Monthly Archives: April 2017

Human Behavior

Human Behavioral Complexity Peaks at Age 25 – Inverse

When it comes to your brains ability to digest, process, and spit out a good decision in the fastest possible time, you peak at 25, according to a study published in PLOS on Thursday titled Human Behavioral Complexity Peaks at Age 25.

After that, our neural processing of rapid-fire, high cognition goes down, says Hector Zenil, a computer scientist at Stockholms Karolinska Institute and a co-author of the study. You decline very slowly, he assures Inverse. But at 60, you see a strong decline in cognitive tasks like solving programs, puzzles, and problems.

To be clear, what Zenil and his colleagues are measuring is not impulsivity or intelligence, but rather how quickly and well a person can recognize random patterns, what Zenil describes as an algorithmic nature of human behavior that had not been explored before. That might seem like a useless skill, but think about how much of your daily life relies on figuring out patterns memorizing phone numbers or addresses, figuring out which spot on a train you can stand in, zigzagging home in a storm, figuring out which portion of a crowded gym floor to claim as your own. These sorts of patterns play out in fields like cryptography, hacking, and yes, computer science.

The seemingly simple task of making fast decisions out of random pattern recognition is a key indicator of neural health, and Zenil says that the data clearly points to 25-year-olds as the possessors of peak behavioral complexity.

This is a sort of reverse Turing test, where we tested the likelihood of human-generated patterns versus the likelihood of computer program-generated patterns, Zenil says. At a certain age, people beat computer programs best, with some people generating the most random patterns at 25 that only the most diligent computer programs were able to generate.

This reverse Turing test asked 3,249 participants aged between 9 and 91 and recruited through social media, radio, and a popular science magazine ad to complete five tests that looked at how quickly and well participants performed random item generation tasks: creating a series of coin tosses that looked random to everyone else but wasnt; guessing which card would appear next after a shuffle; creating a random-looking sequence that resembled what a person would roll with dice; pointing to one of nine circles appearing repeatedly on a screen; and filling a grid that looked randomly patterned.

Heres a video of how scientists implemented the test.

Zenil says that these seemingly inane puzzles were a reflection of chaos theory, a branch of mathematics that deals with how sensitive, complex systems can drastically alter with the slightest change. They were all given the same instructions, Zenil says. No other factor other than age produced these patterns with statistic randomness.

Zenil and his team made sure to isolate other factors that might have played a role in pointing to behavioral complexity superiority. They checked to see if language and therefore culture played a role, testing in Spanish, English, French, and German with large swaths of people who spoke those languages natively and another group whose second languages were those languages. That didnt make a difference. The team isolated education, which is correlated with economic class, and found that that didnt make a difference either. They considered gender and found that, nope, that didnt make a difference either.

In other words, it really was age that correlated with behavioral complexity, and 25 emerged as the peak age for these sorts of random decisions.

So what purpose do fast pattern recognition skills serve? If youre an animal, it means you can outsmart predators who might try to hunt and devour you you can slip into brush, take an unexpected turn, hide in a crevice. For humans, there is some evolutionary advantage to thinking fast in randomness, Zenil says, arguing that despite us not having to worry about predators or other clans of traveling nomads attacking us at night, fast random thinking can be useful in a modern economy that values creativity. The more randomness you produce, the more access you have to more powerful tools to come up with something new, he says, pointing to jobs ranging from the stock market to advertising to even science. The ability to switch methods quickly in a fast-paced world in a creative way is helpful and can pay dividends down the line.

For those freaking out about the state of their neural decline right now, rest assured its not all bad news. At 25, after all, youre still growing out of the impulsiveness that probably defined your puberty and youre coming into your adult brain, going through a second puberty of sorts on a neurological level. The tradeoff of being able to make random decisions so effectively at 25 is the fact that you really dont know much about the world, Zenil points out. This isnt just because youre wiser as an older person; as you age, youre better able to corral your brain into creative zones and know where you excel in concentrating your efforts. At 25, this isnt the case. And thats a tradeoff thats not really bad, Zenil points out.

Photos via Derbeth / Flickr

Tanya Basu is the Science editor at Inverse. Her writing focuses on the social sciences and behavior. Now based in Brooklyn, she will always call Chicago home and never be too full for one more taco.

