shack.

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Freedom Day: An anatomy of privilege - News24