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Human Behavioral Complexity Peaks at Age 25 - Inverse

Genetics

Genetics and stress interact to shape human health and well-being – University of Wisconsin-Madison

This is a story of nature and nurture.

Scientists at the University of WisconsinMadisons Waisman Center have shown one way in which human genetics and chronic stress interact to shape health and well-being later in life.

According to the study, published recently April 13 in the American Journal of Medical Genetics: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, individuals who both have specific variations of a particular gene called fragile X mental retardation 1, or FMR1, and experience higher levels of stress throughout their adulthood face poorer health and more physical and cognitive challenges when older.

In this era of precision medicine, its vital that we understand why some people may have more health symptoms or functional limitations later in life than others, says Marsha Mailick, UWMadison vice chancellor for research and graduate education, Waisman Center investigator and lead author of the study.

Marsha Mailick

The FMR1 gene contains varying numbers of a DNA pattern called a CGG triplet repeat. The letters refer to nucleotides, which form the building blocks of DNA. In humans, the most common number of CGG repeats in this gene is 30. Repeat numbers higher than 200 lead to fragile X syndrome, a rare genetic condition that causes intellectual disability and behavioral, physical and learning challenges.

The researchers looked at CGG repeat numbers in more than 5,500 people drawn from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a long-term study funded by the National Institutes of Health. They represented a random sample of men and women who graduated from Wisconsin high schools in 1957. All of them were parents and they averaged 71 years of age.

A subset of these parents had adult children with developmental or mental health disabilities; the rest had adult children who did not have chronic disabilities.

While all parenting is both stressful and joyful, parents of children with disabilities face some unique challenges throughout the lifespan, says Mailick. Over time the stress of parenting a child with disabilities can add up.

Mailick and her colleagues categorized parents of children with disabilities as a high-stress group and explored whether they faced more health challenges compared to a lower-stress group parents of children without disabilities.

The results were complex. Many of the parents in the high-stress group did show poorer health and well-being compared to the lower-stress group, but others did not. Whether the parents faced more physical and cognitive challenges when older was dependent on their numbers of FMR1 CGG repeats.

Parents in the high-stress group who also had either significantly more than or significantly fewer than 30 CGG repeats in their FMR1 gene were less healthy and faced more limitations in old age compared to parents of children without disabilities.

But for people with about 30 CGG repeats, their level of stress doesnt differentiate their health and wellbeing, says Mailick.

The researchers also found that in the lower-stress group, individuals with significantly more than or fewer than 30 CGG repeats actually had better health and fewer limitations than those with the normal number of CGG repeats.

This shows that its not only about genetics and not only about the environment, but how the two interact and together affect human health, says Mailick.

Researchers call this the flip-flop effect or differential susceptibility, where people with the same genetic background can have very different life outcomes depending on their environments.

Some people thrive in any environment, but others, with different genetic profiles, may find their health and well-being more susceptible to their circumstances and surroundings, says Mailick.

The study is also an example of how research that started by focusing on a rare genetic condition fragile X syndrome can lead to insights about variation in the general population, Mailick adds.

She would like to expand the study to a larger and more diverse population, and use new techniques and tools in population genetics and precision medicine to help. Our goal is to find out what we can do today to make tomorrow better, she says.

Other authors of the study include Paul Rathouz, chair of biostatistics and medical informatics at UWMadison, Jan Greenberg, associate vice chancellor for research and graduate education, Mei Baker at the Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, and Jinkuk Hong and Leann Smith DaWalt. All co-authors are affiliated with the UWMadison Waisman Center.

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Genetics and stress interact to shape human health and well-being - University of Wisconsin-Madison

Genetics

Myriad Genetics (MYGN) Says Study Finds Wide Gap in Quality of BRCA1/2 Variant Classification – StreetInsider.com

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Myriad Genetics, Inc. (NASDAQ: MYGN), a leader in molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine, today announced that new data comparing BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant classifications between Myriad Genetics and a commonly used public genetic database was published in the journal The Oncologist.1 A key finding was that the public database provided discrepant variant classifications more than 26 percent of the time, which can introduce uncertainty and diminish patient care.

The study, done in collaboration with William Gradishar, M.D., from the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, evaluated 4,250 BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. Overall, 73.2 percent of variant classifications analyzed were fully concordant, while 26.7 percent were not. Most of the discordant classifications had definitive classifications of pathogenic or benign from Myriad, compared to variant of uncertain significance (VUS) classifications in the public database.

The high degree of discordance seen in this study signals a cautionary note. As a repository of actual patient results, it means that different labs are providing different results to patients for the same genetic mutation. By definition, this means that some patients are receiving incorrect results that may have life-changing or -threatening implications, said Dr. Gradishar. The discordance observed within these databases between labs also highlights why public databases do not accommodate the consistent standard of variant classification needed for clinical use. Although efforts are underway to resolve the quality problems within public databases, it is unlikely the issue will be resolved soon and users of public databases likely will continue to encounter discrepancies. At this time, labs should not use public databases in any way in clinical variant classification.

These findings are consistent with previously published studies. A study by Vail et al. compared the interpretation of more than 2,000 BRCA1/2 variants among five public databases and found substantial disparity of variant classifications among and within publicly accessible variant databases.2 For VUSs in particular, there is no agreement once the variant is observed in a least four of the five databases in this study. Another study by Balmana et al. assessed conflicting interpretations of genetic variants in the Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT) and found significant conflicting interpretations of genetic variants in that database.3 Specifically, among variants entered into the PROMPT registry database with classifications from multiple labs, 26 percent had discrepant classifications; 36 percent of which would affect patient management.

There are important clinical implications concerning the high VUS and discordance rates observed in public databases, said Johnathan Lancaster, M.D., Ph.D., chief medical officer, Myriad Genetic Laboratories. Dr. Gradishars findings reinforce the need for clinical laboratories to invest in meticulous research so that patients can receive the appropriate medical interventions. Over the past 25 years, Myriad has made substantial investments and published more than 8,000 definitively classified variants in peer reviewed publications as well as the details of our variant classification programs to advance the science of variant classification.

A recent study published by Kurian et al. showed that many surgeons manage patients with BRCA1/2 VUS the same as patients with BRCA1/2 pathogenic mutations and that half of average-risk patients with VUS undergo bilateral mastectomy.4 The analysis by Gradishar et al. found that in cases where other commercial laboratories had a VUS classification in the database, 40 to 60 percent of these variants have a definitive classification (pathogenic or benign) by Myriad, which may have helped to avoid many unnecessary surgeries.

Myriads ability to more definitively classify genetic variants stems from its proprietary myVision Variant Classification Program and more than 25-years of experience.

Variant classification is a complicated endeavour and multiple studies have shown that it matters when patients are tested by laboratories that have not invested in the necessary research but are dependent in part on public databases, said Dr. Lancaster. Myriad is the unquestioned leader in genetic testing for hereditary cancers. Over the last 25-years, Myriad has delivered millions of test results, which means the myVision program is based on the largest and most robust database in the industry to identify, classify, and assign clinical significance to genetic variants.

Key features of the myVision variant classification program include:

Follow Myriad Genetics on Twitter via @MyriadGenetics to stay informed about news and updates about the Company.

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Myriad Genetics (MYGN) Says Study Finds Wide Gap in Quality of BRCA1/2 Variant Classification - StreetInsider.com

Embryology

Why students are loving Coffs’s world-class facility – Coffs Coast Advocate

WHEN Stephan Soule began hosting School Engagement Activities (SEA) at Southern Cross University's National Marine Science Centre (NMSC) nine years ago, little did he know it would become one of the most successful programs of its kind in regional Australia.

The curriculum-based learning activities offered by the program enable students from Kindergarten to Year 12 to engage in hands-on learning at the Solitary Islands Aquarium, with behind-the-scenes exposure to one of the country's best marine research facilities.

Mr Soule said the SEA program not only attracted students from the Coffs region, but school groups travel from as far west as Armidale and Tamworth for week-long excursions on the Coast, when some students see the beach for the first time.

"Unlike students in big metropolitan cities, students in regional areas don't usually have access to museums and specialised facilities to gain more information and insight with enhanced learning activities to fill the gaps in the subjects they're studying. This can be a big disadvantage compared to their city counterparts," said Mr Soule, the Community Outreach and Education Program Manager at NMSC.

"But this is a fantastic world-class facility that teachers and students in the region can dip into, while drawing on the expertise of our researchers and qualified lecturers. No other regional hub in NSW has facilities like this."

The National Marine Science Centre is part of Southern Cross University's School of Environment, Science and Engineering, boasting one of Australia's best marine research facilities and a flow-through seawater system that supplies high quality seawater to labs, tank farm, hatchery and the aquarium.

Mr Soule said the Solitary Islands Aquarium featured marine life from the local area and hosted more than 12,000 visitors annually, including 2500 students in 80 school groups through the SEA program last year.

There are 12 curriculum-based activities teachers can nominate to take part in, including a handful of field activities such as studying the ecology of rocky shores, sandy beaches, and mangrove ecosystems, as well as the human impact on the environment.

"The laboratory-based activities include learning about fish biology through dissection, climate change and ocean acidification and marine taxonomy. Students even get a first-hand experience of breeding sea urchins during our embryology activity," he said.

"The program has developed into an important part of a number of school programs, with some teachers incorporating it into their programs every year.

"By bringing students to this facility, we also demonstrate what a career in marine science looks like, and some go on to study science through Southern Cross University at the National Marine Science Centre."

The Solitary Islands Aquarium is open to the public every Saturday and Sunday and every day during the school holidays. More information, including the SEA program can be found HERE.

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Why students are loving Coffs's world-class facility - Coffs Coast Advocate

Cell Biology

Global 2017 Drug Delivery in Central Nervous System Diseases Technologies, Markets and Companies Report … – GlobeNewswire (press release)

April 17, 2017 12:36 ET | Source: Research and Markets

Dublin, April 17, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Research and Markets has announced the addition of Jain PharmaBiotech's new report "Drug Delivery in Central Nervous System Diseases - Technologies, Markets and Companies" to their offering.

The delivery of drugs to central nervous system (CNS) is a challenge in the treatment of neurological disorders. Drugs may be administered directly into the CNS or administered systematically (e.g., by intravenous injection) for targeted action in the CNS. The major challenge to CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the access of drugs to the brain substance.

Advances in understanding of the cell biology of the BBB have opened new avenues and possibilities for improved drug delivery to the CNS. Several carrier or transport systems, enzymes, and receptors that control the penetration of molecules have been identified in the BBB endothelium. Receptor-mediated transcytosis can transport peptides and proteins across the BBB. Methods are available to assess the BBB permeability of drugs at the discovery stage to avoid development of drugs that fail to reach their target site of action in the CNS.

Many of the new developments in the treatment of neurological disorders will be biological therapies and these will require innovative methods for delivery. Cell, gene and antisense therapies are not only innovative treatments for CNS disorders but also involve sophisticated delivery methods. RNA interference (RNAi) as a form of antisense therapy is also described.

The role of drug delivery is depicted in the background of various therapies for neurological diseases including drugs in development and the role of special delivery preparations. Pain is included as it is considered to be a neurological disorder. A special chapter is devoted to drug delivery for brain tumors. Cell and gene therapies will play an important role in the treatment of neurological disorders in the future.

The method of delivery of a drug to the CNS has an impact on the drug's commercial potential. The market for CNS drug delivery technologies is directly linked to the CNS drug market. Values are calculated for the total CNS market and the share of drug delivery technologies. Starting with the market values for the year 2016, projections are made to the years 2021 and 2026. The markets values are tabulated according to therapeutic areas, technologies and geographical areas. Unmet needs for further development in CNS drug delivery technologies are identified according to the important methods of delivery of therapeutic substances to the CNS. Finally suggestions are made for strategies to expand CNS delivery markets. Besides development of new products, these include application of innovative methods of delivery to older drugs to improve their action and extend their patent life.

Profiles of 76 companies involved in drug delivery for CNS disorders are presented along with their technologies, products and 99 collaborations. These include pharmaceutical companies that develop CNS drugs and biotechnology companies that provide technologies for drug delivery. A number of cell and gene therapy companies with products in development for CNS disorders are included. References contains over 420 publications that are cited in the report. The report is supplemented with 53 tables and 13 figures.

Key Topics Covered:

Executive Summary

1. Basics of Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System

2. Blood Brain Barrier

3. Methods of Drug Delivery to the CNS

4. Delivery of Cell, Gene and Antisense Therapies to the CNS

5. Drug Delivery for Treatment of Neurological Disorders

6. Drug delivery for brain tumors

7. Markets for Drug Delivery in CNS Disorders

8. Companies

9. References

For more information about this report visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/qlbkw6/drug_delivery_in

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Biochemistry

Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride Market 2017 Fujian Fukang Pharmaceutical, Pucheng Chia Tai Biochemistry – TechAnnouncer (press release)…

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Major Companies Covered in this report:- Fujian Fukang Pharmaceutical Pucheng Chia Tai Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

Chemistry student wins Iota Sigma Pi award – Huntington Herald Dispatch

HUNTINGTON - Whether she is winning prestigious awards from the national honor society for women in chemistry or traveling across the U.S. to present her biochemistry research, Amanda Smythers is setting the standard for what it means to be a young scholar.

Smythers, a 27-year-old biochemistry student from Huntington, has received Iota Sigma Pi's Members At Large Re-entry Award, which recognizes excellence in chemistry achieved by a woman at the graduate or undergraduate level, according to a news release from the university.

In addition to receiving the award, she was invited to present her research at the 2017 Posters on the Hill, a competitive event held in Washington, D.C. The program gives students the opportunity to showcase their research to congressional members, meet with their representatives and learn about advocacy for undergraduate research. Out of hundreds of applications to the program, only 60 are chosen to present their research.

"It really is such a great opportunity to have our research shown on a national platform," Smythers said in the release. "Since they take so few abstracts, I did not think I stood much of a chance, but here we are. It is so important for our national leaders to understand the importance of our work and recognize the quality of research Marshall University contributes to the field."

As a non-traditional student who returned to Marshall with no intention of establishing a career in research, Smythers said she was initially surprised when she found a real passion in chemistry.

"I am excited to share my experiences and show people how great the chemistry program is here. In addition to the funding I received from NASA, I received two scholarships from our chemistry department as well as the summer research fellowship. They have also funded me to travel to a variety of conferences around the U.S., including conferences in Cincinnati, San Diego, Philadelphia and Chicago," Smythers said.

While in Washington, D.C., for the 2017 Posters on the Hill event, Smythers will present research that focuses on making microalgae a more efficient stock for biofuel production. Smythers and her faculty mentor, Dr. Derrick Kolling, will have the opportunity to present their research April 26.

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Chemistry student wins Iota Sigma Pi award - Huntington Herald Dispatch

Anatomy

‘Anatomy of Gray’ puts ‘interesting twist’ on Midwestern small town – Portland Tribune

The upcoming Tigard Mask and Mirror production is billed as a 'children's play for adults.'

Sarah Ominski brought the play "Anatomy of Gray," by Jim Leonard Jr., with her on a beach vacation about a year and a half ago. Before she even finished reading the opening dedication, she was hooked.

"I get teary-eyed just thinking about it," said Ominski, who is directing the upcoming production of "Anatomy of Gray" for Mask and Mirror Community Theater in Tigard.

That dedication was about Leonard's friend John Geter, an actor who died of AIDS in the early 1990s. Leonard tried to write something for his friend shortly after his death, but found it too difficult so he put the project away for about 10 years, until he was finally prompted by a dream to finish "Anatomy of Gray."

Both Leonard and Geter were from small Midwestern towns, and Geter's family and hometown neighbors found it difficult to accept the cause of his death, because AIDS was then seen as disease specific to gay men.

"They were upset that he was dying," Ominski said, "yet they were disturbed what he was dying from."

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'Anatomy of Gray' puts 'interesting twist' on Midwestern small town - Portland Tribune

Anatomy

Scoop: GREY’S ANATOMY on ABC – Thursday, May 4, 2017 – Broadway World

In the episode Leave It Inside April and Andrew consult with a fiery patient who has a giant, inoperable heart tumor. Meanwhile, Alex and Eliza are at odds over the treatment of a young patient, and Stephanie and Ben make decisions that could affect their careers, on Greys Anatomy, THURSDAY, MAY 4 (8:00-9:01 p.m. EDT), on The ABC Television Network.

Greys Anatomy stars Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey, Justin Chambers as Alex Karev, Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey, James Pickens Jr. as Richard Webber, Kevin McKidd as Owen Hunt, Jessica Capshaw as Arizona Robbins, Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery, Sarah Drew as April Kepner, Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd, Camilla Luddington as Jo Wilson, Jerrika Hinton as Stephanie Edwards, Kelly McCreary as Maggie Pierce, Jason George as Ben Warren, Martin Henderson as Nathan Riggs and Giacomo Gianniotti as Andrew DeLuca.

Greys Anatomy was created and is executive produced by Shonda Rhimes (Scandal, How to Get Away with Murder), Betsy Beers (Scandal, How to Get Away with Murder) and Mark Gordon (Saving Private Ryan). William Harper, Stacy McKee, Zoanne Clack and Debbie Allen are executive producers. Greys Anatomy is produced by ABC Studios.

Guest Starring is Marika Dominczyk as Eliza Minnick.

Leave It Inside was written by Elisabeth R. Finch and directed by Zetna Fuentes.

Greys Anatomy is broadcasted in 720 Progressive (720P), ABCs selected HTV format, with 5.1-channel surround sound.

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Scoop: GREY'S ANATOMY on ABC - Thursday, May 4, 2017 - Broadway World

Anatomy

Small Screen: Nurse professionally trained for Grey’s Anatomy role – Times Colonist

You have questions. I have some answers.

Q: I am a fan of Greys Anatomy and have watched it from the beginning. In all the operating-room scenes, the scrub nurse is a constant. Is she a technical adviser or someone special to the cast?

A: That role, of nurse Bokhee, is played by a woman also named Bokhee. Former Greys co-star Sandra Oh pointed out in a tweet several years ago that Bokhee has also been a surgical nurse in real life. Added Oh: Shes like my second mom, shes the best.

Q: I thought this year would feature a season finale for Doc Martin. Whats up?

A: I get a lot of questions about the whereabouts British series Doc Martin, which operates on one of those British well-make-more-when-were-ready schedules. Heres what recent reports have indicated: There will be two more seasons. An eighth, which began production in March, will air overseas later in 2017 before coming to the U.S. airwaves late this year or early in 2018. Then the show will take a break to prepare for a ninth season which, at this writing, expects to be the series last. That ninth season will air in the U.K. in 2019 and here in 2020.

Q: How did the song for I Married Joan go? It was a 50s sitcom with Jim Backus and Joan Davis. I remember I married Joan/What a girl/What a whirl/What a wife ... You cant deny/Thats why I married Joan.

A: I Married Joan originally aired from 1952 to 1955 and starred Backus and Davis as husband and wife; it was in the vein of I Love Lucy, which had premiered in 1951. You can find old episodes on YouTube, which is how I gathered these song lyrics: I married Joan/What a girl, what a whirl, what a life./Oh, I married Joan/What a mind, love is blind, what a wife./Giddy and gay, all day she keeps my heart laughin/Never know where her brain has flown./To each his own/Cant deny thats why I married Joan.

Q: Could you please tell me who the new Georgia Gold KFC Col. Sanders is?

A: That would be the actor Billy Zane. You may remember his villainous turn in Titanic.

Q: Please tell me about Ken Wahl, who was on the TV show Wiseguy. Ive been watching the reruns, and what a great show! When was it on, and where is Ken Wahl now?

A: Wiseguy originally aired on CBS from 1987 to 1990. Wahl, now 62, played Vinnie Terranova, an undercover fed pretending to be a mobster. Jonathan Banks, more recently seen on Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, was Vinnies handler. As good as they could be, the show was also known for its narrative arcs stories continued over several episodes and for its casting, including a then-little-known Kevin Spacey as a villain.

No fan of Hollywood, Wahl had a reputation for being difficult and left the show before its final season (Steven Bauer became the new wiseguy); he returned as Vinnie for a TV movie in 1996, but thats his last listed acting credit on the Internet Movie Database. According to a story in the Huffington Post in 2013, Wahl suffered a broken neck and severe spinal injury in 1992 following a fall down a flight of stairs after a romantic dalliance. (Wahl initially claimed he had had a motorcycle accident, keeping the dalliance secret.) The injuries left him in so much pain, even after operations, which he told the Post were botched, that his acting career was cut short.

More recently he has done some work on behalf of several charities he supports ? as you can see in his tweets as @KenWahl1. You may also want to look for some of his movies, especially The Wanderers and Fort Apache, The Bronx.

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Small Screen: Nurse professionally trained for Grey's Anatomy role - Times Colonist